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Pang QQ, Zang CX, Li T, Zeng XC, Liu LX, Zhang D, Yao XS, Yu Y. Neuroprotective effect of GJ-4 against cognitive impairments in vascular dementia by improving white matter damage. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155877. [PMID: 39032283 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter lesions (WMLs) are increasingly linked to the pathological process of chronic vascular dementia (VaD). An effective crocins fraction extracted from Gardenia Fructus, GJ-4, has been shown to improve cognitive function in several Alzheimer's disease models and VaD models. OBJECTIVES To explore the potential mechanisms of GJ-4 on WMLs in a chronic VaD mouse model. METHODS The chronic VaD mouse model was established, and WMLs were characterized by cerebral blood flow (CBF), behavioral tests, LFB staining, and immunohistochemistry. The anti-oxidative effect of GJ-4 was validated by examining biochemical parameters (SOD, MDA, and GSH) and the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The impact of GJ-4 on lipid metabolism in WM was further investigated through lipidomic analysis. RESULTS GJ-4 significantly attenuated cognitive impairments and improved the CBF of BCAS (bilateral common carotid artery stenosis)-induced mice. Mechanism research showed that GJ-4 could enhance cognition by promoting the repair of WMLs by inhibiting oxidative stress. Furthermore, GJ-4 treatment significantly reduced chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-induced WMLs via improving lipid metabolism disorder in the WM. CONCLUSION This research has provided valuable insights into the significance of WMLs in CCH-induced VaD and underscored the potential of GJ-4 as a therapeutic agent for improving cognitive function by targeting WMLs. These findings suggest that GJ-4 is a promising candidate for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China; University of Michigan Life Sciences Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, United States
| | - Cai-Xia Zang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
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Hou Z, Sun L, Jiang Z, Zeng T, Wu P, Huang J, Liu H, Xiao P. Neuropharmacological insights into Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Harnessing therapeutic potential for central nervous system disorders. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 125:155374. [PMID: 38301302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE) has a longstanding history of application. The Ministry of Health has listed it as one of the first pharmaceutical or food resources. In ethnic, traditional, and folk medicine, GJE has been used to treat fever and cold and relieve nervous anxiety. Recent studies have confirmed the significant efficacy of GJE for treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depressive disorder; however, GJE has not been systematically evaluated. PURPOSE This research systematically summarizes global studies on the use of GJE for treating CNS disorders and explores the potential applications and underlying mechanisms via intestinal flora analysis and network pharmacology, aiming to establish a scientific basis for innovative CNS disorder treatment with GJE. METHODS The PRISMA guidelines were used, and electronic databases such as the Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched using the following search terms: "Gardenia jasminoides Ellis" with "central nervous system disease," "neuroprotection," "Alzheimer's disease," "Parkinson's disease," "ischemic stroke," "Epilepsy," and "major depressive disorder." The published literature up to September 2023 was searched to obtain relevant information on the application of GJE for treating CNS disorders. RESULTS There has been an increase in research on the material formulation and mechanisms of action of GJE for treating CNS disorders, with marked effects on CNS disorder treatment in different countries and regions. We summarized the research results related to the role of GJE in vitro and in vivo via multitargeted interventions in response to the complex mechanisms of action of CNS disorders. CONCLUSION We systematically reviewed the research progress on traditional treatment for GJE and preclinical mechanisms of CNS disorders and explored the potential of optimizing network pharmacology strategies and intestinal flora analysis to elucidate the mechanisms of action of GJE. The remarkable therapeutic efficacy of GJE, an important resource in traditional medicine, has been well documented in the literature, highlighting its significant medicinal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Hou
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Le Sun
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Zheyu Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Tiexin Zeng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peiling Wu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Yin S, Niu L, Zhang J, Liu Y. Gardenia yellow pigment: Extraction methods, biological activities, current trends, and future prospects. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113981. [PMID: 38342530 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Food coloring plays a vital role in influencing consumers' food choices, imparting vibrant and appealing colors to various food and beverage products. Synthetic food colorants have been the most commonly used coloring agents in the food industry. However, concerns about potential health issues related to synthetic colorants, coupled with increasing consumer demands for food safety and health, have led food manufacturers to explore natural alternatives. Natural pigments not only offer a wide range of colors to food products but also exhibit beneficial bioactive properties. Gardenia yellow pigment is a water-soluble natural pigment with various biological activities, widely present in gardenia fruits. Therefore, this paper aims to delve into Gardenia Yellow Pigment, highlighting its significance as a food colorant. Firstly, a thorough understanding and exploration of various methods for obtaining gardenia yellow pigment. Subsequently, the potential functionality of gardenia yellow pigment was elaborated, especially its excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Finally, the widespread application trend of gardenia yellow pigment in the food industry was explored, as well as the challenges faced by the future development of gardenia yellow pigment in the field of food and health. Some feasible solutions were proposed, providing valuable references and insights for researchers, food industry professionals, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Liqiong Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Future Food (Bai Ma) Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Gong Q, Pan H, Wang X, Yan C. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis extract attenuates memory impairment in rats with Alzheimer's disease by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome. Brain Res 2024; 1824:148687. [PMID: 38000495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by degeneration of the central nervous system. Recently, many studies have emphasized the beneficial role of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis extract (GJ-4) in neuroprotection, which is considered a potential drug for treating AD. However, the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effects is obscure. This research intended to analyze the effectiveness of GJ-4 to induce neuronal protective role on a rat model of neurotoxicity and probe the potential mechanism. An AD model was established by intraperitoneal injection of aluminum chloride (AlCl3). Then, AlCl3-induced rats were administered 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of GJ-4 orally. This study indicated that GJ-4 (25 and 50 mg/kg) mitigated AD-like behaviors, as evidenced by enhanced ambulation frequency, rearing frequency, and time spent in the target quadrant and decreased grooming frequency, defecation frequency, and escape latency in AlCl3-challenged rats. Also, GJ-4 at 25 and 50 mg/kg exerted an anti-apoptosis effect in the hippocampus of AlCl3-treated rats. Furthermore, GJ-4 (25 and 50 mg/kg) exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in the hippocampus by repressing the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, further inhibiting the activation of Caspase 1, ASC, IL-1β, and IL-18 in AD hippocampus. Altogether, GJ-4 mitigated AlCl3-triggered impairment of learning and memory in AD rats via repressing NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingmei Gong
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ci Yan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Ning JW, Zang CX, Shang MY, Bao XQ, Zhang D. Natural products and their derivatives alleviating cerebral white matter lesions. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:146-153. [PMID: 38419338 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2301988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
White matter lesions (WMLs), characterized by focal demyelination or myelination disorders, are commonly present in cerebral small vessel disease and various neurological diseases. Multiple etiologies lead to WMLs. However, there is no specific therapy or effective drugs for relieving WMLs. Natural products and their derivatives originate from bacterial, fungal, plant, and marine animal sources, many of which have multiple therapeutic targets. Compared to single target compounds, natural products and their derivatives are promising to be developed as better drugs to attenuate WMLs. Thus, this review attempts to summarize the status of natural products and their derivatives (2010-to date) alleviating cerebral white matter lesions for the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cai-Xia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mei-Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Zhang X, Su X, Yu X, Zhang X, Guo X, Hou G, Wang C, Li H. Preparative separation of iridoid glucosides and crocins from Gardeniae Fructus using sequential macroporous resin column chromatography and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123887. [PMID: 37714051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides (geniposide (GP), genipin-1-gentiobioside (GB), etc.) and crocins (crocin Ⅰ (CR1), crocin Ⅱ(CR2), etc.) are two main bioactive components in Gardeniae Fructus (GF), which is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. Iridoid glycosides exhibit many activities and are used to manufacture gardenia blue pigment for the food industry. Crocins are rare natural water-soluble carotenoids that are often used as food colorants. A sequential macroporous resin column chromatography technology composed of HC-500B and HC-900B resins was developed to selectively separate iridoid glucosides and crocins from GF. The adsorption of GP on HC-900B resin was an exothermic process. The adsorption of CR1 on HC-500B resin was an endothermic process. The two kinds of components were completely separated by a sequential resin column. GB and GP were mainly found in product 1 (P1) with purities of 11.38% and 46.83%, respectively, while CR1 and CR2 were mainly found in product 2 (P2) with purities of 12.32% and 1.40%, respectively. The recovery yields of all the compounds were more than 80%. The above results showed that sequential resin column chromatography technology achieved high selectivity and recovery yields. GF extract, P1 and P2 could significantly inhibit the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, indicating that iridoid glycosides and crocins provide a greater contribution to the anti-inflammatory activity of GF. At the same time, compared to the GF extract and P1, P2 exhibited stronger scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, indicating that crocins may provide a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of GF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Su
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xuelin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
| | - Hongjuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
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Krasteva G, Berkov S, Pavlov A, Georgiev V. Metabolite Profiling of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis In Vitro Cultures with Different Levels of Differentiation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248906. [PMID: 36558039 PMCID: PMC9784620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is an aromatic and medicinal plant of high economic value. Much research has focused on the phytochemistry and biological activities of Gardenia fruit extracts; however, the potential of the Gardenia plant in vitro cultures used as mass production systems of valuable secondary metabolites has been understudied. This paper presents data on metabolite profiling (GC/MS and HPLC), antioxidant activities (DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, and CUPRAC), and SSR profiles of G. jasminoides plant leaves and in vitro cultures with different levels of differentiation (shoots, callus, and cell suspension). The data show strong correlations (r = 0.9777 to r = 0.9908) between antioxidant activity and the concentrations of chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, rutin, and hesperidin. Eleven co-dominant microsatellite simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers were used to evaluate genetic variations (average PIC = 0.738 ± 0.153). All of the investigated Gardenia in vitro cultures showed high genetic variabilities (average Na = 5.636 ± 2.157, average Ne = 3.0 ± 1.095). This is the first report on a study on metabolite profiles, antioxidant activities, and genetic variations of G. jasminoides in vitro cultures with different levels of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Krasteva
- Laboratory of Cell Biosystems, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Strahil Berkov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Pavlov
- Laboratory of Cell Biosystems, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Georgiev
- Laboratory of Cell Biosystems, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
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Ali A, Yu L, Kousar S, Khalid W, Maqbool Z, Aziz A, Arshad MS, Aadil RM, Trif M, Riaz S, Shaukat H, Manzoor MF, Qin H. Crocin: Functional characteristics, extraction, food applications and efficacy against brain related disorders. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1009807. [PMID: 36583211 PMCID: PMC9792498 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1009807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocin is a bioactive compound that naturally occurs in some medicinal plants, especially saffron and gardenia fruit. Different conventional and novel methods are used for its extraction. Due to some control conditions, recent methods such as ultrasonic extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-associated extraction, microwave extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction are widely used because these methods give more yield and efficiency. Crocin is incorporated into different food products to make functional foods. However, it can also aid in the stability of food products. Due to its ability to protect against brain diseases, the demand for crocin has been rising in the pharmaceutical industry. It also contain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidepressant qualities. This review aims to describe crocin and its role in developing functional food, extraction, and bioavailability in various brain-related diseases. The results of the literature strongly support the importance of crocin against various diseases and its use in making different functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ali
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Research and Development Office, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Liang Yu
| | - Safura Kousar
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Maqbool
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Arshad
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Monica Trif
- Food Research Department, Centre for Innovative Process Engineering, Syke, Germany
| | - Sakhawat Riaz
- Department of Home Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,Food and Nutrition Society, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Horia Shaukat
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China,School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hong Qin
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Yuan FY, Ju C, Zang CX, Liu H, Shang MY, Ning JW, Yang Y, Ma JW, Li G, Yu Y, Yao XS, Bao XQ, Zhang D. Gardenia jasminoides Extract GJ-4 Alleviates Memory Deficiency of Vascular Dementia in Rats through PERK-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 51:53-72. [PMID: 36458485 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is involved in the pathological process of vascular dementia (VD). GJ-4 is extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis and has been reported to have protective roles in ischemia-related brain damage. However, the role of GJ-4 in ERS has not been elucidated. We established a VD rat model through bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2-VO). The rats were intragastrically administrated with GJ-4 (10, 25, and 50[Formula: see text]mg/kg) and nimodipine (10[Formula: see text]mg/kg). Data from a Morris water maze test showed that GJ-4 could significantly alleviate learning and memory deficits in VD rats. Nissl and cleaved caspase-3 staining revealed that GJ-4 can inhibit apoptosis and thus exert a protective role in the brain of 2-VO rats. Western blot results suggested that GJ-4 significantly reduced ERS-related protein expression and inhibited apoptosis through suppression of the PERK/eIF2[Formula: see text]/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway. For in vitro studies, the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) SH-SY5Y model was employed. Western blot and Hoechst 33342/PI double staining were utilized to explore the effects of crocetin, the main active metabolite of GJ-4. Like GJ-4 in vivo, crocetin in vitro also decreased ERS-related protein expression and inhibited the activation of the PERK/eIF2[Formula: see text]/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway. Thus, crocetin exerted similar protective roles on OGD challenged SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. In summary, GJ-4 and crocetin reduce the ERS in the brain of VD rats and SY5Y cells subjected to OGD and inhibit neuronal apoptosis through suppression of the PERK/eIF2[Formula: see text]/ATF4/CHOP pathway, suggesting that GJ-4 may be useful for the treatment of VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Gen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materica Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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10
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Zhuang GD, Gu WT, Xu SH, Cao DM, Deng SM, Chen YS, Wang SM, Tang D. Rapid screening of antioxidant from natural products by AAPH-Incubating HPLC-DAD-HR MS/MS method: A case study of Gardenia jasminoides fruit. Food Chem 2022; 401:134091. [PMID: 36116299 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new AAPH-Incubating HPLC-DAD-HR MS/MS method was developed for the rapid and high-throughput screening of antioxidants directly in natural products and applied to Gardenia jasminoides fruit. This method was assumed that the peak areas of compounds with potential antioxidant activity in HPLC chromatograms would be significantly reduced or disappeared after incubating with the AAPH which can release ROO at physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4). Additionally, the activity of antioxidants can be evaluated by comparing the peak reduction rates and the screened components can be further identified by HRMS/MS. Then, 17 potential natural antioxidants from the crude extract of GJF was screened. Among them, three major components including crocin I, crocin II and crocetin showed excellent ROO scavenging activity, which were further validated by the ORAC assay. In conclusion, our study provided a simple and effective strategy to rapidly screen antioxidants in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Ting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si-Min Deng
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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11
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Liu H, Zang C, Shang J, Zhang Z, Wang L, Yang H, Sheng C, Yuan F, Ju C, Li F, Yu Y, Yao X, Bao X, Zhang D. <em>Gardenia jasminoides</em> J. Ellis extract GJ-4 attenuates hyperlipidemic vascular dementia in rats via regulating PPAR-γ-mediated microglial polarization. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:8101. [PMID: 35950104 PMCID: PMC9338452 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GJ-4 is extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) with crocin composition and has been demonstrated to improve memory deficits in several dementia models in our previous studies. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GJ-4 on hyperlipidemic vascular dementia (VD) and explore the underlying mechanisms. Design In the current study, we employed a chronic hyperlipidemic VD rat model by permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2-VO) based on high-fat diet (HFD), which is an ideal model to mimic the clinical pathogenesis of human VD. Results Our results showed that GJ-4 could significantly reduce serum lipids level and improve cerebral blood flow in hyperlipidemic VD rats. Additionally, treatment with GJ-4 remarkedly ameliorated memory impairment and alleviated neuronal injury. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the neuroprotective effects of GJ-4 might be attributed to the inhibition of microglia-mediated neuro-inflammation via regulating the M1/M2 polarization. Our data further illustrated that GJ-4 could regulate the phenotype of microglia through activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and subsequently inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression. Conclusion Our results implied that GJ-4 might be a promising drug to improve VD through the regulation of microglial M1/M2 polarization and the subsequent inhibition of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junmei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Xiuqi Bao and Dan Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050 China ;
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Xiuqi Bao and Dan Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050 China ;
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12
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The structural characterization, physicochemical properties, and stability of gardenia yellow pigment microcapsules. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Comprehensive profiling of phytochemicals in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its variety using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Nat Med 2022; 76:774-795. [PMID: 35639238 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis are an important herb medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and have been used for thousands of years for clearing away heat and toxic materials. It mainly contains iridoids, pigments, organic acids, and flavonoids. Although belonging to one species, it has two kinds of cultivars and one variety widely distributed and sold. This study aims to develop an integrated and efficient analytical strategy for comprehensive profiling of phytochemicals and clarify the differences in all three populations. Based on reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS), an optimized analytical approach for comprehensive profiling of phytochemicals in the fruits of G. jasminoides was established in negative ionization mode. The holistic metabolites profiling was carried out on UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS and data analysis program Progenesis QI, and a total of 80 metabolites were obtained and interpreted by chromatographic and tandem mass spectral data. The interpretation of metabolites comprises iridoids, pigments, organic acids, and flavonoids. Principal component analysis and partial least square-discriminant analysis were performed, and 19 main different components could be obtained to distinguish the three populations. Combined with non-targeted and targeted data analysis, the integrated strategy developed in this study was feasibly applied to discern differences in the profiles of the phytochemicals accumulating in the fruits of three populations of G. jasminoides.
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14
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Zhang N, Bian Y, Yao L. Essential Oils of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis and Gardenia jasminoides f. longicarpa Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050966. [PMID: 35631552 PMCID: PMC9145545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage is the predominant cell type in the lung and is thought to be the major target for anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aromatherapy using natural essential oils with anti-inflammatory effects for inhalable administration is a potential complementary and alternative therapy for COPD treatment. The Gardenia jasminoides flower is famous for its fragrance in East Asia and is used for treating colds and lung problems in folk medicine. Therefore, in the present study, flower essential oils from two main medicinal gardenia varieties (G. jasminoides J. Ellis and G. jasminoides f. longicarpa Z.W. Xie & M. Okada) were extracted by hydro-distillation, and their chemical components were analyzed by GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effects of the two essential oils and their main ingredients were further studied on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models in murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S). The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the two gardenia varieties were quite different. Alcohol accounted for 53.8% of the G. jasminoides essential oil, followed by terpenes (16.01%). Terpenes accounted for 34.32% of the G. jasminoides f. longicarpa essential oil, followed by alcohols (19.6%) and esters (13.85%). Both the two gardenia essential oils inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release and reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the MH-S cells. Linalool and α-farnesene dose-dependently reduced the NO release in the MH-S cells. Linalool and α-farnesene did not affect the PGE2 production but regulated the expression of TNF- α. In addition to linalool and α-farnesene, other components in the gardenia flower essential oils appeared to be able to act as anti-inflammatory agents and influence the PGE2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Aromatic Plant R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Bian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Aromatic Plant R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-34206606
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15
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Adachi N, Sakhri FZ, Ikemoto H, Ohashi Y, Kato M, Inoue T, Hisamitsu T, Sunagawa M. Kamikihito rescued depressive-like behaviors and hippocampus neurogenesis in chronic restraint stress rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 12:172-179. [PMID: 35528472 PMCID: PMC9072803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Substantial evidence suggests the effectiveness of plant-based medicine in stress-related diseases. Kamikihito (KKT), a Japanese traditional herbal medicine (Kampo), has been used for anemia, insomnia, and anxiety. Recent studies revealed its ameliorating effect on cognitive and memory dysfunction in several animal models. We, therefore, determined whether daily supplementation of KKT has an antidepressant-like effect on the stress-induced behavioral and neurological changes in rats. Experimental procedure The effect of KKT against the stress-induced changes in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neurogenesis were determined using a rat model of chronic restraint stress (CRS). KKT was orally administered daily at 300 or 1000 mg/kg during 21 consecutive days of CRS (6 h/day). The effect of CRS and KKT on physiological parameters, including body weight gain, food/water consumptions, plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, and percentage of adrenal gland weight to body weight, were firstly measured. Anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats were assessed in the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swimming test (FST). Hippocampal neurogenesis was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results and conclusion CRS for 21 days caused a significant decrease in body weight gain and increase in plasma CORT levels and percentage of adrenal gland weight to body weight, which were rescued by KKT treatment. KKT also suppressed the CRS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. These results suggest that daily treatment of KKT has a protective effect against physiological, neurological, and behavioral changes in a rat model of depression.
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Key Words
- Antidepressant-like effect
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CORT, corticosterone
- CRS, chronic restraint stress
- Chronic restraint stress
- DCX, doublecortin
- DG, dentate gyrus
- DNA, methyltransferase
- FST, forced swimming test
- HPA, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
- Hippocampal neurogenesis
- KKT, Kamikihito
- Kamikihito (加味帰脾湯)
- MAO, monoamine oxidase
- MDD, major depressive disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- NSPCs, neural progenitor/stem cells
- OFT, open field test
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SPT, sucrose preference test
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Adachi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Fatma Zahra Sakhri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Freres Mentouri Constantine-Algeria, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hideshi Ikemoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohashi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Mami Kato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Inoue
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hisamitsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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16
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Zang C, Liu H, Ju C, Yuan F, Ning J, Shang M, Bao X, Yu Y, Yao X, Zhang D. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis extract alleviated white matter damage through promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via suppressing neuroinflammation. Food Funct 2022; 13:2131-2141. [PMID: 35112688 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has highlighted the role of white matter damage in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous research has shown that a mixture of crocin analogues (GJ-4), Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis extract, improved cognition in several AD mouse models, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of GJ-4 on white matter damage. Proteomic analysis and western blotting results suggested that the level of myelin-related proteins, including myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin associated oligodendrocyte basic protein (MOBP), was significantly decreased in the brain of PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice, and GJ-4 treatment increased the expressions of these proteins. This result revealed that GJ-4 could ameliorate myelin injury, suggesting that this might be a possible mechanism of GJ-4 on cognition. To validate the effects of GJ-4 on myelin, a metabolite of GJ-4, crocetin, which can pass through the blood-brain barrier, was applied in in vitro experiments. A mechanistic study revealed that crocetin significantly promoted the differentiation of primary cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells to oligodendrocytes through up-regulation of nuclear Ki67 and transcription factor 2 (Olig2). Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells, have been reported to be lifelong partners of neurons. Therefore, to investigate the effects of crocetin on myelin and neurons, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-treated primary mixed midbrain neuronal/glial culture was used. Immunofluorescence results indicated that crocetin treatment protected neurons and suppressed microglial activation against LPC-induced injury. To further discern the effects of GJ-4 on white matter injury and neuroinflammation, an LPC-induced mouse model was developed. GJ-4 administration increased oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and myelin repair. The mechanistic study indicated that GJ-4 improved white matter injury through the regulation of neuroinflammatory dysfunction. These data indicated that GJ-4 effectively repaired white matter damage in the LPC-treated mice. Thus, the present study supported GJ-4 as a potential therapeutic agent for AD and white matter related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Fangyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Jingwen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Meiyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
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17
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Chyau CC, Chiu CY, Hsieh HL, Hsieh DWC, Hsieh CR, Chang CH, Peng RY. High-Purity Preparation of Enzyme Transformed Trans-Crocetin Reclaimed from Gardenia Fruit Waste. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:281. [PMID: 35161261 PMCID: PMC8839004 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of physiologically bioactive ingredients from agricultural wastes as an abundant and low-cost source for the production of high value-added mutraceuticlas has been recognized and supported for the commercial interests and sustainable managements. In the extraction of geniposide for the development of natural food colorants from the dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Rubiaceae, the gardenia fruit waste (GFW) still remaining 0.86% (w/w) of crocins has always been discarded without any further treatments Until now, there was no simple and effective protocol for high-purity trans-crocein (TC) preparation without the coexistence of non-biologically active cis-crocein from GFW. We proposed an effective process to obtain the compound as follows. Crocins were extracted firstly by 50% of ethanol in the highest yield of 8.61 mg/g (w/w) from GFW. After the HPD-100 column fractionation in the collecting of crocins, the conversion ratio of 75% of crocins to crocetins can be obtained from the commercial available enzyme- Celluclast® 1.5 L. The crocins hydrolyzed products, were then separated through the HPD-100 resin adsorption and finally purified with the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in single-step to obtain TC in a purity of 96.76 ± 0.17%. Conclusively, the effective enzyme transformation and purification co-operated with CPC technologies on crocins resulted in a high purity product of TC may be highly application in the commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chu-Ying Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Hung-Lin Hsieh
- Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (D.W.-C.H.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - David Wang-Chi Hsieh
- Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (D.W.-C.H.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - Chong-Ru Hsieh
- Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (D.W.-C.H.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
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18
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Xu J, Zhou R, Luo L, Dai Y, Feng Y, Dou Z. Quality Evaluation of Decoction Pieces of Gardeniae Fructus Based on Qualitative Analysis of the HPLC Fingerprint and Triple-Q-TOF-MS/MS Combined with Quantitative Analysis of 12 Representative Components. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:2219932. [PMID: 35256913 PMCID: PMC8898142 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2219932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, quality evaluation (QE) of 40 batches of decoction pieces of Gardeniae Fructus (GF) produced by different manufacturers of herbal pieces was performed by qualitative analysis of the HPLC fingerprint and ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC)-triple-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with quantitative analysis of multiple components, which we established previously for QE of traditional medicine. First, HPLC fingerprints of 40 samples were determined, and the common peaks in the reference fingerprint were assigned. Second, the components of the common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints were identified by UFLC-triple-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Finally, the contents of the components confirmed by reference substances were measured. The results showed that there were 28 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of 40 samples. The components of these 28 common peaks were identified as 13 iridoids, 4 crocins, 7 monocyclic monoterpenoids, 3 organic acids, and 1 flavonoid. Of these, a total of 12 components, including 7 iridoids of geniposide, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester, gardenoside, scandoside methyl ester, and genipin gentiobioside, 2 crocins such as crocin I and crocin II, 1 monocyclic monoterpenoid of jasminoside B, 1 organic acid of chlorogenic acid, and 1 flavonoid of rutin, were unambiguously identified by comparison with reference substances. There were certain differences in the contents of these 12 components among 40 samples. The geniposide content ranged from 37.917 to 72.216 mg/g, and the total content of the 7 iridoids ranged from 59.931 to 94.314 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaru Feng
- Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihua Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Wang Y, Li P, Zhang X, Li L, Liu M, Li X, Dai Y, Zhang C, Li S. Mitochondrial-Respiration-Improving Effects of Three Different Gardeniae Fructus Preparations and Their Components. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34229-34241. [PMID: 34963909 PMCID: PMC8697009 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The processing method for Chinese traditional herbal medicine is "Pao Zhi" in Chinese. This study examined the efficacy of the Pao Zhi on the preparations of Gardeniae Fructus (GF) on a mitochondrial respiratory function in rats. To determine the efficacy of Pao Zhi, we investigated the effects of GF heat processing on mitochondrial respiratory function. To test the GF components, the rats were randomly divided into a geniposide-alone group, crocin-alone group, and combination groups and treated with geniposide and crocin at different ratios. The results showed that a high dose, raw GF was more effective in improving the neurological function, mitochondrial respiratory function, and activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase than the preparations that underwent heating. Moreover, mitochondrial ROS production was the lowest in the raw GF-treated group. In addition, treatments with crocin and GC3 were more effective than geniposide in improving the functional deficit in MCAO rats. In conclusion, our results suggest that raw GF is the most suitable preparation for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, and its underlying mechanisms may be associated with the improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function, increased activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, and reduced oxidative stress in mitochondria. Our findings suggest that raw GF, especially crocin, could be an ideal therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Puling Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Yejia Dai
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Shaojing Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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20
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Zang C, Liu H, Shang J, Yang H, Wang L, Sheng C, Zhang Z, Bao X, Yu Y, Yao X, Zhang D. Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis extract GJ-4 alleviated cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153780. [PMID: 34607163 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence demonstrates that traditional Chinese medicines that act on multiple targets could effectively treat various multi-etiological diseases, including cerebrovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and so on. Previous studies have shown that crocin richments (GJ-4), Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis extract, provide neuroprotective effects on cognitive impairments in AD mouse models. However, the mechanism how GJ-4 improves cognition remains still unclear. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to uncover the protective effects and underlying mechanism of GJ-4 on PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were given GJ-4 (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg), donepezil (5 mg/kg) and memantine (5 mg/kg) orally at eight months of age for 12 consecutive weeks. Morris water maze and novel object recognition were conducted to assess the cognitive ability of mice. The release of inflammatory cytokines was determined by RT-PCR assay, and the pathological features of neurons and microglia were assayed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assay. The expression of Aβ-related proteins and signaling pathways were determined by Western blot. RESULTS The behavioral results revealed that GJ-4 ameliorated the cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 mice measured by Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Mechanism studies indicated that GJ-4 significantly decreased β-amyloid (Aβ) level through reducing Aβ production and promoting Aβ degradation. It has been reported that Aβ plaques trigger the hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein in APP/PS1 mice. Consistent with previous studies, hyper-phosphorylation of tau was also occurred in APP/PS1 mice in the present study, and GJ-4 inhibited Tau phosphorylation at different sites. Overwhelming evidence indicates that neuroinflammation stimulated by Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau is involved in the pathological progression of AD. We found that GJ-4 suppressed neuroinflammatory responses in the brain through regulating phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway activation, and subsequent expression of inflammatory proteins and release of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Altogether, GJ-4 ameliorated cognition of APP/PS1 transgenic mice through multiple targets, including Aβ, tau and neuroinflammation. This study provides a solid research basis for further development of GJ-4 as a potential candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Junmei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Chanjuan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Zihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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21
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Cao YG, Ren YJ, Liu YL, Wang MN, He C, Chen X, Fan XL, Zhang YL, Hao ZY, Li HW, Zheng XK, Feng WS. Iridoid glycosides and lignans from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Eills. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112893. [PMID: 34332297 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four previously undescribed iridoid glycosides, including two bis-iridoid glycosides, and three undescribed lignans, together with 16 known analogues, were isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Eills. Their structures were elucidated on basis of spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configurations of three of the unknown compounds were determined by interpretation of their electronic circular dichroic (ECD) and [α] [Formula: see text] data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated and all the compounds exhibited slightly inhibitory activity with the values of IC50 greater than 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Ying-Jie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Meng-Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Chen He
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Xi-Ling Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Zhi-You Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
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22
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Girme A, Saste G, Pawar S, Ghule C, Mirgal A, Patel S, Tiwari A, Ghoshal S, Bharate SB, Bharate SS, Reddy DS, Vishwakarma RA, Hingorani L. Quantitative Determination and Characterization of a Kashmir Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.)-Based Botanical Supplement Using Single-Laboratory Validation Study by HPLC-PDA with LC-MS/MS and HPTLC Investigations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23460-23474. [PMID: 34549144 PMCID: PMC8444316 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Food ingredients hold a higher nutritional value as a botanical supplement playing a vital role in modifying and maintaining the physiological conditions that improve human health benefits. The Kashmir saffron (Crocus sativus L; KCS) obtained from dried stigmas is known for its aroma precursors and apocarotenoid derivatives, imparting a wide range of medicinal values and therapeutic benefits. In the present study, a simultaneous determination of apocarotenoids and flavonoids in stigma-based botanical supplements was carried out using analytical investigations. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based qualitative analysis of the raw material (stigmas, stamens, and tepals) and stigma extract has been carried out to identify apocarotenoids and flavonoids. The rapid HPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous quantification of KCS apocarotenoids was robust, precise (<5.0%), linear (R 2 > 0.99), and accurate (80-110%) as per the single-laboratory validation data. Furthermore, the combined-expanded uncertainty (95%; K = 2) was calculated and found as 0.0035-0.007% (<5.0%) as per the EURACHEM guide for this HPLC analysis. Additionally, an untargeted identification of 36 compounds in the botanical supplement was based on the elution order, UV-vis spectra, mass fragmentation pattern, and standards by ESI-MS/MS analysis with comprehensive chromatographic fingerprinting. Thus, these analytical approaches enable a composite profile of the stigma-based extract as a potential supplement for human health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboli Girme
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandeep Pawar
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Chetana Ghule
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Mirgal
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Saurabh Patel
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Anshuly Tiwari
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sautik Ghoshal
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sonali S. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
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23
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Song YN, Wang Y, Zheng YH, Liu TL, Zhang C. Crocins: A comprehensive review of structural characteristics, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104969. [PMID: 34147548 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Crocins, as a kind of water-soluble carotenoid pigment, are a series of ester compounds formed from crocetin and gentibiose or glucose, and mainly distributed among Crocus sativus L. (CSL), Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. (GJE). Crocins exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects on neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, depression, liver disease, arthritis, tumor, diabetes, etc. This review systematically discussed the pharmacologic study of crocins in the aspect of structural characteristic and pharmacokinetics, and summarized the mechanism of treating disease. It summarized the abundant research of crocins from 1984 to 2020 based on the above aspects, which provide a reference for the deeply development and application of crocins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | | | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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24
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Li C, Gao X, Gao X, Lv J, Bian X, Lv J, Sun J, Luo G, Zhang H. Effects of medicine food Fructus Gardeniae on liver and kidney functions after oral administration to rats for 12 weeks. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13752. [PMID: 34086366 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is medicine food widely used for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. However, in recent years, research has suggested that high doses of FG can cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. To assess this potential toxicity in more depth, this study investigated the effects of decocted FG and two of its bioactive constituents (geniposide and genipin) on liver and kidney function in rats. Rats were intragastrically administered FG (330 mg/kg body weight), geniposide (50 mg/kg body weight), or genipin (50 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Changes in body weight, liver and kidney indices, biochemical indices, and inflammatory factors were monitored. In addition, pathological sections were assessed and the expression of caspase-3, NF-κBp65, COX-2, and iNOS was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. It was found that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea nitrogen increased following administration of FG, geniposide, and genipin. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione decreased following treatment, while malondialdehyde levels increased. Pathological and immunohistochemical evaluations further confirmed that FG and its constituents may cause damage to the liver and kidneys. The mechanism study revealed that the protein level of inflammatory pathway increased and further promoted apoptosis, suggesting that it should not be taken orally for extended periods of time. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chinese medicine and food safety have always been public health concerns. Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is a plant with a dual-purpose as it is used as both a medicine and food. Medicinally, it has the effects of heat-clearing and detoxification. However, its adverse effects and related mechanisms are not clear, and this has potential safety implications. In this study, rats were treated with FG for 12 weeks and found that the long-term administration of FG or high dosing can lead to damage to liver and kidney function. Therefore, close attention must be paid to the dosage of FG in order to achieve a therapeutic effect and avoid adverse reactions. Thus, this study lays a foundation for the safety evaluation and clinical application of FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jingwei Lv
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xuefeng Bian
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinpeng Lv
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Guangming Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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25
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Liu H, Zhang Z, Zang C, Wang L, Yang H, Sheng C, Shang J, Zhao Z, Yuan F, Yu Y, Yao X, Bao X, Zhang D. GJ-4 ameliorates memory impairment in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion of rats via inhibiting JAK2/STAT1-mediated neuroinflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113491. [PMID: 33091490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) is a traditional Chinese medicine with diverse pharmacological functions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-depression, as well as improvement of cognition and ischemia brain injury. GJ-4 is a natural extract from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) and has been proved to improve memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model in our previous studies. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of GJ-4 on vascular dementia (VD) and explore the potential mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS In our experiment, a focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion rat model was successfully developed by the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). GJ-4 (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg) and nimodipine (10 mg/kg) were orally administered to rats once a day for consecutive 12 days. Learning and memory behavioral performance was assayed by step-down test and Morris water maze test. The neurological scoring test was performed to evaluate the neurological function of rats. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Nissl staining were respectively employed to determine the infarct condition and neuronal injury of the brain. Iba1 immunohistochemistry was used to show the activation of microglia. Moreover, the synaptic damage and inflammatory level were detected by Western blot. RESULTS GJ-4 could significantly improve memory impairment, cerebral infraction, as well as neurological deficits of VD rats induced by MCAO/R. Further research indicated VD-induced neuronal injury was alleviated by GJ-4. In addition, GJ-4 could protect synapse of VD rats by upregulating synaptophysin (SYP) expression, post synaptic density 95 protein (PSD95) expression, and downregulating N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) expression. Subsequent investigation of the underlying mechanisms identified that GJ-4 could suppress neuroinflammatory responses, supported by inhibited activation of microglia and reduced expression of inflammatory proteins, which ultimately exerted neuroprotective effects on VD. Further mechanistic study indicated that janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway was inhibited by GJ-4 treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggested that GJ-4 might serve as a potential drug to improve VD. In addition, our study indicated that inhibition of neuroinflammation might be a promising target to treat VD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Dementia, Vascular/enzymology
- Dementia, Vascular/etiology
- Dementia, Vascular/prevention & control
- Dementia, Vascular/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Gardenia
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory Disorders/enzymology
- Memory Disorders/etiology
- Memory Disorders/prevention & control
- Memory Disorders/psychology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Nootropic Agents/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reperfusion Injury/enzymology
- Reperfusion Injury/etiology
- Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Synapses/drug effects
- Synapses/metabolism
- Synapses/pathology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chanjuan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Junmei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fangyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of TCM, Natural Products College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of TCM, Natural Products College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Shu P, Yu M, Zhu H, Luo Y, Li Y, Li N, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu G, Wei X, Yi W. Two new iridoid glycosides from Gardeniae Fructus. Carbohydr Res 2021; 501:108259. [PMID: 33610932 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new iridoid glycosides, genipin 1,10-di-O-α-l-rhamnoside (1) and genipin 1,10-di-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (2), along with thirteen known compounds (3-15) were isolated from Gardeniae Fructus. Their structures were elucidated by physical data analyses such as NMR, UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, as well as chemical hydrolysis. All compounds were tested for their tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. At a concentration of 25 μM, compound 13 showed obvious mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity with % inhibition value of 36.52 ± 1.98%, with kojic acid used as the positive control (46.09 ± 1.29%). At a concentration of 1 mM, compounds 8 and 9 exhibited considerable DPPH radical scavenging activities, with radical scavenging rates of 48.54 ± 0.47%, 58.59 ± 0.39%, respectively, with l-ascorbic acid used as the positive control (59.02 ± 0.77%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Shu
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China.
| | - Mengzhu Yu
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Huiqing Zhu
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Yuehui Luo
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Nianci Li
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Xialan Wei
- School of Information Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Wenhan Yi
- Communist Youth League Committee, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China.
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Pang Q, Zhang W, Li C, Li H, Zhang Y, Li L, Zang C, Yao X, Zhang D, Yu Y. Antidementia effects, metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetics of GJ-4, a crocin-rich botanical candidate from Gardeniae fructus. Food Funct 2020; 11:8825-8836. [PMID: 32966490 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01678k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crocins, a series of hydrophilic carotenoids that are either mono- or di-glycosyl polyene esters of crocetin extracted from dried saffron stigma or fruits of gardenia, are attracting much attention due to their wide range of pharmacological effects. In our previous study, GJ-4, a mixture of crocin analogues, was obtained and derived from gardenia fruits. Mainly 18 crocin analogues were identified from GJ-4 and found to exhibit neuroprotective effects in in vitro and in vivo models. In this present study, we continue to investigate the therapeutic effects of GJ-4 on learning and memory impairments in a 2VO-induced VaD model, and the potential mechanism. In addition, the metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetic properties of GJ-4 were determined using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry after single and multiple oral doses. All these findings presented here will serve as a solid basis to develop GJ-4 as a new therapeutic agent for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Pang
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, People' Republic China
| | - Haibo Li
- Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharamaceutical Process, Lianyungang 222001, People' Republic China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Zang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510623, People's Republic of China
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Zhang N, Luo M, He L, Yao L. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Flower of 'Shanzhizi' ( Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) and Involvement of Serotonergic System in Its Anxiolytic Effect. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204702. [PMID: 33066512 PMCID: PMC7587363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a famous fragrant flower in China. Previous pharmacological research mainly focuses on its fruit. In this study, the essential oil of the flower of 'Shanzhizi', which was a major variety for traditional Chinese medicine use, was extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Mouse anxiety models included open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), and light and dark box (LDB), which were used to evaluate its anxiolytic effect via inhalation. The involvement of monoamine system was studied by pretreatment with neurotransmitter receptor antagonists WAY100635, flumazenil and sulpiride. The monoamine neurotransmitters contents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus after aroma inhalation were also analyzed. The results showed that inhalation of G. jasminoides essential oil could significantly elevated the time and entries into open arms in EPM tests and the time explored in the light chamber in LDB tests with no sedative effect. WAY100635 and sulpiride, but not flumazenil, blocked its anxiolytic effect. Inhalation of G. jasminoides essential oil significantly down-regulated the 5-HIAA/5-HT in the PFC and reduced the 5-HIAA content in hippocampus compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, inhalation of gardenia essential oil showed an anxiolytic effect in mice. Monoamine, especially the serotonergic system, was involved in its anxiolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mu Luo
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Lei He
- Department of Resources and Environment, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-3420-6606
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Sun C, Nile SH, Zhang Y, Qin L, El-Seedi HR, Daglia M, Kai G. Novel Insight into Utilization of Flavonoid Glycosides and Biological Properties of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) Flower Byproducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10685-10696. [PMID: 32924469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) byproducts are considered as a cheap source of bioactive polyphenolics endowed with potential antioxidant effects. The saffron biowaste is utilized for extraction of flavonoid glycosides and their potential biological properties. The total amount of polyphenolics and polysaccharides was found to be higher in the tepal than in the stamen. The bioactive compounds quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (Q-3-sop) and kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside (K-3-sop) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant effects were studied using 2,2 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC); Q-3-sop showed stronger antioxidant effects compared to K-3-sop, crocin-I, and crocin-II. Furthermore, Q-3-sop also inhibited cell apoptosis caused by H2O2 by reducing the levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In terms of cytogenetic effects, Q-3-sop revealed no cytogenic effects on onion root meristem cells but chromosomal aberration was observed at the highest dose (200 ppm). Thus, saffron byproducts and its flavonoids could be utilized as natural antioxidant agents with no cytogenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Sun
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Luping Qin
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
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Okoshi K, Uekusa Y, Narukawa Y, Kiuchi F. Solubility enhancement of berberine-baicalin complex by the constituents of Gardenia Fruit. J Nat Med 2020; 75:76-83. [PMID: 32857337 PMCID: PMC8933372 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Kampo prescription usually consists of several crude drugs and contains many kinds of compounds. Physicochemical interactions between the compounds may occur in the process of decoction, by which Kampo prescriptions are usually prepared for ingestion, and the interactions may change the extraction yields of the constituents. Berberine and baicalin have been reported to form precipitates. Orengedokuto, which consist of Coptis Rhizome, Gardenia Fruit, Phellodendron Bark and Scutellaria Root, has been a representative Kampo prescription used to treat inflammatory diseases. In our previous papers, we revealed that the precipitates formed in the decoction of orengedokuto without Gardenia Fruit mainly consists of berberine–baicalin complex and that Gardenia Fruit reduced the amount of the precipitates in orengedokuto decoction. In this report, through solubility-enhancement assay based on HPLC, we identified crocins as the constituents of Gardenia Fruits, which enhanced the solubility of berberine–baicalin complex. All-trans crocin-1 (1) and 13-cis crocin-1 (5) showed high activities among the isolated crocins, and the number of glucosyl groups in the molecule seemed correlated with the activity. As berberine and baicalin were reported as the anti-inflammatory constituents of Coptis Rhizome and Phellodendron Bark, and Scutellaria Root, respectively, Gardenia Fruit contributes anti-inflammatory activity of orengedokuto by increasing solubilities of anti-inflammatory constituents of the other component crude drugs in the prescription. Our result will add a scientific basis to the understanding of the effectiveness of orengedokuto as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Okoshi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Uekusa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yuji Narukawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Kiuchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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Chen L, Li M, Yang Z, Tao W, Wang P, Tian X, Li X, Wang W. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112829. [PMID: 32311486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a popular shrub in the Rubiaceae family. The desiccative ripe fruits of this plant (called Zhizi in China) are well known and frequently used not only as an excellent natural colourant, but also as an important traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases, such as reducing fire except vexed, clearing away heat evil, and cooling blood and eliminating stasis to activate blood circulation. It has also been declared as the first batch of dual-purpose plants used for food and medical functions in China. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to provide a critical and systematic summary of the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and industrial applications of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and briefly proposes several suggestions for future application prospects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The related information on Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was obtained from internationally recognized scientific databases through the Internet (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, Medline Plus, ACS, Elsevier and Flora of China) and libraries. RESULTS Approximately 162 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from this herb. Among them, iridoid glycosides and yellow pigment are generally considered the main bioactive and characteristic ingredients. Various pharmacological properties, such as a beneficial effect on the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems, hepatoprotective activity, antidepressant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity, were also validated in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, geniposide and genipin are the most important iridoid compounds isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and genipin is the aglycone of geniposide. As the predominant active ingredient with a distinct pharmacological activity, genipin is also an outstanding biological crosslinking agent. Gardenia yellow pigment has also been widely used as an excellent natural dye-stuff. Hence, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has been applied to many other fields, including the food industry, textile industry and chemical industry, in addition to its predominant medicinal uses. CONCLUSIONS According to this review, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is outstanding traditional medical plant used in medicine and food. Pharmacological investigations support the traditional use of this herb and may validate the folk medicinal use of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis to treat different diseases. Iridoid glycosides are potential medicines. Gardenia yellow pigment has been the most important source of a natural colourant for food, cloth and paint for thousands of years. This herb has made great contributions to human survival and development. Moreover, it has also achieved outstanding progress in human life and even in art. Although Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has extremely high and comprehensive utilization values, it is still far from being completely explored. Therefore, the comprehensive development of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis deserves further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Maoxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Wendi Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
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32
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Li HB, Ma JF, Mei YD, Liu LX, Cao ZY, Shi DF, Yao XS, Yu Y. Two new iridoid glycosides from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:186-192. [PMID: 32594764 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1775227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new iridoid glycosides, 2'-O-cis-coumaroylgardoside (1), and 6'-O-caffeoylioxide (2), were isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESI-MS, NMR) and chemical methods. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on PGE2 production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, compounds 1 and 2 could reduce PGE2 levels in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 121.4 and 83.38 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Dan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ling-Xian Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dan-Feng Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of bHLH Transcription Factors Related to Crocin Biosynthesis in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2903861. [PMID: 32337236 PMCID: PMC7165322 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2903861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crocins, enriched in Gardenia jasminoides fruits, have a pharmacological activity against central nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer cell growth. The biosynthesis of crocins has been widely explored, but its regulatory mechanism remains unknown. Here, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors related to crocin biosynthesis were systematically identified on the basis of the genome of G. jasminoides. A total of 95 GjbHLH transcription factor genes were identified, and their phylogenetic analysis indicated that they could be classified into 23 subfamilies. The combination of gene-specific bHLH expression patterns, the coexpression analysis of biosynthesis genes, and the analysis of promoter sequences in crocin biosynthesis pathways suggested that nine bHLHs in G. jasminoides might negatively regulate crocin biosynthesis. This study laid a foundation for understanding the regulatory mechanism of crocin biosynthesis and the improvement and breeding of G. jasminoides varieties.
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Structural characteristics of Medicago Sativa L. Polysaccharides and Se-modified polysaccharides as well as their antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:1099-1106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Qi Y, Zhang Q, Zhu H. Huang-Lian Jie-Du decoction: a review on phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic investigations. Chin Med 2019; 14:57. [PMID: 31867052 PMCID: PMC6918586 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huang-Lian Jie-Du decoction (HLJDD), a famous traditional Chinese prescription constituted by Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Cortex Phellodendri and Fructus Gradeniae, has notable characteristics of dissipating heat and detoxification, interfering with tumors, hepatic diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammatory or allergic processes, cerebral diseases and microbial infections. Based on the wide clinical applications, accumulating investigations about HLJDD focused on several aspects: (1) chemical analysis to explore the underlying substrates responsible for the therapeutic effects; (2) further determination of pharmacological actions and the possible mechanisms of the whole prescription and of those representative ingredients to provide scientific evidence for traditional clinical applications and to demonstrate the intriguing molecular targets for specific pathological processes; (3) pharmacokinetic feature studies of single or all components of HLJDD to reveal the chemical basis and synergistic actions contributing to the pharmacological and clinically therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarized the main achievements of phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles of HLJDD and its herbal or pharmacologically active chemicals, as well as our understanding which further reveals the significance of HLJDD clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Qi
- 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,3Jiangsu Research Center of Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,3Jiangsu Research Center of Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,4Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,3Jiangsu Research Center of Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Screening of the Hepatotoxic Components in Fructus Gardeniae and Their Effects on Rat Liver BRL-3A Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213920. [PMID: 31671698 PMCID: PMC6864725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is a common Chinese medicine and food. However, the toxicity of FG has drawn increasing concern, especially its hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to screen the hepatotoxic components of FG and evaluate their effects on rat liver BRL-3A cells. The chemical composition of FG was determined by HPLC-ESI-MS. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ten chemical components from FG, and then the toxic components with significant inhibitory activity were selected for further study. The results showed that geniposide, genipin, genipin-1-gentiobioside, gardenoside, and shanzhiside all suppress cells viability. Apoptosis assays further indicated that geniposide and its metabolite genipin are the main hepatotoxic components of FG. Pretreatment of cells with geniposide or genipin increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased. The cell contents of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) were also increased. Molecular docking simulations were used to investigate the mechanism of FG-induced hepatotoxicity, revealing that geniposide and genipin bind strongly to the pro-inflammatory factor TNFR1 receptor of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The obtained results strongly indicate that the hepatotoxicity of FG is caused by iridoids compounds. Genipin had the most significant hepatotoxic effect. These toxic substances destroy the cell antioxidant defense system, increasing inflammatory injury to the liver cells and leading to apoptosis and even necrosis. Thus, this study lays a foundation for toxicology research into FG and its rational application.
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Pan D, Zeng C, Zhang W, Li T, Qin Z, Yao X, Dai Y, Yao Z, Yu Y, Yao X. Non-volatile pungent compounds isolated from Zingiber officinale and their mechanisms of action. Food Funct 2019; 10:1203-1211. [PMID: 30741292 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient strategy developed by integrating UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular simulation, was proposed and applied for rapidly screening bioactive candidates from ginger. A UPLC-Q/TOF MS-guided isolation targeting non-volatile pungent compounds resulted in the isolation and identification of 19 compounds in the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, including six new compounds (1-6). Based on target prediction and Gene Ontology (GO), the primary biological function of compounds was predicted to be associated with cancer and the key target was VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2). Moreover, cytotoxic activity assays demonstrated that the isolated compounds had potential anti-proliferative effects on MDA-MB-231, A549 and HCT116 cells. In particular, compounds 7 and 8 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against HCT116 compared with the other cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 4.70 to 7.40 μM. In addition, VEGFR2 inhibition of compounds 7 and 8 was validated based on enzyme activity assays and their interaction mechanisms were illuminated through molecular simulations. These experimental data are consistent with the calculated results, indicating the veracity of the proposed method. In conclusion, the integrated strategy is a quick and efficient way to explore bioactive compounds as well as research the possible targets, providing us with a good possibility of screening new lead compounds from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabo Pan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
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Zhang WY, Yu Y, Yan LL, Li C, Han JY, Qin ZF, Dai Y, Yao ZH, Zhou H, Yao XS. Discovery of cardio-protective constituents of Gualou Xiebai Decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicinal formula. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:318-327. [PMID: 30060904 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Finding effective compounds of TCMs has always been the basis for achieving marker-based quality control which is currently most widely used quality control strategy. Gualou Xiebai Decoction (GLXB), a classical TCM formula, is recorded and proven as a therapy for curing coronary heart disease but the effective constituents are unidentified and the substantial basis of the therapeutic effects is not clear. PURPOSE The present research is an investigation on the chemistry of this formula aiming at finding and precisely identifying effective compounds. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This research started with screening for effective fractions of GLXB by rat myocardial infarction model and H9c2 cell hypoxia/reoxygenation model, then compounds in effective fractions were isolated and identified by phytochemical and spectroscopic methods. The cardio-protective activities of the compounds were tested in vitro and one of the effective compounds was taken as example to investigate the mechanisms. RESULTS The water-insoluble parts of GLXB were identified as effective parts in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Systematic isolation of compounds in the effective fractions resulted in the isolation of 34 compounds including 7 new compounds, whereas 8 compounds were effective in protecting H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. One of the effective compounds, macrostemonoside P (MP) possibly exerted its effect by activating RISK pathway and attenuating apoptosis. CONCLUSION An array of effective constituents of GLXB were discovered, and discovery of these compounds contributed to elucidating the substantial basis for the therapeutic effects of this formula, and provides fundaments for establishing Q-markers for further reliable quality control of GLXB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lu-Lu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zi-Fei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yi Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Lu D, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Pan D, Zhang D, Yao X, Yu Y. Two new triterpenoids from Gardenia jasminoides fruits. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2789-2794. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1502764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Taipa, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Jiang
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dabo Pan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Liu XG, Sun YQ, Bian J, Han T, Yue DD, Li DQ, Gao PY. Neuroprotective effects of triterpenoid saponins from Medicago sativa L. against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Bioorg Chem 2018; 83:468-476. [PMID: 30448725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Medicago sativa L. is a forage legume plant widely distributed in all continents. Six new triterpenoid saponins, Medicagosides A-F (1-6) and five known ones (7-11) were isolated from M. sativa. Their structures were determined via HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Biologically, all the isolates displayed neuroprotective activities against H2O2-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Among them, compounds 1, 3-5 and 10 exhibited striking neuroprotective activities at 100 μM, restoring cell viability range from 79.66% to 89.03%, relative to 79.46% (100 μM) of Trolox used as the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Gui Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China; Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Bian
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Han
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Yue
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Qi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China; Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pin-Yi Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China; Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, People's Republic of China.
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Anti-TMV and Insecticidal Potential of Four Iridoid Glycosides from Gardenia Jasminoides Fruit. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-8197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zang CX, Bao XQ, Li L, Yang HY, Wang L, Yu Y, Wang XL, Yao XS, Zhang D. The Protective Effects of Gardenia jasminoides (Fructus Gardenia) on Amyloid-β-Induced Mouse Cognitive Impairment and Neurotoxicity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:389-405. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Although the exact causes of AD have not yet been fully elucidated, cholinergic dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been recognized as influential factors. Current drugs that are designed to address only a single target are unable to mitigate or prevent the progression of this complicated disease, so new disease-modifying drugs are urgently needed. Chinese herbs with thousand years of effective usage might be a good source for potential drugs. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) is a common traditional Chinese medicine with tranquilizing effects, which is an important component of widely-used traditional Chinese medicine for dementia. GJ-4 is crocin richments extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis. In our study, we attempted to observe the effects of GJ-4 on learning and memory injury induced by amyloid-[Formula: see text] 25-35 (A[Formula: see text] injection in mice. Treatment with GJ-4 dose-dependently enhanced the memory and cognition ability of A[Formula: see text]-injected mice. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed the protective effect of GJ-4 was related to its protection of neurons and cholinergic dysfunction. The mechanistic results also indicated that GJ-4 could enhance antioxidant capacity and attenuate neuroinflammation. Our results implied that GJ-4 might be a promising drug to improve cognitive and memory impairment, with multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qi Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Han-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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