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Chang J, Gao K, Li R, Dong F, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Li Y. Comparative uptake, translocation and metabolism of phenamacril in crops under hydroponic and soil cultivation conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171670. [PMID: 38485020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Many studies investigate the plant uptake and metabolism of xenobiotics by hydroponic experiments, however, plants grown in different conditions (hydroponic vs. soil) may result in different behaviors. To explore the potential differences, a comparative study on the uptake, translocation and metabolism of the fungicide phenamacril in crops (wheat/rice) under hydroponic and soil cultivation conditions was conducted. During 7-14 days of exposure, the translocation factors (TFs) of phenamacril were greatly overestimated in hydroponic-wheat (3.6-5.2) than those in soil-wheat systems (1.1-2.0), with up to 3.3 times of difference between the two cultivation systems, implying it should be cautious to extrapolate the results obtained from hydroponic to field conditions. M-144 was formed in soil pore water (19.1-29.9 μg/L) in soil-wheat systems but not in the hydroponic solution in hydroponics; M-232 was only formed in wheat shoots (89.7-103.0 μg/kg) under soil cultivation conditions, however, it was detected in hydroponic solution (20.1-21.2 μg/L), wheat roots (146.8-166.0 μg/kg), and shoots (239.2-348.1 μg/kg) under hydroponic conditions. The root concentration factors (RCFs) and TFs of phenamacril in rice were up to 2.4 and 3.6 times higher than that in wheat for 28 days of the hydroponic exposure, respectively. These results highlighted that cultivation conditions and plant species could influence the fate of pesticides in crops, which should be considered to better assess the potential accumulation and transformation of pesticides in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kang Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, XinXiang 453500, China.
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, XinXiang 453500, China
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Mininni AN, Pietrafesa A, Calabritto M, Di Biase R, Brunetti G, De Mastro F, Murgolo S, De Ceglie C, Salerno C, Dichio B. Uptake and translocation of pharmaceutically active compounds by olive tree ( Olea europaea L.) irrigated with treated municipal wastewater. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1382595. [PMID: 38756964 PMCID: PMC11096453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1382595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The use of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) represents a relevant opportunity for irrigation of agricultural crops in semi-arid regions to counter the increasing water scarcity. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are often detected in treated wastewater, posing a risk to humans and the environment. PhACs can accumulate in soils and translocate into different plant tissues, reaching, in some cases, edible organs and entering the food chain. Methods This study evaluated the uptake and translocation processes of 10 PhACs by olive trees irrigated with TWW, investigating their accumulation in different plant organs. The experiment was conducted in southern Italy, in 2-year-old plants irrigated with three different types of water: freshwater (FW), TWW spiked with 10 PhACs at a concentration of 200 µg L-1 (1× TWW), and at a triple dose (3× TWW), from July to October 2021. The concentration of PhACs in soil and plant organs was assessed, collecting samples of root, stem, shoot, leaf, fruit, and kernel at 0 (T0), 50 (T1), and 107 (T2) days of irrigation. PhACs extraction from soil and plant organs was carried out using the QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. Results Results of uptake factors (UF) showed a different behavior between compounds according to their physicochemical properties, highlighting PhACs accumulation and translocation in different plant organs (also edible part) in 1× TWW and 3× TWW compared to FW. Two PhACs, carbamazepine and fluconazole, showed interactions with the soil-plant system, translocating also in the aerial part of the plant, with a translocation factor (TF) greater than 1, which indicates high root-to-leaf translocation. Discussion Findings highlight that only few PhACs among the selected compounds can be uptaken by woody plants and accumulated in edible parts at low concentration. No effects of PhACs exposure on plant growth have been detected. Despite the attention to be paid to the few compounds that translocate into edible organs, these results are promising for adapting wastewater irrigation in crops. Increasing knowledge about PhACs behavior in woody plants can be important for developing optimized wastewater irrigation and soil management strategies to reduce PhACs accumulation and translocation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba N. Mininni
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Angela Pietrafesa
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Maria Calabritto
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Biase
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Gennaro Brunetti
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Mastro
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sapia Murgolo
- Department of Bari, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Salerno
- Department of Bari, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Dichio
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
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Castaño-Trias M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Verlicchi P, Buttiglieri G. Selection of pharmaceuticals of concern in reclaimed water for crop irrigation in the Mediterranean area. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133538. [PMID: 38290335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of reclaimed water in agriculture is being fostered in areas suffering from water scarcity. However, water pollutants can compromise food safety and pose a risk for the environment. This study aims to select the pharmaceutical compounds worth monitoring and investigating when reclaimed water is used for tomato and lettuce irrigation. A comprehensive study was first conducted to identify the pharmaceuticals frequently detected in secondary wastewater effluents in Catalonia (Northeast Spain). Priority pharmaceuticals were further selected based on their occurrence in secondary effluents, persistence (removal in conventional treatment), bioaccumulation potential, toxicity for aquatic organisms, and the risks they pose to the terrestrial environment and human health (through the consumption of crops). Out of the 47 preselected priority compounds, six could pose a risk to organisms living in soil irrigated with reclaimed water and seven could be potentially taken up by the crops. Nonetheless, no risk for human consumption was foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castaño-Trias
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain.
| | - P Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain.
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Nesse AS, Jasinska A, Stoknes K, Aanrud SG, Risinggård KO, Kallenborn R, Sogn TA, Ali AM. Low uptake of pharmaceuticals in edible mushrooms grown in polluted biogas digestate. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141169. [PMID: 38211789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The uptake dynamics of two sulfonamide antibiotics, two fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine during the cultivation of two species of edible mushrooms (Agaricus subrufescens and A. bisporus) was investigated. None of the antibiotics were accumulated by the mushrooms, while carbamazepine and its transformation product carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were taken up by A. bisporus fruiting body but only in small amounts (up to 0.76 and 1.85 μg kg-1 dry weight, respectively). The sulfonamides were quickly removed from the mushroom growth substrate, while the recalcitrant fluoroquinolones and carbamazepine were only partially removed. Dissipation half-lives were generally lower for A. subrufescens than A. bisporus, but A. subrufescens was also grown at a slightly higher culture temperature. A. subrufescens also showed a lower uptake of contaminants. Comparison of maximum dietary intake with other common exposure sources showed that these mushrooms can safely be eaten although produced on a polluted substrate, with respect to the investigated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Nesse
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 31, 1433, Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Oluf Thesens Vei 43, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - Agnieszka Jasinska
- Lindum AS, Lerpeveien 155, 3036, Drammen, Norway; Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Vegetable Crops, Ul. J.H. Dabrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Stine Göransson Aanrud
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 15, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristin Ogner Risinggård
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 15, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Chr. M. Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Aas, Norway
| | - Trine A Sogn
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 31, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Aasim M Ali
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Chr. M. Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Aas, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
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Montemurro N, Manasfi R, Chiron S, Perez S. Evaluation of different QuEChERS-based methods for the extraction of 48 wastewater-derived organic contaminants from soil and lettuce root using high-resolution LC-QTOF with MRM HR and SWATH acquisition modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20258-20276. [PMID: 38372911 PMCID: PMC10927905 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is an important route of introducing a large number of organic contaminants into the agroecosystem. In this study, a modified QuEChERS-based approach was developed for rapid, simple, and simultaneous extraction of 48 organic wastewater-derived contaminants from soil and lettuce root. Twenty-two different (modification) scenarios of the known (or original) QuEChERS method have been tested, in order to obtain best and well-compromised recoveries for all target compounds for soil and roots. Finally, a common method was chosen for both matrices consisting of a single extraction step using EDTA-Mcllvaine buffer and the unbuffered Original QuEChERS salts. Method performance was accomplished by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry on a QToF-MS system using two different acquisition modes, the ultra-fast high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) mode and the innovative Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-Ion (SWATH) mode. Performance characterization was evaluated in terms of recovery, linearity, intra-day precision, method detection limits (MDLs), method quantification limits (MQLs), and matrix effect (ME). Recoveries in MRMHR mode ranged from 63 to 111% and 54 to 104% for lettuce root and soil, respectively, for most of compounds in MRMHR mode and from 56 to 121% and 54 to 104% for lettuce root and soil, respectively, for most of compounds in SWATH. Whereas, MQLs ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 ng g-1 in MRMHR and from 0.03 to 82 ng g-1 in SWATH for lettuce root, and from 0.02 to 0.44 ng g-1 in MRMHR and 0.02 to 0.14 ng g-1 in SWATH for soil. The method was then applied to follow the target compounds in soil and lettuce root, where the system lettuce-soil was irrigated with treated wastewater under real greenhouse conditions. Five and 17 compounds were detected in lettuce root and soil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University of Montpellier, Building 39 - CC57 300, Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University of Montpellier, Building 39 - CC57 300, Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Perez
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Detzlhofer A, Grechhamer C, Madikizela L, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Uptake, translocation, and metabolization of amitriptyline, lidocaine, orphenadrine, and tramadol by cress and pea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:19649-19657. [PMID: 38363510 PMCID: PMC10927770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and metabolization of four widely used drugs, amitriptyline, orphenadrine, lidocaine, and tramadol, were investigated in a laboratory study. Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were employed as model plants. These plants were grown in tap water containing the selected pharmaceuticals at concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 10 mg L-1, whereby the latter concentration was employed for the (tentative) identification of drug-related metabolites formed within the plant. Thereby, mainly phase I metabolites were detected. Time-resolved uptake studies, with sampling after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days, revealed that all four pharmaceuticals were taken up by the roots and further relocated to plant stem and leaves. Also in these studies, the corresponding phase I metabolites could be detected, and their translocation from root to stem (pea only) and finally leaves could be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Detzlhofer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Grechhamer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Lawrence Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort, 1710, South Africa
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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Kodešová R, Švecová H, Klement A, Fér M, Nikodem A, Fedorova G, Rieznyk O, Kočárek M, Sadchenko A, Chroňáková A, Grabic R. Contamination of water, soil, and plants by micropollutants from reclaimed wastewater and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167965. [PMID: 37866592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that plants can absorb various micropollutants. The behavior of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant resources was comprehensively investigated in raised beds in which either a mixture of vegetables or maize was grown. The beds were either irrigated with treated wastewater or enriched with sewage sludge or composted sewage sludge. Over the year, samples of wastewater, water drained from the beds, soils and plants were analyzed. Of the seventy-five analyzed substances, fifty-four, thirty-three and twenty-seven were quantified in wastewater, sewage sludge, and composted sludge, respectively. Alarmingly, approximately 20 % of the compounds from wastewater were also detected in the solutions leached from the beds irrigated with wastewater (e.g., gabapentin, tramadol, sertraline, carbamazepine, its metabolites, and benzotriazoles). In addition, a gradual increase in the content of four substances (telmisartan, venlafaxine, carbamazepine, citalopram) was recorded in these beds. The compounds from both biosolids used for soil enrichment tended to remain in the soils (e.g., telmisartan, venlafaxine, sertraline, its metabolite, citalopram, and its metabolite). Only four compounds (sertraline and three benzotriazoles) leached from these beds. Uptake of some chemicals (e.g., gabapentin, tramadol, carbamazepine and its metabolite, and venlafaxine and its metabolite) and their accumulation in plant tissues was observed mainly in vegetables grown on beds irrigated with wastewater. However, daily consumption values for edible plant parts and individual compounds did not indicate a direct threat to human health. Results of this innovative study show possible risks associated with the use of these resources in agriculture. Of particular concern is the possible micropollutants percolation towards groundwater, including those for which high sorption and thus low mobility in the soil environment is expected, such as sertraline. Soil and crop contamination cannot be neglected either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Kodešová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Švecová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Klement
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandra Rieznyk
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kočárek
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Sadchenko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Shi Q, Yuan Y, Zhou Y, Yuan Y, Liu L, Liu X, Li F, Leng C, Wang H. Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) degradation and microbial characteristics of low-temperature operation combined with constructed wetlands. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140039. [PMID: 37660803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs), which are present in water bodies, could cause global environmental and human health problems. These contaminants originate from various sources such as hospitals, clinics, households, and industries. Additionally, they can also indirectly enter the water supply through runoff from agriculture and leachate from landfills. ECs, specifically Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), are causing widespread concern due to their contribution to persistent water pollution. Traditional approaches often involve expensive chemicals and energy or result in the creation of by-products. This study developed a practical and environmentally-friendly method for removing PPCPs, which involved combining and integrating various techniques. To implement this method, it was necessary to establish and used a field simulator based on the real-life scenario. Based on the data analysis, the average removal rates of COD, TP, TN, and NH4+-N were 57%, 59%, 63%, and 73%, respectively. the removal rate of PPCPs by CCWs was found to be 82.7% after comparing samples that were not treated by constructed wetlands and those that were treated. Combined constructed wetlands (CCWs) were found to effectively remove PPCPs from water. This is due to the combined action of plant absorption, absorption, and biodegradation by microorganisms living in the wetlands. Interestingly, the wetland plant reed had been shown to play an important role in removing these pollutants. Microbial degradation was the most important pathway for PPCPs removal in CCWs. Carbamazepine was selected as a typical PPCP for analysis. In addition, the microbial community structure of the composite filler was also investigated. High-throughput sequencing confirmed that the dominant bacteria had good adaptability to PPCPs. This technique not only reduced the potential environmental impact but also served as a foundation for further research on the use of constructed wetlands for the treatment of PPCPs contaminated water bodies and its large-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemical Water Pollution Control Technology in Tangshan City, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Yonggang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemical Water Pollution Control Technology in Tangshan City, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemical Water Pollution Control Technology in Tangshan City, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemical Water Pollution Control Technology in Tangshan City, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemical Water Pollution Control Technology in Tangshan City, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Hebei Mining Area Ecological Restoration Industry Technology Research Institute, Tangshan, 063000, PR China; College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Fuping Li
- Hebei Mining Area Ecological Restoration Industry Technology Research Institute, Tangshan, 063000, PR China; College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Chunpeng Leng
- Hebei Mining Area Ecological Restoration Industry Technology Research Institute, Tangshan, 063000, PR China; College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemical Water Pollution Control Technology in Tangshan City, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; Hebei Mining Area Ecological Restoration Industry Technology Research Institute, Tangshan, 063000, PR China; College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China.
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Stiegler A, Cecchetti AR, Scholes RC, Sedlak DL. Persistent Trace Organic Contaminants Are Transformed Rapidly under Sulfate- and Fe(III)-Reducing Conditions in a Nature-Based Subsurface Water Treatment System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16616-16627. [PMID: 37856881 PMCID: PMC10620999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface treatment systems, such as constructed wetlands, riverbank filtration systems, and managed aquifer recharge systems, offer a low-cost means of removing trace organic contaminants from treated municipal wastewater. To assess the processes through which trace organic contaminants are removed in subsurface treatment systems, pharmaceuticals and several major metabolites were measured in porewater, sediment, and plants within a horizontal levee (i.e., a subsurface flow wetland that receives treated municipal wastewater). Concentrations of trace organic contaminants in each wetland compartment rapidly declined along the flow path. Mass balance calculations, analysis of transformation products, microcosm experiments, and one-dimensional transport modeling demonstrated that more than 60% of the contaminant removal could be attributed to transformation. Monitoring of the system with and without nitrate in the wetland inflow indicated that relatively biodegradable trace organic contaminants, such as acyclovir and metoprolol, were rapidly transformed under both operating conditions. Trace organic contaminants that are normally persistent in biological treatment systems (e.g., sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine) were removed only when Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing conditions were observed. Minor structural modifications to trace organic contaminants (e.g., hydroxylation) altered the pathways and extents of trace organic contaminant transformation under different redox conditions. These findings indicate that subsurface treatment systems can be designed to remove both labile and persistent trace organic contaminants via transformation if they are designed and operated in a manner that results in sulfate-and Fe(III)-reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela
N. Stiegler
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Engineering
Research Center (ERC) for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water
Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aidan R. Cecchetti
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Engineering
Research Center (ERC) for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water
Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rachel C. Scholes
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Engineering
Research Center (ERC) for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water
Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Engineering
Research Center (ERC) for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water
Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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10
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Mascellani A, Mercl F, Kurhan S, Pierdona L, Kudrna J, Zemanova V, Hnilicka F, Kloucek P, Tlustos P, Havlik J. Biochemical and physiological changes in Zea mays L. after exposure to the environmental pharmaceutical pollutant carbamazepine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138689. [PMID: 37059200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a matter of great concern. They are consistently found in the environment, raising concerns regarding human exposure through dietary intake. In this study, we observed the effect of the application of carbamazepine at 0.1, 1, 10, and 1000 μg per kg of soil contamination levels to assess stress metabolism in Zea mays L. cv. Ronaldinio at the 4th leaf, tasselling, and dent phenological stages. The transfer of carbamazepine to the aboveground and root biomass was assessed, and uptake increased dose-dependently. No direct effect on biomass production was observed, but multiple physiological and chemical changes were observed. Major effects were consistently observed at the 4th leaf phenological stage for all contamination levels, including reduced photosynthetic rate, reduced maximal and potential activity of photosystem II, decreased water potential, decreased carbohydrates (glucose and fructose) and γ-aminobutyric acid in roots, and increased maleic acid and phenylpropanoids (chlorogenic acid and its isomer, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) in aboveground biomass. A reduction in net photosynthesis was observed for the older phenological stages, whereas no other relevant and consistent physiological and metabolic changes related to contamination exposure were detected. Our results indicate that Z. mays can overcome the environmental stress caused by the accumulation of carbamazepine with notable metabolic changes at the early phenological stage; however, older plants adapted and only exhibited minor effects in the presence of the contaminant. The potential implications for agricultural practice could be associated with the plant's response to simultaneous stresses due to metabolite changes associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mascellani
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Sebnem Kurhan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Pierdona
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kudrna
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanova
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Hnilicka
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kloucek
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustos
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Havlik
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
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11
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Kang D, Lee H, Bae H, Jeon J. Comparative insight of pesticide transformations between river and wetland systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163172. [PMID: 37003314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides threatens the environment and ecosystems. Despite the positive effects of plant protection products, pesticides also have unexpected negative effects on nontarget organisms. The microbial biodegradation of pesticides is one of the major pathways for reducing their risks at aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to compare the biodegradability of pesticides in simulated wetland and river systems. Parallel experiments were conducted with 17 pesticides based on the OECD 309 guidelines. A comprehensive analytical method, such as target screening combined with suspect and non-target screening, was performed to evaluate the biodegradation via identification of transformation products (TPs) using LC-HRMS. As evidence of biodegradation, we identified 97 TPs for 15 pesticides. Metolachlor and dimethenamid had 23 and 16 TPs, respectively, including Phase II glutathione conjugates. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequences for microbials characterized operational taxonomic units. Rheinheimera and Flavobacterium, which have the potential for glutathione S-transferase, were dominant in wetland systems. Estimation of toxicity, biodegradability, and hydrophobicity using QSAR prediction indicated lower environmental risks of detected TPs. We conclude that the wetland system is more favorable for pesticide degradation and risk mitigation mainly attributed to the abundance and variety of the microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Lee
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokwan Bae
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zheng KX, Liu CH, Wang S, Tzou YM, Chiang CM, Lin SR, Yang HY, Wu JJ, Chuang YH. Evaluating the release and metabolism of ricinine from castor cake fertilizer in soils using a LC-QTOF/MS coupled with SIRIUS workflow. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136865. [PMID: 36244422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Castor cake is a major by-product generated after castor oil extraction and has been widely used as an organic fertilizer. Once applied to soil, a toxic alkaloid ricinine in castor cake may be released into soils and subsequently taken up by crops, which poses a potential threat to food safety and human health. However, the environmental fate of castor cake derived ricinine in agroecosystems remains unclear. In this study, the release and metabolism of ricinine in soils were conducted using soil pot experiments with different castor cake application rates. The analytical methodology of ricinine quantification in soil pore water was first established using solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). A non-target screening workflow associated with LC-QTOF/MS and SIRIUS platform was further developed to identify ricinine metabolites in soil pore water. After castor cake application, the ricinine concentrations in soil pore water significantly increased to 297-7990 μg L-1 at 1 day and then gradually decreased to 62.1-3460 μg L-1 at 7 days and 1.70-279 μg L-1 at 14 days for the selected two tested soils with castor cake application rates of 2, 10, and 20 g castor cake/kg soil. In addition, two ricinine metabolites R-194 and R-180 were tentatively identified and one ricinine metabolite N-demethyl-ricinin was confirmed through authentic reference standard for the first time by the developed non-target screening workflow. This study highlights the release and metabolism of toxic alkaloid ricinine in soils once applied castor cake as an organic fertilizer. Ricinine could be released into soil pore water in a short-term after castor cake application and then undergo demethylation, hydroxylation, and hydroxylation followed by methylation metabolisms over time in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xuan Zheng
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Sichao Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Chiang
- Division of Product Development, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Executive Yuan, 413001, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Ruei Lin
- Section of Tea Agronomy, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taoyuan City, 326011, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Yang
- Dongding Station, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Nantou County, 558004, Taiwan
| | - Jerry J Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan.
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13
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Li R, Wang S, Chang J, Pan X, Dong F, Li Z, Zheng Y, Li Y. Insight into the uptake and metabolism of a new insecticide cyetpyrafen in plants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107522. [PMID: 36137426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As new agrochemicals are continuously introduced into agricultural systems, it is essential to investigate their uptake and metabolism by plants to better evaluate their fate and accumulation in crops and the subsequent risks to human exposure. In this study, the uptake and elimination kinetics and transformation of a novel insecticide, cyetpyrafen, in two model crops (lettuce and rice) were first evaluated by hydroponic experiments. Cyetpyrafen was rapidly taken up by plant roots and reached a steady state within 24 h, and it was preferentially accumulated in root parts with root concentration factors up to 2670 mL/g. An uptake mechanism study suggested that root uptake of cyetpyrafen was likely to be dominated by passive diffusion and was difficult to transport via xylem and phloem. Ten phase I and three phase II metabolites of cyetpyrafen were tentatively identified in the hydroponic-plant system through a nontarget screening strategy. The structures of two main metabolites (M-309 and M-391) were confirmed by synthesized standards. The metabolic pathways were proposed including hydroxylation, hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration and conjugation, which were assumed to be regulated by cytochrome P450, carboxylesterase, glycosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferases and peroxidase. Cyetpyrafen and its main metabolites (M-409, M-309 and M-391) were estimated to be harmful/toxic toward nontarget organisms by theoretical calculation. The high bioaccumulation and extensive transformation of cyetpyrafen highlighted the necessity for systematically assessing the crop uptake and metabolism of new agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jinhe Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co, Ltd, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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14
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Bigott Y, Gallego S, Montemurro N, Breuil MC, Pérez S, Michas A, Martin-Laurent F, Schröder P. Fate and impact of wastewater-borne micropollutants in lettuce and the root-associated bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154674. [PMID: 35318055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of water for agricultural practices becomes progressively more important due to increasing demands for a transition to a circular economy. Treated wastewater can be an alternative option of blue water used for the irrigation of crops but its risks need to be evaluated. This study assesses the uptake and metabolization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) derived from treated wastewater into lettuce as well as the impact on root-associated bacteria under a realistic and worst-case scenario. Lettuce was grown in a controlled greenhouse and irrigated with water or treated wastewater spiked with and without a mixture of fourteen different PPCPs at 10 μg/L or 100 μg/L. After harvesting the plants, the same soil was reused for a consecutive cultivation campaign to test for the accumulation of PPCPs. Twelve out of fourteen spiked PPCPs were detected in lettuce roots, and thirteen in leaves. In roots, highest concentrations were measured for sucralose, sulfamethoxazole and citalopram, while sucralose, acesulfame and carbamazepine were the highest in leaves. Higher PPCP concentrations were found in lettuce roots irrigated with spiked treated wastewater than in those irrigated with spiked water. The absolute bacterial abundance remained stable over both cultivation campaigns and was not affected by any of the treatments (type of irrigation water (water vs. wastewater) nor concentration of PPCPs). However, the irrigation of lettuce with treated wastewater had a significant effect on the microbial α-diversity indices at the end of the second cultivation campaign, and modified the structure and community composition of root-associated bacteria at the end of both campaigns. Five and fourteen bacterial families were shown to be responsible for the observed changes at the end of the first and second cultivation campaign, respectively. Relative abundance of Haliangium and the clade Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium was significantly affected in response to PCPPs exposure. Caulobacter, Cellvibrio, Hydrogenophaga and Rhizobacter were significantly affected in microcosms irrigated with wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bigott
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Gallego
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Marie-Christine Breuil
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Antonios Michas
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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15
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Chen W, Hou X, Mao X, Jiao S, Wei L, Wang Y, Liu J, Jiang G. Biotic and Abiotic Transformation Pathways of a Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Congener, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C 10H 16Cl 6, in a Rice Seedling Hydroponic Exposure System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9486-9496. [PMID: 35622943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a typical congener of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) with six chlorine atoms (CP-4, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C10H16Cl6, 250 ng/mL) was selected to elaborate the comprehensive environmental transformation of SCCPs in rice seedling exposure system. CP-4 was quickly absorbed, translocated, and phytovolatilized by seedlings with a small quality of CP-4 (5.81-36.5 ng) being detected in the gas phase. Only 21.4 ± 1.6% of an initial amount (10,000 ng) of CP-4 remained in the exposure system at the end of exposure. Among the transformed CP-4, some were attributed to the degradation of the rhizosphere microorganism (9.1 ± 5.8%), root exudates (2.2 ± 4.2%), and abiotic transformation (3.0 ± 2.8%) that were proved by several transformation products found in the root exudate exposure groups and unplanted controls, and a majority was phytotransformed by rice seedlings. Here, 61 products were determined through complex transformation pathways, including multihydroxylation, -HCl elimination, dechlorination, acetylation, sulfation, glycosylation, and amide acid conjugation. The acetylated and amide acid conjugates of CPs were first observed. Phase I and Phase II phytometabolic reactions of CPs were found intertwining. These findings demonstrate that multiactive transformation reactions contribute to the overlook of CPs accumulated in plants and are helpful for the environmental and health risk assessments of SCCPs in agricultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Mao
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Suning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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16
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Zhi H, Webb DT, Schnoor JL, Kolpin DW, Klaper RD, Iwanowicz LR, LeFevre GH. Modeling Risk Dynamics of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in a Temperate-region Wastewater Effluent-dominated Stream. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 8:1408-1422. [PMID: 36061088 PMCID: PMC9431852 DOI: 10.1039/d2ew00157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluent-dominated streams are becoming increasingly common worldwide, including in temperate regions, with potential impacts on ecological systems and drinking water sources. We recently quantified the occurrence/ spatiotemporal dynamics of pharmaceutical mixtures in a representative temperate-region wastewater effluent-dominated stream (Muddy Creek, Iowa) under baseflow conditions and characterized relevant fate processes. Herein, we quantified the ecological risk quotients (RQs) of 19 effluent-derived contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; including: 14 pharmaceuticals, 2 industrial chemicals, and 3 neonicotinoid insecticides) and 1 run-off-derived compound (atrazine) in the stream under baseflow conditions, and estimated the probabilistic risks of effluent-derived CECs under all-flow conditions (i.e., including runoff events) using stochastic risk modeling. We determined that 11 out of 20 CECs pose medium-to-high risks to local ecological systems (i.e., algae, invertebrates, fish) based on literature-derived acute effects under measured baseflow conditions. Stochastic risk modeling indicated decreased, but still problematic, risk of effluent-derived CECs (i.e., RQ≥0.1) under all-flow conditions when runoff events were included. Dilution of effluent-derived chemicals from storm flows thus only minimally decreased risk to aquatic biota in the effluent-dominated stream. We also modeled in-stream transport. Thirteen out of 14 pharmaceuticals persisted along the stream reach (median attenuation rate constant k<0.1 h-1) and entered the Iowa River at elevated concentrations. Predicted and measured concentrations in the drinking water treatment plant were below the human health benchmarks. This study demonstrates the application of probabilistic risk assessments for effluent-derived CECs in a representative effluent-dominated stream under variable flow conditions (when measurements are less practical) and provides an enhanced prediction tool transferable to other effluent-dominated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Danielle T. Webb
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Klaper
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Freshwater Sciences, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Corresponding Author:; Phone: 319-335-5655; 4105 Seamans Center for Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City Iowa, United States
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17
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Bizi M, EL Bachra FE. Transport of Carbamazepine, Ciprofloxacin and Sulfamethoxazole in Activated Carbon: Solubility and Relationships between Structure and Diffusional Parameters. Molecules 2021; 26:7318. [PMID: 34885904 PMCID: PMC8658829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in the different pores of activated carbon in an aqueous solution is a dynamic process that is entirely dependent on the intrinsic parameters of these molecules and of the adsorbent. The macroscopic processes that take place are analyzed by interfacial diffusion and reaction models. Modeling of the experimental kinetic curves obtained following batch treatment of each solute at 2 µg/L in tap water showed (i) that the transport and sorption rates were controlled by external diffusion and intraparticle diffusion and (ii) that the effective diffusion coefficient for each solute, with the surface and pore diffusion coefficients, were linked by a linear relationship. A statistical analysis of the experimental data established correlations between the diffusional parameters and some geometrical parameters of these three molecules. Given the major discontinuities observed in the adsorption kinetics, the modeling of the experimental data required the use of traditional kinetic models, as well as a new kinetic model composed of the pseudo first or second order model and a sigmoidal expression. The predictions of this model were excellent. The solubility of each molecule below 60 °C was formulated by an empirical expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bizi
- BRGM, Water, Environment, Processes Development & Analysis Division 3, Avenue C. Guillemin, CEDEX 2, 45060 Orléans, France;
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18
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Zhang T, Li N, Chen G, Xu J, Ouyang G, Zhu F. Stress symptoms and plant hormone-modulated defense response induced by the uptake of carbamazepine and ibuprofen in Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148628. [PMID: 34328997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their wide applications and extensive discharges, pharmaceuticals have recently become a potential risk to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The uptake of pharmaceuticals have been shown to stimulate plant defense systems and induce phytotoxic effects. Signaling molecules such as plant hormones play crucial roles in plant stress and defense responses, but the relationship between these molecules and pharmaceutical uptake has rarely been investigated. In this study, two common pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine and ibuprofen, and three stress-related plant hormones, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid, were simultaneously tracked in the roots and stems of Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) via an in vivo solid phase microextraction (SPME) method. We also monitored stress-related physiological markers and enzymatic activities to demonstrate plant hormone modulation. The results indicate that pharmaceutical uptake, subsequent stress symptoms, and the defense response were all significantly correlated with the upregulation of plant hormones. Moreover, the plant hormones in the exposure group failed to recover to normal levels, indicating that plants containing pharmaceutical residues might be subject to potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China.
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Lang T, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Uptake and bio-transformation of telmisartan by cress (Lepidium sativum) from sewage treatment plant effluents using high-performance liquid chromatography/drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50790-50798. [PMID: 33973117 PMCID: PMC8445863 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the uptake and metabolization of the sartan drug telmisartan by a series of plants was investigated. Thereby for seven potential metabolites, modifications on the telmisartan molecule such as hydroxylation and/or glycosylation could be tentatively identified. For two additional signals detected at accurate masses m/z 777.3107 and m/z 793.3096, no suggestions for molecular formulas could be made. Further investigations employing garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant were conducted. This was done in order to develop an analytical method allowing the detection of these substances also under environmentally relevant conditions. For this reason, the knowledge achieved from treatment of the plants with rather high concentrations of the parent drug (10 mg L-1) was compared with results obtained when using solutions containing telmisartan in the μg - ng L-1 range. Thereby the parent drug and up to three tentative drug-related metabolites could still be detected. Finally cress was cultivated in water taken from a local waste water treatment plant effluent containing 90 ng L-1 of telmisartan and harvested and the cress roots were extracted. In this extract, next to the parent drug one major metabolite, namely telmisartan-glucose could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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Brunetti G, Kodešová R, Švecová H, Fér M, Nikodem A, Klement A, Grabic R, Šimůnek J. On the Use of Mechanistic Soil-Plant Uptake Models: A Comprehensive Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Translocation of Carbamazepine in Green Pea Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2991-3000. [PMID: 33587851 PMCID: PMC8023655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Food contamination is a major worldwide risk for human health. Dynamic plant uptake of pollutants from contaminated environments is the preferred pathway into the human and animal food chain. Mechanistic models represent a fundamental tool for risk assessment and the development of mitigation strategies. However, difficulty in obtaining comprehensive observations in the soil-plant continuum hinders their calibration, undermining their generalizability and raising doubts about their widespread applicability. To address these issues, a Bayesian probabilistic framework is used, for the first time, to calibrate and assess the predictive uncertainty of a mechanistic soil-plant model against comprehensive observations from an experiment on the translocation of carbamazepine in green pea plants. Results demonstrate that the model can reproduce the dynamics of water flow and solute reactive transport in the soil-plant domain accurately and with limited uncertainty. The role of different physicochemical processes in bioaccumulation of carbamazepine in fruits is investigated through Global Sensitivity Analysis, which shows how soil hydraulic properties and soil solute sorption regulate transpiration streams and bioavailability of carbamazepine. Overall, the analysis demonstrates the usefulness of mechanistic models and proposes a comprehensive numerical framework for their assessment and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Brunetti
- Institute
for Soil Physics and Rural
Water Management, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Radka Kodešová
- Faculty
of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science
and Soil Protection, Czech University of
Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Švecová
- Faculty
of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center
of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Faculty
of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science
and Soil Protection, Czech University of
Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Faculty
of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science
and Soil Protection, Czech University of
Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Klement
- Faculty
of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science
and Soil Protection, Czech University of
Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty
of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center
of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šimůnek
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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21
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Zhang Q, Kong W, Wei L, Hou X, Ma Q, Liu Y, Luo Y, Liao C, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Compartmentalization and Excretion of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol Sulfation and Glycosylation Conjugates in Rice Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2980-2990. [PMID: 33544574 PMCID: PMC8232829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The most environmentally abundant bromophenol congener, 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP, 6.06 μmol/L), was exposed to rice for 5 d both in vivo (intact seedling) and in vitro (suspension cell) to systematically characterize the fate of its sulfation and glycosylation conjugates in rice. The 2,4,6-TBP was rapidly transformed to produce 6 [rice cells (3 h)] and 8 [rice seedlings (24 h)] sulfated and glycosylated conjugates. The predominant sulfation conjugate (TP408, 93.0-96.7%) and glycosylation conjugate (TP490, 77.1-90.2%) were excreted into the hydroponic solution after their formation in rice roots. However, the sulfation and glycosylation conjugates presented different translocation and compartmentalization behaviors during the subsequent Phase III metabolism. Specifically, the sulfated conjugate could be vertically transported into the leaf sheath and leaf, while the glycosylation conjugates were sequestered in cell vacuoles and walls, which resulted in exclusive compartmentalization within the rice roots. These results showed the micromechanisms of the different compartmentalization behaviors of 2,4,6-TBP conjugates in Phase III metabolism. Glycosylation and sulfation of the phenolic hydroxyl groups orchestrated by plant excretion and Phase III metabolism may reduce the accumulation of 2,4,6-TBP and its conjugates in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Qianchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yadan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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Barreales-Suárez S, Azoulay S, Bello-López MÁ, Fernández-Torres R. Uptake study in Juncus sp. and Salicornia europaea of six pharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128995. [PMID: 33288285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, eight plants of Juncus sp. and ten of Salicornia europaea were used for an uptake assay of pharmaceuticals (flumequine, cirpofloxacin, enrofloxacin, carbamazepine, diclofenac and ibuprofen) by irrigation at three concentration levels: 10 ng mL-1 (low level); 700 ng mL-1 (medium level) and 10 μg mL-1 (high level). Two plants irrigated with pharmaceutical-free water were set up as controls. For each level, two plants were watered every day with 50 mL (Juncus sp.) and every two days with 20 mL (Salicornia europaea) of aqueous solutions containing all the analytes at the described concentrations. Plants irrigated at 10 μg mL-1 were significantly the most affected, whereas the rest of the plants remained, in general, largely displayed no apparent physiological effects throughout the 30 days (Juncus sp.) and 21 days (Salicornia europaea) assays. Leaves and stems were cut every seven days and roots were collected at the end of the assay. The samples were lyophilized, submitted to a microwave assisted extraction using 5 mL of acetonitrile:water mixture (1:1, v/v) and they were analyzed (in triplicate) in a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry instrument. Most of the analytes were quantified in many of the samples corresponding to the three exposure levels with the highest concentrations obtained at high exposure levels. Ibuprofen was not detected in any sample and enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and diclofenac were not detected in the samples from Salicornia europaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Barreales-Suárez
- Departamento Química Analítica, Facultad Química, Universidad Sevilla, C/Prof. García González, S/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain; Université Côte D'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, CEDEX 2, France
| | - Stéphane Azoulay
- Université Côte D'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, CEDEX 2, France
| | - Miguel Ángel Bello-López
- Departamento Química Analítica, Facultad Química, Universidad Sevilla, C/Prof. García González, S/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Departamento Química Analítica, Facultad Química, Universidad Sevilla, C/Prof. García González, S/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Wang X, Gan J. Conjugation of Di- n-butyl Phthalate Metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana and Potential Deconjugation in Human Microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2381-2391. [PMID: 33496166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers, due to the widespread use of plastics, occur ubiquitously in the environment. The reuse of waste resources (e.g., treated wastewater, biosolids, animal waste) and other practices (e.g., plastic mulching) introduce phthalates into agroecosystems. As a detoxification mechanism, plants are known to convert phthalates to polar monophthalates after uptake, which are followed by further transformations, including conjugation with endogenous biomolecules. The objective of this study was 2-fold: to obtain a complete metabolic picture of the widely used di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) by using a suite of complementary techniques, including stable isotope labeling, 14C tracing, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and to determine if conjugates are deconjugated in human microsomes to release bioactive metabolites. In Arabidopsis thaliana cells, the primary initial metabolite of DnBP was mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MnBP was rapidly metabolized via hydroxylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, and malonylation to seven transformation products. One of the conjugates, MnBP-acyl-β-d-glucoside (MnBP-Glu), was incubated in human liver (HLM) and intestinal (HIM) microsomes and was found to undergo rapid transformations. Approximately 15% and 10% of MnBP-Glu were deconjugated to the free form MnBP in HIM and HLM, respectively. These findings highlight that phthalates, as diesters, are susceptible to hydrolysis to form monoesters that can be readily conjugated via a phase II metabolism in plants. Conjugates may be deconjugated to release bioactive compounds after human ingestion. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the dietary exposure of phthalates and other contaminants must consider plant metabolites, especially including conjugates, to better predict their potential environmental and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Screening of Emerging Pollutants (EPs) in Estuarine Water and Phytoremediation Capacity of Tripolium pannonicum under Controlled Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18030943. [PMID: 33499038 PMCID: PMC7908520 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of pharmaceuticals in the environment and their difficult biodegradation, can lead to bioaccumulation in different trophic compartments. Their bioaccumulation can have negative consequences, especially in the generation of bacterial resistance by antibiotics, but also in the impairment of plant and animal metabolism. The Tejo estuary in Portugal is the habitat for many plant and animal species, which are also prone to this type of contamination. Therefore, in the present study different classes of emerging pollutants (EPs) were surveyed in water samples in the Tejo estuary, including antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, lipid-lowering drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, beta-blockers and analgesics. According to the results, only four compounds were detected in water samples collected at the three selected salt marshes, including carbamazepine, fluoxetine hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Having the detected substances as a basis, a subsequent study was performed aiming to investigate the uptake and biodegradation capacity of halophytes, using Tripolium pannonicum as a model plant cultivated under controlled conditions with different concentrations of the found EPs. This experimental approach showed that T. pannonicum was able to uptake and degrade xenobiotics. Moreover, the application of sulfamethazine, as a model antibiotic, showed also that this species can uptake and degrade this compound, although the degradation rate and process proved to be compound-specific. This was also confirmed using crude plant extracts spiked with the different EPs. Thus this species is a potential candidate for the remediation of marine water and sediments contaminated with environmentally-significant EPs.
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Bagheri M, He X, Oustriere N, Liu W, Shi H, Limmer MA, Burken JG. Investigating plant uptake of organic contaminants through transpiration stream concentration factor and neural network models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141418. [PMID: 33181989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of seven organic contaminants including bisphenol A, estriol, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), carbamazepine, acetaminophen, and lincomycin by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was measured. The plants were grown in a growth chamber under recommended conditions and dosed by these chemicals for 19 days. The plant samples (stem transpiration stream) and solution in the exposure media were taken to measure transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF). The plant samples were analyzed by a freeze-thaw centrifugation technique followed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Measured average TSCF values were used to test a neural network (NN) model previously developed for predicting plant uptake based on physicochemical properties. The results indicated that moderately hydrophobic compounds including carbamazepine and lincomycin have average TSCF values of 0.43 and 0.79, respectively. The average uptake of DEET, estriol, acetaminophen, and bisphenol A was also measured as 0.34, 0.29, 0.22, and 0.1, respectively. The 2,4-dinitrotoluene was not detected in the stem transpiration stream and it was shown to degrade in the root zone. Based on these results together with plant physiology measurements, we concluded that physicochemical properties of the chemicals did predict uptake, however, the role of other factors should be considered in the prediction of TSCF. While NN model could predict TSCF based on physicochemical properties with acceptable accuracies (mean squared error less than 0.25), the results for 2,4-dinitrotoluene and other compounds confirm the needs for considering other parameters related to both chemicals (stability) and plant species (role of lipids, lignin, and cellulose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Bagheri
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Nadege Oustriere
- Laboratoire Génie Civil Et Géoenvironnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-De-France, Institut Supérieur Agriculture, 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Wenyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Matt A Limmer
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Joel G Burken
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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Untargeted Metabolomics Studies on Drug-Incubated Phragmites australis Profiles. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010002. [PMID: 33375173 PMCID: PMC7822174 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a huge number of functionally and chemically different natural products that play an important role in linking the plant with the adjacent environment. Plants can also absorb and transform external organic compounds (xenobiotics). Currently there are only a few studies concerning the effects of xenobiotics and their transformation products on plant metabolites using a mass spectrometric untargeted screening strategy. This study was designed to investigate the changes of the Phragmites australis metabolome following/after diclofenac or carbamazepine incubation, using a serial coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) combined with accurate high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). An untargeted screening strategy of metabolic fingerprints was developed to purposefully compare samples from differently treated P. australis plants, revealing that P. australis responded to each drug differently. When solvents with significantly different polarities were used, the metabolic profiles of P. australis were found to change significantly. For instance, the production of polyphenols (such as quercetin) in the plant increased after diclofenac incubation. Moreover, the pathway of unsaturated organic acids became more prominent, eventually as a reaction to protect the cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, P. australis exhibited an adaptive mechanism to cope with each drug. Consequently, the untargeted screening approach is essential for understanding the complex response of plants to xenobiotics.
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Montemurro N, Orfanioti A, Manasfi R, Thomaidis NS, Pérez S. Comparison of high resolution mrm and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion acquisition modes for the quantitation of 48 wastewater-borne pollutants in lettuce. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461566. [PMID: 33002708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a large number of chemicals of emerging concern is highly desirable for the control of crops irrigated with reclaimed water since it is considered an alternative water source of great value. This study describes a high resolution mass spectrometry approach for developing methods for quantification in lettuce leaves of 48 different wastewater-borne pollutants (including analgesics and anti-inflammatories, anti-hypertensives, antifungal agents, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs and stimulants, β-blockers, antibiotics, antimycotics, and sweeteners) frequently found in water resources. In this respect, a simple and fast QuEChERS-based method for the determination of contaminants in lettuce has been developed. During extraction, the use of formic acid was adopted to further improve the results of some problematic compounds (e.g., fenofibrate, furosemide, metronidazole, oxcarbazepine, sulfanilamide). High resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) and SWATH acquisition were compared in term of accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity, linearity and matrix effect. Both methods provided similar recoveries between 80 and 120% in lettuce leaves, although sulfanilamide, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethazine presenting values of 26.8, 27.8, and 28.4% in MRMHR and 25, 33.9, and 35% in SWATH, respectively. The effectiveness of a two-step cleanup on analyte recovery was also assessed and matrix effects were also taken into consideration during the method validation. The developed method allows the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 48 compounds (drug residues and metabolites) in lettuce leaves irrigated with treated wastewater for human consumption. Application of the present method to lettuce crops growth in controlled conditions showed the presence of 14 out 48 studied compounds with similar concentrations in both acquisition modes ranging from 3.3 and 1.3 ng g - 1 for climbazole (for MRMHR and SWATH, respectively) to 33.2 and 17.7 ng g - 1 for sulfamethazine. Drug residues such as carbamazepine (6.0 and 8.5 ng g - 1), and its metabolite carbamazepine epoxide (18.1 and 16.5 ng g - 1), frequently found in wastewater effluents, were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain).
| | - Anastasia Orfanioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences 5569, HSM, Montpellier University, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain)
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Gan J. Metabolism of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Arabidopsis thaliana: Exploration of metabolic pathways by deuterium labeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114886. [PMID: 32505963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the primary monoester transformation product of the commonly used plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and has been frequently detected in various environmental compartments (e.g., soil, biosolids, plants). Plants growing in contaminated soils can take up MEHP, and consumption of the contaminated plants may result in unintended exposure for humans and other organisms. The metabolism of MEHP in plants is poorly understood, but critical for evaluating the potential human and environmental health risks. The present study represents the first attempt to explore the metabolic fate of MEHP in plants. We used Arabidopsis thaliana cells as a plant model and explored metabolic pathways of MEHP using deuterium stable isotope labelling (SIL) coupled with time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometer (TOF-HRMS). A. thaliana rapidly took up MEHP from the culture medium and mediated extensive metabolism of MEHP. Combining SIL with TOF-HRMS analysis was proved as a powerful method for identification of unknown MEHP metabolites. Four phase Ⅰ and three phase Ⅱ metabolites were confirmed or tentatively identified. Based on the detected transformation products, hydroxylation, oxidation, and malonylation are proposed as the potential MEHP metabolism pathways. In cells, the maximum fraction of each transformation product accounted for 2.8-56.5% of the total amount of metabolites during the incubation. For individual metabolites, up to 2.9-100% was found in the culture medium, suggesting plant excretion. The results in the cell culture experiments were further confirmed in cabbage and A. thaliana seedlings. The findings suggest active metabolism of MEHP in plants and highlight the need to include metabolites in refining environmental risk assessment of plasticizers in the agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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Sauvêtre A, Węgrzyn A, Yang L, Vestergaard G, Miksch K, Schröder P, Radl V. Enrichment of endophytic Actinobacteria in roots and rhizomes of Miscanthus × giganteus plants exposed to diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11892-11904. [PMID: 31981026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates how wastewater containing 2 mg l-1 of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 2 mg l-1 of diclofenac (DCF) affects the composition of bacterial communities present in the roots and rhizomes of Miscanthus × giganteus plants grown in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands. Bacterial communities in plant roots and rhizomes were identified in treated and control samples by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Moreover, bacterial endophytes were isolated in R2A and 1/10 869 media and screened for their ability to metabolize SMX and DCF in liquid medium by HPLC. Our results show significant changes in the abundance of main genera, namely Sphingobium and Streptomyces between control and treated plants. Around 70% of the strains isolated from exposed plants belonged to the phylum Actinobacteria and were classified as Streptomyces, Microbacterium, and Glycomyces. In non-exposed plants, Proteobacteria represented 43.5% to 63.6% of the total. We identified 17 strains able to remove SMX and DCF in vitro. From those, 76% were isolated from exposed plants. Classified mainly as Streptomyces, they showed the highest SMX (33%) and DCF (41%) removal efficiency. These isolates, alone or in combination, might be used as bio-inoculants in constructed wetlands to enhance the phytoremediation of SMX and DCF during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Sauvêtre
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Montpellier, Avenue Charles Flahault 15, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Anna Węgrzyn
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland., Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Luhua Yang
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gisle Vestergaard
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Copenhagen; Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korneliusz Miksch
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland., Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viviane Radl
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Li M, Cheng Y, Ding T, Wang H, Wang W, Li J, Ye Q. Phytotransformation and Metabolic Pathways of 14C-Carbamazepine in Carrot and Celery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3362-3371. [PMID: 32105463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant pharmaceutical compound of environmental concern due to its persistence, bioactive toxicity, and teratogenic effects. Studies on the kinetics and metabolic pathways of CBZ in plant tissues are still limited. In the present study, the phytotransformation of 14C-CBZ was explored. The 14C detected in bound residues was lower than in extractable residues (>85% of the uptaken 14C radioactivity) in plant tissues. CBZ underwent appreciable transformation in plants. A large portion of accumulated 14C radioactivity (80.3 ± 6.4%) in the cells was distributed in the cell water-soluble fraction. A total of nine radioactive transformation products of CBZ were identified, three of which were generated in vivo due to the contraction of the heterocycle ring. The proposed metabolic pathways revealed that conjugation with glutathione or phenylacetic acid was the major transformation pathway of CBZ in plants, with the contribution of epoxidation, hydroxylation, methoxylation, methylation, amination, and sulfonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tengda Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Gorovits R, Sobol I, Akama K, Chefetz B, Czosnek H. Pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater induce a stress response in tomato plants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1856. [PMID: 32024917 PMCID: PMC7002738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals remain in treated wastewater used to irrigate agricultural crops. Their effect on terrestrial plants is practically unknown. Here we tested whether these compounds can be considered as plant stress inducers. Several features characterize the general stress response in plants: production of reactive oxygen species acting as stress-response signals, MAPKs signaling cascade inducing expression of defense genes, heat shock proteins preventing protein denaturation and degradation, and amino acids playing signaling roles and involved in osmoregulation. Tomato seedlings bathing in a cocktail of pharmaceuticals (Carbamazepine, Valporic acid, Phenytoin, Diazepam, Lamotrigine) or in Carbamazepine alone, at different concentrations and during different time-periods, were used to study the patterns of stress-related markers. The accumulation of the stress-related biomarkers in leaf and root tissues pointed to a cumulative stress response, mobilizing the cell protection machinery to avoid metabolic modifications and to restore homeostasis. The described approach is suitable for the investigation of stress response of different crop plants to various contaminants present in treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Iris Sobol
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Kazuhito Akama
- Department of Biological Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Institute of Soil and Water sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Marti E, Osorio V, Llorca M, Paredes L, Gros M. Environmental risks of sewage sludge reuse in agriculture. WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE – LESSONS LEARNED IN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Montemurro N, Peña-Herrera JM, Ginebreda A, Eichhorn P, Pérez S. The Journey of Human Drugs from Their Design at the Bench to Their Fate in Crops. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhang T, Qiu J, Chen G, Xu J, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Uptake of pharmaceuticals acts as an abiotic stress and triggers variation of jasmonates in Malabar spinach (Basella alba. L). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124711. [PMID: 31549668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, pharmaceuticals have received increasing attentions because of their potential risks to the environment, but researches focusing on their impacts on defense system of living plants are still lacking. As an important class of phytohormones, jasmonates play crucial roles in plant defense system against environmental stress. In order to investigate the effect of pharmaceuticals uptake on endogenous jasmonates, an in vivo solid phase microextraction (SPME) method was established to simultaneously detect and monitor both pharmaceuticals and jasmonates in living plants. The proposed method exhibited wide linear ranges, high sensitivity (limits of detection ranging 0.0043-0.035 ng g-1 for pharmaceuticals and 0.091-0.22 ng g-1 for jasmonates, respectively), and satisfactory reproducibility (relative standard deviation of intrafiber ranging 4.2%-8.6% and interfiber ranging 5.2%-8.2%, respectively). Subsequently, this method was successfully applied to track the concentrations of each pharmaceutical and corresponding jasmonates in living Malabar spinach plants (Basella alba. L) exposed to three common pharmaceuticals (i.e. gemfibrozil, mefenamic acid and tolfenamic acid) over 15 days. In result, all pharmaceuticals appeared to trigger intensive biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) (3.1-9.4 times of control) while reduced the concentration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (18.3%-38.1% of control). We inferred that uptake of pharmaceuticals acted as an abiotic stress and stimulated the plant defense response because of the variation of jasmonates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study applying SPME to detect and track both pharmaceuticals and phytohormones in living plants, which not only provided a glimpse to the adverse effect of pharmaceuticals on plants as well as the regulation of endogenous jasmonates, but also set a promising template for future in vivo analysis of xenobiotics and plant endogenous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
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Kodešová R, Klement A, Golovko O, Fér M, Kočárek M, Nikodem A, Grabic R. Soil influences on uptake and transfer of pharmaceuticals from sewage sludge amended soils to spinach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109407. [PMID: 31472377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, which may contain various contaminants including pharmaceuticals, is often used as a soil amendment. These contaminants may subsequently be taken up by plants. In the present study we examined uptake of select pharmaceuticals from sewage sludge applied to soils by spinach plants. Seven soils were amended with sewage sludge from two wastewater treatment plants (A and B). Concentrations of compounds in plant tissues (roots and leaves) of spinach planted 45 days in these soils under greenhouse conditions were evaluated after harvest. The largest bioaccumulation in the roots and leaves was observed for sertraline (bioaccumulation factors (BAF) of 3.3-37.9 and 1-13.4, respectively), tramadol (1.3-10.0 and 4.8-30.0), and carbamazepine (2.2-17.2 and 6.1-48.8) and its metabolite carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (not-quantified to 7.3 and 9.3-96.7). Elevated bioaccumulation in spinach roots was also identified for telmisartan (3.0-20.3) and miconazole (4.3-15.1), and leaves for metoprolol acid (not-quantified to 24.3). BAF values resulting from application of sludge B were similar to or moderately higher than BAFs from sludge A. The BAF values of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide in all tissues were negatively correlated with soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). This negative correlation between BAF and CEC was also observed for tramadol (A-roots and B-leaves), citalopram (B-roots), and telmisartan (B-roots) or between BAF and clay content for metoprolol acid (A-leaves and B-roots), tramadol (B-roots and A-leaves) and venlafaxine (B-roots). However, in the case of some other compounds (i.e. sertraline, amitriptyline, mirtazapine, metoprolol), uptake and the subsequent translocation and transformation from 3 soils of a higher pH and base cation saturation (Stagnic Chernozem Siltic, Haplic Chernozem and Greyic Phaeozem) significantly differed from 4 soils with a lower pH and base cation saturation (Haplic Luvisol, Haplic Cambisol, Dystric Cambisol and Arenosol Epieutric). Such observations proved strong compound dependent influences of soil conditions on various compounds bioaccumulations in plants and necessity of studying these processes always in diverse soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Kodešová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Klement
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kočárek
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Activated Carbon and the Principal Mineral Constituents of a Natural Soil in the Presence of Carbamazepine. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the different aquatic compartments is a major environmental issue. Carbamazepine (CBZ), a heterocyclic antiepileptic, which is neutral between pH 3 and 11, is known to resist biodegradation. Its elimination in wastewater treatment plants is below 20% regardless of the primary and/or secondary treatments currently implemented. Its presence in groundwater raises questions about soil permeability in relation to this molecule. In order to provide meaningful answers, the CBZ adsorption performances of the principal mineral constituents of a natural soil (alumina, quartz, goethite, haematite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and a saponin stevensite) and of an industrial activated carbon were assessed. Prior to the batch adsorption tests, the texture, mineralogy, and zero point of charge of these products were determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible spectrometry were used to characterize the CBZ used. With the exception of stevensite, these minerals did not adsorb CBZ. However, stevensite’s affinity for CBZ remained very low compared to that of activated carbon (235 mg/g, tap water), which proved to be the most appropriate product for eliminating CBZ. The π−π, CH−π, and hydrogen bonds are the basis for the interactions established between CBZ and activated carbon, and their combination increases the overall adsorption efficiency.
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Huynh K, Reinhold D. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of sulfamethazine by Arabidopsis thaliana: distinguishing between phytometabolites and abiotic transformation products in the media. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:412-419. [PMID: 31549518 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1667952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant accumulation of antibiotic residues presents potential risks to human and ecosystem health. However, the phytometabolic pathways of antibiotics following plant uptake are still largely uncharacterized. This study investigated the phytometabolism of sulfamethazine (SMT) by Arabidopsis thaliana, using 14C-labeled and unlabeled SMT. SMT was accumulated in both roots and shoots of axenic A. thaliana plants (123.7 ± 12.3 and 22.7 ± 1.0 µg/kg fw, respectively) after 21 days of exposure. However, the parent 14C-SMT accounted for only 1.7 ± 0.01% of the total 14C-radioactivity in plant tissues. The majority of 14C-radioactivity taken up by plants was present as bound residues (42.0-68.2% of initially applied 14C-SMT), while extractable 14C-residues accounted for only 7.7-12.6%. A. thaliana metabolized SMT primarily through glycosylation at the N4-nitrogen atom. Additionally, other products, including pterin-SMT, methylsalicylate-SMT, N4-formyl-SMT, desulfo-SMT, hydroxyl-SMT, N4-acetyl-SMT, desamino-SMT, and 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, were also identified. Notably, a portion of the extractable metabolites was excreted into the culture media, requiring characterization of these metabolites as either excreted phytometabolites or abiotic transformation products of SMT based on comparisons between experimental and control reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Lin Y, Kong W, Zhao X, Ruan T, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Multiple Metabolic Pathways of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol in Rice Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7473-7482. [PMID: 31244074 PMCID: PMC6931395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols occur naturally and are used globally as man-made additives in various industrial products. They are decomposition products of many emerging organic pollutants, such as tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxin (PBDD), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and others. To characterize their biotransformation pathways, bromophenol congener 2,4,6-tribromophenol, being used most frequently in the synthesis of brominated flame retardants and having the greatest environmental abundance, was selected to hydroponically expose rice plants. After exposure for 5 days, 99.2% of 2,4,6-tribromophenol was metabolized by rice. Because of the lack of relative reference standards, an effective screening strategy was used to screen for potential metabolites that were further qualitatively identified by gas and liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forty transformation products were confirmed or tentatively identified at different confidence levels, including 9 phase I and 31 phase II metabolites. A large number of metabolites (39) were found in rice root, and 10 of them could be translocated and detected in rice stems or leaves. Many transformation pathways were proposed, including debromination, hydroxylation, methylation, coupling reactions, sulfation, and glycosylation. It was remarkable that a total of seven hydrophobic, persistent, and toxic OH-PBDEs and PBDD/Fs were found, indicating the biotic dimeric reactions of 2,4,6-tribromophenol that occurred in the rice plants. These results improve our understanding of the transformation and environmental fates of bromophenols, and they indicate new potential sources for OH-PBDEs and PBDD/Fs in the environment, especially in food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding Author: Phone: +86-010-62849334.
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Martínez-Piernas AB, Plaza-Bolaños P, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Agüera A. Organic Microcontaminants in Tomato Crops Irrigated with Reclaimed Water Grown under Field Conditions: Occurrence, Uptake, and Health Risk Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6930-6939. [PMID: 31150236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In many regions, reuse of reclaimed water (RW) is a necessity for irrigation. The presence of organic microcontaminants (OMCs) in RW and their translocation to plants may represent a risk of human exposure. Nevertheless, information available about real field crops is scarce and focused on a limited number of compounds. The novelty of this work relies on the application of a wider-scope analytical approach based on a multianalyte target analysis (60 compounds) and a suspect screening (>1300 compounds). This methodology was applied to real field-grown tomato crops irrigated with RW. The study revealed the presence of 17 OMCs in leaves (0.04-32 ng g-1) and 8 in fruits (0.01-1.1 ng g-1), 5 of them not reported before in real field samples. A health-risk assessment, based on the toxicological threshold concern (TTC) concept, showed that RW irrigation applied under the conditions given does not pose any threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Martínez-Piernas
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT , Carretera de Sacramento s/n , E-04120 , Almeria , Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT , Carretera de Sacramento s/n , E-04120 , Almeria , Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering , University of Ulster , Newtownabbey , BT37 0QB , Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Ana Agüera
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT , Carretera de Sacramento s/n , E-04120 , Almeria , Spain
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Nason SL, Miller EL, Karthikeyan KG, Pedersen JA. Effects of Binary Mixtures and Transpiration on Accumulation of Pharmaceuticals by Spinach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4850-4859. [PMID: 30871320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceuticals are present in reclaimed wastewater and effluent-dominated water bodies used to irrigate edible crops. Previous research has shown that plants irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can accumulate pharmaceuticals. However, plant-driven processes that contribute to differences in accumulation among compounds are not well understood. Here, we tested the effects of exposure to mixtures on spinach accumulation and metabolism of four psychoactive pharmaceuticals found in reclaimed wastewater: carbamazepine, fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and lamotrigine. Coexposure of plants to carbamazepine and fluoxetine or amitriptyline decreased accumulation of the toxic carbamazepine metabolite 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine. Furthermore, we tested a simple transpiration-based accumulation model and found that transpiration is a strong predictor for accumulation of the studied compounds. Amitriptyline accumulated to a larger extent than predicted from transpiration alone, and we suggest the possibility that a transporter protein may be involved in its uptake. Our findings highlight the need to consider plant physiology and mixture effects in studying accumulation of polar and ionizable organic contaminants and their metabolites.
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Huynh K, Reinhold D. Metabolism of Sulfamethoxazole by the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4901-4911. [PMID: 30917276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytometabolism of antibiotics is a potentially significant route of human exposure to trace concentrations of antibiotics, prompting concerns about antibiotic resistance. The present study evaluated the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly used sulfonamide antibiotic, by Arabidopsis thaliana. SMX was intensively metabolized by A. thaliana, with only 1.1% of SMX in plant tissues present as the parent compound after 10 days of exposure. Untargeted screening of extractable metabolites revealed that N-glycosylation was the main transformation pathway of SMX in A. thaliana plants, with N4-glycosyl-SMX accounting for more than 80% of the extractable metabolites. Additionally, N4-glycosyl-glycoside SMX accounted for up to 4.4% of the extractable metabolites, indicating glycosylation of N4-glycosyl-SMX. The majority of minor extractable SMX metabolites were also conjugates of the parent compound, such as pterin-SMX and methyl salicylate-SMX conjugates. In 14C-SMX trials, 14C-radioactivity was detected in both extractable and bound residues in plant tissues. Extractable residues, which included 14C-SMX and its soluble metabolites, accounted for 35.8-43.6% of the uptaken 14C-radioactivity, while bound residues were 56.4-64.2%. Approximately 27.0% of the initially applied 14C-radioactivity remained in the culture media at the conclusion of the experiments, composed of both 14C-SMX and its metabolites, likely due to plant excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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González García M, Fernández-López C, Polesel F, Trapp S. Predicting the uptake of emerging organic contaminants in vegetables irrigated with treated wastewater - Implications for food safety assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:175-181. [PMID: 30782537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) undergoing incomplete removal during wastewater treatment may be found in treated wastewater (TWW) used for irrigation of agricultural products. Following uptake into edible plant parts, EOCs may eventually enter in the food chain, with associated human exposure. In the present study, we used a newly developed steady-state plant uptake model with added phloem transport to predict the uptake of four EOCs (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen) into three varieties of lettuce. Input data were derived from an experimental study with vegetables grown in greenhouse and irrigated with TWW spiked with CBZ at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 210 µg/L in each variety of lettuce. Predicted carbamazepine concentrations in leaves were on average 82% higher than in roots, with good agreement between measured and calculated data. We subsequently predicted the uptake of anti-inflammatory compounds ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen, for which the chemical analysis could not provide concentrations above detection limit. These three substances are weak acids and predicted concentrations in roots were higher than in the edible leaves, mainly due to phloem transport downwards. The daily dietary intake of all four EOCs was estimated for consumption of leafy vegetables, being far below usual therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Fernández-López
- University Centre of Defense at the Spanish Air Force Academy, Santiago de la Ribera, Spain.
| | - Fabio Polesel
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Trapp
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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43
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Emhofer L, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. High-performance liquid chromatography drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry for the identity confirmation and characterization of metabolites from three statins (lipid-lowering drugs) in the model plant cress (Lepidium sativum) after uptake from water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carter LJ, Chefetz B, Abdeen Z, Boxall ABA. Emerging investigator series: towards a framework for establishing the impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigation systems on agro-ecosystems and human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:605-622. [PMID: 30932118 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Use of reclaimed wastewater for agricultural irrigation is seen as an attractive option to meet agricultural water demands of a growing number of countries suffering from water scarcity. However, reclaimed wastewater contains pollutants which are introduced to the agro-environment during the irrigation process. While water reuse guidelines do consider selected classes of pollutants, they do not account for the presence of pollutants of emerging concern such as pharmaceuticals and the potential risks these may pose. Here we use source-pathway-receptor analysis (S-P-R) to develop a holistic framework for evaluating the impacts of pharmaceuticals, present in wastewater used for agricultural irrigation, on human and ecosystem health and evaluate the data availability for the framework components. The developed framework comprised of 34 processes and compartments but a good level of knowledge was available for only five of these suggesting that currently it is not possible to fully establish the impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigation systems. To address this, work is urgently needed to understand the fate and transport of pharmaceuticals in arable soil systems and the effects of chronic low-level exposure to these substances on microbes, invertebrates, plants, wildlife and humans. In addition, research pertaining to the fate, uptake and effects of pharmaceutical mixtures and metabolites is lacking as well as data on bio-accessibility of pharmaceuticals after ingestion. Scientific advancements in the five areas prioritised in terms of future research are needed before we are able to fully quantify the agricultural and human health risks associated with reclaimed wastewater use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Carter
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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45
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Martínez-Piernas AB, Nahim-Granados S, Polo-López MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Murgolo S, Mascolo G, Agüera A. Identification of transformation products of carbamazepine in lettuce crops irrigated with Ultraviolet-C treated water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:1009-1019. [PMID: 30823329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of organic microcontaminants (OMCs) during wastewater treatments results in the generation of transformation products (TPs), which can be more persistent than parent compounds. Due to reuse of reclaimed wastewater (RWW) for crop irrigation, OMCs and TPs are released in soils being capable to translocate to crops. Furthermore, OMCs are also susceptible to transformation once they reach the soil or crops. The recalcitrant antiepileptic carbamazepine (CBZ) and some of its frequently reported TPs have been found in agricultural systems. However, there is no knowledge about the fate in reuse practices of multiple CBZ TPs that can be formed during wastewater treatment processes. For the first time, this work presents a study of the behavior of CBZ TPs generated after a conventional Ultraviolet-C (UVC) treatment in an agricultural environment. The UVC-treated water was used for the irrigation of lettuces grown under controlled conditions. The latter was compared to the fate of TPs generated in the peat and plant by irrigation with non-treated water containing CBZ. A suspect screening strategy was developed to identify the TPs using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight (LC-QTOF-MS). The results revealed the presence of 24 TPs, 22 in UVC-treated water, 11 in peat and 9 in lettuce leaves. 4 of the TPs identified in peat (iminostilbene, TP 271B, TP 285A-B); and 3 in leaves (10-11 dihydrocarbamazepine, TP 271A-B) were not previously reported in soils or edible parts of crops, respectively. Comparing the TPs found in peat and lettuces derived from both irrigation conditions, no significant differences regarding TPs formation or occurrence were observed. UVC treatment did not contribute to the formation of different TPs than those generated by transformation or metabolism of CBZ in peat or plant material. This research improves the current knowledge on the fate of CBZ TPs in agricultural systems because of reuse practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Martínez-Piernas
- CIESOL, Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - S Nahim-Granados
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senés Km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - M I Polo-López
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senés Km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - P Fernández-Ibáñez
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - S Murgolo
- CNR, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Via F. de Blasio 5, 70132, Bari, Italy
| | - G Mascolo
- CNR, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Via F. de Blasio 5, 70132, Bari, Italy
| | - A Agüera
- CIESOL, Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain.
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Kodešová R, Klement A, Golovko O, Fér M, Nikodem A, Kočárek M, Grabic R. Root uptake of atenolol, sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine, and their transformation in three soils and four plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9876-9891. [PMID: 30734257 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soils can be contaminated by pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil conditions (influencing sorption and persistence of pharmaceuticals in soils) and plant type on the root uptake of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation in plant-soil systems. Four plants (lamb's lettuce, spinach, arugula, radish) planted in 3 soils were irrigated for 20 days (26) with water contaminated by one of 3 pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, atenolol, sulfamethoxazole) or their mixture. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in soils and plant tissues were evaluated after the harvest. Sulfamethoxazole and atenolol dissipated rapidly from soils. The larger concentrations of both compounds and an atenolol metabolite were found in roots than in leaves. Sulfamethoxazole metabolites were below the limits of quantifications. Carbamazepine was stable in soils, easily uptaken, accumulated, and metabolized in plant leaves. The efficiency of radish and arugula (both family Brassicaceae) in metabolizing was very low contrary to the high and moderate efficiencies of lamb's lettuce and spinach, respectively. Compounds' transformations mostly masked the soil impact on their accumulation in plant tissues. The negative relationships were found between the carbamazepine sorption coefficients and its concentrations in roots of radish, lamb's lettuce, and spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Kodešová
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Klement
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany, 38925, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kočárek
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany, 38925, Czech Republic
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47
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Li Y, Sallach JB, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. Insight into the distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil-water-plant systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:38-46. [PMID: 30660096 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils originating from irrigation with treated wastewater and land-applied biosolids can enter field crops. However, little is known about the role of pore water in plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from soils. In this study, the fate, uptake and distribution of fifteen commonly used pharmaceuticals in soil-water-radish systems were investigated to examine the relationship between the accumulation and their physicochemical processes in soils. The results indicate that the distribution of pharmaceuticals between soil and pore water, as well as their biodegradation, combined to govern the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals to plant uptake. Fourteen out of 15 pharmaceuticals could enter radish tissues in which the accumulation ranged from 2.1 to 14080 ng/g. Comparison of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) on the basis of pharmaceutical concentration in bulk soil vs. in pore water implies that pharmaceuticals present in soil pore water are the major bioavailable fractions to plant uptake. The pore water-based BCFs exhibited a positive linear relationship with log Dow for the pharmaceuticals with >90% as neutral species in soil pore water, while such relationship was not observed between bulk soil-based BCFs and log Dow mainly due to sorption by soil. Other than hydrophobicity, the dissociation of ionizable pharmaceuticals in the soil pore water and (or) root cells may lead to the "ion-trap" effects and thus influence the uptake and translocation process. The large molecular-size pharmaceuticals (e.g., tylosin) manifested a minimum uptake due plausibly to the limited permeability of cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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48
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Klampfl CW. Metabolization of pharmaceuticals by plants after uptake from water and soil: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Sun C, Dudley S, McGinnis M, Trumble J, Gan J. Acetaminophen detoxification in cucumber plants via induction of glutathione S-transferases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:431-439. [PMID: 30176456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) enter agroecosystems during reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids, presenting potential impacts on plant development. Here, acetaminophen, one of the most-used pharmaceuticals, was used to explore roles of glutathione (GSH) conjugation in its biotransformation in crop plants. Acetaminophen was taken up by plants, and conjugated quickly with GSH. After exposure to 5 mg L-1 acetaminophen for 144 h, GSH-acetaminophen conjugates were 15.2 ± 1.3 nmol g-1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 nmol g-1 in cucumber roots and leaves, respectively. Glutathione-acetaminophen was also observed in common bean, alfalfa, tomato, and wheat. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 decreased GSH conjugation. Moreover, the GSH conjugate was found to further convert to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated after exposure to acetaminophen, while levels of GSH decreased by 55.4% in roots after 48 h, followed by a gradual recovery thereafter. Enzymes involved in GSH synthesis, regeneration and transport were consistently induced to maintain the GSH homeostasis. Therefore, GST-mediated conjugation likely played a crucial role in minimizing phytotoxicity of acetaminophen and other PPCPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michelle McGinnis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John Trumble
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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50
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Christou A, Kyriacou MC, Georgiadou EC, Papamarkou R, Hapeshi E, Karaolia P, Michael C, Fotopoulos V, Fatta-Kassinos D. Uptake and bioaccumulation of three widely prescribed pharmaceutically active compounds in tomato fruits and mediated effects on fruit quality attributes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1169-1178. [PMID: 30180325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) released in agroecosystems have been found to be taken up by and accumulated in the edible parts of crop plants. By employing simulated hydroponic cultivation under controlled conditions, the present study aimed at evaluating 1) the uptake and bioaccumulation of three common PhACs (diclofenac, DCF; sulfamethoxazole, SMX; trimethoprim, TMP), either applied individually (10 μg L-1) or as mixture (10 μg L-1 each), in tomato fruits harvested from the first three fruit sets, and 2) the PhACs-mediated effects on fruit quality attributes. DCF was not detected in tomato fruits, whereas both SMX and TMP were detected in varying concentrations in fruits, depending on the time of harvest, the mode of application and the allocation of plants in the greenhouse. The studied PhACs applied at environmentally relevant concentrations did not significantly affect plant productivity. Nevertheless, important fruit quality attributes, such as soluble solids and carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, sucrose, total sugars) content were significantly impacted by all studied PhACs applied individually, suggesting that for DCF, potentially its transformation products (TPs) (not examined in this study) may exert significant effects on fruits quality attributes. In addition, no additive or synergistic effects of the mixture of PhACs on studied fruits quality attributes were revealed. Gene expression analysis showed that the PhACs-mediated effects on the carbohydrate content of fruits can be attributed, at least to some extent, to the significant modulation of the abundance of transcripts related to the biosynthesis and catabolism of sucrose, such as SlSuSys, SlLin5 and SlLin7. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting the potential effects of PhACs released in agroecosystems on the quality of widely consumed agricultural products. In any case, further studies are warranted for the overall assessment of the potential impacts of PhACs on the quality of agricultural products under conventional agricultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Marios C Kyriacou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Egli C Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Rafail Papamarkou
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Popi Karaolia
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Costas Michael
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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