1
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An R, Guo Y. Estimating construction and demolition waste in the building sector in China: Towards the end of the century. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 190:285-295. [PMID: 39368289 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Amid China's rapid urbanization and economic growth, increasing construction and demolition waste (CDW) has become a critical environmental and management challenge. In the present study, we introduce a dynamic recursive-based CDW assessment model designed to systematically track and analyze the origins, distribution, and composition of CDW across China. Our results show that China is projected to generate 224.08 billion tonnes (Bt) of CDW from 2000 to 2100, mostly gravel (34.15%), sand (30.08%), and brick/tile (14.37%). Additionally, the primary source of CDW generation will shift from rural to urban public and commercial (P&C) buildings. The proportion of metals such as steel in CDW is rapidly increasing, rising from 2.11% in 2000 to 17.66% in 2100. From 2020 to 2100, reducing material waste during the construction phase can decrease the amount of CDW by 6.88 Bt. Extending the building lifespan during the operation phase can further reduce the amount of CDW by 50.25 Bt. In comparison, implementing recycling strategies during the demolition phase can achieve the most significant reduction in the amount of CDW, with an estimated cumulative decrease of 151.25 Bt. The amounts of gravel, sand, and steel are anticipated to contribute the most to this reduction, accounting for 44.93%, 37.66%, and 8.8% of the total reduction in the amount of CDW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runying An
- School of Economics and Management, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Management, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT, Canberra 2601, Australia.
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2
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Tong Y, Cheng S, Guo F, Gao J, Li G, Yue T. Non-negligible environmental risks of typical hazardous trace elements in wastes from Chinese coal-fired industrial boilers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173779. [PMID: 38844231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Coal-fired industrial boilers (CFIBs) that provide heat for industrial production operate to produce large quantities of wastes containing hazardous trace elements (HTEs), threatening the quality of the environment. Based on the established facility-level material flow inventory of five typical HTEs (Hg, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb) of Chinese CFIBs in 2020, we explored the enrichment characteristics and environmental risks of HTEs in wastes at the regional scale from the perspective of substance flow and enrichment levels. Results showed that the shares of HTEs entering the waste stream were 2.2-16.8 % higher in the focus regions of continuous improvement of air quality compared to the non-focus regions, explained by the higher synergistic control efficiencies of their air pollution control facilities (ACPFs), at 86.6-90.4 % (Hg), 98.6-99.1 % (As), 95.1-95.9 % (Cd), 93.2-94.8 % (Cr), and 97.1-98.0 % (Pb), respectively. In addition, the national averages of HTEs in slag, fly ash, and flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) were simulated to be 0.15-0.87 g/t, 3.25-18.44 g/t, 0.30-0.96 g/t, 19.76-70.11 g/t, and 15.85-73.74 for Hg, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb, respectively. Nationally, the integrated environmental risks of the five HTEs in slag, fly ash, and FGD residue exhibited Considerable, Very High, and Very High level of environmental risk, with the cumulative environmental risk indexes of 171, 317, and 281, respectively. Hg and Cd were the major contributors to the environmental risks of slag, fly ash, and FGD residue, with environmental risk contributions ranging from 23.8 to 82.3 % and 16.0 to 66.1 %, respectively. Results can provide data support for modelling the environmental release of HTEs from wastes and formulating control strategies for environmental management agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Tong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sihong Cheng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fenghui Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiajia Gao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Yue
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Dai T, Han Z, Chen W, Wen B, Ouyang X, Li Q, Pan Z, Liu Q. Uncovering Availability of the Secondary Iron Resources in China: Integrating Material Flow Analysis and Secondary Resources Reserve Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39137304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
As the largest iron and steel producer, China still cannot meet its demand of iron and steel only through domestic primary supply in the last few decades. Hence, secondary iron resources are increasingly significant in meeting China's iron supply and demand balance. However, the secondary iron resource availability in China and how it impacts the future supply demand balance were still insufficiently discussed. In this work, we developed a material flow analysis and secondary resources reserve assessment (MFA-SRRA) integrated model, assessed secondary iron resources availability, and conducted a supply demand analysis through nine scenarios for irons in China. The results showed that China's secondary iron reserves will increase from 8.9 Gt in 2021 to 14.04 to 19.01 Gt in 2050. With the increasing secondary iron supply, more than 60% of iron ore as a source of steelmaking can be replaced by 2050. Landfills, as a significant reserve of iron but always ignored, will accumulate 1.42-1.51 Gt secondary iron resources by 2050 and should be noticed to be mined and utilized in the future. Last, we suggest that promoting innovation in landfill mining technology and making sustainable material management policies are urgent to prevent these secondary iron resources from becoming real waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dai
- China MNR Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100094 Beijing, China
- Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
| | - Zhongkui Han
- Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Wu Chen
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bojie Wen
- China MNR Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100094 Beijing, China
- Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ouyang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Qiangfeng Li
- GanJiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 341119 Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhaoshuai Pan
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Qiance Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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4
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Zhao C, Yang L, Chen Z, Wu C, Deng Z, Li H. Material flow analysis of an upgraded anaerobic digestion treatment plant with separated utilization of carbon and nitrogen of food waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131005. [PMID: 38889868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of food waste can recover carbon in the form of biogas, while the high concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the digestion effluent becomes troublesome. Therefore, some new treatment plants use three-phase centrifugation to separate homogenized food waste into nitrogen-rich fine slag for insect cultivation and carbon-rich liquid for anaerobic digestion. To analyze the effects of the carbon-nitrogen separation, an upgraded plant's material and elementary flows were investigated. The three-phase separation process redistributed carbon and nitrogen, and the biogas slurry was the primary output. The principal endpoint for C was the crude oil, capturing 57.1 ± 13.1 % of the total input; the find slag collected 48.3 ± 6.9 % of the total N input, and the biogas slag accepted 52.9 ± 4.4 % of the P input. The carbon-nitrogen separation strategy can improve digestion efficiency and increase treatment benefits significantly, marking a promising direction for future developments in food waste utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyun Zhao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Luxin Yang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chunxu Wu
- Shenzhen Qingzhi Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhou Deng
- Shenzhen Lisai Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Huan Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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5
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Islam MK, Khatun MS, Mourshed M. An in-depth analysis and review of management strategies for E-waste in the south Asian region: A way forward towards waste to energy conversion and sustainability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28707. [PMID: 38596113 PMCID: PMC11002055 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The soaring rise of electronic and electrical waste (E-waste) leads to significant challenges to the South Asian region, urging for incorporating comprehensive assessment and management strategies. The research dives into the intricacies of E-waste and examines how regulatory barriers, public ignorance, and the limited lifespan of electronic devices all contribute to the significant production of E-waste. This study emphasizes the vital need for ongoing and appropriate management practices by bringing attention to the short lifespan of electronic devices and the resulting generation of E-waste. This work also addresses the increased risks that people who live close to informal recycling sites for electronic waste face, as well as the dangerous substances that are found in them and how they harm the environment and human health. Furthermore, in order to promote circular economies and increase productivity, the study assesses management practices in both developed and developing nations, placing special emphasis on component reuse and recycling. Along with addressing the grave consequences of the illicit E-waste trade on the environment, particularly in developing nations, this review attempts to enlighten stakeholders and policymakers about the vital need for coordinated efforts to address the issues related to E-waste in the South Asian region by offering insights into E-waste assessment and management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Kaviul Islam
- School of Science and Engineering, Canadian University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Union Drive, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mst. Sharifa Khatun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Union Drive, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Monjur Mourshed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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6
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Chen J, Zhang S, Xu W, Chen C, Chen A, Lu R, Jing Q, Liu J. Exploring long-term global environmental impacts of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in waste: Implications for the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the global plastic treaty. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108527. [PMID: 38422873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), mainly short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), are currently the most produced and used industrial chemicals related to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) globally. These chemicals are widely detected in the environment and in the human body. As the release of SCCPs and MCCPs from products represents only a small fraction of their stock in products, the potential long-term release of CPs from a large variety of products at the waste stage has become an issue of great concern. The results of this study showed that, by 2050, SCCPs and MCCPs used between 2000 and 2021 will cumulatively generate 226.49 Mt of CP-containing wastes, comprising 8610.13 kt of SCCPs and MCCPs. Approximately 79.72 Mt of CP-containing wastes is predicted to be generated abroad through the international trade of products using SCCPs and MCCPs. The magnitude, distribution, and growth of CP-containing wastes subject to environmentally sound disposal will depend largely on the relevant provisions of the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the forthcoming global plastic treaty. According to multiple scenarios synthesizing the provisions of the three conventions, 26.6-101.1 Mt of CP-containing wastes will be subject to environmentally sound disposal as POP wastes, which would pose a great challenge to the waste disposal capacity of China, as well as for countries importing CP-containing products. The additional 5-year exemption period for MCCPs is expected to see an additional 10 Mt of CP-containing wastes subject to environmentally sound disposal. Thus, there is an urgent need to strengthen the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the global plastic treaty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengkang Chen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rongjing Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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7
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Dai M, Sun M, Chen B, Shi L, Jin M, Man Y, Liang Z, de Almeida CMVB, Li J, Zhang P, Chiu ASF, Xu M, Yu H, Meng J, Wang Y. Country-specific net-zero strategies of the pulp and paper industry. Nature 2024; 626:327-334. [PMID: 38109939 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry is an important contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions1,2. Country-specific strategies are essential for the industry to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, given its vast heterogeneities across countries3,4. Here we develop a comprehensive bottom-up assessment of net greenhouse gas emissions of the domestic paper-related sectors for 30 major countries from 1961 to 2019-about 3.2% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from the same period5-and explore mitigation strategies through 2,160 scenarios covering key factors. Our results show substantial differences across countries in terms of historical emissions evolution trends and structure. All countries can achieve net-zero emissions for their pulp and paper industry by 2050, with a single measure for most developed countries and several measures for most developing countries. Except for energy-efficiency improvement and energy-system decarbonization, tropical developing countries with abundant forest resources should give priority to sustainable forest management, whereas other developing countries should pay more attention to enhancing methane capture rate and reducing recycling. These insights are crucial for developing net-zero strategies tailored to each country and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 for the pulp and paper industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dai
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Watershed Carbon Neutrality Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingzhou Jin
- Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Liang
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jiashuo Li
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Anthony S F Chiu
- Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Yu
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yutao Wang
- Fudan Tyndall Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Energy and Carbon Neutrality Strategy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, China.
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8
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Yu G, Mao J, Tang Y, Pei S. Analysis of the coupled flows of aluminum and copper in household air conditioning system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:123643-123656. [PMID: 37991616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The global "copper-poor and aluminum-rich" situation has made the possibility of "copper saving with aluminum" an important topic. This study established a framework for analyzing multiple substances' coupled flows at the product level based on material flow analysis (MFA), and took the household air conditioning system of the Chinese mainland in 2020 as an example to characterize the coupled flows of aluminum and copper. The results showed that the system consumed 0.69 million tons of aluminum and 2.10 million tons of copper, and discharged 0.17 million tons of aluminum and 0.43 million tons of copper to the environment cumulatively to achieve 13.2 million terajoules of final heat exchanged and serve 1.24 billion square meters during lifetime in mainland China alone, secondary aluminum and copper accounted for only 22.61% and 24.83% of the total consumption, and the in-use stocks increased by 0.19 million tons of aluminum and 0.70 million tons of copper. The external dependency of copper ore was 92.83%, which was significantly higher than the 44.29% of bauxite. The comprehensive utilization efficiency of copper reached 77.88%, which was slightly higher than the 70.80% of aluminum. The conclusion indicates that under the premise of meeting use requirements, promoting "replacing copper with aluminum" can improve the stability and safety of China's material supply chain, but there is a need to further boost the production efficiency of aluminum in primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansu Mao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Pei
- Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China
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9
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Chen C, Li N, Qi J, Wei J, Chen WQ. Material Flow Analysis of Dysprosium in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17256-17265. [PMID: 37921462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysprosium (Dy) is increasingly being adopted in various clean energy products around the world, intriguing many nations' interests in its availability. However, since data are inaccessible, crucial information about Dy supplies and demands across products and countries remains incomplete. To fill these knowledge gaps, we performed a dynamic bottom-up material flow analysis of Dy, taking the United States (1987-2018) as a case. The results show that the United States (US) domestic demands experienced a growing trend (by 45-fold) with fluctuation and several shifts among applications, primarily owing to technological advancement. A large imbalance (80 times) exists between domestic mineral supplies and market demands, resulting in significant import dependency, with the net import reliance of alloys, chemicals, finished products, and concentrates being 97, 44, 40, and 31%, respectively. Dy is mainly imported as finished products (55.7%) and alloys (43.2%), with concentrates (0.4%) and chemicals (0.7%) accounting for less than 2%. This import dependency may result from fragmentation of the US supply chains because of the stricter environmental regulations on upstream industries and reshoring of the downstream industries. These findings suggest that rare-earth mineral production in the US is about to restart, and it is important for industries to seek international collaboration to boost product competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuke Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianchuan Qi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianlimin Wei
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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10
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Zong Y, Yao P, Zhang X, Wang J, Song X, Zhao J, Wang Z, Zheng Y. Material flow analysis on the critical resources from spent power lithium-ion batteries under the framework of China's recycling policies. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:463-472. [PMID: 37801873 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of electric vehicles in China, the number of spent power lithium-ion batteries is dramatically increased. Considering the environmental risk, security risk, and potential resource value, China has issued a series of laws and regulations to manage the spent power lithium-ion batteries. This work employs the material flow analysis method to evaluate the material flows of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn during the life cycle of power lithium-ion batteries under the framework of China's recycling policy system. The results show that the demand for primary Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can achieve 26.9, 68.1, 20.4, and 21.9 kt in 2021, and a lot of primary critical resources will inburst the in-use stage. Moreover, the number of secondary Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can achieve 6.1, 15.4, 4.6, and 5 kt in 2021, accounting for 22.7%, 22.6%, 22.5%, and 22.8% of their corresponding demand. Based on the economic evaluation under the framework of China's recycling policy system, it is found that the potential recycling values of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn are approximately 966, 523, 414, and 43 million RMB yuan, which are 66.4%, 71%, 59.6%, and 66.4% higher than those in the absence of China's recycling policy system. It is implied that China's recycling policy system could markedly improve the collection rate by reducing losses and indirectly enhancing the recycling and reuse of spent power lithium-ion batteries. This work is expected to provide guidance for policymakers to improve the management of spent power lithium-ion batteries in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Peifan Yao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xihua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xiaolong Song
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
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11
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Zheng B, Zhang YW, Geng Y, Wei W, Tan X, Xiao S, Gao Z. Measuring the anthropogenic cycles of light rare earths in China: Implications for the imbalance problem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163215. [PMID: 37011686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Light rare earth elements (LREEs) are of strategic importance for low carbon transition and decarbonization. However, the imbalance between LREEs exists and a systematic understanding of their flows and stocks is lacking, which impedes the attainment of resources efficiency and exacerbates the environmental burdens. This study examines the anthropogenic cycles and the imbalance problem of three representative LREEs in China, the largest LREEs producer in the world, including cerium (the most abundant), neodymium and praseodymium (the fastest demand-growing). We find that 1) from 2011 to 2020, the total consumption of Nd and Pr increased by 228 % and 223 %, respectively, mainly attributed to the increasing demand of NdFeB, whereas that of Ce increased by 157 %; 2) the supply insufficiency of Nd and Pr under the current quota system accumulated to 138,086 tons and 35,549 tons, respectively, while the oversupply of Ce reached 63,523 tons; and 3) China has become a net importer of LREEs concentrates, and a net exporter of LREEs in the form of intermediate and final products, imposing further burdens to the domestic environment. It is clear that the imbalance of LREEs occurred during the study period, raising urgent needs to adjust the LREEs production quotas, seek other Ce applications, and eliminate illegal mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zheng
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3 Yinlian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuquan W Zhang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3 Yinlian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yong Geng
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wendong Wei
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xueping Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Economics and Management, China University of Mining & Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Shijiang Xiao
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ziyan Gao
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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12
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Wang Z, Chen R, Li Y, Yang W, Tian Z, Graham NJD, Yang Z. Protein-folding-inspired approach for UF fouling mitigation using elevated membrane cleaning temperature and residual hydrophobic-modified flocculant after flocculation-sedimentation pre-treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119942. [PMID: 37031529 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic-modified flocculants have demonstrated considerable promise in the removal of emerging contaminants by flocculation. However, there is a lack of information about the impacts of dosing such flocculants on the performance of subsequent treatment unit(s) in the overall water treatment process. In this work, inspired by the ubiquitous protein folding phenomenon, an innovative approach using an elevated membrane cleaning temperature as the means to induce residual hydrophobic-modified chitosan flocculant (TRC), after flocculation-sedimentation, to reduce membrane fouling in a subsequent ultrafiltration was proposed; this was evaluated in a continuous flocculation-sedimentation-ultrafiltration (FSUF) process treating samples of the Yangtze River. The hydrophobic chains of TRC had similar temperature-dependent hydrophobicity to those of natural proteins. In the 40-day operation of the FSUF system with combined dosing of alum and TRC, a moderately elevated cleaning water temperature (45 °C) of both backwash with air-bubbling and soaking with sponge-scrubbing cleaning, significantly reduced reversible and irreversible fouling resistance by 49.8%∼61.3% and 73.9%∼83.3%, respectively, compared to the system using cleaning water at 25 °C. Material flow analysis, statistical analysis, instrumental characterizations, and computational simulations, showed that the enhanced fouling mitigation originated from three factors: the reduced contaminant accumulation onto membranes, the strengthened membrane-surface-modification role of TRC, and the weakened structure of the fouling material containing TRC, at the elevated cleaning temperature. Other measures of the performance, these being water purification, membrane stability and economic aspects, also confirmed the potential and feasibility of the proposed approach. This work has provided new insights into the role of hydrophobic-modified flocculants in membrane fouling control, in addition to emerging contaminant removal, in a FSUF surface water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiben Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqi Tian
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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Miao Y, Liu L, Xu K, Li J. High concentration from resources to market heightens risk for power lithium-ion battery supply chains globally. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65558-65571. [PMID: 37085683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Global low-carbon contracts, along with the energy and environmental crises, have encouraged the rapid development of the power battery industry. As the current first choice for power batteries, lithium-ion batteries have overwhelming advantages. However, the explosive growth of the demand for power lithium-ion batteries will likely cause crises such as resource shortages and supply-demand imbalances. This study adopts qualitative and quantitative research methods to comprehensively evaluate the power lithium-ion battery supply and demand risks by analyzing the global material flow of these batteries. The results show that the processes from resources to market of the power lithium-ion battery industry are highly concentrated with growing trends. The proportion of the top three power lithium-ion battery-producing countries grew from 71.79% in 2016 to 92.22% in 2020, increasing by 28%. The top three power lithium-ion battery-demand countries accounted for 83.07% of the demand in 2016 and 88.16% in 2020. The increasing concentration increases the severity of the supply risk. The results also imply that different processes are concentrated within different countries or regions, and the segmentation puts the development of the power lithium-ion battery industry at significant risk. It is urgent to address this situation so that this severe risk can be ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Room 804, Sino-Italian Environmental and Energy-Efficient Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Room 804, Sino-Italian Environmental and Energy-Efficient Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaihua Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for WEEE Recycling, Jingmen, 448124, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Room 804, Sino-Italian Environmental and Energy-Efficient Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
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14
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Gómez M, Xu G, Li J, Zeng X. Securing Indium Utilization for High-Tech and Renewable Energy Industries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2611-2624. [PMID: 36735866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Indium has emerged as a strategic metal for high-tech and renewable industries, being catalogued as a critical material to foster a greener future. Nevertheless, its global sustainability is not well addressed. Here, using dynamic substance flow analysis, we study the indium industry evolution between 2010 and 2020 and estimate its future demand in the medium and long term toward 2050 to identify potential paths and mechanisms to decrease indium losses and to identify the key stages in its life cycle. As electronics and photovoltaic industries will play a crucial role in the indium demand, we assess their indium demand employing three cumulative photovoltaic capacity scenarios (8.5, 14, and 60 TW by 2050) with different dominant photovoltaic sub-technologies. Results show that liquid-crystal displays and photovoltaic panels will drive indium future demand, increasing its current demand by 2.2-4.2, 2.6-7.0, and 6.8-38.3 times for the 8.5, 14, and 60 TW scenarios, respectively, threatening with shortages that could occur as early as the next decade. Therefore, measures to reduce losses in primary production, innovations and improvements in electronics and solar panels, and indium recycling with an effective circular economy strategy could promote and secure the future sustainability of indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Gómez
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Guochang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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15
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Wuyts W, Miatto A, Khumvongsa K, Guo J, Aalto P, Huang L. How Can Material Stock Studies Assist the Implementation of the Circular Economy in Cities? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17523-17530. [PMID: 36441957 PMCID: PMC9775195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
City and regional planners have recently started exploring a circular approach to urban development. Meanwhile, industrial ecologists have been designing and refining methodologies to quantify and locate material flows and stocks within systems. This Perspective explores to which extent material stock studies can contribute to urban circularity, focusing on the built environment. We conducted a critical literature review of material stock studies that claim they contribute to circular cities. We classified each article according to a matrix we developed leveraging existing circular built environment frameworks of urban planning, architecture, and civil engineering and included the terminology of material stock studies. We found that, out of 271 studies, only 132 provided information that could be relevant to the implementation of circular cities, albeit to vastly different degrees of effectiveness. Of these 132, only 26 reported their results in a spatially explicit manner, which is fundamental to the effective actuation of circular city strategies. We argue that future research should strive to provide spatial data, avoid being siloed, and increase engagement with other sociopolitical fields to address the different needs of the relevant stakeholders for urban circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wuyts
- Department
of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815Gjøvik, Norway
| | - Alessio Miatto
- Center
for Industrial Ecology, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Kronnaphat Khumvongsa
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya
University, Nagoya, Aichi464-8603, Japan
| | - Jing Guo
- School
of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Pasi Aalto
- Department
of Architecture and Technology, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, 7034Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Department
of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815Gjøvik, Norway
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16
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Chu J, Zhou Y, Cai Y, Wang X, Li C, Liu Q. Flow and stock accumulation of plastics in China: Patterns and drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158513. [PMID: 36075419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has always been a hot issue of global concern. Previous studies have mainly focused on the flow of plastics. However, information on the patterns and characteristics of flow, stock, and waste in the plastic life cycle and their driving factors is limited in China, and effective waste reduction and sustainable strategies are missing. Therefore, this research established a flow model of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET); further analyzed the driving factors; and proposed strategies for waste reduction and sustainable development. We found that the total consumption, stock, and waste of PET, PE, and PP in 2010-2017 reached 552.96, 292.70, and 257.18 Tg, respectively. Building and construction (B&C), packaging, and textiles were the sectors with the largest stock of PE, PP, and PET. From 2010 to 2013, the stock of PE increased by 440 %, which was mainly driven by the increase in material utilization intensity (MUI). Similarly, the growth of MUI was the main driving factor driving PP (351 %) and PET (367 %) stocks. Notably, from 2014 to 2017, economic growth was the main factor driving the plastic stock. These results will provide a scientific basis for promoting the sustainable utilization of PE, PP, and PET and be of great significance to achieve the strategic goal of a no-waste city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yanpeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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17
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Wang Y, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhong Q, Yue Q, Du T, Liang S. Human health and ecosystem impacts of China's resource extraction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157465. [PMID: 35868370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The throughput of materials fuels the economic process and underpins social well-being. These materials eventually return to the environment as waste or emissions. They can have significant environmental impacts throughout life cycle stages, such as biodiversity loss, adverse health effects, water stress, and climate change. China is the largest resource extractor globally, but the endpoint environmental impacts and the role of possible socioeconomic drivers associated with its resource extraction remain unclear. Here, we account for and analyze the two endpoint environmental impacts associated with China's resource extraction from 2000 to 2017 and quantify the relative contributions of various socioeconomic factors using structural decomposition analysis. The results show that the environmental impacts of China's resource extraction peaked in 2010. There was a significant decline from 2010 to 2017, in which human health damage decreased by 32.8 % and ecosystem quality damage decreased by 55.8 %. On the consumer side, the advancement in China's urbanization process led to an increase in the environmental impacts of urban residents' consumption, and the effect of investment on the environmental impacts decreased significantly after 2010. Decreases in the intensity of the environmental impacts in most sectors and improvements in production structure could reduce the impacts of resource extraction on human health and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xinzhe Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Heming Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Qiumeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tao Du
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Sai Liang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Cui Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang J, Allen DT. Coupled Dynamic Material Flow, Multimedia Environmental Model, and Ecological Risk Analysis for Chemical Management: A Di(2-ethylhexhyl) Phthalate Case in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11006-11016. [PMID: 35858124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexhyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer that has adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. However, data about its stocks, flows, emission rates, as well as ecological risks are generally unknown in China, one of the world's largest producers of chemicals including DEHP, limiting sound management of chemicals. Herein, dynamic material flow analysis, coupled with a multimedia environmental model and ecological risk analysis, was performed to fill the data gap about DEHP in China mainland from 1956 to 2020. Results indicate that the in-use stocks of DEHP increased from 6.54 × 106 kg in 1956 to 8.40 × 109 kg in 2020. With growth in the emission rates, DEHP concentrations in air, soil, water, and sediment kept increasing from 1956 to 2010, which declined after 2010 and regrew after 2015. Sediment was a main sink of DEHP with the highest ecological risk quotient of >10 after 1999, necessitating measures for controlling the risk, for example, technology innovation to reduce DEHP emission rates, and substitution of DEHP with low-toxic alternatives. The coupled models that connect socio-economic data with ecological risk output may provide a systematic methodology for verification of the data necessary for risk control of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - David T Allen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
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19
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Roy H, Rahman TU, Suhan MBK, Al-Mamun MR, Haque S, Islam MS. A comprehensive review on hazardous aspects and management strategies of electronic waste: Bangladesh perspectives. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09802. [PMID: 35815143 PMCID: PMC9263878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) contains a variety of electronic components e.g., metals, non-metals, plastics, cables, etc. The excessive generation of e-waste has become a significant concern in the last few decades. The current global e-waste generation is 57.4 million metric tons (MMT) per year. Asia produces the highest amount of e-waste (24.9 MMT) followed by America, Europe, Africa, and Oceania. In Bangladesh, e-waste produces from two sources: its own consumption of electronic devices, which is 0.6 MMT, and imported e-waste from ship breaking yards that is 2.5 MMT in 2021. However, inadequate information on the current state of e-waste generation and management systems in Bangladesh has created a void to establish the future direction for proper handling of e-waste. In this work, the Bangladesh perspective of e-waste has been analyzed. The environmental, health economical forfeiture of e-waste has been discussed. The development of government legislations regarding e-waste have been stated. The establishment of e-waste management has been designed by the life cycle assessment (LCA) and material flow analysis (MFA) models. Moreover, a holistic approach for understanding the possible hazards, the economic feasibility of e-waste processing and viable management models for e-waste in Bangladesh was endeavored in this work to propose systematic future directions and recommendations to improve the current e-waste scenario of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridoy Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzim Ur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Burhan Kabir Suhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rashid Al-Mamun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Shafaul Haque
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahinoor Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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20
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Transforming Linear Production Chains into Circular Value Extended Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Different schools of thought, theories, and concepts have been developed to diminish the social and environmental impact that the take–make–dispose linear economic model has produced. Such is the case of industrial ecology (IE) and circular economy (CE). However, the principles and guidelines in IE literature are focused more on resource efficiency without considering the social externalities. In the same sense, CE literature has not brought clear guidance about how to circularize linear businesses and is mainly focused on recycling strategies, which could be the least profitable and attractive option among the circular business models (CBM). Based on the sustainable wealth creation through disruptive innovation and enabling technologies (SWIT) framework and the business model framework, we have developed a roadmap to transform linear value chains into an industrial ecology cluster of zero-waste chains and enabling institutions called a circular value extended system (CVES), which is able to exploit non-usual business opportunities of waste and residue revaluation. This systemic approach opens the possibilities of creating a socially inclusive, environmentally resilient, and economically viable system of capital. A case study is presented to clarify the design process and application of the framework. Our contribution entails guidelines to transform linear value chains into a cluster of circular economy systems capable of producing sustainable increasing returns to benefit multiple regional stakeholders.
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21
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Plank B, Streeck J, Virág D, Krausmann F, Haberl H, Wiedenhofer D. Compilation of an economy-wide material flow database for 14 stock-building materials in 177 countries from 1900 to 2016. MethodsX 2022; 9:101654. [PMID: 35402170 PMCID: PMC8987645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
International datasets on economy-wide material flows currently fail to comprehensively cover the quantitatively most important materials and countries, to provide centennial coverage and to differentiate between processing stages. These data gaps hamper research and policy on resource use. Herein, we present and document the data processing and compilation procedures applied to develop a novel economy-wide database of primary stock-building material flows systematically covering 177 countries from 1900- 2016. The main methodological novelty is the consistent integration of material flow accounting and analysis principles and thereby addresses limitations in terms of transparency, data quality and uncertainty treatment. The database systematically discerns four processing stages from raw materials extraction, to processing of raw and semi-finished products, to manufacturing of stock-building materials. Included materials are concrete, asphalt, bricks, timber products, paper, iron & steel, aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, other metals, plastics, container and flat glass. The database is compiled using international and national data sources, using a transparent and consistent 10-step procedure, as well as a systematic uncertainty assessment. Apart from a detailed documentation of the data compilation, validations of the database using data from previous studies and additional uncertainty estimates are presented. • Systematically compiled historical database of primary stock-building material flows for 177 countries. • Consistent integration of economy-wide material flow accounting and detailed material flow analysis principles. • Methodological enhancements in terms of transparency, data quality and uncertainty treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plank
- Institute of Social Ecology, BOKU Vienna; Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna 1070, Austria
| | - Jan Streeck
- Institute of Social Ecology, BOKU Vienna; Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna 1070, Austria
| | - Doris Virág
- Institute of Social Ecology, BOKU Vienna; Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna 1070, Austria
| | - Fridolin Krausmann
- Institute of Social Ecology, BOKU Vienna; Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna 1070, Austria
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Institute of Social Ecology, BOKU Vienna; Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna 1070, Austria
| | - Dominik Wiedenhofer
- Institute of Social Ecology, BOKU Vienna; Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna 1070, Austria
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22
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Smith RL, Takkellapati S, Riegerix RC. Recycling of Plastics in the United States: Plastic Material Flows and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Recycling Processes. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:2084-2096. [PMID: 35425669 PMCID: PMC9004285 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As efforts are made toward establishing a circular economy that engages in activities that maintain resources at their highest values for as long as possible, an important aspect is understanding the systems which allow recycling to occur. In this article a common plastic, polyethylene terephthalate, i.e., PET or plastic #1, has been studied because it is recycled at relatively high rates in the U.S. as compared to other plastics. A material flow analysis is described for PET resin showing materials collected, reclaimed for flake, and converted into items with recycled content. Imports/exports, reclaimer residue, and disposal with mismanaged waste are all shown for U.S. flows of PET. Barriers to recycling PET exist in the collecting, sorting, reclaiming, and converting steps, and this article describes them, offers some solutions, and suggests some research that chemists and engineers could focus on to improve the systems. This effort also models sorting at material recovery facilities (MRF) and reclaimers, with detailed descriptions of the material streams involved, to characterize the resource use and emissions from these operations that are key processes in the recycling system. Example results include greenhouse gas intensities of 8.58 kg CO2 equiv per ton of MRF feed and 103.7 kg CO2 equiv per ton of reclaimer PET bale feed. The results can be used in system analyses for various scenarios and as inputs in economic input-output and life cycle assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Smith
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Sudhakar Takkellapati
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Rachelle C Riegerix
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, Washington, District of Columbia 20004, United States
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23
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Billy RG, Monnier L, Nybakke E, Isaksen M, Müller DB. Systemic Approaches for Emission Reduction in Industrial Plants Based on Physical Accounting: Example for an Aluminum Smelter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1973-1982. [PMID: 35042334 PMCID: PMC8812049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting in industrial plants usually has multiple purposes, including mandatory reporting, shareholder and stakeholder communication, developing key performance indicators (KPIs), or informing cost-effective mitigation options. Current carbon accounting systems, such as the one required by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), ignore the system context in which emissions occur. This hampers the identification and evaluation of comprehensive mitigation strategies considering linkages between materials, energy, and emissions. Here, we propose a carbon accounting method based on multilevel material flow analysis (MFA), which aims at addressing this gap. Using a Norwegian primary aluminum production plant as an example, we analyzed the material stocks and flows within this plant for total mass flows of goods as well as substances such as aluminum and carbon. The results show that the MFA-based accounting (i) is more robust than conventional tools due to mass balance consistency and higher granularity, (ii) allows monitoring the performance of the company and defines meaningful KPIs, (iii) can be used as a basis for the EU ETS reporting and linked to internal reporting, (iv) enables the identification and evaluation of systemic solutions and resource efficiency strategies for reducing emissions, and (v) has the potential to save costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain G. Billy
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Louis Monnier
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- Utopies, 25 Rue Titon, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Even Nybakke
- Hydro
Aluminium, Drammensveien 264, 0283 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Daniel B. Müller
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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Methodology to assess the circularity in building construction and refurbishment activities. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION & RECYCLING ADVANCES 2021; 12:None. [PMID: 34977854 PMCID: PMC8700248 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcradv.2021.200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel and innovative methodology to assess the degree of Circularity in one of the most resource-consuming and impactful economic activities: the building construction and/or renovation works. The proposed approach measures the ratio of circular flows in three aspects: energy, water and materials consumption; and combines them with the measure of social added value and economic value of the entire activity along its life cycle, regardless of being a new building construction or a major renovation work. The whole methodology has been developed under a life cycle perspective, incorporating into the analysis all material flows and social, environmental and economic impacts from cradle to grave, i.e., from resource acquisition to end of life treatment processes or disposal. The proposed Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) measure different and non-directly related parameters (energy, materials, social impact…) and they are both quantitative and qualitative metrics. Hence, the proposed methodology performs the indicators calculation procedure independently. The methodology has been tested with a conventional energy renovation process consisting of an installation of an External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) – one of the most prevailing façade energy retrofitting alternatives – combined with a rooftop solar PV system. In this way, a calculation example is shown and some lessons can be extracted regarding the degree circularity of current building construction and refurbishment practices. Results show that current building envelope solutions – even including an efficient rooftop PV system – are far from being considered circular: whereas a significant 51% of Energy Circularity is achieved, only a 29% and a 21% degree of Circularity is observed for the materials and social aspects, also with high payback periods – above 20 years – on the economic side. The methodology also succeeds in showing the potential for improvement and its location along the building life cycle. It is also shown that buildings behave significantly different in each of the addressed CE aspects: materials, energy and water use, social added value and life cycle cost; showing also different potential of improvement.
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25
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Bi M, Liu W, Luan X, Li M, Liu M, Liu W, Cui Z. Production, Use, and Fate of Phthalic Acid Esters for Polyvinyl Chloride Products in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13980-13989. [PMID: 34617437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are the most common plasticizers, approximately 90% of which are used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, but they are also endocrine disruptors that have attracted considerable attention. The metabolism of PAEs in PVC products in China from 1958 to 2019 was studied using dynamic material flow analysis. The results showed that the total consumption of PAEs was 29.2 Mt in the past 60 years. By 2019, the in-use stocks of PAEs were 5.0 Mt. Construction materials were always in the leading position with respect to the consumption and in-use stocks of PAEs. A total PAE loss of 22.7 Mt was generated, of which 68.0% remained in waste distributed in landfills (50.1%), storage sites (5.5%), the environment (44.4%), 12.4% was eliminated during waste incineration and open burning, and 19.6% was emitted into the environment. From 1958 to 2019, 496.4, 55.6, and 3905.0 kt of PAEs were emitted into water, air, and soil, respectively. The use and waste treatment stages contributed 79.3 and 19.9% of the emissions of PAEs in the life cycle, respectively. This study systematically analyzed the metabolism of PAEs at the national level over a long-time span, providing useful information on the life cycle management of PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Bi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyu Luan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Muyang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenqiu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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26
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Dal Mas F, Zeng X, Huang Q, Li J. Quantifying material flow of oily sludge in China and its implications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112115. [PMID: 33714732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oily sludge is classified as hazardous waste. If not treated properly, it can cause negative impacts on human health and the ecological environment. However, the current lack of macro and micro scientific understanding of the treatment of oily sludge hinders its sound management. In this study, at the microlevel, we selected two of the most common treatment processes of oily sludge and establish a database through data collection and estimation. Material flow analysis was adopted to reveal the generation, pretreatment, recycling, and disposal processes of mechanical separation and incineration. At the macrolevel, this article predicted the material flow of China's whole process management of oily sludge and analyzed the typical flow characteristics of valuable resources in the whole process to guide the formulation of relevant policies in the future. The annual generation of oily sludge in China was between 4.45 and 6.22 Tg, and the average comprehensive utilization rate was approximately 36%. We are still far away from a sound management system despite new legislative revisions. Close supervision and technical processes should be further enhanced shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dal Mas
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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27
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Chu J, Hu X, Kong L, Wang N, Zhang S, He M, Ouyang W, Liu X, Lin C. Dynamic flow and pollution of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144643. [PMID: 33540166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb), a regulated contaminant, is added as a catalyst in the process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) synthesis. Previously, Sb release from PET bottles and films was studied. However, Sb release from PET fibers (the most common form of PET) is limited. Therefore, a network model of material flow for PET fibers in China is developed, and the anthropogenic Sb flow and release entering into the hydrosphere, pedosphere, and atmosphere are studied based on microexperiments and macromodels. To compensate for the uncertainty caused by material flow analysis, Sb pollution in the surrounding areas (the drinking water of nearby residents and sediments of nearby river area) is further explored by combining field investigations and sample analysis. The results are as follows: 1) the manufacture stage of PET fibers is the main source of Sb release (2926 t), followed by the dyeing (2223 t) and weaving (908 t) stages; 2) Sb release (1108 t) from waste PET fibers subjected to landfill disposal is the highest. Sb release (872 t) from discarded fiber waste is second highest. Sb release from PET fibers subjected to mechanical recycling, incineration, and chemical recycling is 784, 284, and 25 t, respectively; and 3) an obvious source-sink relationship is found between anthropogenic Sb in the rivers and sediments and the intensity of the industries. This study suggests that Sb from PET fibers should be properly managed to prevent widespread dispersion in the hydrosphere, pedosphere, and atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Linghao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Suhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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28
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Wang T, Berrill P, Zimmerman JB, Hertwich EG. Copper Recycling Flow Model for the United States Economy: Impact of Scrap Quality on Potential Energy Benefit. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5485-5495. [PMID: 33783185 PMCID: PMC8154355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Is recycling a means for meeting the increasing copper demand in the face of declining ore grades? To date, research to address this question has generally focused on the quantity, not the quality of copper scrap. Here, the waste input-output impact assessment (WIO-IA) model integrates information on United States (US) economy-wide material flow, various recycling indicators, and the impact of material production from diverse sources to represent the quantity and quality of copper flows throughout the lifecycle. This approach enables assessment of recycling performance against environmental impact indicators. If all potentially recyclable copper scrap was recycled, energy consumption associated with copper production would decrease by 15% with alloy scrap as the largest contributor. Further energy benefits from increased recycling are limited by the lower quality of the scrap yet to be recycled. Improving the yield ratio of final products and the grade of diverse consumer product scrap could help increase copper circularity and decrease energy consumption. Policy makers should address the importance of a portfolio of material efficiency strategies like improved utilization of copper products and lifetime extension in addition to encouraging the demand for recycled copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Center
for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Peter Berrill
- Center
for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Julie B. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Edgar G. Hertwich
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7495 Trondheim, Norway
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29
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Chu J, Cai Y, Li C, Wang X, Liu Q, He M. Dynamic flows of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:273-282. [PMID: 33639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastic material that may cause significant environmental pollution. China is a major global producer and consumer of PET. Previous studies have focused on the effects of toxic elements from PET (e.g., antimony leached from PET products) on the environment. However, detailed information about PET, particularly about the PET production, trade, use, and recycling in China, is limited. This study developed a network model of PET flows in China, including the production, market trade, manufacturing and use, and waste management and recycling stages. Based on this network model, the characteristics of PET flows during three periods of development for the PET industry were analyzed. The results show that the fiber and bottle manufacturing industries are the industries with the largest PET in-use stocks. The PET flows showed different characteristics in the terms of waste import, recycling, and disposal (mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, incineration, landfill, and discarding) in the different periods of PET industrial development. Notably, the amount of discarded PET was significant, and the treatment of waste PET would probably be a challenge in the future. Policies for improving the PET cycling system were provided on the basis of the study results to promote the management and sustainable utilization of PET materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanpeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development (Guangdong University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chunhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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30
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Fuss M, Barros RTV, Poganietz WR. The role of a socio-integrated recycling system in implementing a circular economy - The case of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 121:215-225. [PMID: 33383530 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste pickers (WPs) are considered a strong suggestion to become practical mediators of the circular economy (CE) in emerging economies. This new recommendation intends to strengthen WPs' role in household solid waste management while supporting the establishment of CE. Municipalities often do not recognize WPs as service providers and frequently discriminate against them. In such a challenging situation, could a socio-integrated recycling system with integrated WPs be a robust strategy to boost a CE? Belo Horizonte is a learning platform to answer this research question because this Brazilian city has a long-term commitment to social integration. The work applies the combination of participatory observation, multi-year material flow analysis (MFA), and structural agent analysis (SAA) to identify allocative resources, legitimation, and cultural values that are fundamental to operationalizing CE. The MFA results show a significant increase in waste generation, but not more than 4% of recyclable waste generated could be collected as input for WP cooperatives. The number of WPs registered in cooperatives, the market price of recyclables, and regulatory legislation for packaging products are classified as barriers for the successful extension of a socio-integrated recycling system identified in the SAA. This study suggests that knowing the target group (e.g., city hall and industries) brings opportunities for WPs to disclose niches (based on a small network of agents with expectations and visions) and can potentially create socio-technical regimes to implement a conscious and sustainable CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryegli Fuss
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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31
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Zhao Z, Cai Q, Zhang P, He B, Peng X, Tu G, Peng W, Wang L, Yu F, Wang X. N6-Methyladenosine RNA Methylation Regulator-Related Alternative Splicing (AS) Gene Signature Predicts Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Prognosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:657087. [PMID: 34179079 PMCID: PMC8226009 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.657087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation regulatory genes and related gene alternative splicing (AS) could be used to predict the prognosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma. This study focused on 13 m6A regulatory genes (METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, KIAA1429, RBM15, ZC3H13, YTHDC1, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, HNRNPC, FTO, and ALKBH5) and expression profiles in TCGA-LUAD (n = 504) and TCGA-LUSC (n = 479) datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. The data were downloaded and bioinformatically and statistically analyzed, including the gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. There were 43,948 mRNA splicing events in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and 46,020 in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and the data suggested that m6A regulators could regulate mRNA splicing. Differential HNRNPC and RBM15 expression was associated with overall survival (OS) of LUAD and HNRNPC and METTL3 expression with the OS of LUSC patients. Furthermore, the non-small cell lung cancer prognosis-related AS events signature was constructed and divided patients into high- vs. low-risk groups using seven and 14 AS genes in LUAD and LUSC, respectively. The LUAD risk signature was associated with gender and T, N, and TNM stages, but the LUSC risk signature was not associated with any clinical features. In addition, the risk signature and TNM stage were independent prognostic predictors in LUAD and the risk signature and T stage were independent prognostic predictors in LUSC after the multivariate Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses. In conclusion, this study revealed the AS prognostic signature in the prediction of LUAD and LUSC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qidong Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Boxue He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxu Tu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weilin Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Wang,
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32
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Hauser M, Nowack B. Probabilistic modelling of nanobiomaterial release from medical applications into the environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106184. [PMID: 33137704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials (NBMs) are currently being tested in numerous biomedical applications, and their use is expected to grow rapidly in the near future. Many different types of nanomaterials are employed for a wide variety of different applications. Silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) have been investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and osteoinductive properties to be used in catheters, wound healing, dental applications, and bone healing. Polymeric nanoparticles such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are mainly studied for their ability to deliver cancer drugs as the body metabolizes them into simple compounds. However, most of these applications are still in the development stage and unavailable on the market, meaning that information on possible consumption, material flows, and concentrations in the environment is lacking. We thus modeled a realistic scenario involving several nano-Ag and PLGA applications which are already in use or likely to reach the market soon. We assumed their full market penetration in Europe in order to explore the prospective flows of NBMs and their environmental concentrations. The potential flows of three application-specific composite materials were also examined for one precise application each: Fe3O4PEG-PLGA used in drug delivery, MgHA-collagen used for bone tissue engineering, and PLLA-Ag applied in wound healing. Mean annual consumption in Europe, considering all realistic and probable applications of the respective NBMs, was estimated to be 5,650 kg of nano-Ag and 48,000 kg of PLGA. Mean annual consumption of the three application-specific materials under the full market penetration scenario was estimated to be 4,000 kg of Fe3O4PEG-PLGA, 58 kg of MgHA-collagen, and 24,300 kg of PLLA-Ag. A probabilistic material-flow model was used to quantify flows of the NBMs studied from production, through use, and on to end-of-life in the environment. The highest possible worst-case predicted environmental concentration (wc-PEC) were found to occur in sewage sludge, with 0.2 µg/kg of nano-Ag, 400 µg/kg of PLGA, 33 µg/kg of Fe3O4PEG-PLGA, 0.007 µg/kg of MgHA-collagen, and 2.9 µg/kg of PLLA-Ag. PLGA exhibited the highest concentration in all environmental compartments except natural and urban soil, where nano-Ag showed the highest concentration. The results showed that the distribution of NBMs into different environmental and technical compartments is strongly dependent on their type of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hauser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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A Modelling Framework for the Conceptual Design of Low-Emission Eco-Industrial Parks in the Circular Economy: A Case for Algae-Centered Business Consortia. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a unique industrial symbiosis employing an algae cultivation unit (ACU) at the core of a novel eco-industrial park (EIP) integrating fossil-fuel fired power generation, carbon capture, biofuel production, aquaculture, and wastewater treatment. A new modelling framework capable of designing and evaluating materials and energy exchanges within an industrial eco-system is introduced. In this scalable model, an algorithm was developed to balance the material and energy exchanges and determine the optimal inputs and outputs based on the industrial symbiosis objectives and participating industries. Optimizing the functionality of the ACU not only achieved a substantial emission reduction, but also boosted aquaculture, biofuel, and other chemical productions. In a power-boosting scenario (PBS), by matching a 660 MW fossil fuel-fired power plant with an equivalent solar field in the presence of ACU, fish-producing aquaculture and biofuel industries, the net CO2 emissions were cut by 60% with the added benefit of producing 39 m3 biodiesel, 6.7 m3 bioethanol, 0.14 m3 methanol, and 19.55 tons of fish products annually. Significantly, this article shows the potential of this new flexible modelling framework for integrated materials and energy flow analysis. This integration is an important pathway for evaluating energy technology transitions towards future low-emission production systems, as required for a circular economy.
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Wang QC, Wang P, Qiu Y, Dai T, Chen WQ. Byproduct Surplus: Lighting the Depreciative Europium in China's Rare Earth Boom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14686-14693. [PMID: 32985873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Europium (Eu) is often regarded as a critical mineral due to its byproduct nature, importance to lighting technologies, and global supply concentration. However, the existing indicator-based criticality assessments have limitations to capture Eu's supply chain information and thus fall short of reflecting its true criticality. This study quantified the flows and stocks of Eu in mainland China from 1990 to 2018. Results show that: (1) China's Eu demand decreased by 75% from 2011 to 2018, as a result of the lighting technology transition from fluorescent lamps to light-emitting diodes, which significantly reduced Eu's importance; (2) the supply of Eu mined as a byproduct kept increasing together with the growing rare earth production, which caused a substantial supply surplus being ≈1900 t by 2018; (3) despite the leading role of China in global Eu production, Eu mined in China was exported mainly in the form of intermediate and final products, and ≈90% Eu embedded in domestically produced final products was used for export recently. This study indicates that Eu's criticality is not as severe as previously assessed and highlights the necessity of material flow analysis for a holistic and dynamic view on the entire supply chain of critical minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Chu Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- Fujian Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- Fujian Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Bren Hall, 2400 University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Tao Dai
- MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, 100037, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- Fujian Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Nakatani J, Maruyama T, Moriguchi Y. Revealing the intersectoral material flow of plastic containers and packaging in Japan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19844-19853. [PMID: 32747531 PMCID: PMC7443912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001379117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese government developed a strategy for plastics and laid out ambitious targets including the reduction of 25% for single-use plastic waste and the reuse/recycling of 60% for plastic containers and packaging by 2030. However, the current usage situation of single-use plastics including containers and packaging, which should be a basis of the strategy, is unclear. Here, we identify the nationwide material flow of plastics in Japan based on input-output tables. Of the domestic plastic demand of 8.4 Mt in 2015, 1.6 and 2.5 Mt were estimated to be for containers and packaging comprising household and industry inflows, respectively, through the purchase/procurement of products, services, and raw materials. Considering the current amount of recycling collected from households (1.0 Mt) and industries (0.3 to 0.4 Mt), the reuse/recycling target has already been achieved if the goal is limited to household container and packaging waste, as is the focus of Japan's recycling law. Conversely, the results indicate that it will be extremely difficult to reach the target collectively with industries. Therefore, it is essential that efforts be made throughout the entire supply chain. Food containers and packaging that flowed into the food-processing and food service sectors accounted for 15% of the inflow of containers and packaging into industries. Thus, the key to achieving the reuse/recycling target will comprise the collection of plastic food packaging from not only households but also the food industry. Furthermore, the collection of flexible plastic films used between industry sectors will put the target within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakatani
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tamon Maruyama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuichi Moriguchi
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Venkata Mohan S, Amulya K, Annie Modestra J. Urban biocycles - Closing metabolic loops for resilient and regenerative ecosystem: A perspective. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123098. [PMID: 32217001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cities are at crossroads, confronting challenges posed by increasing population growth, climate change and faltering livability. These problems are prompting urban areas to chart novel path towards adopting sustainable production/consumption strategies. The alluring concept of circular economy (CE) that focuses on reuse and recycling of materials in technical and biological cycles to reduce waste generation is a critical intervention. Present article aims on precisely highlighting the importance of biogenic materials which have an immense potential to be transformed into a source of value in an urban ecosystem. It also sets out to explore the scope of implementing 'urban biocycles' that strategically directs the flow of resources, their use, extracting value in the form of nutrients, energy and materials post consumption within an urban metabolic regime. The concepts discussed contribute to biocycle economy by outlining emerging requirements, identification of common strategies, policies and emerging areas of research in line with sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - K Amulya
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - J Annie Modestra
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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