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Zhang Y, Jin J, Wang N, Sun Q, Feng D, Zhu S, Wang Z, Li S, Ye J, Chai L, Xie Z, Deng X. Cytochrome P450 CitCYP97B modulates carotenoid accumulation diversity by hydroxylating β-cryptoxanthin in Citrus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100847. [PMID: 38379285 PMCID: PMC11211522 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids in plant foods provide health benefits by functioning as provitamin A. One of the vital provitamin A carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin, is typically plentiful in citrus fruit. However, little is known about the genetic basis of β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in citrus. Here, we performed a widely targeted metabolomic analysis of 65 major carotenoids and carotenoid derivatives to characterize carotenoid accumulation in Citrus and determine the taxonomic profile of β-cryptoxanthin. We used data from 81 newly sequenced representative accessions and 69 previously sequenced Citrus cultivars to reveal the genetic basis of β-cryptoxanthin accumulation through a genome-wide association study. We identified a causal gene, CitCYP97B, which encodes a cytochrome P450 protein whose substrate and metabolic pathways in land plants were undetermined. We subsequently demonstrated that CitCYP97B functions as a novel monooxygenase that specifically hydroxylates the β-ring of β-cryptoxanthin in a heterologous expression system. In planta experiments provided further evidence that CitCYP97B negatively regulates β-cryptoxanthin content. Using the sequenced Citrus accessions, we found that two critical structural cis-element variations contribute to increased expression of CitCYP97B, thereby altering β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in fruit. Hybridization/introgression appear to have contributed to the prevalence of two cis-element variations in different Citrus types during citrus evolution. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the regulation and diversity of carotenoid metabolism in fruit crops and provide a genetic target for production of β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiajing Jin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shenchao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zexin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shunxin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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2
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Wu H, Sun Y, Ma L, Cheng S, Lv D, Hao J, Han L. Microbial exopolysaccharide EPS66A inducing walnut (Juglans regia) resistance to bacterial blight. Food Chem 2024; 435:137551. [PMID: 37801767 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis is a major obstacle to walnut production. EPS66A, derived from Streptomyces sp. strain HL-66, has various beneficial properties, including broad-spectrum microbe inhibition and plant disease resistance induction. To understand the effects of Xaj and EPS66A on walnut, a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was conducted. While EPS66A did not directly inhibit Xaj on agar media, applying it at 200 μg/mL, 24 h after Xaj inoculation on walnut leaves, significantly reduced bacterial blight in a greenhouse. Additionally, EPS66A increased phenolic and flavonoid concentrations and enhanced enzymatic activities associated with resistance, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Differential expression of eleven metabolites and fourteen genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was observed. Consequently, EPS66A application induced systemic resistance in walnuts, effectively preventing Xaj infection. This study provides insights into the flavonoid biosynthesis mechanism underlying EPS66A-induced resistance in walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yubo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Siying Cheng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dianwen Lv
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Lirong Han
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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3
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Liu H, Cheng Z, Li J, Xie J. The dynamic changes in pigment metabolites provide a new understanding of the colouration of Pyracantha fortuneana at maturity. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113720. [PMID: 38129036 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The type, content and accumulation characteristics of pigments are the material basis for fruit colour and the evaluation basis of the fruit maturity and nutritional value of P. fortuneana. However, little information is available on the changes in carotenoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and major flavones during the ripening process of P. fortuneana fruits. Thus, this study investigated the colour conversion characteristics, the main changes in the above four metabolites and the association landscape with those metabolites. The results showed that thirty-nine kinds of carotenoids and derivatives, eighteen anthocyanins, five procyanidins and five flavone compounds were identified in the fruits of P. fortuneana. The total content and contents of most individual carotenoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and flavones reached the highest values at the TS2, TS4, TS1 and TS1 stages, respectively. Among the variations, the contents of β-carotene and lutein increased first and then decreased, cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside accumulated, the concentrations of procyanidin C1 and procyanidin B2 decreased, and the contents of rutin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside also decreased; these changers were responsible for the main changes in carotenoids, anthocyanidin, procyanidins and flavones, respectively. For the correlation analysis results, there might be two modes of action that together affected the colour conversion of P. fortuneana fruits during ripening, i.e., (E/Z)-phytoene communicated with the carotenoid metabolic pathway that might promote the accumulated ABA content, which might cause the increased anthocyanidin (primarily through cyanidin-3-(6-malonyl-beta-d-glucoside) (C3MG)) at the final stage; most of the decreased flavone and procyanidin metabolites produced by the flavonoid metabolic pathway were another important factor affecting the accumulation of C3MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Zhifei Cheng
- Basic Teaching Department, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guizhou 551499, PR China
| | - Junliang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jiao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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Wang T, Zheng Z, Deng L, Li W, Yuan Y, Zhang M, Sun G, He S, Wang J, Wang Z, Xiong B. Effect of Natural Variation and Rootstock on Fruit Quality and Volatile Organic Compounds of ' Kiyomi tangor' ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) Citrus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16810. [PMID: 38069133 PMCID: PMC10706780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the fruit quality and color of 'Kiyomi' (WT) and its mutant (MT) grafted on Ziyang xiangcheng (Cj) (WT/Cj, MT/Cj), and the MT grafted on Trifoliate orange (Pt) (MT/Pt). The differences in sugar, organic acid, flavonoids, phenols, and volatile substances of the three materials were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed significant differences in the appearance of WT/Cj, MT/Cj, and MT/Pt. MT/Pt, compared to WT/Cj, MT/Cj, had lower sugar, acid, phenol and flavonoid contents in the pulp. However, MT/Pt pulp was higher in vitamin C (VC), and the peel had significantly higher total phenol and flavonoid contents. In terms of pulp, WT/Cj had the greatest diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 4-methyl-1-pentanol was significantly higher in MT/Cj pulp, while MT/Pt pulp had a unique octanoic acid, methyl ester. VOCs were more diverse in the peels of the three materials. β-Myrcene and valencen were significantly higher in MT/Cj peels. In contrast, 16 unique VOCs were detected in MT/Pt, and D-limonene content was significantly higher than in WT/Cj and MT/Cj. The results suggest Trifoliate orange is a suitable rootstock for MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhendong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weijia Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siya He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Zhu K, Chen H, Mei X, Lu S, Xie H, Liu J, Chai L, Xu Q, Wurtzel ET, Ye J, Deng X. Transcription factor CsMADS3 coordinately regulates chlorophyll and carotenoid pools in Citrus hesperidium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:519-536. [PMID: 37224514 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Citrus, 1 of the largest fruit crops with global economic and nutritional importance, contains fruit known as hesperidium with unique morphological types. Citrus fruit ripening is accompanied by chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, which are indispensably linked to color formation and the external appearance of citrus fruits. However, the transcriptional coordination of these metabolites during citrus fruit ripening remains unknown. Here, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor CsMADS3 in Citrus hesperidium that coordinates chlorophyll and carotenoid pools during fruit ripening. CsMADS3 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, and its expression is induced during fruit development and coloration. Overexpression of CsMADS3 in citrus calli, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and citrus fruits enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis and upregulated carotenogenic genes while accelerating chlorophyll degradation and upregulating chlorophyll degradation genes. Conversely, the interference of CsMADS3 expression in citrus calli and fruits inhibited carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation and downregulated the transcription of related genes. Further assays confirmed that CsMADS3 directly binds and activates the promoters of phytoene synthase 1 (CsPSY1) and chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CsLCYb2), 2 key genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, and STAY-GREEN (CsSGR), a critical chlorophyll degradation gene, which explained the expression alterations of CsPSY1, CsLCYb2, and CsSGR in the above transgenic lines. These findings reveal the transcriptional coordination of chlorophyll and carotenoid pools in the unique hesperidium of Citrus and may contribute to citrus crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Heping Xie
- The Experimental Station of Loose-skin Mandarins in Yichang, Agricultural Technical Service Center of Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei 443100, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016-16 4309, USA
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Luo T, Lin X, Lai T, Long L, Lai Z, Du X, Guo X, Shuai L, Han D, Wu Z. GA 3 Treatment Delays the Deterioration of 'Shixia' Longan during the On-Tree Preservation and Room-Temperature Storage and Up-Regulates Antioxidants. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102032. [PMID: 37238852 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibberellic acids had been proven to improve the fruit quality and storability by delaying deterioration and maintaining the antioxidant system. In this study, the effect of GA3 spraying at different concentrations (10, 20, and 50 mg L-1) on the quality of on-tree preserved 'Shixia' longan was examined. Only 50 mg L-1 GA3 significantly delayed the decline of soluble solids (22.0% higher than the control) and resulted in higher total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in pulp at the later stages. The widely targeted metabolome analysis showed that the treatment reprogrammed secondary metabolites and up-regulated many tannins, phenolic acids, and lignans during the on-tree preservation. More importantly, the preharvest 50 mg L-1 GA3 spraying (at 85 and 95 days after flowering) led to significantly delayed pericarp browning and aril breakdown, as well as lower pericarp relative conductivity and mass loss at the later stages of room-temperature storage. The treatment also resulted in higher antioxidants in pulp (vitamin C, phenolics, and reduced glutathione) and pericarp (vitamin C, flavonoids, and phenolics). Therefore, preharvest 50 mg L-1 GA3 spraying is an effective method for maintaining the quality and up-regulating antioxidants of longan fruit during both on-tree preservation and room-temperature storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaolan Lin
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tingting Lai
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Libing Long
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziying Lai
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinxin Du
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaomeng Guo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liang Shuai
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenxian Wu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Wang T, Xiong B, Zheng Z, Qin Z, Deng L, Zheng W, Zhang M, Sun G, He S, Wang J, Wang Z. Natural Variation Confers 'Aiyuan 38' Citrus Mutant a New Color and Unique Flavor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8816. [PMID: 37240160 PMCID: PMC10218505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus exhibits unique nutritional values. Most citrus cultivars are derived from mutations. However, the effect of these mutations on fruit quality is unclear. We have previously found a yellowish bud mutant in the citrus cultivar 'Aiyuan 38'. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the mutation on fruit quality. 'Aiyuan 38' (WT) and a bud mutant variant (MT) were used to analyze variations in fruit color variation and flavor substances using colorimetric instruments, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and odor activity values (OAVs). The mutation in MT conferred yellowish characteristics to its peel. Although the differences in total sugar and acid content of the pulp were not statistically significant between WT and MT, the MT glucose content was significantly lower and the malic acid level was significantly higher. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis revealed that the MT pulp released more types and contents of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) than the WT, whereas the opposite trend was observed for the peel. Analysis of the OAV revealed that the MT pulp contains 6 unique VOCs, whereas the peel contains only 1. This study provides a useful reference for the study of flavor substances associated with citrus bud mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.W.); (B.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Q.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (G.S.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
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8
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Li X, Huang H, Rizwan HM, Wang N, Jiang J, She W, Zheng G, Pan H, Guo Z, Pan D, Pan T. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Lignin-Related Genes and Transcription Factors during Fruit Development in Pomelo ( Citrus maxima). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:845. [PMID: 35627230 PMCID: PMC9140673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Juice sac granulation (a physiological disorder) leads to large postharvest losses of pomelo (Citrus maxima). Previous studies have shown that juice sac granulation is closely related to lignin accumulation, while the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder remain elusive in pomelo. Our results showed that the lignin content in NC (near the core) and FC (far away from the core) juice sacs overall increased from 157 DPA (days post anthesis) to 212 DPA and reached a maximum at 212 DPA. Additionally, the lignin content of NC juice sacs was higher than that of FC juice sacs. In this study, we used transcriptome-based weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to address how lignin formation in NC and FC juice sacs is generated during the development of pomelo. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, we found a most correlated module (black module) to the lignin content, then we used the 11 DEGs in this module as hub genes for lignin biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), HCT (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase), 4CL2 (4-coumarate: CoA ligase), C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), C3'H (p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase), and CCoAOMT1 (caffeoyl CoA 3-Omethyltransferase) were the most distinct DEGs in granulated juice sacs. Co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as MYB, NAC, OFP6, and bHLH130 are highly correlated with lignin formation. In addition, the expression patterns of the DEGs related to lignin biosynthesis and transcription factors were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were highly concordant with the RNA-seq results. These results would be beneficial for further studies on the molecular mechanism of lignin accumulation in pomelo juice sacs and would help with citrus breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Naiyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Wenqin She
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Heli Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Zhixiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Tengfei Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
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9
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Zhang M, Zhu Y, Yang H, Li X, Xu R, Zhu F, Cheng Y. CsNIP5;1 acts as a multifunctional regulator to confer water loss tolerance in citrus fruit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111150. [PMID: 35151435 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant aquaporins facilitate the transport of water across the inner membranes and play an important role in the response to water loss stress. A citrus NOD26-like intrinsic protein, CsNIP5;1, has been investigated to participate in the regulation of water permeability. In the present study, the expression profile indicated that CsNIP5;1 showed high transcription abundance in conducting tissues. Function analysis revealed that CsNIP5;1 reduced water loss of Arabidopsis rosette leaf, as well as promoted the seed germination under hyperosmotic stress. Besides, overexpression of CsNIP5;1 contributed to the alleviation of water loss in citrus fruit and citrus callus during storage. Further metabolomic profiling and RNA-seq analysis of transgenic citrus callus revealed that CsNIP5;1 may modulate the water loss by inducing the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances and repressing the expression of other AQPs. Moreover, CsWRKY4 and CsWRKY28 were found to directly bind to the promoter and acted as opposite regulators of CsNIP5;1 during the postharvest period. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of aquaporins in response to the water loss stress of citrus fruit during postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Yang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Rangwei Xu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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10
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Lu X, Zhao C, Shi H, Liao Y, Xu F, Du H, Xiao H, Zheng J. Nutrients and bioactives in citrus fruits: Different citrus varieties, fruit parts, and growth stages. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2018-2041. [PMID: 34609268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are consumed in large quantities worldwide due to their attractive aromas and taste, as well as their high nutritional values and various health-promoting effects, which are due to their abundance of nutrients and bioactives. In addition to water, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers are important nutrients in citrus, providing them with high nutritional values. Citrus fruits are also rich in various bioactives such as flavonoids, essential oils, carotenoids, limonoids, and synephrines, which protect from various ailments, including cancer and inflammatory, digestive, and cardiovascular diseases. The composition and content of nutrients and bioactives differ significantly among citrus varieties, fruit parts, and growth stages. To better understand the nutrient and bioactive profiles of citrus fruits and provide guidance for the utilization of high-value citrus resources, this review systematically summarizes the nutrients and bioactives in citrus fruit, including their contents, structural characteristics, and potential health benefits. We also explore the composition variation in different citrus varieties, fruits parts, and growth stages, as well as their health-promoting effects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmiao Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Shi
- Department of science and technology catalyze, Nestlé R&D (China) Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcheng Liao
- Department of science and technology catalyze, Nestlé R&D (China) Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of science and technology catalyze, Nestlé R&D (China) Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Gong J, Zeng Y, Meng Q, Guan Y, Li C, Yang H, Zhang Y, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Liu P, Chen C, Deng X, Cheng Y, Wang P. Red light-induced kumquat fruit coloration is attributable to increased carotenoid metabolism regulated by FcrNAC22. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6274-6290. [PMID: 34125891 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play vital roles in the coloration of plant tissues and organs, particularly fruits; however, the regulation of carotenoid metabolism in fruits during ripening is largely unknown. Here, we show that red light promotes fruit coloration by inducing accelerated degreening and carotenoid accumulation in kumquat fruits. Transcriptome profiling revealed that a NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC2) family transcription factor, FcrNAC22, is specifically induced in red light-irradiated fruits. FcrNAC22 localizes to the nucleus, and its gene expression is up-regulated as fruits change color. Results from dual luciferase, yeast one-hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that FcrNAC22 directly binds to, and activates the promoters of three genes encoding key enzymes in the carotenoid metabolic pathway. Moreover, FcrNAC22 overexpression in citrus and tomato fruits as well as in citrus callus enhances expression of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes, accelerates plastid conversion into chromoplasts, and promotes color change. Knock down of FcrNAC22 expression in transiently transformed citrus fruits attenuates fruit coloration induced by red light. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FcrNAC22 is an important transcription factor that mediates red light-induced fruit coloration via up-regulation of carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiunan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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12
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Luo T, Yin F, Liao L, Liu Y, Guan B, Wang M, Lai T, Wu Z, Shuai L. Postharvest melatonin treatment inhibited longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour.) pericarp browning by increasing ROS scavenging ability and protecting cytomembrane integrity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4963-4973. [PMID: 34532008 PMCID: PMC8441273 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharvest melatonin treatments have been reported to improve the quality and storability, especially to inhibit browning in many fruits, but the effect had not been systematically investigated on longan fruit. In this study, the effect of 0.4 mM melatonin (MLT) dipping on the quality and pericarp browning of longan fruits stored at low temperature was investigated. The MLT treatment did not influence the TSS content of longan fruits but lead to increased lightness and h° value while decreased a* value of pericarp. More importantly, the treatment significantly delayed the increase in electrolyte leakage and malonaldehyde accumulation, inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, and thus retarded pericarp browning. In addition, the treatment significantly inhibited the production of O2 •- and H2O2 while promoted the accumulation of glutathione, flavonoids, and phenolics at earlier storage stages in longan pericarp. Interestingly, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly upregulated but activities of catalase were downregulated in the MLT-treated longan pericarp. MLT treatment effectively enhanced APX and SOD activities, increased flavonoid, phenolics, and glutathione content, protected cytomembrane integrity, inhibited the production of O2 •- and H2O2 and browning-related enzymes, and thus delayed the longan pericarp browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Feilong Yin
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Lingyan Liao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Yunfen Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Boyang Guan
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Min Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Tingting Lai
- College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenxian Wu
- College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Liang Shuai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
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13
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Ling Q, Sadali NM, Soufi Z, Zhou Y, Huang B, Zeng Y, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Jarvis RP. The chloroplast-associated protein degradation pathway controls chromoplast development and fruit ripening in tomato. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:655-666. [PMID: 34007040 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of green fleshy fruit to become colourful and flavoursome is an important strategy for plant reproduction and dispersal. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and many other species, fruit ripening is intimately linked to the biogenesis of chromoplasts, the plastids that are abundant in ripe fruit and specialized for the accumulation of carotenoid pigments. Chromoplasts develop from pre-existing chloroplasts in the fruit, but the mechanisms underlying this transition are poorly understood. Here, we reveal a role for the chloroplast-associated protein degradation (CHLORAD) proteolytic pathway in chromoplast differentiation. Knockdown of the plastid ubiquitin E3 ligase SP1, or its homologue SPL2, delays tomato fruit ripening, whereas overexpression of SP1 accelerates ripening, as judged by colour changes. We demonstrate that SP1 triggers broader effects on fruit ripening, including fruit softening, and gene expression and metabolism changes, by promoting the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition. Moreover, we show that tomato SP1 and SPL2 regulate leaf senescence, revealing conserved functions of CHLORAD in plants. We conclude that SP1 homologues control plastid transitions during fruit ripening and leaf senescence by enabling reconfiguration of the plastid protein import machinery to effect proteome reorganization. The work highlights the critical role of chromoplasts in fruit ripening, and provides a theoretical basis for engineering crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Najiah Mohd Sadali
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ziad Soufi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Binquan Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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14
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Comparative profiling and natural variation of polymethoxylated flavones in various citrus germplasms. Food Chem 2021; 354:129499. [PMID: 33752115 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are the main dietary source of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) with significant effects on consumer health. In this study, eleven main PMFs were evaluated in the fruit flavedo or leaves of 116 citrus accessions via UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS combined with HPLC-DAD analysis, which revealed significant species-specific and spatiotemporal characteristics. All Citrus reticulata and their natural or artificial hybrids were found to have detectable PMFs, especially in the fruit flavedo of the wild or early-cultivated mandarins at early fruit development stages. However, PMFs were not detected in citrons, pummelos, kumquats, trifoliata oranges, papedas, Chinese box oranges and 'Mangshanyegan'. The results enlightened that PMF accumulation only in mandarins and mandarin hybrids is a phenotype inherited from mandarin ancestors. This study provides a comprehensive PMF profile in various citrus germplasms and will benefit future functional citrus breeding practices aimed at designing plants rich in total or specific PMFs for health benefits.
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15
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Zhu K, Zheng X, Ye J, Jiang Q, Chen H, Mei X, Wurtzel ET, Deng X. Building the Synthetic Biology Toolbox with Enzyme Variants to Expand Opportunities for Biofortification of Provitamin A and Other Health-Promoting Carotenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12048-12057. [PMID: 33073979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large class of structures that are important in human health and include both provitamin A and nonprovitamin A compounds. Vitamin A deficiency is a global health problem that can be alleviated by enriching provitamin A carotenoids in a range of food crops. Suitable plants for biofortification are those with high levels of the provitamin A biosynthetic precursor, lycopene, which is enzymatically converted by lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) to β-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid. Crops, such as citrus, naturally accumulate high levels of provitamin A and other health-promoting carotenoids. Such plants may have useful genes to expand the synthetic biology toolbox for producing a range of phenotypes, including both high provitamin A crops and crops with unique compositions of health-promoting carotenoids. To examine enzyme variants having different activity levels, we introduced two citrus LCYB alleles into tomato, a plant with fruit rich in lycopene. Overexpression in tomato of the stronger allele of the citrus chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CsLCYb2a) produced "golden" transgenic tomato fruits with 9.3-fold increased levels of β-carotene at up to 1.5 mg/g dry weight. The use of the weaker allele, CsLCYb2b, also led to enhanced levels of β-carotene but in the context of a more heterogeneous composition of carotenoids. From a synthetic biology standpoint, these allelic differences have value for producing cultivars with unique carotenoid profiles. Overexpression of the citrus LCYB genes was accompanied by increased expression of other genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes and increased size and number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated levels of carotenoids in the transgenic tomato fruits. The overexpression of the citrus LCYB genes also led to a pleiotropic effect on profiles of phytohormones and primary metabolites. Our findings show that enzyme variants are essential synthetic biology parts needed to create a wider range of metabolic engineering products. In this case, strong and weak variants of LCYB proved useful in creating dietary sources to alleviate vitamin A deficiency or, alternatively, to create crops with a heterogeneous composition including provitamin A and healthful, nonprovitamin A carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4309, United States
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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16
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Shi M, Liu X, Zhang H, He Z, Yang H, Chen J, Feng J, Yang W, Jiang Y, Yao JL, Deng CH, Xu J. The IAA- and ABA-responsive transcription factor CgMYB58 upregulates lignin biosynthesis and triggers juice sac granulation in pummelo. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:139. [PMID: 32922811 PMCID: PMC7458917 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, lignin overaccumulation in the juice sac results in granulation and an unpleasant fruit texture and taste. By integrating metabolic phenotyping and transcriptomic analyses, we found 702 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 24 transcription factors (TFs), to be significantly correlated with lignin content. CgMYB58 was further identified as a critical R2R3 MYB TF involved in lignin overaccumulation owing to its high transcript levels in Huanong Red-fleshed pummelo (HR, Citrus grandis) fruits. Transient expression of CgMYB58 led to an increase in the lignin content in the pummelo fruit mesocarp, whereas its stable overexpression significantly promoted lignin accumulation and upregulated 19 lignin biosynthetic genes. Among these genes, CgPAL1, CgPAL2, Cg4CL1, and CgC3H were directly modulated by CgMYB58 through interaction with their promoter regions. Moreover, we showed that juice sac granulation in pummelo fruits could be affected by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. In HR pummelo, ABA significantly accelerated this granulation, whereas IAA effectively inhibited this process. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into the lignin accumulation mechanism in citrus fruits. We also revealed the theoretical basis via exogenous IAA application, which repressed the expression of CgMYB58 and its target genes, thus alleviating juice sac granulation in orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Youwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Hong Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
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17
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Long L, Liu J, Gao Y, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Li B, Gao W. Flavonoid accumulation in spontaneous cotton mutant results in red coloration and enhanced disease resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:40-49. [PMID: 31479881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton, the leading natural fiber, is cultivated worldwide, but its production is seriously threatened by pathogens. Accordingly, the selection of resistant cultivars has become a key priority of cotton breeding programs. In this study, a spontaneous mutant with red coloration (S156) and a control cultivar (S78) were used as experimental materials for a comparative analysis. Metabolomic analysis revealed the enrichment of flavonoids in S156 leaves compared with S78 leaves, and transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulated expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in S156 leaves relative to S78 leaves. In addition, the red mutant showed a significantly increase in resistance to Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen that poses a major threat to cotton production. The pathogen invasion process was suppressed in the red cotton cultivar. This study reveals the mechanism underlying the red coloration of S156 cotton and indicates the great potential of red cotton in pathogen- and insect-resistant breeding of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China.
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China.
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18
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Zheng X, Zhu K, Sun Q, Zhang W, Wang X, Cao H, Tan M, Xie Z, Zeng Y, Ye J, Chai L, Xu Q, Pan Z, Xiao S, Fraser PD, Deng X. Natural Variation in CCD4 Promoter Underpins Species-Specific Evolution of Red Coloration in Citrus Peel. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1294-1307. [PMID: 31102783 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids act as phytohormones and volatile precursors that influence plant development and confer aesthetic and nutritional value critical to consumer preference. Citrus fruits display considerable natural variation in carotenoid and apocarotenoid pigments. In this study, using an integrated genetic approach we revealed that a 5' cis-regulatory change at CCD4b encoding CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 4b is a major genetic determinant of natural variation in C30 apocarotenoids responsible for red coloration of citrus peel. Functional analyses demonstrated that in addition the known role in synthesizing β-citraurin, CCD4b is also responsible for the production of another important C30 apocarotenoid pigment, β-citraurinene. Furthermore, analyses of the CCD4b promoter and transcripts from various citrus germplasm accessions established a tight correlation between the presence of a putative 5' cis-regulatory enhancer within an MITE transposon and the enhanced allelic expression of CCD4b in C30 apocarotenoid-rich red-peeled accessions. Phylogenetic analysis provided further evidence that functional diversification of CCD4b and naturally occurring variation of the CCD4b promoter resulted in the stepwise evolution of red peels in mandarins and their hybrids. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the genetic and evolutionary basis of apocarotenoid diversity in plants, and would facilitate breeding efforts that aim to improve the nutritional and aesthetic value of citrus and perhaps other fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Abstract
Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been applied as important molecular markers in genetics and breeding studies. The rapid advance of next generation sequencing (NGS) provides a high-throughput means of SNP discovery. However, SNP development is limited by the availability of reliable SNP discovery methods. Especially, the optimum assembler and SNP caller for accurate SNP prediction from next generation sequencing data are not known. Results Herein we performed SNP prediction based on RNA-seq data of peach and mandarin peel tissue under a comprehensive comparison of two paired-end read lengths (125 bp and 150 bp), five assemblers (Trinity, IDBA, oases, SOAPdenovo, Trans-abyss) and two SNP callers (GATK and GBS). The predicted SNPs were compared with the authentic SNPs identified via PCR amplification followed by gene cloning and sequencing procedures. A total of 40 and 240 authentic SNPs were presented in five anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes in peach and in nine carotenogenic genes in mandarin. Putative SNPs predicted from the same RNA-seq data with different strategies led to quite divergent results. The rate of false positive SNPs was significantly lower when the paired-end read length was 150 bp compared with 125 bp. Trinity was superior to the other four assemblers and GATK was substantially superior to GBS due to a low rate of missing authentic SNPs. The combination of assembler Trinity, SNP caller GATK, and the paired-end read length 150 bp had the best performance in SNP discovery with 100% accuracy both in peach and in mandarin cases. This strategy was applied to the characterization of SNPs in peach and mandarin transcriptomes. Conclusions Through comparison of authentic SNPs obtained by PCR cloning strategy and putative SNPs predicted from different combinations of five assemblers, two SNP callers, and two paired-end read lengths, we provided a reliable and efficient strategy, Trinity-GATK with 150 bp paired-end read length, for SNP discovery from RNA-seq data. This strategy discovered SNP at 100% accuracy in peach and mandarin cases and might be applicable to a wide range of plants and other organisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5533-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Zheng X, Tang Y, Ye J, Pan Z, Tan M, Xie Z, Chai L, Xu Q, Fraser PD, Deng X. SLAF-Based Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map and Its Application in QTL Mapping of Carotenoids Content in Citrus Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:994-1002. [PMID: 30589260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important antioxidant components in the human diet. To develop carotenoid-rich agricultural products by genetic intervention, understanding the genetic basis of carotenoids variation is essential. In this study, we constructed a high-density integrated genetic map with 3817 molecular markers using specific locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing from a C. reticulata × P. trifoliata F1 pseudotestcross population. A total of 17 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) distributed on Chromosomes (Chr) 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9 were detected to determine the carotenoid variation in the population. In particular, three QTL colocalizations for multiple carotenoid constituents were observed on Chr 2, 3, and 9, one of which was located on Chr2:34,654,608-35430715 accounted for 20.1-25.4% of the variation of luteoxanthin, auroxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, and total carotenoid content. Overall, this study provides a genetic foundation for marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding of nutritionally enhanced citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuqing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Meilian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway , University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX , United Kingdom
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
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21
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Xie J, Yao S, Ming J, Deng L, Zeng K. Variations in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and expression of genes involved in pigment metabolism response to oleocellosis in citrus fruits. Food Chem 2018; 272:49-57. [PMID: 30309573 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Yellow or green spots related to pigment changes found at the early stage of oleocellosis can cause severe economic damage. However, little information exists on pigment changes during oleocellosis development, so this study investigated the main changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolites and related gene expression. Among the variations, the increased contents of chlorophyll a and b, and decreased concentrations of lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene were responsible for chlorophyll and carotenoid changes, respectively. Regarding gene expression, the up-regulated genes, magnesium chelatase subunit H (MgCh), magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase 1/2 (MPEC1/2), protochlorophyllide reductase a, chloroplastic 1/2 (PORA1/2) and chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), regarding chlorophyll synthesis as well as the down-regulated genes, phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene dehydrogenase (PDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb), and zeaxanthin epoxidase 1/2 (ZEP 1/2) and the up-regulated genes (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 1/2 (ABA-HX 1/2), regarding carotenoid metabolism, constituted the major variations in oleocellosis peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shixiang Yao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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22
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Yan F, Shi M, He Z, Wu L, Xu X, He M, Chen J, Deng X, Cheng Y, Xu J. Largely different carotenogenesis in two pummelo fruits with different flesh colors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200320. [PMID: 29985936 PMCID: PMC6037374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids in citrus fruits have health benefits and make the fruits visually attractive. Red-fleshed ‘Chuhong’ (‘CH’) and pale green-fleshed ‘Feicui’ (‘FC’) pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm) Merr.) fruits are interesting materials for studying the mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation. In this study, particularly high contents of linear carotenes were observed in the albedo tissue, segment membranes and juice sacs of ‘CH’. However, carotenoids, especially β-carotene and xanthophylls, accumulated more in the flavedo tissue of ‘FC’ than in that of ‘CH’. Additionally, the contents of other terpenoids such as limonin, nomilin and abscisic acid significantly differed in the juice sacs at 150 days postanthesis. A dramatic increase in carotenoid production was observed at 45 to 75 days postanthesis in the segment membranes and juice sacs of ‘CH’. Different expression levels of carotenogenesis genes, especially the ζ-carotene desaturase (CmZDS), β-carotenoid hydroxylase (CmBCH) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (CmZEP) genes, in combination are directly responsible for the largely different carotenoid profiles between these two pummelo fruits. The sequences of eleven genes involved in carotenoid synthesis were investigated; different alleles of seven of eleven genes might also explain the largely different carotenogenesis observed between ‘CH’ and ‘FC’. These results enhance our understanding of carotenogenesis in pummelo fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Lianhai Wu
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xianghua Xu
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Goldenberg L, Yaniv Y, Porat R, Carmi N. Mandarin fruit quality: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018. [PMID: 28631804 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been a continuous rise in consumption and global marketing of fresh, easy-to-peel mandarins, with current annual production of nearly 29 million tons. Nevertheless, most of the existing knowledge on quality traits of citrus fruit comes from research conducted on oranges and grapefruit, which are the main products for the citrus juice manufacturing industry; relatively little is yet known regarding the unique fruit quality traits of mandarins, nor about the great diversity in these traits among the various natural sub-groups and varieties of mandarins. In the present review we discuss the physiological, biochemical, and molecular factors governing key fruit quality attributes of mandarins, including fruit colour, size and shape, ease of peeling, seedlessness, flavour, and nutritional quality. Fruit colour, size, and shape contribute to external appearance; peelability and seedlessness to ease of consumption; and flavour and nutritional quality to internal quality. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livnat Goldenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yossi Yaniv
- Department of Fruit Tree Crops, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ron Porat
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nir Carmi
- Department of Fruit Tree Crops, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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24
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Zhu F, Luo T, Liu C, Wang Y, Yang H, Yang W, Zheng L, Xiao X, Zhang M, Xu R, Xu J, Zeng Y, Xu J, Xu Q, Guo W, Larkin RM, Deng X, Cheng Y. An R2R3-MYB transcription factor represses the transformation of α- and β-branch carotenoids by negatively regulating expression of CrBCH2 and CrNCED5 in flavedo of Citrus reticulate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:178-192. [PMID: 28681945 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the functions of carotenogenic genes are well documented, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their expression, especially those genes involved in α - and β-branch carotenoid metabolism. In this study, an R2R3-MYB transcriptional factor (CrMYB68) that directly regulates the transformation of α- and β-branch carotenoids was identified using Green Ougan (MT), a stay-green mutant of Citrus reticulata cv Suavissima. A comprehensive analysis of developing and harvested fruits indicated that reduced expression of β-carotene hydroxylases 2 (CrBCH2) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5 (CrNCED5) was responsible for the delay in the transformation of α- and β-carotene and the biosynthesis of ABA. Additionally, the expression of these genes was negatively correlated with the expression of CrMYB68 in MT. Further, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and dual luciferase assays indicated that CrMYB68 can directly and negatively regulate CrBCH2 and CrNCED5. Moreover, transient overexpression experiments using leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that CrMYB68 can also negatively regulate NbBCH2 and NbNCED5. To overcome the difficulty of transgenic validation, we quantified the concentrations of carotenoids and ABA, and gene expression in a revertant of MT. The results of these experiments provide more evidence that CrMYB68 is an important regulator of carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318020, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Institute of Citrus Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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25
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Leng F, Tang D, Lin Q, Cao J, Wu D, Wang S, Sun C. Transcriptomic Analyses of Ascorbic Acid and Carotenoid Metabolites Influenced by Root Restriction during Grape Berry Development and Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2008-2016. [PMID: 28177240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) and carotenoids are recognized as crucial metabolites for various biological processes in plants. The contents of AsA and carotenoids in fruits are influenced by external environmental stimuli, such as water, temperature, light, and hormones. However, it is still not clear whether it can be affected by root restriction (RR) treatment. In this study, "Summer Black" grape berries (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) under RR and control treatments during development and ripening were used as materials. The results showed that RR significantly increased the contents of AsA, and the transcript VIT_08s0040g03150 related to AsA recycling pathways may be the main regulator for AsA. Similarly, the contents of most of the carotenoids at the earlier stages significantly increased by RR; the enzyme crtB encoded by VIT_12s0028g00960 and the enzyme crtZ encoded by VIT_02s0025g00240 and VIT_16s0050g01090 were inferred to play major roles in the carotenoid metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Leng
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Tang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Opening Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Linhai 317000, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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26
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Sheng L, Shen D, Yang W, Zhang M, Zeng Y, Xu J, Deng X, Cheng Y. GABA Pathway Rate-Limit Citrate Degradation in Postharvest Citrus Fruit Evidence from HB Pumelo (Citrus grandis) × Fairchild (Citrus reticulata) Hybrid Population. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1669-1676. [PMID: 28150945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are a major index of fresh fruit marketing properties. However, the genetic effects on the organic acid level in postharvest citrus fruit still remain unknown. Here, we used the fruits of about 40 lines in a hybrid population (high-acid "HB Pumelo" × low-acid "Fairchild") to analyze the organic acid metabolism of postharvest citrus fruit. A transgressive content of titratable acid (TA) was observed, which was attributed to citrate accumulation. High- and low-acid fruits (No. 130, 168 and No. 080, 181, respectively) were chosen for further study. Gene expression analysis on citrate metabolism showed that the high accumulation of citrate could be attributed to the low activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, and was partially due to the block of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by low mitochondrial aconitase (m-ACO) expression. TA level was significantly negatively correlated with weight loss in fruits during postharvest storage, implying a close relationship between organic acid and water metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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27
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Buah S, Mlalazi B, Khanna H, Dale JL, Mortimer CL. The Quest for Golden Bananas: Investigating Carotenoid Regulation in a Fe'i Group Musa Cultivar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3176-85. [PMID: 27041343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in a high-carotenoid-accumulating Fe'i group Musa cultivar, "Asupina", has been examined and compared to that of a low-carotenoid-accumulating cultivar, "Cavendish", to understand the molecular basis underlying carotenogenesis during banana fruit development. Comparisons in the accumulation of carotenoid species, expression of isoprenoid genes, and product sequestration are reported. Key differences between the cultivars include greater carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) expression in "Cavendish" and the conversion of amyloplasts to chromoplasts during fruit ripening in "Asupina". Chromoplast development coincided with a reduction in dry matter content and fruit firmness. Chromoplasts were not observed in "Cavendish" fruits. Such information should provide important insights for future developments in the biofortification and breeding of banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Buah
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Bulukani Mlalazi
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Harjeet Khanna
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - James L Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Cara L Mortimer
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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