1
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Chen B, Zhen L, Wang L, Zhong H, Lin C, Yang L, Xu W, Huang RJ. Revisiting the impact of temperature on ground-level ozone: A causal inference approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176062. [PMID: 39244056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
It has been widely acknowledged that high temperatures and heatwaves promote ozone concentration, worsening the ambient air quality. However, temperature can impact ozone via multiple pathways, and quantifying each path is challenging due to environmental confounders. In this study, we frame the problem as a treatment-outcome issue and utilize a machine learning-aided causal inference technique to disentangle the impact of temperature on ozone formation. Our approach reveals that failing to account for the covariations of solar radiation and other meteorological factors leads to an overestimation of the O3-temperature response. Through process evaluation, we find that temperature influences local ozone formation mainly by accelerating chemical reactions and enhancing precursor production and changing boundary layer heights. The O3 response to temperature via enhancing soil NOx and changing relative humidity and wind field is however observable. A better appreciation of O3-temperature response is critical for improving air quality regulation in the warming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Zhen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; School of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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2
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Li M, Huang X, Yan D, Lai S, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Lu Y, Jiang X, Wang N, Wang T, Song Y, Ding A. Coping with the concurrent heatwaves and ozone extremes in China under a warming climate. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2938-2947. [PMID: 38944635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Intensive human activity has brought about unprecedented climate and environmental crises, in which concurrent heatwaves and ozone extremes pose the most serious threats. However, a limited understanding of the comprehensive mechanism hinders our ability to mitigate such compound events, especially in densely populated regions like China. Here, based on field observations and climate-chemistry coupled modelling, we elucidate the linkage between human activities and the climate system in heat-related ozone pollution. In China, we have observed that both the frequency and intensity of heatwaves have almost tripled since the beginning of this century. Moreover, these heatwaves are becoming more common in urban clusters with serious ozone pollution. Persistent heatwaves during the extremely hot and dry summers of 2013 and 2022 accelerated photochemical ozone production by boosting anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and aggravated ozone accumulation by suppressing dry deposition due to water-stressed vegetation, leading to a more than 30% increase in ozone pollution in China's urban areas. The sensitivity of ozone to heat is demonstrated to be substantially modulated by anthropogenic emissions, and China's clean air policy may have altered the relationship between ozone and temperature. Climate model projections further highlight that the high-emission climate-socioeconomic scenario tends to intensify the concurrent heat and ozone extremes in the next century. Our results underscore that the implementation of a strict emission strategy will significantly reduce the co-occurrence of heatwaves and ozone extremes, achieving climate and environmental co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dan Yan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyi Lai
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Chen T, Wang T, Xue L, Brasseur G. Heatwave exacerbates air pollution in China through intertwined climate-energy-environment interactions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2765-2775. [PMID: 38945745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, raising concerns about their detrimental effects on air quality. However, a role for heatwave-human-environment interactions in air pollution exacerbation has not been established. In the summer of 2022, record-breaking heatwaves struck China and Europe. In this study, we use integrated observational data and machine learning to elucidate the formation mechanism underlying one of the most severe ozone pollution seasons on record in central eastern China, an area that encompasses approximately half of China's total population and sown land. Our findings reveal that the worsened ozone and nitrogen dioxide pollution resulted from a mismatch between energy demand and supply, which was driven by both heatwaves and energy policy-related factors. The observed adverse heatwave-energy-environment feedback loop highlights the need for the diversification of clean energy sources, more resilient energy structures and power policies, and further emission control to confront the escalating climate challenge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Guy Brasseur
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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4
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Wei D, Cao C, Karambelas A, Mak J, Reinmann A, Commane R. High-Resolution Modeling of Summertime Biogenic Isoprene Emissions in New York City. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13783-13794. [PMID: 39042817 PMCID: PMC11308517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
As cities strive for ambitious increases in tree canopy cover and reductions in anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC) emissions, accurate assessments of the impacts of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) on air quality become more important. In this study, we aim to quantify the impact of future urban greening on ozone production. BVOC emissions in dense urban areas are often coarsely represented in regional models. We set up a high-resolution (30 m) MEGAN (The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 3.2) to estimate summertime biogenic isoprene emissions in the New York City metro area (NYC-MEGAN). Coupling an observation-constrained box model with NYC-MEGAN isoprene emissions successfully reproduced the observed isoprene concentrations in the city core. We then estimated future isoprene emissions from likely urban greening scenarios and evaluated the potential impact on future ozone production. NYC-MEGAN predicts up to twice as much isoprene emissions in NYC as the coarse-resolution (1.33 km) Biogenic Emission Inventory System version 3.61 (BEIS) on hot summer days. We find that BVOCs drive ozone production on hot summer days, even in the city core, despite large AVOC emissions. If high isoprene emitting species (e.g., oak trees) are planted, future isoprene emissions could increase by 1.4-2.2 times in the city core, which would result in 8-19 ppbv increases in peak ozone on ozone exceedance days with current NOx concentrations. We recommend planting non- or low-isoprene emitting trees in cities with high NOx concentrations to avoid an increase in the frequency and severity of future ozone exceedance events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wei
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10027-6902, United
States
- Environmental
Sciences Initiative, City University of
New York, Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10031-1246, United
States
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-0701, United States
| | - Cong Cao
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-0701, United States
| | - Alexandra Karambelas
- Northeast
States for Coordinated Air Use Management, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2014, United States
| | - John Mak
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-0701, United States
| | - Andrew Reinmann
- Environmental
Sciences Initiative, City University of
New York, Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10031-1246, United
States
- Graduate
Programs in Earth and Environmental Sciences and Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Geography and Environmental Science, Hunter College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Róisín Commane
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10027-6902, United
States
- Department
of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Columbia
University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Liu S, Li X, Wei J, Shu L, Jin J, Fu TM, Yang X, Zhu L. Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone: Source Impacts and Attributable Mortalities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11256-11267. [PMID: 38885093 PMCID: PMC11223482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) are important risk factors for human health. Despite the awareness of reducing attributable health burden, region-specific and source-specific strategies remain less explored due to the gap between precursor emissions and health effects. In this study, we isolate the health burden of individual sector sources of PM2.5 and O3 precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), across the globe. Specifically, we estimate mortalities attributable to short-term exposure using machine-learning-based daily exposure estimates and quantify sectoral impacts using chemical transport model simulations. Globally, short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 result in 713.5 (95% Confidence Interval: 598.8-843.3) thousand and 496.3 (371.3-646.1) thousand mortalities in 2019, respectively, of which 12.5% are contributed by fuel-related NOx emissions from transportation, energy, and industry. Sectoral impacts from anthropogenic NOx and VOC emissions on health burden vary significantly among seasons and regions, requiring a target shift from transportation in winter to industry in summer for East Asia, for instance. Emission control and health management are additionally complicated by unregulated natural influences during climatic events. Fire-sourced NOx and VOC emissions, respectively, contribute to 8.5 (95% CI: 6.2-11.7) thousand and 4.8 (3.6-5.9) thousand PM2.5 and O3 mortalities, particularly for tropics with high vulnerability to climate change. Additionally, biogenic VOC emissions during heatwaves contribute to 1.8 (95% CI: 1.5-2.2) thousand O3-introduced mortalities, posing challenges in urban planning for high-income regions, where biogenic contributions to health burden during heatwaves are 13% of anthropogenic contributions annually. Our study provides important implications for temporally dynamic and sector-targeted emission control and health management strategies, which are of urgency under the projection of continuously increasing energy consumption and changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology,
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution
Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information
Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xicheng Li
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary
Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5031, United
States
| | - Lei Shu
- School
of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal
University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jianbing Jin
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution
Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment
and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong
Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere
and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology
for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Southern University of
Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong
Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere
and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology
for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Southern University of
Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong
Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere
and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology
for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Southern University of
Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Pfannerstill EY, Arata C, Zhu Q, Schulze BC, Ward R, Woods R, Harkins C, Schwantes RH, Seinfeld JH, Bucholtz A, Cohen RC, Goldstein AH. Temperature-dependent emissions dominate aerosol and ozone formation in Los Angeles. Science 2024; 384:1324-1329. [PMID: 38900887 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite declines in transportation emissions, urban North America and Europe still face unhealthy air pollution levels. This has challenged conventional understanding of the sources of their volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors. Using airborne flux measurements to map emissions of a wide range of VOCs, we demonstrate that biogenic terpenoid emissions contribute ~60% of emitted VOC OH reactivity, ozone, and secondary organic aerosol formation potential in summertime Los Angeles and that this contribution strongly increases with temperature. This implies that control of nitrogen oxides is key to reducing ozone formation in Los Angeles. We also show some anthropogenic VOC emissions increase with temperature, which is an effect not represented in current inventories. Air pollution mitigation efforts must consider that climate warming will strongly change emission amounts and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y Pfannerstill
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qindan Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Ryan Ward
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roy Woods
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony Bucholtz
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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7
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Zhu Q, Schwantes RH, Coggon M, Harkins C, Schnell J, He J, Pye HOT, Li M, Baker B, Moon Z, Ahmadov R, Pfannerstill EY, Place B, Wooldridge P, Schulze BC, Arata C, Bucholtz A, Seinfeld JH, Warneke C, Stockwell CE, Xu L, Zuraski K, Robinson MA, Neuman A, Veres PR, Peischl J, Brown SS, Goldstein AH, Cohen RC, McDonald BC. A better representation of VOC chemistry in WRF-Chem and its impact on ozone over Los Angeles. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2024; 24:5265-5286. [PMID: 39318851 PMCID: PMC11417973 DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5265-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The declining trend in vehicle emissions has underscored the growing significance of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions from Volatile Chemical Products (VCP). However, accurately representing VOC chemistry in simplified chemical mechanisms remains challenging due to its chemical complexity including speciation and reactivity. Previous studies have predominantly focused on VOCs from fossil fuel sources, leading to an underrepresentation of VOC chemistry from VCP sources. We developed an integrated chemical mechanism, RACM2B-VCP, that is compatible with WRF-Chem and is aimed to enhance the representation of VOC chemistry, particularly from VCP sources, within the present urban environment. Evaluation against the Air Quality System (AQS) network data demonstrates that our model configured with RACM2B-VCP reproduces both the magnitude and spatial variability of O3 as well as PM2.5 in Los Angeles. Furthermore, evaluation against comprehensive measurements of O3 and PM2.5 precursors from the Reevaluating the Chemistry of Air Pollutants in California (RECAP-CA) airborne campaign and the Southwest Urban NO x and VOC Experiment (SUNVEx) ground site and mobile laboratory campaign, confirm the model's accuracy in representing NOx and many VOCs and highlight remaining biases. Although there exists an underprediction in the total VOC reactivity of observed VOC species, our model with RACM2B-VCP exhibits good agreement for VOC markers emitted from different sectors, including biogenic, fossil fuel, and VCP sources. Through sensitivity analyses, we probe the contributions of VCP and fossil fuel emissions to total VOC reactivity and O3. Our results reveal that 52% of the VOC reactivity and 35% of the local enhancement of MDA8 O3 arise from anthropogenic VOC emissions in Los Angeles. Significantly, over 50% of this anthropogenic fraction of either VOC reactivity or O3 is attributed to VCP emissions. The RACM2B-VCP mechanism created, described, and evaluated in this work is ideally suited for accurately representing ozone for the right reasons in the present urban environment where mobile, biogenic, and VCP VOCs are all important contributors to ozone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindan Zhu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | | | - Matthew Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Colin Harkins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Jordan Schnell
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Jian He
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Meng Li
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Barry Baker
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Zachary Moon
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Earth Resources Technology (ERT), Inc., Laurel, MD 20707, USA
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eva Y. Pfannerstill
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Bryan Place
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Paul Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Anthony Bucholtz
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, United States
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Chelsea E. Stockwell
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Lu Xu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Kristen Zuraski
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Andy Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Univesity of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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8
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Mondal SK, Aina P, Rownaghi AA, Rezaei F. Cooperative and Bifunctional Adsorbent-Catalyst Materials for In-situ VOCs Capture-Conversion. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300419. [PMID: 38116915 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases that are emitted into the air from products or processes and are major components of air pollution that significantly deteriorate air quality and seriously affect human health. Different types of metals, metal oxides, mixed-metal oxides, polymers, activated carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and mixed-matrixed materials have been developed and used as adsorbent or catalyst for diversified VOCs detection, removal, and destruction. In this comprehensive review, we first discuss the general classification of VOCs removal materials and processes and outline the historical development of bifunctional and cooperative adsorbent-catalyst materials for the removal of VOCs from air. Subsequently, particular attention is devoted to design of strategies for cooperative adsorbent-catalyst materials, along with detailed discussions on the latest advances on these bifunctional materials, reaction mechanisms, long-term stability, and regeneration for VOCs removal processes. Finally, challenges and future opportunities for the environmental implementation of these bifunctional materials are identified and outlined with the intent of providing insightful guidance on the design and fabrication of more efficient materials and systems for VOCs removal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta K Mondal
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, United States
| | - Peter Aina
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, United States
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33124, United States
| | - Ali A Rownaghi
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, United States
| | - Fateme Rezaei
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, United States
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33124, United States
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9
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Bao X, Zhou W, Wang W, Yao Y, Xu L. Tree species classification improves the estimation of BVOCs from urban greenspace. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169762. [PMID: 38176560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Accurate estimation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions from urban plants is important as BVOCs affect the formation of secondary pollutants and human health. However, uncertainties exist for the estimation of BVOCs emissions from urban greenspace due to the lack of tree species classification with high spatial resolution. Here, we generated a tree species classification dataset with 10 m resolution to estimate tree species-level BVOCs emissions and quantify their impact on air quality in Shenzhen in southern China. The results showed that for the entire city, the BVOCs emissions based on traditional plant functional types (PFTs) dataset were substantially underestimated compared with the tree species classification data (6.37 kt versus 8.23 kt, with 22.60 % difference). The underestimation is particularly prominent in urban built-up areas, where our estimation was 1.65 kt, nearly twice of that based on PFTs data (0.86 kt). BVOCs estimation in built-up areas contributed approximately 20.07 % to the total. These BVOCs contributed substantially to the increase of ambient O3, but had limited impacts to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Our results underscore the importance of high spatial resolution tree species-level classification in more accurate estimation of BVOCs, especially in highly developed urban areas. The enhanced understanding of the patterns of BVOCs emissions by urban trees and the impact on secondary pollutants can better support fine-scale tree planning and management for livable environments in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weiqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Megaregion National Observation and Research Station for Eco-Environmental Change, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Xiongan Institute of Innovation, Xiongan New Area, 071000, China.
| | - Weimin Wang
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China; Guangdong Greater Bay Area, Change and Comprehensive Treatment of Regional Ecology and Environment, National Observation and Research Station, Shenzhen 518049, China; State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Rapid Urbanization Region, Shenzhen 518049, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linli Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Cui B, Xian C, Han B, Shu C, Qian Y, Ouyang Z, Wang X. High-resolution emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for rapidly urbanizing areas: A case of Shenzhen megacity, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119754. [PMID: 38071916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The effects of volatile organic compounds on urban air quality and the ozone have been widely acknowledged, and the contributions of relevant biogenic sources are currently receiving rising attentions. However, inventories of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are in fact limited for the environmental management of megacities. In this study, we provided an estimation of BVOC emissions and their spatial characteristics in a typical urbanized area, Shenzhen megacity, China, based on an in-depth vegetation investigation and using remote sensing data. The total BVOC emission in Shenzhen in 2019 was estimated to be 3.84 × 109 g C, of which isoprene contributed to about 24.4%, monoterpenes about 44.4%, sesquiterpenes about 1.9%, and other VOCs (OVOCs) about 29.3%. Metropolitan BVOC emissions exhibited a seasonal pattern with a peak in July and a decline in January. They were mainly derived from the less built-up areas (88.9% of BVOC emissions). Estimated BVOCs comprised around 5.2% of the total municipal VOC emissions in 2019. This percentage may increase as more green spaces emerge and anthropogenic emissions decrease in built-up areas. Furthermore, synergistic effects existed between BVOC emissions and relevant vegetation-based ecosystem services (e.g., air purification, carbon fixation). Greening during urban sprawl should be based on a trade-off between BVOC emissions and ecosystem benefits of urban green spaces. The results suggested that urban greening in Shenzhen, and like other cities as well, need to account for BVOC contributions to ozone. Meanwhile, greening cites should adopt proactive environmental management by using plant species with low BVOC emissions to maintain urban ecosystem services while avoid further degradation to ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaofan Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Megaregion National Observation and Research Station for Eco-Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Baolong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chengji Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Megaregion National Observation and Research Station for Eco-Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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11
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Yang C, Dong H, Chen Y, Xu L, Chen G, Fan X, Wang Y, Tham YJ, Lin Z, Li M, Hong Y, Chen J. New Insights on the Formation of Nucleation Mode Particles in a Coastal City Based on a Machine Learning Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1187-1198. [PMID: 38117945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles have profound implications for the global climate and human health. Among them, ultrafine particles dominate in terms of the number concentration and exhibit enhanced toxic effects as a result of their large total surface area. Therefore, understanding the driving factors behind ultrafine particle behavior is crucial. Machine learning (ML) provides a promising approach for handling complex relationships. In this study, three ML models were constructed on the basis of field observations to simulate the particle number concentration of nucleation mode (PNCN). All three models exhibited robust PNCN reproduction (R2 > 0.80), with the random forest (RF) model excelling on the test data (R2 = 0.89). Multiple methods of feature importance analysis revealed that ultraviolet (UV), H2SO4, low-volatility oxygenated organic molecules (LOOMs), temperature, and O3 were the primary factors influencing PNCN. Bivariate partial dependency plots (PDPs) indicated that during nighttime and overcast conditions, the presence of H2SO4 and LOOMs may play a crucial role in influencing PNCN. Additionally, integrating additional detailed information related to emissions or meteorology would further enhance the model performance. This pilot study shows that ML can be a novel approach for simulating atmospheric pollutants and contributes to a better understanding of the formation and growth mechanisms of nucleation mode particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hesong Dong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Lin
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
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12
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Stringari G, Villanueva J, Appolloni E, Orsini F, Villalba G, Gabarrell Durany X. Measuring BVOC emissions released by tomato plants grown in a soilless integrated rooftop greenhouse. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23854. [PMID: 38205327 PMCID: PMC10777013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban design is currently promoting the inclusion of plants in buildings. However, plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which alone or in combination with other airborne molecules such as CO2, may result in a general increase in tropospheric pollution. Many studies have documented the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on plant BVOC responses, but few have assessed the contribution of typical CO2 levels found in indoor work and meeting spaces. To answer this question, we monitored CO2 and constitutive (MT-limonene) and induced (LOX-cis-3-hexenal) BVOC emissions of a fully developed tomato crop grown hydroponically inside an integrated rooftop greenhouse (i-RTG) in a Mediterranean climate. Two distinctive CO2 assays were performed at the level of the i-RTG by supplying or not CO2. The impact of CO2 on plant physiological emittance was then assessed, and the resulting BVOC rates were compared with reference to EU-LCI values. MT-limonene was ubiquitous among the assays and the most abundant, while LOX-cis-3-hexenal was detected only under controlled CO2 management. The highest levels detected were below the indicated LCIs and were approximately tenfold lower than the corresponding LCI for MT-limonene (50.88 vs. 5000 μg m-3) and eightfold (6.63 μg m-3) higher than the constitutive emission level for LOX-cis-3-hexenal. Over extended sampling (10 min) findings revealed a general emission decrease and significantly different CO2 concentration between the assays. Despite similar decreasing rates of predicted net photosynthesis (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) their correlation with decreasing CO2 under uncontrolled condition indirectly suggested a negative CO2 impact on plant emission activity. Conversely, increasing CO2 under the controlled assay showed a positive correlation with induced emissions but not with constitutive ones. Because of significantly higher levels of relative humidity registered under the uncontrolled condition, this factor was considered to affect more than CO2 the emission response and even its collection. This hypothesis was supported by literature findings and attributed to a common issue related with the sampling in static enclosure. Hence, we suggested a careful monitoring of the sampling conditions or further improvements to avoid bias and underestimation of actual emissions. Based on the main outcomes, we observed no evidence of a hazardous effect of registered CO2 rates on the BVOC emissions of tomato plant. Furthermore, because of the low BVOC levels measured in the i-RTG, we assumed as safe the recirculation of this air along building's indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Stringari
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Villanueva
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elisa Appolloni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Orsini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gara Villalba
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Gabarrell Durany
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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Thürkow M, Schaap M, Kranenburg R, Pfäfflin F, Neunhäuserer L, Wolke R, Heinold B, Stoll J, Lupaşcu A, Nordmann S, Minkos A, Butler T. Dynamic evaluation of modeled ozone concentrations in Germany with four chemistry transport models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167665. [PMID: 37816407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Simulating the ozone variability at regional scales using chemistry transport models (CTMs) remains a challenge. We designed a multi-model intercomparison to evaluate, for the first time, four regional CTMs on a national scale for Germany. Simulations were conducted with LOTOS-EUROS, REM-CALGRID, COSMO-MUSCAT and WRF-Chem for January 1st to December 31st, 2019, using prescribed emission information. In general, all models show good performance in the operational evaluation with average temporal correlations of MDA8 O3 in the range of 0.77-0.87 and RMSE values between 16.3 μg m-3 and 20.6 μg m-3. On average, better models' skill has been observed for rural background stations than for the urban background stations as well as for springtime compared to summertime. Our study confirms that the ensemble mean provides a better model-measurement agreement than individual models. All models capture the larger local photochemical production in summer compared to springtime and observed differences between the urban and the rural background. We introduce a new indicator to evaluate the dynamic response of ozone to temperature. During summertime a large ensemble spread in the ozone sensitivities to temperature is found with (on average) an underestimation of the ozone sensitivity to temperature, which can be linked to a systematic underestimation of mid-level ozone concentrations. During springtime we observed an ozone episode that is not covered by the models which is likely due to deficiencies in the representation of background ozone in the models. We recommend to focus on a diagnostic evaluation aimed at the model descriptions for biogenic emissions and dry deposition as a follow up and to repeat the operational and dynamic analysis for longer timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thürkow
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martijn Schaap
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany; TNO, Department Climate, Air and Sustainability, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Kranenburg
- TNO, Department Climate, Air and Sustainability, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ralf Wolke
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinold
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Stoll
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aura Lupaşcu
- RIFS Potsdam, Research Institute for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Berlinerstraße 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Nordmann
- UBA, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Andrea Minkos
- UBA, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany; RIFS Potsdam, Research Institute for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Berlinerstraße 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Reyes-Galindo V, Jaramillo-Correa JP, Carrasco Nava K, De-la-Rosa-González AE, Flores Flores D, Martínez M, Monroy-De-la-Rosa LA, Morelos Zamora MÁ, Ramírez Morales BE, Ramírez Morales OT, Rodríguez MDP, Salazar Zamora M, Zamora Callejas C, Zamora Callejas R, Zamora C, Zamora T, González-Camacho VA, Rebollo E, Torres-Jardón R, Wegier A, Mastretta-Yanes A. Evaluating pollution-related damage and restoration success in urban forests with participatory monitoring and digital tools. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14112. [PMID: 37204008 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peri-urban forest monitoring requires indicators of vegetation damage. An example is the sacred fir (Abies religiosa) forests surrounding Mexico City, which have been heavily exposed to tropospheric ozone, a harmful pollutant, for over 4 decades. We developed a participatory monitoring system with which local community members and scientists generated data on ozone tree damage. Santa Rosa Xochiac rangers (13) used the digital tool KoboToolBox to record ozone damage to trees, tree height, tree ages, tree condition, tree position, and whether the tree had been planted. Thirty-five percent of the trees (n = 1765) had ozone damage. Younger trees had a lower percentage of foliage damaged by ozone than older trees (p < 0.0001), and asymptomatic trees tended to be younger (p < 0.0001). Symptomatic trees were taller than asymptomatic trees of the same age (R2 c = 0.43, R2 m = 0.27). Involving local communities facilitated forest monitoring and using digital technology improved data quality. This participatory system can be used to monitor forest condition change over time and thus aids restoration efforts driven by government or local communities' interests, facilitating local decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Reyes-Galindo
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Juan Pablo Jaramillo-Correa
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - César Zamora
- Bienes Comunales Santa Rosa Xochiac, Mexico City, México
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Ana Wegier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Alicia Mastretta-Yanes
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico City, México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, México
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Park K, Jin HG, Baik JJ. Do heat waves worsen air quality? A 21-year observational study in Seoul, South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163798. [PMID: 37127155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat waves are generally known to deteriorate air quality. However, the impacts of heat waves on air quality can substantially vary depending on characteristics of heat waves. In this study, we examine air quality changes in Seoul during heat waves and their associations with large-scale atmospheric patterns. For this, air quality data from 25 stations and meteorological data from 23 weather stations and reanalysis datasets during July and August of 2001-2021 are used. Under heat waves, the mean daily PM10, NO2, and CO concentrations decrease by 7.9 %, 6.1 %, and 4.6 %, respectively, whereas the mean daily PM2.5, O3, and SO2 concentrations increase by 4.1 %, 17.2 %, and 2.9 %, respectively. The atmospheric circulation under heat waves is less favorable for long-range transport of air pollutants to Seoul. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio increases under heat waves, indicating that the secondary formation of aerosols becomes more important under heat waves. 37 % of the heat wave days are accompanied by severe O3 pollution exceeding the O3 concentration standard in South Korea. There is a significant variability of air quality in Seoul within heat waves. The heat wave days with higher concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, and CO than their non-heat wave means exhibit a prominent difference in large-scale atmospheric pattern from the heat wave days with lower concentrations. This difference is characterized by a zonal wave-like pattern of geopotential height, which is similar to the circumglobal teleconnection pattern known as one of the major patterns for heat waves in South Korea. This zonal wave-like pattern produces more stagnant conditions over Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongjoo Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyul Jin
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Jong-Jin Baik
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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16
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Wang Y, Flageul C, Maison A, Carissimo B, Sartelet K. Impact of trees on gas concentrations and condensables in a 2-D street canyon using CFD coupled to chemistry modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121210. [PMID: 36773687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trees grown in streets impact air quality by influencing ventilation (aerodynamic effects), pollutant deposition (dry deposition on vegetation surfaces), and atmospheric chemistry (emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, BVOCs). To qualitatively evaluate the impact of trees on pollutant concentrations and assist decision-making for the greening of cities, 2-D simulations on a street in greater Paris were performed using a computational fluid dynamics tool coupled to a gaseous chemistry module. Globally, the presence of trees has a negative effect on the traffic-emitted pollutant concentrations, such as NO2 and organic condensables, particularly on the leeward side of a street. When not under low wind conditions, the impact of BVOC emissions on the formation of most condensables within the street was low owing to the short characteristic time of dispersion compared with the atmospheric chemistry. However, autoxidation of BVOC quickly forms some extremely-low volatile organic compounds, potentially leading to the formation of ultra-fine particles. Planting trees in streets with traffic is only effective in mitigating the concentration of some oxidants such as ozone (O3), which has low levels in cities regardless of this, and hydroxyl radical (OH), which may slightly lower the rate of oxidation reactions and the formation of secondary species in the street.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Wang
- CEREA, École des Ponts ParisTech, EDF R&D, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455, Marne la Vallée, France.
| | - Cédric Flageul
- PPRIME institute, Curiosity Group, Université de Poitiers, CNRS, ISAE-ENSMA, Poitiers, France
| | - Alice Maison
- CEREA, École des Ponts ParisTech, EDF R&D, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455, Marne la Vallée, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Bertrand Carissimo
- CEREA, École des Ponts ParisTech, EDF R&D, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Karine Sartelet
- CEREA, École des Ponts ParisTech, EDF R&D, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455, Marne la Vallée, France
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Yao Y, Ma K, He C, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang F, Li S, He H. Urban Surface Ozone Concentration in Mainland China during 2015-2020: Spatial Clustering and Temporal Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3810. [PMID: 36900822 PMCID: PMC10001023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution in the atmosphere has become increasingly prominent on a national scale in mainland China, although the atmospheric particulate matter pollution has been significantly reduced in recent years. The clustering and dynamic variation characteristics of the O3 concentrations in cities across the country, however, have not been accurately explored at relevant spatiotemporal scales. In this study, a standard deviational ellipse analysis and multiscale geographically weighted regression models were applied to explore the migration process and influencing factors of O3 pollution based on measured data from urban monitoring sites in mainland China. The results suggested that the urban O3 concentration in mainland China reached its peak in 2018, and the annual O3 concentration reached 157 ± 27 μg/m3 from 2015 to 2020. On the scale of the whole Chinese mainland, the distribution of O3 exhibited spatial dependence and aggregation. On the regional scale, the areas of high O3 concentrations were mainly concentrated in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, and other regions. In addition, the standard deviation ellipse of the urban O3 concentration covered the entire eastern part of mainland China. Overall, the geographic center of ozone pollution has a tendency to move to the south with the time variation. The interaction between sunshine hours and other factors (precipitation, NO2, DEM, SO2, PM2.5) significantly affected the variation of urban O3 concentration. In Southwest China, Northwest China, and Central China, the suppression effect of vegetation on local O3 was more obvious than that in other regions. Therefore, this study clarified for the first time the migration path of the gravity center of the urban O3 pollution and identified the key areas for the prevention and control of O3 pollution in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Cheng He
- Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuesheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fengman Fang
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Rawat N, Kumar P. Interventions for improving indoor and outdoor air quality in and around schools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159813. [PMID: 36411671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Students spend nearly one third of their typical day in the school environment, where they may be exposed to harmful air pollutants. A consolidated knowledge base of interventions to reduce this exposure is required for making informed decisions on their implementation and wider uptake. We attempt to fill this knowledge gap by synthesising the existing scientific literature on different school-based air pollution exposure interventions, their efficiency, suitability, and limitations. We assessed technological (air purifiers, HVAC - Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning etc.), behavioural, physical barriers, structural, school-commute and policy and regulatory interventions. Studies suggest that the removal efficiency of air purifiers for PM2.5, PM10, PM1 and BC can be up to 57 %, 34 %, 70 % and 58 %, respectively, depending on the air purification technology compared with control levels in classroom. The HVAC system combined with high efficiency filters has BC, PM10 and PM2.5 removal efficiency up to 97 %, 34 % and 30 %, respectively. Citizen science campaigns are effective in reducing the indoor air pollutants' exposure up to 94 %. The concentration of PM10, NO2, O3, BC and PNC can be reduced by up to 60 %, 59 %, 16 %, 63 % and 77 %, respectively as compared to control conditions, by installing green infrastructure (GI) as a physical barrier. School commute interventions can reduce NO2 concentration by up to 23 %. The in-cabin concentration reduction of up to 77 % for PM2.5, 43 % for PNC, 89 % for BC, 74 % for PM10 and 75 % for NO2, along with 94 % reduction in tailpipe emission of total particles, can be achieved using clean fuels and retrofits. No stand-alone method is found as the absolute solution for controlling pollutants exposure, their combined application can be effective in most of the scenarios. More research is needed on assessing combined interventions, and their operational synchronisation for getting the optimum results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rawat
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Xu K, Liu Y, Li F, Li C, Zhang C, Zhang H, Liu X, Li Q, Xiong M. A retrospect of ozone formation mechanisms during the COVID-19 lockdown: The potential role of isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120728. [PMID: 36427823 PMCID: PMC9679402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wuhan took strict measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 from January 26 to April 7 in 2020. The lockdown reduced the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, except ozone (O3). To investigate the increase in O3 during the lockdown, trace gas pollutants were collected. The initial concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were calculated based on a photochemical ratio method, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) was obtained using the initial and measured VOC concentrations. The O3 formation regime was NOX-limited based on the VOCs/NOX diurnal ratios during the lockdown period. The reduced nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and lower wind speed (WS) could explain the night-time O3 accumulation. The initial total VOCs (TVOCs) during the lockdown were 47.6 ± 2.9 ppbv, and alkenes contributed 48.1%. The photochemical loss amounts of alkenes were an order of magnitude higher than those of alkenes in the same period in 2019 and increased from 16.6 to 28.0 ppbv in the daytime. The higher initial alkene concentrations sustained higher OFP during the lockdown, reaching between 252.4 and 504.4 ppbv. The initial isoprene contributed approximately 35.0-55.0% to the total OFP and had a positive correlation with the increasing O3 concentrations. Approximately 75.5% of the temperatures were concentrated in the range of 5 and 20 °C, which were higher than those in 2019. In addition to stronger solar radiation, the higher temperatures induced higher isoprene emission rates, partially accounting for the higher isoprene concentrations. Lower isoprene-emitting trees should be considered for future urban vegetation to control O3 episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Feng Li
- Jining Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qijie Li
- Wuhan Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Chongqing University, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing, 400030, China
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20
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Zhang L, Wang B, Wang Z, Li K, Fang R, Su Y, Wu D, Xie B. Spatiotemporal footprints of odor compounds in megacity's food waste streams and policy implication. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129423. [PMID: 35752052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Odor pollution is one of the most critical issues in food waste (FW) recycling and has significant implications for human health. However, knowledge of their occurrence and spatiotemporally dynamic in urban FW streams is limited, making it not conducive to implement targeted odor management. This work followed the occurrence of 81 odor compounds (OCs) in nine FW-air environments along the Shanghai's FW streams for one year. Results showed that NH3, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, and methylene chloride were consistently the predominant OCs, despite the distinct differences in OCs profiles across seasons and treatment sites. Ridge regression and principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that seasons might play a non-negligible role in shaping odor profiles, and ambient temperature and humidity could account for the seasonal variation in OCs levels. Based on the modified fuzzy synthetic evaluation system, the screened priority pollutants in different FW-air environments were found broadly similar and the regulated air pollutants released via FW should be expanded to aldehyde and ketone compounds, especially for acetaldehyde. To our knowledge, this study is the first to track the spatiotemporal footprints of OCs within urban FW streams, and provides new insights into the control policy on FW-derived odor issues for megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangmao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zijiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kaiyi Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ru Fang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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21
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Singh BP, Kumari S, Nair A, Kumari S, Wabaidur SM, Avtar R, Rahman S. Temporary reduction in VOCs associated with health risk during and after COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 80:53-76. [PMID: 35992767 PMCID: PMC9382016 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-022-09440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus has affected almost all countries and impacted the economy, environment, and social life. The short-term impact on the environment and human health needs attention to correlate the Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and health assessment for pre-, during, and post lockdowns. Therefore, the current study demonstrates VOC changes and their effect on air quality during the lockdown. The findings of result, the levels of the mean for total VOC concentrations were found to be 15.45 ± 21.07, 2.48 ± 1.61, 19.25 ± 28.91 µg/m3 for all monitoring stations for pre-, during, and post lockdown periods. The highest value of TVOCs was observed at Thane, considered an industrial region (petroleum refinery), and the lowest at Bandra, which was considered a residential region, respectively. The VOC levels drastically decreased by 52%, 89%, 80%, and 97% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively, during the lockdown period compared to the previous year. In the present study, the T/B ratio was found lower in the lockdown period as compared to the pre-lockdown period. This can be attributed to the complete closure of non-traffic sources such as industries and factories during the lockdown. The Lifetime Cancer Risk values for all monitoring stations for benzene for pre-and-post lockdown periods were higher than the prescribed value, except during the lockdown period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10874-022-09440-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Saumya Kumari
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweety Kumari
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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22
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Mueller W, Wilkinson P, Milner J, Loh M, Vardoulakis S, Petard Z, Cherrie M, Puttaswamy N, Balakrishnan K, Arvind DK. The relationship between greenspace and personal exposure to PM 2.5 during walking trips in Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119294. [PMID: 35436507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of urban greenspace may lead to reduced personal exposure to air pollution via several mechanisms, for example, increased dispersion of airborne particulates; however, there is a lack of real-time evidence across different urban contexts. Study participants were 79 adolescents with asthma who lived in Delhi, India and were recruited to the Delhi Air Pollution and Health Effects (DAPHNE) study. Participants were monitored continuously for exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm) for 48 h. We isolated normal day-to-day walking journeys (n = 199) from the personal monitoring dataset and assessed the relationship between greenspace and personal PM2.5 using different spatial scales of the mean Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), mean tree cover (TC), and proportion of surrounding green land use (GLU) and parks or forests (PF). The journeys had a mean duration of 12.7 (range 5, 53) min and mean PM2.5 personal exposure of 133.9 (standard deviation = 114.8) μg/m3. The within-trip analysis showed weak inverse associations between greenspace markers and PM2.5 concentrations only in the spring/summer/monsoon season, with statistically significant associations for TC at the 25 and 50 m buffers in adjusted models. Between-trip analysis also indicated inverse associations for NDVI and TC, but suggested positive associations for GLU and PF in the spring/summer/monsoon season; no overall patterns of association were evident in the autumn/winter season. Associations between greenspace and personal PM2.5 during walking trips in Delhi varied across metrics, spatial scales, and season, but were most consistent for TC. These mixed findings may partly relate to journeys being dominated by walking along roads and small effects on PM2.5 of small pockets of greenspace. Larger areas of greenspace may, however, give rise to observable spatial effects on PM2.5, which vary by season.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mueller
- Research, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Milner
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Miranda Loh
- Research, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Zoë Petard
- Centre for Speckled Computing, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Cherrie
- Research, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - D K Arvind
- Centre for Speckled Computing, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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23
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Zhang S, Lyu Y, Yang X, Yuan L, Wang Y, Wang L, Liang Y, Qiao Y, Wang S. Modeling Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions and Subsequent Impacts on Ozone Air Quality in the Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.924944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) impact atmospheric oxidation capacity and regional air quality through various biogeochemistry processes. Accurate estimation of BVOC emissions is crucial for modeling the fate and transport of air pollutants in chemical transport models. Previous modeling characterizes the spatial variability of BVOCs while estimated BVOC emissions show large uncertainties, and the impacts of BVOC emissions on ozone (O3) air quality are not well understood. In this study, we estimate the BVOC emissions by model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature (MEGAN) v2.1 and MEGAN v3.1 over the Sichuan Basin (SCB) situated in southwestern China for 2017. Further, the critical role of BVOC emissions on regional O3 pollution is illustrated with a CMAQ modeled O3 episode in summer 2017. Annual BVOC emissions over the SCB in 2017 are estimated to be 1.8 × 106 tons with isoprene emissions as high as 7.3 × 105 tons. Abundant BVOC emissions are depicted over the southern and southeastern SCB, in contrast to the relatively low emissions of BVOC over the Chengdu Plain and northeastern SCB. CMAQ simulations depict a strong influence of BVOC on ambient O3 formation over densely forested regions including southern SCB and Chongqing city, accounting for 10% of daily maximum hourly O3 concentration (DM1h O3) and 6% of daily maximum 8-h average O3 (MDA8h O3) concentrations in July 2017. Over the severe O3 episode in summer 2017, sensitivity experiments indicate that enhanced BVOC emissions contribute substantially to basin-wide O3 concentrations and elevate peak O3 levels by 36.5 and 31.2 μg/m3 for the southern SCB and Chengdu Plain, respectively. This work identifies robustly important effects of BVOC emissions on O3 exceedance events over the SCB and contributes insight into pursuing an O3 abatement strategy with full consideration of potential contributions from BVOC emissions.
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24
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Dos Santos TC, Dominutti P, Pedrosa GS, Coelho MS, Nogueira T, Borbon A, Souza SR, Fornaro A. Isoprene in urban Atlantic forests: Variability, origin, and implications on the air quality of a subtropical megacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153728. [PMID: 35157860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biosphere-atmosphere interactions play a key role in urban chemistry because of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. Of the BVOC, isoprene is the most emitted compound; however, it also has anthropogenic origins in urban areas. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal variability and atmospheric impacts of biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in the subtropical megacity of São Paulo (MASP), Brazil. Several measurement campaigns were conducted in three different urban Atlantic forests (Matão, PEFI, and RMG), and an urban background site (IAG); this equated to a total of 268 samples for the 2018-2019 period. For all sampling points, daytime average concentrations of isoprene were two to three times higher during the rainy season (IAG: 1.75 ± 0.93 ppb; Matão: 0.87 ± 0.35 ppb; PEFI: 0.50 ± 0.30 ppb; RMG: 0.37 ± 0.18 ppb), than those observed during the dry season (IAG: 0.46 ± 0.24 ppb; Matão: 0.31 ± 0.17 ppb; PEFI: 0.17 ± 0.11 ppb; RMG: 0.11 ± 0.07 ppb). Average isoprene concentrations were similar to those observed in other places worldwide, with the exception of the Amazon forest. Our results indicate differences in isoprene concentrations between sites, suggesting that environmental conditions such as the urban heat island and vegetation types, may play a role in spatial variability. Estimates of the isoprene fraction indicated that the biogenic fraction (85%) surpassed the anthropogenic fraction during the rainy season. By contrast, the anthropogenic fraction (52%) exceeded the biogenic fraction during dry periods. These fractions have an impact on potentially forming secondary pollutants gaseous (ozone formation potential: 7.19-33.32 μg m-3), and aerosols (secondary organic aerosols formation potential: 0.41-1.88 μg m-3). These results highlight the role of biogenic isoprene and its potential impact on urban air quality in subtropical megacities; this requires further investigation under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailine C Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pamela Dominutti
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France; Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD (UMR 5001), Grenoble, France.
| | - Giselle S Pedrosa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Bangú, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique S Coelho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Silvia R Souza
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687 - Vila Água Funda, 04301-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adalgiza Fornaro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Synchronization, Decoupling, and Regime Shift of Urban Thermal Conditions in Xi’an, an Ancient City in China under Rapid Expansion. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization has profound impacts on economic development and environmental quality. Some of the serious consequences of urbanization are the changes in the thermal environment, which directly affect the greater environment and quality of life. Although many studies have been performed on urban heat islands, few have specifically examined the thermal evolution of rapidly expanding ancient cities and the impacts of urbanization on the thermal environments of important heritage sites. In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of the thermal environment quantified as the surface urban heat island (SUHI) and land surface temperature (LST) values from 2000 to 2018 in Xi’an, an ancient city with rich cultural heritage in China. Specifically, we analyzed the temporal evolution of the thermal environments of the functional zones and heritage sites and explore their coupling relationships with the overall temperature of the study area using a statistical analysis approach. Furthermore, we revealed time-sensitive changes in temperature regimes using the newly proposed double temperature curve approach (DTCA). The results showed that the heat island phenomenon has been intensifying in Xi’an, as evidenced by the summer daytime mean SUHI values being greater than 7 °C continuously since 2010 and the increased frequency of high-intensity SUHI effects. Extreme heat conditions were more frequent in the old urban area (built-up and in existence before 2000) than in the new urban area, while SUHI values in the new area deteriorated more rapidly. The changes in temperature in the functional zones were strongly synchronized with the overall temperature changes in Xi’an, and the temperature differences increased linearly with the overall temperature. The LST values in the four major historical heritage sites investigated in this study were 2–8 °C higher than the background temperature and were decoupled from background temperature changes. From the DTCA, we found the time periods of the thermal environment regime changes for each functional zone or heritage site, which were largely the result of policy guidance. Regional synchronization, site decoupling, and regime shifts in LST suggest opportunities for regional planning and urban landscape optimization to reduce adverse effects of urbanization on the urban environment, particularly in cities with rich historical heritage sites.
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26
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Do We Need More Urban Green Space to Alleviate PM2.5 Pollution? A Case Study in Wuhan, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban green space can help to reduce PM2.5 concentration by absorption and deposition processes. However, few studies have focused on the historical influence of green space on PM2.5 at a fine grid scale. Taking the central city of Wuhan as an example, this study has analyzed the spatiotemporal trend and the relationship between green space and PM2.5 in the last two decades. The results have shown that: (1) PM2.5 concentration reached a maximum value (139 μg/m3) in 2010 and decreased thereafter. Moran’s I index values of PM2.5 were in a downward trend, which indicates a sparser distribution; (2) from 2000 to 2019, the total area of green space decreased by 25.83%. The reduction in larger patches, increment in land cover diversity, and less connectivity led to fragmented spatial patterns of green space; and (3) the regression results showed that large patches of green space significantly correlated with PM2.5 concentration. The land use/cover diversity negatively correlated with the PM2.5 concentration in the ordinary linear regression. In conclusion, preserving large native natural habitats can be a supplemental measure to enlarge the air purification function of the green space. For cities in the process of PM2.5 reduction, enhancing the landscape patterns of green space provides a win-win solution to handle air pollution and raise human well-being.
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Long-Term Spatiotemporal Patterns and Evolution of Regional Heat Islands in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous development of urbanization, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is becoming increasingly prominent. Especially with the development of various large urban agglomerations and the shrinking distance between cities, the regional thermal environment has attracted extensive attention. Therefore, we used Modis land surface temperature (LST) data and employed least squares, standard deviation and spatial autocorrelation analysis methods to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of summer daytime regional urban heat islands (RHI) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration. Our results indicated that the relative land surface temperature (RLST) in the southeastern part of BTH with a relatively high level of urbanization showed a significant and continuous upward trend. With the continuous development of the level of urbanization in the southeast, the center of gravity (GC) of RHI gradually moved to the southeast, and the development direction of RHI changed from northwest–southeast to northeast–southwest. The area transfer of RHI was concentrated in no change and little change, indicating that the evolution trend of RHI was relatively stable. The high-high aggregation areas were mainly located in the more developed areas in the southeast. In addition, the methods and results of this study can provide reasonable and effective insights into the future development and planning of the BTH.
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Simulation of Isoprene Emission with Satellite Microwave Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index as Water Stress Factor in Southeastern China during 2008. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is one of the most important biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by vegetation. The biogenic isoprene emissions are widely estimated by the Model of Emission of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) considering different environmental stresses. The response of isoprene emission to the water stress is usually parameterized using soil moisture in previous studies. In this study, we designed a new parameterization scheme of water stress in MEGAN as a function of a novel, satellite, passive microwave-based vegetation index, Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index (EDVI), which indicates the vegetation inner water content. The isoprene emission rates in southeastern China were simulated with different water stress indicators including soil moisture, EDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Then the simulated isoprene emission rates were compared to associated satellite top-down estimations. The results showed that in southeastern China, the spatiotemporal correlations between those simulations and top-down retrieval are all high with different biases. The simulated isoprene emission rates with EDVI-based water stress factor are most consistent with top-down estimation with higher temporal correlation, lower bias and lower RMSE, while soil moisture alters the emission rates little, and optical vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) slightly increase the correlation with top-down. The temporal correlation coefficients are increased after applied with EDVI water stress factor in most areas; especially in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Yangtze River Delta (>0.12). Overall, higher consistency of simulation and top-down estimation is shown when EDVI is applied, which indicates the possibility of estimating the effect of vegetation water stress on biogenic isoprene emission using microwave observations.
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Abstract
The increasing importance of forest ecosystems for human society and planetary health is widely recognized, and the advancement of data collection technologies enables new and integrated ways for forest ecosystems monitoring. Therefore, the target of this paper is to propose a framework to design a forest digital twin (FDT) that, by integrating different state variables at both tree and forest levels, creates a virtual copy of the forest. The integration of these data sets could be used for scientific purposes, for reporting the health status of forests, and ultimately for implementing sustainable forest management practices on the basis of the use cases that a specific implementation of the framework would underpin. Achieving such outcomes requires the twinning of single trees as a core element of the FDT by recording the physical and biotic state variables of the tree and of the near environment via real–virtual digital sockets. Following a nested approach, the twinned trees and the related physical and physiological processes are then part of a broader twinning of the entire forest realized by capturing data at forest scale from sources such as remote sensing technologies and flux towers. Ultimately, to unlock the economic value of forest ecosystem services, the FDT should implement a distributed ledger-based on blockchain and smart contracts to ensure the highest transparency, reliability, and thoroughness of the data and the related transactions and to sharpen forest risk management with the final goal to improve the capital flow towards sustainable practices of forest management.
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How to plan urban green space in cold regions of China to achieve the best cooling efficiency. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li S, Yuan X, Feng Z, Du Y, Agathokleous E, Paoletti E. Whole-plant compensatory responses of isoprene emission from hybrid poplar seedlings exposed to elevated ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150949. [PMID: 34655631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the responses of isoprene (ISO) emission to elevated O3 vary with biological organization level (i.e. leaf and whole-plant). To study such responses and the possible reasons explaining their variation, we investigated the effect of O3 (CF: charcoal-filtered ambient air; E-O3: non-filtered ambient air enriched with O3) on ISO emission rate (ISOrate), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, and leaf growth traits in poplar seedlings (Populus deltoides cv. 55/56 × P. deltoides cv. Imperial) during one growing season. Opposite effects of E-O3 on Pn were found between upper leaves (positive effect) and lower leaves (negative effect). Compared to CF, E-O3 significantly decreased leaf mass per area, number of leaves, and leaf biomass, but increased leaf nitrogen content and individual leaf size. In the framework of such compensatory responses, poplar seedlings further increased ISOrate in upper leaves and decreased ISOrate in lower leaves, thus preventing significant decrease in the overall whole-plant ISOrate by E-O3. The measured whole-plant ISOrate also showed that the simplistic estimation approaches based on the linear regression between chlorophyll content indicated by soil plant analysis development meter (SPAD value) and leaf-level ISOrate could not accurately reflect the true response of whole plant to elevated O3. For more accurate predictions, the potential ISO compensatory response to increasing O3 concentration should be incorporated into the climate biogeochemical models related to ISO emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yingdong Du
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Koç A, Caf A, Koç C, Kejanli DT. Examining the temporal and spatial distribution of potential urban heat island formations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11455-11468. [PMID: 34536226 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to urbanization worldwide, gradual increase in construction and use of irregular urban topography affect urban climate negatively, triggering urban heat island (UHI) formations in cities and thereby causing them to become uninhabitable places for human comfort. This study, which covers the province of Diyarbakır in Turkey, aims to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of areas with potential urban heat island (UHI) by using remote sensing methods and satellite/terrain data available between 2001 and 2019. According to the Landsat 7 satellite, an area with a potential of 27.4 km2 in 2001, 20.8 km2 in 2006, 27.4 km2 in 2008, 16.7 km2 in 2010, and 12.2 km2 in 2012 was determined. According to the Landsat 8 satellite, it was measured as 14.49 km2 in 2017 and 15.67 km2 in 2018. According to Landsat 8 satellite data, areas with UHI potential increased by 14.6% over a 3-year period. According to Landsat 7 data, there has been a continuous fluctuation over the years. One of the important results of this study is that between 2001 and 2019, the higher the rate of change according to the surface temperature, the larger the area with the potential of the heat island. At the same time, it has been determined that spatially potential UHIs have a great potential not in the city center, but in the surrounding areas close to the center and in the topographically hollow areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Koç
- Diyarbakir Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Park and Garden Plants, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Caf
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Park and Garden Plants, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Canan Koç
- Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban Planning, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Devrim Türkan Kejanli
- Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban Planning, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Ma M, Gao Y, Ding A, Su H, Liao H, Wang S, Wang X, Zhao B, Zhang S, Fu P, Guenther AB, Wang M, Li S, Chu B, Yao X, Gao H. Development and Assessment of a High-Resolution Biogenic Emission Inventory from Urban Green Spaces in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:175-184. [PMID: 34898191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions have long been known to play vital roles in modulating the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). While early studies have evaluated their impact globally or regionally, the BVOC emissions emitted from urban green spaces (denoted as U-BVOC emissions) have been largely ignored primarily due to the failure of low-resolution land cover in resolving such processes, but also because their important contribution to urban BVOCs was previously unrecognized. In this study, by utilizing a recently released high-resolution land cover dataset, we develop the first set of emission inventories of U-BVOCs in China at spatial resolutions as high as 1 km. This new dataset resolved densely distributed U-BVOCs in urban core areas. The U-BVOC emissions in megacities could account for a large fraction of total BVOC emissions, and the good agreement of the interannual variations between the U-BVOC emissions and ozone concentrations over certain regions stresses their potentially crucial role in influencing ozone variations. The newly constructed U-BVOC emission inventory is expected to provide an improved dataset to enable the research community to re-examine the modulation of BVOCs on the formation of ozone, SOA, and atmospheric chemistry in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz D-55128, Germany
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth System Model and Prediction (iHESP), Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Minghuai Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shenshen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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Cai L, Zhuang M, Ren Y. Spatiotemporal characteristics of NO 2, PM 2.5 and O 3 in a coastal region of southeastern China and their removal by green spaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1-17. [PMID: 32013546 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1720620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatio-temporal characteristics of air pollutants is essential to improving air quality. One aspect is the question of whether green spaces can reduce air pollutant concentrations. However, previous studies on this issue have reported mixed results. This study analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of NO2, PM2.5 and O3 in Fujian Province, Southeast China in 2015. In order to reduce uncertainties in the conclusions drawn, the effects landscape metrics describing green spaces have on air pollutants have been analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis at six different spatial scales for the four seasons, considering the influence of meteorological conditions. The results show that PM2.5 and O3 are major pollutants whose relative importance varies with the seasons. Significant differences in pollutant concentrations were observed in suburban and urban areas, highlighting the importance of ensuring a reasonable spatial distribution of monitoring stations. Moreover, significant correlations between air pollutants and green space landscape patterns during the four seasons were found, revealing increased air pollutant concentrations with increasing landscape fragmentation and reduced connectivity and aggregation. This probably indicates that interconnected green spaces have the potential to improve air quality. Utilizing green space function regulations can alleviate NO2 and PM2.5 pollution effectively, but it is still difficult to reduce O3 concentrations because green spaces are likely to not only serve as sinks for O3, but can also promote O3 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Mazhan Zhuang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, CN, China
| | - Yin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
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Yilmaz S, Sezen I, Irmak MA, Külekçi EA. Analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and air pollution under the ınfluence of urban morphology in cold-climate cities: Erzurum/Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64068-64083. [PMID: 33893590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increase in population in urban areas has increased the demand for housing. In cities that could not adapt to the population increase, the attempt to fit more houses in a unit area has emerged. This situation caused the application of created designs ignoring the natural and microclimate data of the cities. Since Erzurum is located on the high plain surrounded by mountains, it is one of the coldest cities in Turkey with its long-term annual mean temperature of 5.7 °C. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of the urban morphology on thermal comfort and its relationship with air pollution in Erzurum. Steps of the research methodology can be summarized as determination of measurement areas, physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) analysis, air pollution analysis, and mapping. The city center is located at an altitude of 1850 m from the sea level, and the open rural area has the lowest altitude of 1650 m from the sea level with respect to the surrounding mountainous terrain. The microclimate data of the meteorological stations in the three study areas and government monitoring station and air pollution data have been recorded hourly in 2018. The recorded data was analyzed with the RayMan pro 2.1 model, which is a widely used simple index PET for obtaining outdoor thermal comfort. According to the research results, the highest PET value of Erzurum was obtained in the city center as 11.4 °C and then the urban transformation district as 6.3 °C, and the lowest PET was obtained from the open rural area as 4.5 °C. In the areas that have low PET values and cold stress issues, it was observed that the air pollution data are low. The city center was detected to have the highest air pollution parameters. It was determined that urban morphology, air pollution, and thermal comfort had significant correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Yilmaz
- Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Atatürk, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Işık Sezen
- Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Atatürk, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Akif Irmak
- Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Atatürk, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Akpinar Külekçi
- Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Atatürk, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Bhat A, Venkat M, Chen X, Ohtani H, Ellwood K, Misovski T, Schwank JW. Chemical surface modification of beaded activated carbon: A strategy to inhibit heel accumulation from VOC. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Energetics of Urban Canopies: A Meteorological Perspective. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The urban climatology consists not only of the urban canopy temperature but also of wind regime and boundary layer evolution among other secondary variables. The energetic input and response of urbanized areas is rather different to rural or forest areas. In this paper, we outline the physical characteristics of the urban canopy that make its energy balance depart from that of vegetated areas and change local climatology. Among the several canopy characteristics, we focus on the aspect ratio h/d and its effects. The literature and methods of retrieving meteorological quantities in urban areas are reviewed and a number of physical analyzes from conceptual or numerical models are presented. In particular, the existence of a maximum value for the urban heat island intensity is discussed comprehensively. Changes in the local flow and boundary layer evolution due to urbanization are also discussed. The presence of vegetation and water bodies in urban areas are reviewed. The main conclusions are as follows: for increasing h/d, the urban heat island intensity is likely to attain a peak around h/d≈4 and decrease for h/d>4; the temperature at the pedestrian level follows similar behavior; the urban boundary layer grows slowly, which in combination with low wind, can worsen pollution dispersion.
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Chrayteh M, Burevschi E, Loru D, Huet TR, Dréan P, Sanz ME. Disentangling the complex network of non-covalent interactions in fenchone hydrates via rotational spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20686-20694. [PMID: 34515707 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydrates of the monoterpenoid fenchone (C10H16O)·(H2O)n (n = 1, 2, 3) were investigated by both computational chemistry and microwave spectroscopy. Two monohydrates, three dihydrates and for the first time three trihydrates were identified through the observation of the parent and 18O isotopologues in the rotational spectrum from 2 to 20 GHz. For each hydrate, the sets of rotational constants enabled the determination of the substitution coordinates of the oxygen water atoms as well as an effective structure accounting for the arrangement of the water molecules around fenchone. The hydrates consist of water chains anchored to fenchone by a -CO⋯H-O hydrogen bond and further stabilized by numerous -H-O⋯H-C- secondary hydrogen bonds with the alkyl hydrogen atoms of fenchone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhamad Chrayteh
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | | | - Donatella Loru
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Thérèse R Huet
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pascal Dréan
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - M Eugenia Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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Gu S, Guenther A, Faiola C. Effects of Anthropogenic and Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds on Los Angeles Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12191-12201. [PMID: 34495669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in production of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is especially important in light of ongoing policy goals. Here, we estimated the ozone formation potential (OFP) and SOA formation potential (SOAP) of anthropogenic and biogenic VOC emissions to evaluate (1) anthropogenic VOCs and associated sectors that dominate OFP and SOAP and (2) the potential impacts of enhanced biogenic VOCs from urban greening programs on air quality in Los Angeles county. In the present-day scenario, ethylene had the largest OFP followed by m & p-xylene, toluene, propylene, and formaldehyde. The top five contributors to SOAP were toluene, mineral spirits, benzene, heptadecane, and hexadecane. Mobile and solvent sources were the dominant VOC sources for both OFP and SOAP. The potential increases in biogenic VOC emissions due to future urban greening had significant effects on urban air quality that offset the benefits of reducing anthropogenic VOC emissions. This study demonstrates that urban greening programs in Los Angeles county, and likely other cities as well, need to account for both anthropogenic and biogenic VOC contributions to secondary pollution, and greening cities should consider using vegetation types with low VOC emissions to avoid further degradation to urban air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Celia Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Mahalingappa K, Pranesh GM, Manjunath GB, Mundinamani S, Molakkalu Padre S, Mishra NN, Chandrasekhar GS. Low-Temperature Operating Black SnO 2-Based VOC Sensor Setup. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22900-22908. [PMID: 34514261 PMCID: PMC8427796 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human beings and animals. VOCs include a carbon compound and its derivatives. VOCs irritate the eyes, ears, and throat, ahigh concentration of VOCs may cause cancer; also, it affects the central nervous system. A concentration below 0.3 mg/m3 is harmless, above which it is harmful to human beings. The present work discusses the detection of harmful VOCs using a lab-made portable device setup. Hydrothermally synthesized tin oxide (SnO2) nanocubes are used as an active material for VOC detection. The SnO2 pellet is prepared using a hydraulic press method and is used in the portable setup. Temperature-dependent VOC detection is carried out using a microheater. An external potential is applied to the microheater, which stimulates the active material to sense ethanol at 40 °C. SnO2 and EA deposited on graphite interdigitated electrodes projected on cellulose are used to detect isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone at room temperature. Temperature-dependent studies on acetone are carried out. A significant change in the current levels is observed for different VOCs. A positive shift in the Dirac point is noticed upon VOC exposure. The developed portable device plays a vital role in analyzing sensors based on various active materials for VOC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mahalingappa
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, B.H. Road (affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi), Tumakuru, Karnataka 572103, India
| | - Gowtham Maralur Pranesh
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, B.H. Road (affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi), Tumakuru, Karnataka 572103, India
| | - Gopinatha Bidarkatte Manjunath
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, B.H. Road (affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi), Tumakuru, Karnataka 572103, India
| | - Shridhar Mundinamani
- Department
of Physics, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, B.H. Road (affiliated to Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi), Tumakuru, Karnataka 572103, India
| | - Shilpa Molakkalu Padre
- Nanomaterials
and Polymer Physics Lab, Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Nirankar Nath Mishra
- Department
of Nanotechnology, Siddaganga Institute
of Technology, B.H. Road (affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Tumakuru, Karnataka 572103, India
| | - Gurumurthy Sangam Chandrasekhar
- Nanomaterials
and Polymer Physics Lab, Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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An L, Hong B, Cui X, Geng Y, Ma X. Outdoor thermal comfort during winter in China's cold regions: A comparative study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144464. [PMID: 33454480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to limits to standard methods for surveying outdoor thermal comfort (OTC), it is difficult to compare thermal benchmarks and thermal index calibrations among studies and climatic regions. Using uniform standard meteorological measurements and questionnaire surveys, our study conducted an OTC study in urban parks in Beijing, Xi'an and Hami; representative of cities in China's cold regions. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used as the thermal comfort index, and differences in residents' thermal perceptions and outdoor thermal benchmarks among these cities were compared. Results showed that: 1) air temperature (Ta) and globe temperature (Tg) were two primary factors affecting residents' thermal sensations in the three cities during winter. Residents' thermal sensation in Beijing and Hami was negatively correlated with wind speed (Va). Residents in Xi'an and Hami preferred a higher relative humidity (RH). Residents in Beijing and Hami preferred a lower Va to improve OTC related to local climatic characteristics. 2) Xi'an residents had the highest neutral UTCI (NUTCI) (17.3 °C), followed by Beijing (17.0 °C) and Hami (6.4 °C). Xi'an residents had slightly wider neutral UTCI range (NUTCIR) (7.9-26.7 °C) compared to Beijing (8.7-25.4 °C), while Hami residents had the narrowest NUTCIR (1.5-11.3 °C). The "no thermal stress" range in the three cities was 6.1-26.0 °C in Beijing, 6.7-25.5 °C in Xi'an, and -2.2-12.2 °C in Hami. 3) Calibrated thermal indices, based on the ASHRAE 7-point scale, were gained to judge the thermal qualities of an environment for all three cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le An
- College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bo Hong
- College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xue Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yubo Geng
- College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Reverse Thinking: A New Method from the Graph Perspective for Evaluating and Mitigating Regional Surface Heat Islands. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurately locating key nodes and corridors of an urban heat island (UHI) is the basis for effectively mitigating a regional surface UHI. However, we still lack appropriate methods to describe it, especially considering the interaction between UHIs and the role of connectivity (network). Specifically, previous studies paid much attention to the raster and vector perspective—based on standard landscape configuration metrics that only provide an overall statistic over the entire study area without further indicating locations where different types of pattern and fragmentation occur. Therefore, by reverse thinking, here we attempt to propose a new method from the graph perspective which integrates morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA)—which is used to characterize binary patterns with emphasis on connections between their parts as measured at varying analysis scales, and habitat availability indices to evaluate and mitigate regional surface UHI. We selected the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (PRDR), one of the most rapidly urbanized regions in the world as the case study (1995–2015). The results of the case study showed: (1) the core (UHI) type accounts for the vast majority of the MSPA model, with the relative land surface temperature (LST) rises, the proportion of the core type will increase, and it could influence the edge (UHI) type significantly; (2) the branch, bridge, and islet (UHI) types have similar results to the lower temperature (4 < Relative LST ≤ 6) area and account for the majority, indicating that these types are more susceptible to their surrounding environment; (3) the importance and extreme importance area (node) from 1995 to 2015 have increased significantly and mainly distributed in the urbanized areas, which means cooling measures need to be implemented in these areas in order of priority. Shifting the research logic of UHI evaluation and mitigation from “patch” to “network”, we hold the point that the method (reverse thinking) has significant theoretical and practical implications for mitigating regional UHI and urban climate-resilience.
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Jephcote C, Hansell AL, Adams K, Gulliver J. Changes in air quality during COVID-19 'lockdown' in the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116011. [PMID: 33386205 PMCID: PMC7677678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The UK implemented a lockdown in Spring (2020) to curtail the person-to-person transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Measures restricted movements to one outing per day for exercise and shopping, otherwise most people were restricted to their dwelling except for key workers (e.g. medical, supermarkets, and transport). In this study, we quantified changes to air quality across the United Kingdom from 30/03/2020 to 03/05/2020 (weeks 14-18), the period of most stringent travel restrictions. Daily pollutant measurements of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 from the national network of monitoring sites during this period were compared with measurements over the same period during 2017-19. Comparisons were also made with predicted concentrations for the 2020 period from business-as-usual (BAU) modelling, where the contributions of normal anthropogenic activities were estimated under the observed meteorological conditions. During the lockdown study period there was a 69% reduction in traffic overall (74% reduction in light and 35% in heavy vehicles). Measurements from 129 monitoring stations, identified mean reductions in NO2 of 38.3% (-8.8 μg/m3) and PM2.5 of 16.5% (-2.2 μg/m3). Improvements in NO2 and PM2.5 were largest at urban traffic sites and more modest at background locations where a large proportion of the population live. In contrast, O3 concentrations on average increased by 7.6% (+4.8 μg/m3) with the largest increases at roadside sites due to reductions in local emissions of NO. A lack of VOC monitoring limited our capacity to interpret changes in O3 at urban background locations. BAU models predicted comparable NO2 reductions and O3 gains, although PM2.5 episodes would have been more prominent without lockdown. Results demonstrate the relatively modest contribution of traffic to air quality, suggesting that sustained improvements in air quality require actions across various sectors, including working with international and European initiatives on long-range transport air pollutants, especially PM2.5 and O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Jephcote
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna L Hansell
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU Centre for Environmental Exposures and Health, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Kathryn Adams
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - John Gulliver
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU Centre for Environmental Exposures and Health, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Kokkonen TV, Xie Y, Paasonen P, Gani S, Jiang L, Wang B, Zhou D, Qin W, Nie W, Kerminen VM, Petäjä T, Sun J, Kulmala M, Ding A. The effect of urban morphological characteristics on the spatial variation of PM 2.5 air quality in downtown Nanjing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2021; 1:481-497. [PMID: 34913037 PMCID: PMC8614187 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the urban morphological characteristics on the spatial variation of near-surface PM2.5 air quality were examined. Unlike previous studies, we performed the analyses in real urban environments using continuous observations covering the whole scale of urban densities typically found in cities. We included data from 31 measurement stations divided into 8 different wind sectors with individually defined morphological characteristics leading to highly varying urban characteristics. The urban morphological characteristics explained up to 73% of the variance in normalized PM2.5 concentrations in street canyons, indicating that the spatial variation of the near-surface PM2.5 air quality was mostly defined by the characteristics studied. The fraction of urban trees nearby the stations was found to be the most important urban morphological characteristic in explaining the PM2.5 air quality, followed by the height-normalized roughness length as the second important parameter. An increase in the fraction of trees within 50 m of the stations from 25 percentile to 75 percentile (i.e. by the interquartile range, IQR) increased the normalized PM2.5 concentration by up to 24% in the street canyons. In open areas, an increase in the trees by the IQR actually decreased the normalized PM2.5 by 6% during the pre-COVID period. An increase in the height-normalized roughness length by the IQR increased the normalized PM2.5 by 9% in the street canyons. The results obtained in this study can help urban planners to identify the key urban characteristics affecting the near-surface PM2.5 air quality and also help researchers to evaluate how representative the existing measurement stations are compared to other parts of the cities. The most important characteristics in terms of the PM2.5 concentrations were the fraction of trees and the height-normalized roughness length. The study was performed using continuous observations covering the whole scale of urban densities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom V. Kokkonen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Atmospheric Environment and Green Development Research Institute (NAGR), Nanjing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuning Xie
- Nanjing Atmospheric Environment and Green Development Research Institute (NAGR), Nanjing, China
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shahzad Gani
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lin Jiang
- Nanjing Atmospheric Environment and Green Development Research Institute (NAGR), Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Gulou Environment Protection Department, Nanjing, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Atmospheric Environment and Green Development Research Institute (NAGR), Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jianning Sun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Atmospheric Environment and Green Development Research Institute (NAGR), Nanjing, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Fan MY, Zhang YL, Lin YC, Li L, Xie F, Hu J, Mozaffar A, Cao F. Source apportionments of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Nanjing, China during high ozone pollution season. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128025. [PMID: 33297048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not only harmful to human health, but also lead to ozone (O3) formation. From July 3 to August 1 of 2018, online measurements of atmospheric VOCs were conducted in Nanjing City, in order to investigate the source apportionments to VOCs since the Empirical Kinetic Modelling Approach (EKMA) suggested that O3 formation was VOC-limited at the receptor site. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, we quantified eight sources of VOCs, including vehicle exhausts (23%), industrial source (18%), fuel evaporation (17%), petrochemical industry (12%), solvent usage (12%), biogenic emission (8%) and liquefied petroleum gas (7%) along with gasoline additive (3%). The diurnal distributions showed that the contributions of traffic-related sources maximized during the traffic rush hours. In contrast, biogenic sources had the highest contribution at noontime. Backward trajectory results showed that local traffic emissions were the main sources of VOC in Nanjing. Our results revealed that strict control of VOC emissions from local vehicle exhaust might be an important way to decrease high VOC pollution in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster; Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster; Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster; Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster; Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ahsan Mozaffar
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster; Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster; Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Seasonal Variation of Biogenic and Anthropogenic VOCs in a Semi-Urban Area Near Sydney, Australia. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role in the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol, the two most important air pollutants in Sydney, Australia. Despite their importance, there are few available VOC measurements in the area. In this paper, we discuss continuous GC-MS measurements of 10 selected VOCs between February (summer in the southern hemisphere) and June (winter in the southern hemisphere) of 2019 in a semi-urban area between natural eucalypt forest and the Sydney metropolitan fringe. Combined, isoprene, methacrolein, methyl-vinyl-ketone, α-pinene, p-cymene, eucalyptol, benzene, toluene xylene and tri-methylbenzene provide a reasonable representation of variability in the total biogenic VOC (BVOC) and anthropogenic VOC (AVOC) loading in the area. Seasonal changes in environmental conditions were reflected in observed BVOC concentrations, with a summer peak of 8 ppb, dropping to approximately 0.1 ppb in winter. Isoprene, and its immediate oxidation products methacrolein (MACR) and methyl-vinyl-ketone (MVK), dominated BVOC concentrations during summer and early autumn, while monoterpenes comprised the larger fraction during winter. Temperature and solar radiation drive most of the seasonal variation observed in BVOCs. Observed levels of isoprene, MACR and MVK in the atmosphere are closely related with variations in temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), but chemistry and meteorology may play a more important role for the monoterpenes. Using a nonlinear model, temperature explains 51% and PAR 38% of the isoprene, MACR and MVK variation. Eucalyptol dominated the observed monoterpene fraction (contributing ~75%), with p-cymene (20%) and α-pinene (5%) also present. AVOCs maintain an average concentration of ~0.4 ppb, with a slight decrease during autumn–winter. The low AVOC concentrations observed indicate a relatively small anthropogenic influence, generally occurring when (rare) northerly winds transport Sydney emissions to the measurement site. The site is influenced by domestic, commercial and vehicle AVOC emissions. Our observed AVOC concentrations can be explained by the seasonal changes in meteorology and the emissions in the area as listed in the NSW emissions inventory and thereby act as an independent validation of this inventory. We conclude that the variations in atmospheric composition observed during the seasons are an important variable to consider when formulating air pollution control policies over Sydney given the influence of biogenic sources during summer, autumn and winter.
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Moon HG, Jung Y, Shin B, Song YG, Kim JH, Lee T, Lee S, Jun SC, Kaner RB, Kang C, Kim C. On-Chip Chemiresistive Sensor Array for On-Road NO x Monitoring with Quantification. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002014. [PMID: 33240761 PMCID: PMC7675194 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of air pollution on respiratory health make air quality monitoring with high spatial and temporal resolutions essential especially in cities. Despite considerable interest and efforts, the application of various types of sensors is considered immature owing to insufficient sensitivity and cross-interference under ambient conditions. Here, a fully integrated chemiresistive sensor array (CSA) with parts-per-trillion sensitivity is demonstrated with its application for on-road NO x monitoring. An analytical model is suggested to describe the kinetics of the sensor responses and quantify molecular binding affinities. Finally, the full characterization of the system is connected to implement on-road measurements on NO x vapor with quantification as its ultimate field application. The obtained results suggest that the CSA shows potential as an essential unit to realize an air-quality monitoring network with high spatial and temporal resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Gyu Moon
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease ProductKorea Institute of ToxicologyJeongeupJeollabuk‐do56212Republic of Korea
- Center for Electronic MaterialsKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Youngmo Jung
- Sensor System Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Beomju Shin
- Sensor System Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Young Geun Song
- Center for Electronic MaterialsKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Sensor System Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Taikjin Lee
- Sensor System Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Sensor System Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Richard B. Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Chong‐Yun Kang
- Center for Electronic MaterialsKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Chulki Kim
- Sensor System Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
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Zhang X, Lyu J, Han Y, Sun N, Sun W, Li J, Liu C, Yin S. Effects of the leaf functional traits of coniferous and broadleaved trees in subtropical monsoon regions on PM 2.5 dry deposition velocities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114845. [PMID: 32534323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants can intercept airborne particulate matter through deposition. Different types of plants exhibit different functional leaf traits, which can affect the dry deposition velocity (Vd). However, the most crucial leaf traits of coniferous and broadleaved trees remain unidentified. In this study, we selected 18 typical plants from the subtropical monsoon regions, where PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 μm) concentrations are relatively high, and classified them into coniferous and broadleaved categories. Subsequently, we analyzed the relationships between Vd and leaf surface free energy (SFE), single leaf area (LAs), surface roughness (SR), specific leaf area (SLA), epicuticular wax content (EWC), and width-to-length ratio (W/L). The results indicated that most coniferous trees exhibited a high Vd. The correlation analysis revealed that SFE, SR, LAs, and W/L were the key factors that affected the Vd of all the tested species. SFE and SLA had the strongest influence on the Vd of broadleaved trees, whereas LAs and SLA had the strongest effect on that of coniferous trees. Most coniferous trees had a high SLA, which can reduce water loss and hinder particle deposition. However, the stiff leaves of coniferous trees fluttered less, resulting in a larger leaf area that enhanced the capture efficiency. The leaf structure of broadleaved trees is more flexible, resulting in erratic flutter, which may impede deposition and lead to high resuspension. Coniferous and broadleaved trees may have different dominant leaf traits that affect particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yujie Han
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Forest Station, 1053-7 Hutai Rd., Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Forest Station, 1053-7 Hutai Rd., Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jinman Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Xu Y, Chen Y, Gao J, Zhu S, Ying Q, Hu J, Wang P, Feng L, Kang H, Wang D. Contribution of biogenic sources to secondary organic aerosol in the summertime in Shaanxi, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126815. [PMID: 32957269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A revised Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with updated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and a more detailed description of SOA formation from isoprene (ISOP) oxidation was applied to study the spatial distribution of SOA, its components and precursors in Shaanxi in July of 2013. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were generated using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), of which ISOP and monoterpene (MONO) were the top two, with 1.73 × 109 mol and 1.82 × 108 mol, respectively. The spatial distribution of BVOCs emission was significantly correlated with the vegetation coverage distribution. ISOP and its intermediate semi-volatile gases were up to ∼7.0 and ∼1.4 ppb respectively in the ambient. SOA was generally 2-6 μg/m3, of which biogenic SOA (BSOA) accounted for as high as 84% on average. There were three main BVOCs Precursors including ISOP (58%) and MONO (8%) emit in the studied domain, and ISOP (9%) transported. The Guanzhong Plain had the highest BSOA concentrations of 3-5 μg/m3, and the North Shaanxi had the lowest of 2-3 μg/m3. More than half of BSOA was due to reactive surface uptake of ISOP epoxide (0.2-0.7 μg/m3, ∼19%), glyoxal (GLY) (0.2-0.5 μg/m3, ∼11%) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) (0.4-1.4 μg/m3, ∼32%), while the remaining was due to the traditional equilibrium partitioning of semi-volatile components (0.1-1.2 μg/m3, ∼25%) and oligomerization (0.2-0.4 μg/m3, ∼12%). Overall, SOA formed from ISOP contributed 1-3 μg/m3 (∼80%) to BSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Engineering Technology Development Center of Urban Water Recycling, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Liguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haibin Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dexiang Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM2.5 Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A record-breaking severe heat wave was recorded in southeast Korea from 11 July to 15 August 2018, and the numerical sensitivity simulations of volatile organic compound (VOC) to secondarily generated particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations were studied in the Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas in southeast Korea. A weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) was employed, and we carried out VOC emission sensitivity simulations to investigate variations in PM2.5 concentrations during the heat wave period that occurred from 11 July to 15 August 2018. In our study, when anthropogenic VOC emissions from the Comprehensive Regional Emissions Inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment-2015 (CREATE-2015) inventory were increased by approximately a factor of five in southeast Korea, a better agreement with observations of PM2.5 mass concentrations was simulated, implying an underestimation of anthropogenic VOC emissions over southeast Korea. The simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) fraction, in particular, showed greater dominance during high temperature periods such as 19–21 July, 2018, with the SOA fractions of 42.3% (in Busan) and 34.3% (in Ulsan) among a sub-total of seven inorganic and organic components. This is considerably higher than observed annual mean organic carbon (OC) fraction (28.4 ± 4%) among seven components, indicating the enhancement of secondary organic aerosols induced by photochemical reactions during the heat wave period in both metropolitan areas. The PM2.5 to PM10 ratios were 0.69 and 0.74, on average, during the study period in the two cities. These were also significantly higher than the typical range in those cities, which was 0.5–0.6 in 2018. Our simulations implied that extremely high temperatures with no precipitation are significantly important to the secondary generation of PM2.5 with higher secondary organic aerosol fraction via photochemical reactions in southeastern Korean cities. Other possible relationships between anthropogenic VOC emissions and temperature during the heat wave episode are also discussed in this study.
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