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Guo Q, Peng QQ, Li YW, Yan F, Wang YT, Ye C, Shi TQ. Advances in the metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica for the production of β-carotene. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:337-351. [PMID: 36779332 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2166809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene is one kind of the most important carotenoids. The major functions of β-carotene include the antioxidant and anti-cardiovascular properties, which make it a growing market. Recently, the use of metabolic engineering to construct microbial cell factories to synthesize β-carotene has become the latest model for its industrial production. Among these cell factories, yeasts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica have attracted the most attention because of the: security, mature genetic manipulation tools, high flux toward carotenoids using the native mevalonate pathway and robustness for large-scale fermentation. In this review, the latest strategies for β-carotene biosynthesis, including protein engineering, promoters engineering and morphological engineering are summarized in detail. Finally, perspectives for future engineering approaches are proposed to improve β-carotene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Peng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yan
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wang S, Meng D, Feng M, Li C, Wang Y. Efficient Plant Triterpenoids Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: from Mechanisms to Engineering Strategies. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1059-1076. [PMID: 38546129 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoids possess a range of biological activities and are extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and chemical industries. Traditionally, they are acquired through chemical synthesis and plant extraction. However, these methods have drawbacks, including high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and being time-consuming. Recently, the de novo synthesis of triterpenoids in microbial cell factories has been achieved. This represents a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional supply methods. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known for its robustness, safety, and ample precursor supply, stands out as an ideal candidate for triterpenoid biosynthesis. However, challenges persist in industrial production and economic feasibility of triterpenoid biosynthesis. Consequently, metabolic engineering approaches have been applied to improve the triterpenoid yield, leading to substantial progress. This review explores triterpenoids biosynthesis mechanisms in S. cerevisiae and strategies for efficient production. Finally, the review also discusses current challenges and proposes potential solutions, offering insights for future engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meilin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Bai X, Wang S, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Zhou J, Men L, Li D, Ma J, Wei Q, Xu M, Yin X, Hu T. Reprogramming the Metabolism of Yeast for High-Level Production of Miltiradiene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8704-8714. [PMID: 38572931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Miltiradiene serves as a crucial precursor in the synthesis of various high-value abietane-type diterpenes, exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities. Previous efforts to enhance miltiradiene production have primarily focused on the mevalonate acetate (MVA) pathway. However, limited emphasis has been placed on optimizing the supply of acetyl-CoA and NADPH. In this study, we constructed a platform yeast strain for miltiradiene production by reinforcing the biosynthetic pathway of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and acetyl-CoA, and addressing the imbalance between the supply and demand of the redox cofactor NADPH within the cytoplasm, resulting in an increase in miltiradiene yield to 1.31 g/L. Furthermore, we conducted modifications to the miltiradiene synthase fusion protein tSmKSL1-CfTPS1. Finally, the comprehensive engineering strategies and protein modification strategies culminated in 1.43 g/L miltiradiene in the engineered yeast under shake flask culture conditions. Overall, our work established efficient yeast cell factories for miltiradiene production, providing a foothold for heterologous biosynthesis of abietane-type diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lianhui Men
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dengyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiuhui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Mengdie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaopu Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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4
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Wang J, Ma W, Ma W, Fang Z, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Kong X, Xin F, Zhang W, Jiang M. Strategies for the efficient biosynthesis of β-carotene through microbial fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:160. [PMID: 38607448 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
β-Carotene is an orange fat-soluble compound, which has been widely used in fields such as food, medicine and cosmetics owing to its anticancer, antioxidant and cardiovascular disease prevention properties. Currently, natural β-carotene is mainly extracted from plants and algae, which cannot meet the growing market demand, while chemical synthesis of β-carotene cannot satisfy the pursuit for natural products of consumers. The β-carotene production through microbial fermentation has become a promising alternative owing to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and in-depth study on the synthesis pathway of β-carotene, microbial fermentation has shown promising applications in the β-carotene synthesis. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the research progress and strategies of natural carotenoid producing strain and metabolic engineering strategies in the heterologous synthesis of β-carotene by engineered microorganisms. Moreover, it also summarizes the adoption of inexpensive carbon sources to synthesize β-carotene as well as proposes new strategies that can further improve the β-carotene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanyang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Kong
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
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5
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Guo Y, Chen X, Gong P, Long H, Wang J, Yang W, Yao W. Siraitia grosvenorii As a Homologue of Food and Medicine: A Review of Biological Activity, Mechanisms of Action, Synthetic Biology, and Applications in Future Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6850-6870. [PMID: 38513114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Siraitia grosvenorii (SG), also known as Luo Han Guo or Monk fruit, boasts a significant history in food and medicine. This review delves into SG's historical role and varied applications in traditional Chinese culture, examining its phytochemical composition and the health benefits of its bioactive compounds. It further explores SG's biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties and elucidates the mechanisms behind these effects. The review also highlights recent synthetic biology advances in enhancing the production of SG's bioactive compounds, presenting new opportunities for broadening their availability. Ultimately, this review emphasizes SG's value in food and medicine, showcasing its historical and cultural importance, phytochemistry, biological functions, action mechanisms, and the role of synthetic biology in its sustainable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Guo
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Hui Long
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiating Wang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenbo Yao
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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6
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Adusumilli SH, Alikkam Veetil A, Choudhury C, Chattopadhyaya B, Behera D, Bachhawat AK. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants increase NADPH pools for yeast isoprenoid production. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:410-425. [PMID: 38124687 PMCID: PMC10909971 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoid biosynthesis has a significant requirement for the co-factor NADPH. Thus, increasing NADPH levels for enhancing isoprenoid yields in synthetic biology is critical. Previous efforts have focused on diverting flux into the pentose phosphate pathway or overproducing enzymes that generate NADPH. In this study, we instead focused on increasing the efficiency of enzymes that generate NADPH. We first established a robust genetic screen that allowed us to screen improved variants. The pentose phosphate pathway enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), was chosen for further improvement. Different gene fusions of G6PD with the downstream enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL), were created. The linker-less G6PD-6PGL fusion displayed the highest activity, and although it had slightly lower activity than the WT enzyme, the affinity for G6P was higher and showed higher yields of the diterpenoid sclareol in vivo. A second gene fusion approach was to fuse G6PD to truncated HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting step and also the major NADPH consumer in the pathway. Both domains were functional, and the fusion also yielded higher sclareol levels. We simultaneously carried out a rational mutagenesis approach with G6PD, which led to the identification of two mutants of G6PD, N403D and S238QI239F, that showed 15-25% higher activity in vitro. The diterpene sclareol yields were also increased in the strains overexpressing these mutants relative to WT G6PD, and these will be very beneficial in synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harsha Adusumilli
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliManauliIndia
- Present address:
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonWIUSA
| | - Anuthariq Alikkam Veetil
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliManauliIndia
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesLinnaeus universityKalmarSweden
| | | | - Banani Chattopadhyaya
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliManauliIndia
| | - Diptimayee Behera
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliManauliIndia
| | - Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliManauliIndia
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7
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Liu Z, Huang M, Chen H, Lu X, Tian Y, Hu P, Zhao Q, Li P, Li C, Ji X, Liu H. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for high-level production of squalene. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130233. [PMID: 38141883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is an important triterpene with a wide range of applications. Given the growing market demand for squalene, the development of microbial cell factories capable of squalene production is considered a sustainable method. This study aimed to investigate the squalene production potential of Yarrowia lipolytica. First, HMG-CoA reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and squalene synthase from Y. lipolytica was co-overexpressed in Y. lipolytica. Second, by enhancing the supply of NADPH in the squalene synthesis pathway, the production of squalene in Y. lipolytica was effectively increased. Furthermore, by constructing an isoprenol utilization pathway and overexpressing YlDGA1, the strain YLSQ9, capable of producing 868.1 mg/L squalene, was obtained. Finally, by optimizing the fermentation conditions, the highest squalene concentration of 1628.2 mg/L (81.0 mg/g DCW) in Y. lipolytica to date was achieved. This study demonstrated the potential for achieving high squalene production using Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Mingkang Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qiaoqin Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Peiwang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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8
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Yang H, Zhang K, Shen W, Xia Y, Li Y, Chen X. Boosting production of cembratriene-ol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via systematic optimization. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300324. [PMID: 37804156 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cembratriene-ol is a good biodegradable biopesticide ingredient with future potential applications in the field of sustainable agriculture. Cembratriene-ol is a monocyclic diterpenoid compound that is synthesized only in the trichome gland of Nicotiana plants. In this study, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene ggpps from Taxus canadensis and cbts*Δp were heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A to successfully synthesize cembratriene-ol. The titer of cembratriene-ol was increased by 1.84-fold compared to the control by overexpressing the S. cerevisiae bifunctional (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes ERG20 and cbts*Δp under one promoter PGAP . The titer of cembratriene-ol in the engineered S. cerevisiae BY4741 was increased by 1.39-fold compared to the engineered S. cerevisiae W303-1A. The titer of cembratriene-ol in the engineered S. cerevisiae BY4741 was increased by 2.22-fold compared to the control by overexpressing ERG20 and cbts*Δp, respectively, using two promoters PGAP . Cembratriene-ol was found to be successfully synthesized via the integrated expression of cbts*Δp, ggpps and ERG20 on the genome of S. cerevisiae BY4741. The titer of cembratriene-ol in S. cerevisiae S25 was further increased by 1.80-fold compared to the control via dynamic control of the squalene synthase gene ERG9. Overexpression of the genes cbts*Δp and ggpps using pY26-GPD-TEF in S. cerevisiae S25 with their integration expression increased the titer of cembratriene-ol by 26.1-fold compared to S. cerevisiae S25. The titer of cembratriene-ol was significantly enhanced by mitochondrial compartmentalized expression of cbts*Δp and ggpps, which was 76.3-fold higher than that of the initial strain constructed. It was indicated that the systematic optimization has great potential in facilitating high-level production of cembratriene-ol production in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kunjie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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9
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Yanagibashi S, Bamba T, Kirisako T, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. Beneficial effect of optimizing the expression balance of the mevalonate pathway introduced into the mitochondria on terpenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:16-23. [PMID: 38042754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are used in various industries, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising microorganism for terpenoid production. Introducing the mevalonate (MVA) pathway into the mitochondria of a strain with an augmented inherent cytosolic MVA pathway increased terpenoid production but also led to the accumulation of toxic pyrophosphate intermediates that negatively affected terpenoid production. We first engineered the inherent MVA pathway in the cytosol and then introduced the MVA pathway into the mitochondria using several promoter combinations, considering the toxicity of pyrophosphate intermediates. However, the highest titer, 183 mg/L, tends to be only 5% higher than that of the strain that only augmented the inherent MVA pathway (SYCM1; 174 mg/L). Next, we hypothesized that, in addition to the toxicity of pyrophosphate, other compounds in the MVA pathway could affect the squalene titer. Thus, we constructed a combinatorial strain library expressing MVA pathway enzymes in the mitochondria with various promoter combinations. The highest squalene titer (230 mg/L) was 32% higher than that of SYCM1. The promoter set revealed that mitigation of mono- and pyrophosphate compound accumulation was important for mitochondrial usage. This study demonstrated that a combinatorial strain library is useful for discovering the optimal gene expression balance in engineering yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yanagibashi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., 26-1-12-12 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bamba
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kirisako
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., 26-1-12-12 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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10
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Jiao X, Bian Q, Feng T, Lyu X, Yu H, Ye L. Efficient Secretory Production of δ-Tocotrienol by Combining Pathway Modularization and Transportation Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37262183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin E component δ-tocotrienol has shown impressive activities in radioprotection, neuroprotection, and cholesterol reduction. Its production is limited by the low content in plants and difficulty in separation from other tocotrienols. Fermentative production using a microbial cell factory that exclusively produces and secretes δ-tocotrienol is a promising alternative approach. Assembly of the δ-tocotrienol synthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae followed by comprehensive pathway engineering led to the production of 73.45 mg/L δ-tocotrienol. Subsequent addition of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) and overexpression of the transcription factor PDR1 significantly elevated δ-tocotrienol titer to 241.7 mg/L (63.65 mg/g dry cell weight) in shake flasks, with 30.4% secreted. By properly adding CD and the in situ extractant olive oil, 181.12 mg/L of δ-tocotrienol was collected as an extracellular product, accounting for 85.6% of the total δ-tocotrienol production. This process provides not only a promising δ-tocotrienol cell factory but also insights into yeast engineering toward secretory production of other terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Bian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Taotao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China
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11
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Ali MK, Liu X, Li J, Zhu X, Sen B, Wang G. Alpha-Tocopherol Significantly Improved Squalene Production Yield of Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 through Lowering ROS levels and Up-Regulating Key Genes of Central Carbon Metabolism Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051034. [PMID: 37237900 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Media supplementation has proven to be an effective technique for improving byproduct yield during microbial fermentation. This study explored the impact of different concentrations of bioactive compounds, namely alpha-tocopherol, mannitol, melatonin, sesamol, ascorbic acid, and biotin, on the Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 culture. Our investigation revealed that alpha-tocopherol was the most effective compound in reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burden, both directly and indirectly. Adding 0.7 g/L of alpha-tocopherol led to an 18% improvement in biomass, from 6.29 g/L to 7.42 g/L. Moreover, the squalene concentration increased from 129.8 mg/L to 240.2 mg/L, indicating an 85% improvement, while the squalene yield increased by 63.2%, from 19.82 mg/g to 32.4 mg/g. Additionally, our comparative transcriptomics analysis suggested that several genes involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, and MVA pathway were overexpressed following alpha-tocopherol supplementation. The alpha-tocopherol supplementation also lowered ROS levels by binding directly to ROS generated in the fermentation medium and indirectly by stimulating genes that encode antioxidative enzymes, thereby decreasing the ROS burden. Our findings suggest that alpha-tocopherol supplementation can be an effective method for improving squalene production in Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memon Kashif Ali
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology of Tianjin University Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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12
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Jin K, Shi X, Liu J, Yu W, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Combinatorial metabolic engineering enables the efficient production of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128819. [PMID: 36868430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) have been demonstrated to have promising therapeutic potential as anticancer and bacteriostasis agents. Herein, via the heterologous expression and optimization of CrAS, CrAO, and AtCPR1, the de novo syntheses of UA and OA were achieved with titers of 7.4 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Subsequently, metabolic flux was redirected by increasing the cytosolic acetyl-CoA level and tuning the copy numbers of ERG1 and CrAS, thereby affording 483.4 mg/L UA and 163.8 mg/L OA. Furthermore, the lipid droplet compartmentalization of CrAO and AtCPR1 alongside the strengthening of the NADPH regeneration system increased the UA and OA titers to 692.3 and 253.4 mg/L in a shake flask and to 1132.9 and 433.9 mg/L in a 3-L fermenter, which is the highest UA titer reported to date. Overall, this study provides a reference for constructing microbial cell factories that can efficiently synthesize terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xun Shi
- Haoxiangni Health Food Co., Ltd, Xinzheng 451100, China
| | - Jiaheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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13
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Xu YS, Ma W, Li J, Huang PW, Sun XM, Huang H. Metal cofactor regulation combined with rational genetic engineering of Schizochytrium sp. for high-yield production of squalene. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1026-1037. [PMID: 36522292 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing market demand for squalene requires novel biotechnological production platforms. Schizochytrium sp. is an industrial oleaginous host with a high potential for squalene production due to its abundant native acetyl-CoA pool. We first found that iron starvation led to the accumulation of 1.5 g/L of squalene by Schizochytrium sp., which was 40-fold higher than in the control. Subsequent transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses showed that the high squalene titer is due to the diversion of precursors from lipid biosynthesis and increased triglycerides (TAG) content for squalene storage. Furthermore, we constructed the engineered acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (ACAT)-overexpressing strain 18S::ACAT, which produced 2.79 g/L of squalene, representing an 86% increase over the original strain. Finally, a nitrogen-rich feeding strategy was developed to further increase the squalene titer of the engineered strain, which reached 10.78 g/L in fed-batch fermentation, a remarkable 161-fold increase over the control. To our best knowledge, this is the highest squalene yield in thraustochytrids reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Wei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Wang H, Jiang G, Liang N, Dong T, Shan M, Yao M, Wang Y, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Systematic Engineering to Enhance 8-Hydroxygeraniol Production in Yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4319-4327. [PMID: 36857414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxygeraniol, an important component of insect sex pheromones and defensive secretions, can be used as a potential biological insect repellent in agriculture. Microbial production provides sustainable and green means to efficiently gain 8-hydroxygeraniol. The conversion of geraniol to 8-hydroxygeraniol by P450 geraniol-8-hydroxylase (G8H) was regarded as the bottleneck for 8-hydroxygeraniol production. Herein, an integrated strategy consisting of the fitness between G8H and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) engineering, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) supply is implemented to enhance the production of 8-hydroxygeraniol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The titer of 8-hydroxygeraniol was gradually increased by 2.1-fold (up to 158.1 mg/L). Moreover, dehydrogenase ADH6 and reductase ARI1 responsible for the reduction of 8-hydroxygeraniol toward shunt products were also deleted, elevating 8-hydroxygeraniol production to 238.9 mg/L at the shake flask level. Consequently, more than 1.0 g/L 8-hydroxygeraniol in S. cerevisiae was achieved in 5.0 L fed-batch fermentation by a carbon restriction strategy, which was the highest-reported titer in microbes so far. Our work not only provides a sustainable way for de novo biosynthesis of 8-hydroxygeraniol but also sets a good reference in P450 engineering in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herong Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guozhen Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Shan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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15
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Qiu S, Blank LM. Recent Advances in Yeast Recombinant Biosynthesis of the Triterpenoid Protopanaxadiol and Glycosylated Derivatives Thereof. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2197-2210. [PMID: 36696911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products are a seemingly endless resource for novel chemical structures. However, their extraction often results in high prices, fluctuation in both quantity and quality, and negative environmental impact. The latter might result from the extraction procedure but more often from the high amount of plant biomass required. With the advent of synthetic biology, producing natural plant products in large quantities using yeasts as hosts has become possible. Here, we focus on the recent advances in metabolic engineering of the yeasts species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica for the synthesis of ginsenoside triterpenoids, namely, dammarenediol-II, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside Rh2, ginsenoside Rg3, and ginsenoside F1. A discussion is provided on advanced synthetic biology, bioprocess strategies, and current challenges for the biosynthesis of ginsenoside triterpenoids. Finally, future directions in metabolic and process engineering are summarized and may help reify sustainable ginsenoside production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Qiu
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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16
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Luo G, Lin Y, Chen S, Xiao R, Zhang J, Li C, Sinskey AJ, Ye L, Liang S. Overproduction of Patchoulol in Metabolically Engineered Komagataella phaffii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2049-2058. [PMID: 36681940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Patchoulol, a plant-derived sesquiterpene compound, is widely used in perfumes, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Microbial production provides a promising alternative approach for the efficient and sustainable production of patchoulol. However, there are no systematic engineering studies on Komagataella phaffii aimed at achieving high-yield patchoulol production. Herein, by fusion overexpression of FPP synthase and patchoulol synthase (ERG20LPTS), increasing the precursor supply, adjusting the copy number of ERG20LPTS and PTS, and combined with adding auxiliary carbon source and methanol concentration optimization, we constructed a high-yield patchoulol-producing strain P6H53, which produced 149.64 mg/L patchoulol in shake-flask fermentation with methanol as the substrate. In fed-batch fermentation, strain P6H53 achieved the highest production (2.47 g/L, 21.48 mg/g DCW, and 283.25 mg/L/d) to date in a 5 L fermenter. This study will lay a good foundation for the development of K. phaffii as a promising chassis microbial cell for the synthesis of patchoulol and other sesquiterpenes with methanol as the carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjuan Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ruiming Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lei Ye
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong research center of Industrial enzyme and Green manufacturing technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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17
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Chen SL, Liu TS, Zhang WG, Xu JZ. Cofactor Engineering for Efficient Production of α-Farnesene by Rational Modification of NADPH and ATP Regeneration Pathway in Pichia pastoris. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021767. [PMID: 36675279 PMCID: PMC9860691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Farnesene, an acyclic volatile sesquiterpene, plays important roles in aircraft fuel, food flavoring, agriculture, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Here, by re-creating the NADPH and ATP biosynthetic pathways in Pichia pastoris, we increased the production of α-farnesene. First, the native oxiPPP was recreated by overexpressing its essential enzymes or by inactivating glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI). This revealed that the combined over-expression of ZWF1 and SOL3 increases α-farnesene production by improving NADPH supply, whereas inactivating PGI did not do so because it caused a reduction in cell growth. The next step was to introduce heterologous cPOS5 at various expression levels into P. pastoris. It was discovered that a low intensity expression of cPOS5 aided in the production of α-farnesene. Finally, ATP was increased by the overexpression of APRT and inactivation of GPD1. The resultant strain P. pastoris X33-38 produced 3.09 ± 0.37 g/L of α-farnesene in shake flask fermentation, which was 41.7% higher than that of the parent strain. These findings open a new avenue for the development of an industrial-strength α-farnesene producer by rationally modifying the NADPH and ATP regeneration pathways in P. pastoris.
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18
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Zhang X, Qi Z, Fan X, Zhang H, Pei J, Zhao L. Biochemical Characterization of a Flavone Synthase I from Daucus carota and its Application for Bioconversion of Flavanones to Flavones. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:933-946. [PMID: 36242726 PMCID: PMC9568992 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we studied the biochemical characterization of flavone synthase I from Daucus carota (DcFNS I) and applied it with flavonoid 6-hydroxylase from Scutellaria baicalensis (SbCYP) to convert flavanones to flavones. The recombinant DcFNS I was expressed in the form of the glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein. Rather than taxifolin, naringenin, pinocembrin, and eriodictyol were accepted as substrates. The optimal temperature and pH for reaction in vitro were 35 °C and 7.5, respectively, and 2-oxoglutarate was essential in the assay system. Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were not substitutes for Fe2+. EDTA and pyruvic acid inhibited the activity, except for Fe3+. Kinetic analysis revealed that the Vmax and kcat values of the recombinant DcFNS I against naringenin were 0.183 nmol mg-1 s-1 and 0.0121 s-1, and 0.175 nmol mg-1 s-1 and 0.0116 s-1 against pinocembrin. However, the recombinant DcFNS I had a higher affinity for naringenin than pinocembrin, with kM values for each of 0.076 mM and 0.174 mM respectively. Thus, it catalyzed naringenin more efficiently than pinocembrin. Subsequently, using an Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-culture system, we successfully converted naringenin and pinocembrin to scutellarein and baicalein respectively. In a synthetic complete medium, the titers of scutellarein and baicalein reached 5.63 mg/L and 0.78 mg/L from 200 mg/L precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Zhipeng Qi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xianyu Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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19
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Wang J, Hu H, Wang C, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Xin F, Zhang W, Jiang M. Advanced Strategies for the Efficient Production of Squalene by Microbial Fermentation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, P.R. China
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20
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Perrin J, Besseau S, Papon N, Courdavault V. Boosting lignan-precursor synthesis in yeast cell factories through co-factor supply optimization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1079801. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1079801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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21
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Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Biosynthesis of α-Copaene from Glucose. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Wang S, Xu X, Lv X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Construction and Optimization of the de novo Biosynthesis Pathway of Mogrol in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:919526. [PMID: 35711645 PMCID: PMC9197265 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.919526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mogrol plays important roles in antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic through activating the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Although the synthesis pathway of mogrol in Siraitia grosvenorii has been clarified, few studies have focused on improving mogrol production. This study employed a modular engineerin g strategy to improve mogrol production in a yeast chassis cell. First, a de novo synthesis pathway of mogrol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed. Then, the metabolic flux of each synthetic module in mogrol metabolism was systematically optimized, including the enhancement of the precursor supply, inhibition of the sterol synthesis pathway using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Interference system (CRISPRi), and optimization of the expression and reduction system of P450 enzymes. Finally, the mogrol titer was increased to 9.1 μg/L, which was 455-fold higher than that of the original strain. The yeast strains engineered in this work can serve as the basis for creating an alternative way for mogrol production in place of extraction from S. grosvenorii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xianhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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23
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Ranganathan PR, Narayanan AK, Nawada N, Rao MJ, Reju KS, Priya SC, Gujarathi T, Manjithaya R, Venkata Rao DK. Diacylglycerol kinase alleviates autophagic degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum in SPT10-deficient yeast to enhance triterpene biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1778-1794. [PMID: 35661158 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recent study showed that deletion of the gene encoding the transcription regulator SuPpressor of Ty10 (SPT10) increases total phospholipids, and our previous study established a critical link between phospholipids and the mevalonate/ergosterol (MEV/ERG) pathway, which synthesizes triterpenes. This study aims to use spt10Δ yeast to improve triterpene production. Though MEV/ERG pathway was highly expressed in spt10Δ yeast, results showed insufficient accumulation of key metabolites and also revealed massive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation. We found a stable, massive ER structure when we overexpressed diacylglycerol kinase1 (DGK1OE ) in spt10Δ yeast. Analyses of ER-stress and autophagy suggest that DGK1OE in the spt10Δ strain decreased autophagy, resulting in increased MEV/ERG pathway activity. Heterologous expression of β-amyrin synthase showed significant production of the triterpene β-amyrin in DGK1OE spt10Δ yeast. Overall, our study provides a strategic approach to improve triterpene production by increasing ER biogenesis while limiting ER degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Ramani Ranganathan
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Ananth Krishna Narayanan
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Niveditha Nawada
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Monala Jayaprakash Rao
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - Kalyani Sai Reju
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India
| | - S Chaithra Priya
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India
| | - Tejal Gujarathi
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - D K Venkata Rao
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
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24
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Lu S, Zhou C, Guo X, Du Z, Cheng Y, Wang Z, He X. Enhancing fluxes through the mevalonate pathway in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by engineering the HMGR and β‐alanine metabolism. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2292-2306. [PMID: 35531990 PMCID: PMC9328733 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate (MVA) pathway is the core for terpene and sterol biosynthesis, whose metabolic flux influences the synthesis efficiency of such compounds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an attractive chassis for the native active MVA pathway. Here, the truncated form of Enterococcus faecalis MvaE with only 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity was found to be the most effective enzyme for MVA pathway flux using squalene as the metabolic marker, resulting in 431‐fold and 9‐fold increases of squalene content in haploid and industrial yeast strains respectively. Furthermore, a positive correlation between MVA metabolic flux and β‐alanine metabolic activity was found based on a metabolomic analysis. An industrial strain SQ3‐4 with high MVA metabolic flux was constructed by combined engineering HMGR activity, NADPH regeneration, cytosolic acetyl‐CoA supply and β‐alanine metabolism. The strain was further evaluated as the chassis for terpenoids production. Strain SQ3‐4‐CPS generated from expressing β‐caryophyllene synthase in SQ3‐4 produced 11.86 ± 0.09 mg l−1 β‐caryophyllene, while strain SQ3‐5 resulted from down‐regulation of ERG1 in SQ3‐4 produced 408.88 ± 0.09 mg l−1 squalene in shake flask cultivations. Strain SQ3‐5 produced 4.94 g l−1 squalene in fed‐batch fermentation in cane molasses medium, indicating the promising potential for cost‐effective production of squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surui Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chenyao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuena Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Zhengda Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Zhaoyue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xiuping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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25
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Enhanced squalene production by modulation of pathways consuming squalene and its precursor. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Patel A, Bettiga M, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Microbial genetic engineering approach to replace shark livering for squalene. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1261-1273. [PMID: 35450778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is generally sourced from the liver oil of deep sea sharks (Squalus spp.), in which it accounts for 40-70% of liver mass. To meet the growing demand for squalene because of its beneficial effects for human health, three to six million deep sea sharks are slaughtered each year, profoundly endangering marine ecosystems. To overcome this unsustainable practice, microbial sources of squalene might offer a viable alternative to plant- or animal-based squalene, although only a few microorganisms have been found that are capable of synthesizing up to 30% squalene of dry biomass by native biosynthetic pathways. These squalene biosynthetic pathways, on the other hand, can be genetically manipulated to transform microorganisms into 'cellular factories' for squalene overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Maurizio Bettiga
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Bioeconomy Division, EviKrets Biobased Processes Consultants, Landvetter, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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27
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Recent advances in the microbial production of squalene. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:91. [PMID: 35426523 PMCID: PMC9010451 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpene hydrocarbon, a biochemical precursor for all steroids in plants and animals. It is a principal component of human surface lipids, in particular of sebum. Squalene has several applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical sectors. It is essentially used as a dietary supplement, vaccine adjuvant, moisturizer, cardio-protective agent, anti-tumor agent and natural antioxidant. With the increased demand for squalene along with regulations on shark-derived squalene, there is a need to find alternatives for squalene production which are low-cost as well as sustainable. Microbial platforms are being considered as a potential option to meet such challenges. Considerable progress has been made using both wild-type and engineered microbial strains for improved productivity and yields of squalene. Native strains for squalene production are usually limited by low growth rates and lesser titers. Metabolic engineering, which is a rational strain engineering tool, has enabled the development of microbial strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, to overproduce the squalene in high titers. This review focuses on key strain engineering strategies involving both in-silico and in-vitro techniques. Emphasis is made on gene manipulations for improved precursor pool, enzyme modifications, cofactor regeneration, up-regulation of limiting reactions, and downregulation of competing reactions during squalene production. Process strategies and challenges related to both upstream and downstream during mass cultivation are detailed.
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28
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Paramasivan K, Abdulla A, Gupta N, Mutturi S. In silico target-based strain engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for terpene precursor improvement. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:25-36. [DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Systems-based metabolic engineering enables cells to enhance product formation by predicting gene knockout and overexpression targets using modeling tools. FOCuS, a novel metaheuristic tool, was used to predict flux improvement targets in terpenoid pathway using the genome-scale model of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, iMM904. Some of the key knockout target predicted includes LYS1, GAP1, AAT1, AAT2, TH17, KGD-m, MET14, PDC1 and ACO1. It was also observed that the knockout reactions belonged either to fatty acid biosynthesis, amino acid synthesis pathways or nucleotide biosynthesis pathways. Similarly, overexpression targets such as PFK1, FBA1, ZWF1, TDH1, PYC1, ALD6, TPI1, PDX1 and ENO1 were established using three different existing gene amplification algorithms. Most of the overexpression targets belonged to glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways. Each of these targets had plausible role for improving flux toward sterol pathway and were seemingly not artifacts. Moreover, an in vitro study as validation was carried with overexpression of ALD6 and TPI1. It was found that there was an increase in squalene synthesis by 2.23- and 4.24- folds, respectively, when compared with control. In general, the rationale for predicting these in silico targets was attributed to either increasing the acetyl-CoA precursor pool or regeneration of NADPH, which increase the sterol pathway flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Paramasivan
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Aneesha Abdulla
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nabarupa Gupta
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Sarma Mutturi
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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29
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Arnesen JA, Jacobsen IH, Dyekjær JD, Rago D, Kristensen M, Klitgaard AK, Randelovic M, Martinez JL, Borodina I. Production of abscisic acid in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6546995. [PMID: 35274684 PMCID: PMC8992728 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone with applications in agriculture and human health. ABA can be produced by Botrytis cinerea, a plant pathogenic filamentous fungus. However, the cultivation process is lengthy and strain improvement by genetic engineering is difficult. Therefore, we engineered the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as an alternative host for ABA production. First, we expressed five B. cinerea genes involved in ABA biosynthesis (BcABA1, BcABA2, BcABA3, BcABA4, and BcCPR1) in a Y. lipolytica chassis with optimized mevalonate flux. The strain produced 59.2 mg/L of ABA in small-scale cultivation. Next, we expressed an additional copy of each gene in the strain, but only expression of additional copy of BcABA1 gene increased the ABA titer to 168.5 mg/L. We then integrated additional copies of mevalonate pathway and ABA-biosynthesis encoding genes, and we expressed plant ABA-transporters resulting in an improved strain producing 263.5 mg/L and 9.1 mg/g DCW ABA. Bioreactor cultivation resulted in a specific yield of 12.8 mg/g DCW ABA, however, surprisingly, the biomass level obtained in bioreactors was only 10.5 g DCW/L, with a lower ABA titer of 133.6 mg/L. While further optimization is needed, this study confirms that Y. lipolytica as a potential alternative host for the abscisic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asmund Arnesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irene Hjorth Jacobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts plads 223, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jane Dannow Dyekjær
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniela Rago
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Kristensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Koedfoed Klitgaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Milica Randelovic
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - José Luis Martinez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts plads 223, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Xia L, Lv Y, Liu S, Yu S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Enhancing Squalene Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Metabolic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.790261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is an important polyunsaturated triterpene with wide applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, the main method for squalene production is extraction from oil-producing plants, but the scale is limited. The microbial fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae still needs improvement to be economically viable. This study aimed to improve squalene production by metabolic engineering and random mutagenesis. First, the mevalonate (MVA) pathway was enhanced, by integrating tHMG1 and IDI1 into multi-copy site Ty2. Subsequently, the ACL gene from Yarrowia lipolytica, encoding citrate lyase was introduced and the β-oxidation pathway was enhanced with multiple copies of key genes. In addition, a high throughput screening strategy based on Nile red staining was established for high squalene-producer screening. After treatment with ARTP mutagenesis, a higher-producing mutant was obtained, with squalene production enhanced by 18.4%. A two-stage fermentation of this mutant in a 5 L bioreactor produced 8.2 g/L of squalene. These findings may facilitate the development of industrial squalene production by fermentation and potentially, other terpenoids.
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31
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Alkattan A, Alkhalifah A, Alsalameen E, Alghanim F, Radwan N. Polymorphisms of genes related to phase II metabolism and resistance to clopidogrel. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 23:61-79. [PMID: 34866404 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug commonly used to prevent coagulation. This review aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphisms of G6PD, GCLC, GCLM, GSS, GST, GSR, HK and GLRX genes on clopidogrel during phase II metabolism through exploring previous studies. The results revealed that low glutathione plasma levels caused by several alleles related to these genes could affect the bioactivation process of the clopidogrel prodrug, making it unable to inhibit platelet aggregation perfectly and thus leading to severe consequences in patients with a high risk of blood coagulation. However, the study recommends platelet reactivity tests to predict clopidogrel efficacy rather than studying gene mutations, as most of these mutations are rare and other nongenetic factors could affect the drug's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Planning and Research Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alkhalifah
- Department of Sales, Fresenius Kabi, Alhaya Medical Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alghanim
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Gu Y, Jiao X, Ye L, Yu H. Metabolic engineering strategies for de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:110. [PMID: 38650187 PMCID: PMC10992410 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal compounds are of great interest in the pharmaceutical field, with steroidal drugs as the second largest category of medicine in the world. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast, which is a green and safe production route for these valuable steroidal compounds. In this review, we summarize the metabolic engineering strategies developed and employed for improving the de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast based on the regulation mechanisms, and introduce the recent progresses in de novo synthesis of some typical sterols and steroids in yeast. The remaining challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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33
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Zhu ZT, Du MM, Gao B, Tao XY, Zhao M, Ren YH, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Metabolic compartmentalization in yeast mitochondria: Burden and solution for squalene overproduction. Metab Eng 2021; 68:232-245. [PMID: 34710614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing mitochondria is considered as a promising method for biosynthesis of terpenes due to the adequate supply of acetyl-CoA and redox equivalents in mitochondria. However, mitochondrial engineering often causes serious metabolic burden indicated by poor cell growth. Here, we systematically analyzed the metabolic burden caused by the compartmentalization of the MVA pathway in yeast mitochondria for squalene synthesis. The phosphorylated intermediates of the MVA pathway, especially mevalonate-5-P and mevalonate-5-PP, conferred serious toxicity within mitochondria, which significantly compromised its possible advantages for squalene synthesis and was difficult to be significantly improved by routine pathway optimization. These phosphorylated intermediates were converted into ATP analogues, which strongly inhibited ATP-related cell function, such as mitochondrial oxidative respiration. Fortunately, the introduction of a partial MVA pathway from acetyl-CoA to mevalonate in mitochondria as well as the augmentation of the synthesis of mevalonate in cytosol could significantly promote the growth of yeasts. Accordingly, a combinatorial strategy of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial engineering was proposed to alleviate the metabolic burden caused by the compartmentalized MVA pathway in mitochondria and improve cell growth. The strategy also displayed the superimposed effect of cytoplasmic engineering and mitochondrial engineering on squalene production. Through a two-stage fermentation process, the squalene titer reached 21.1 g/L with a specific squalene titer of 437.1 mg/g dcw, which was the highest at present. This provides new insight into the production of squalene and other terpenes in yeasts based on the advantages of mitochondrial engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meng-Meng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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34
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Zhu K, Kong J, Zhao B, Rong L, Liu S, Lu Z, Zhang C, Xiao D, Pushpanathan K, Foo JL, Wong A, Yu A. Metabolic engineering of microbes for monoterpenoid production. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107837. [PMID: 34555428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are an important class of natural products that are derived from the condensation of two five‑carbon isoprene subunits. They are widely used for flavouring, fragrances, colourants, cosmetics, fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals in various industries. They can also serve as precursors for the production of many industrially important products. Currently, monoterpenoids are produced predominantly through extraction from plant sources. However, the small quantity of monoterpenoids in nature renders this method of isolation non-economically viable. Similarly impractical is the chemical synthesis of these compounds as they suffer from high energy consumption and pollutant discharge. Microbial biosynthesis, however, exists as a potential solution to these hindrances, but the transformation of cells into efficient factories remains a major impediment. Here, we critically review the recent advances in engineering microbes for monoterpenoid production, with an emphasis on categorized strategies, and discuss the challenges and perspectives to offer guidance for future engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Jing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Baixiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Lanxin Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Shiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Krithi Pushpanathan
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore.
| | - Jee Loon Foo
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Adison Wong
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore.
| | - Aiqun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Mai J, Li W, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Engineering Plant Sesquiterpene Synthesis into Yeasts: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9498-9510. [PMID: 34376044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are natural compounds composed of three isoprene units. They represent the largest class of terpene compounds found in plants, and many have remarkable biological activities. Furthermore, sesquiterpenes have broad applications in the flavor, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries due to their complex structures. With the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the production of different sesquiterpenes has been realized in various chassis microbes. The microbial production of sesquiterpenes provides a promising alternative to plant extraction and chemical synthesis, enabling us to meet the increasing market demand. In this review, we summarized the heterologous production of different plant sesquiterpenes using the eukaryotic yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, followed by a discussion of common metabolic engineering strategies used in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
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36
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Shaikh KM, Odaneth AA. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for the production of isoprene. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3201. [PMID: 34369095 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica has recently emerged as a prominent microbial host for production of terpenoids. Its robust metabolism and growth in wide range of substrates offer several advantages at industrial scale. In the present study, we investigate the metabolic potential of Y. lipolytica to produce isoprene. Sustainable production of isoprene has been attempted through engineering several microbial hosts; however, the engineering studies performed so far are challenged with low titers. Engineering of Y. lipolytica, which have inherent high acetyl-CoA flux could fuel precursors into the biosynthesis of isoprene and thus is an approach that would offer sustainable production opportunities. The present work, therefore, explores this opportunity wherein a codon-optimized IspS gene (single copy) of Pueraria montana was integrated into the Y. lipolytica genome. With no detectable isoprene level during the growth or stationary phase of modified strain, attempts were made to overexpress enzymes from MVA pathway. GC-FID analyses of gas collected during stationary phase revealed that engineered strains were able to produce detectable isoprene only after overexpressing HMGR (or tHMGR). The significant role of HMGR (tHMGR) in diverting the pathway flux toward DMAPP is thus highlighted in our study. Nevertheless, the final recombinant strains overexpressing HMGR (tHMGR) along with Erg13 and IDI showed isoprene titers of ~500 μg/L and yields of ~80 μg/g. Further characterization of the recombinant strains revealed high lipid and squalene content compared to the unmodified strain. Overall, the preliminary results of our laboratory-scale studies represent Y. lipolytica as a promising host for fermentative production of isoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurshedaktar M Shaikh
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Mumbai, India
| | - Annamma A Odaneth
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Mumbai, India
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37
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Integrative Analysis of Selected Metabolites and the Fungal Transcriptome during the Developmental Cycle of Ganoderma lucidum Strain G0119 Correlates Lignocellulose Degradation with Carbohydrate and Triterpenoid Metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0053321. [PMID: 33893114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00533-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To systemically understand the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive substances, including triterpenoids and polysaccharides, in Ganoderma lucidum, the correlation between substrate degradation and carbohydrate and triterpenoid metabolism during growth was analyzed by combining changes in metabolite content and changes in related enzyme expression in G. lucidum over 5 growth phases. Changes in low-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in glucose and mannitol contents in fruiting bodies. Additionally, changes in medium-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in the lignocellulose content of the substrate and with the glucose, trehalose, and mannitol contents of fruiting bodies. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that changes in trehalose and polyol contents were related to carbohydrate catabolism and polysaccharide synthesis. Changes in triterpenoid content were related to expression of the carbohydrate catabolic enzymes laccase, cellulase, hemicellulase, and polysaccharide synthase and to the expression of several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). It was concluded that the products of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation participate in polyol, trehalose, and polysaccharide synthesis during initial fruiting body formation. These carbohydrates accumulate in the early phase of fruiting body formation and are utilized when the fruiting bodies mature and a large number of spores are ejected. An increase in carbohydrate metabolism provides additional precursors for the synthesis of triterpenoids. IMPORTANCE Most studies of G. lucidum have focused on its medicinal function and on the mechanism of its activity, whereas the physiological metabolism and synthesis of bioactive substances during the growth of this species have been less studied. Therefore, theoretical guidance for cultivation methods to increase the production of bioactive compounds remains lacking. This study integrated changes in the lignocellulose, carbohydrate, and triterpenoid contents of G. lucidum with enzyme expression from transcriptomics data using WGCNA. The findings helped us better understand the connections between substrate utilization and the synthesis of polysaccharides and triterpenoids during the cultivation cycle of G. lucidum. The results of WGCNA suggest that the synthesis of triterpenoids can be enhanced not only through regulating the expression of enzymes in the triterpenoid pathway, but also through regulating carbohydrate metabolism and substrate degradation. This study provides a potential approach and identifies enzymes that can be targeted to regulate lignocellulose degradation and accelerate the accumulation of bioactive substances by regulating substrate degradation in G. lucidum.
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Wang RQ, Chen G, Chen SN, Zhu HL, Xiong WN, Xu M, Jian SP. Metabolic changes of Neurospora crassa in the presence of oleic acid for promoting lycopene production. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:148-153. [PMID: 33994113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurospora crassa has been generally recognized as a safe organism and possesses a remarkable ability to produce yellow-to-orange carotenoids. The present work mainly explored the potential mechanism of exogenous oleic acid on promoting lycopene production in N. crassa. Carbon flux was conducively channelized into the mevalonate metabolic pathway to synthesize more lycopene, associating with the increased levels of acetyl-CoA, NADPH and factors related to the mevalonate pathway. Additionally, exogenous oleic acid boosted the intracellular triacylglycerol production through de novo and ex novo fatty acid synthesis pathways, which contributed to improving the accumulation of lycopene via lipid bodies. Further, the regulated fatty acid profile also enhanced the storage capacity of lipid bodies. Consequently, this study provided an effective strategy to enhance the lycopene production in N. crassa by adding oleic acid to the culture medium and elucidated an extraordinary insight into the potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China.
| | - Sun-Ni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong-Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Neng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China
| | - Mao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China
| | - Su-Ping Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Qingshanhu District, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi, China
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Paramasivan K, A A, Gupta N, Mutturi S. Adaptive evolution of engineered yeast for squalene production improvement and its genome-wide analysis. Yeast 2021; 38:424-437. [PMID: 33648022 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the adaptive evolution of a metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in the presence of an enzyme inhibitor terbinafine for enhanced squalene accumulation via serial transfer leads to the development of robust strains. After adaptation for nearly 1500 h, a strain with higher squalene production efficiency was identified at a specific growth rate of 0.28 h-1 with a final squalene titer of 193 mg/L, which is 16.5-fold higher than the BY4741 and 3-fold higher over the metabolically engineered SK22 strain. Whole-genome sequencing comparison between the reference strain and the evolved variant SK23 has led to the identification of 462 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) between both strains, with 102 SNVs affecting metabolism-related genes. It was also established that F420I mutation of ERG1 in S. cerevisiae improves squalene synthesis. Further, the effect of increased squalene on lipid droplet and neutral lipid pattern in the evolved mutant strains was investigated by fluorescent techniques proving that the neutral lipid content and clustering of lipid droplets increase with an increase in squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Paramasivan
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aneesha A
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Nabarupa Gupta
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Sarma Mutturi
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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40
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Zha WL, Zi JC. Advances in biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:90-97. [PMID: 36117763 PMCID: PMC9476758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandalwood essential oil has been widely used not only as natural medicines but also in perfumery and food industries, with sesquiterpenoids as its major components including (Z)- α-santalol and (Z)-β-santalol and so on. The mature heartwoods of Santalum album, Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum spicatum are the major plant resources for extracting sandalwood essential oil, which have been overexploited. Synthetic biology approaches have been successfully applied to produce natural products on large scale. In this review, we summarize biosynthetic enzymes of santalenes and santalols, including various santalene synthases (STSs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), and then highlight the advances of biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols in heterologous hosts, especially metabolic engineering strategies for constructing santalene- and santalol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-long Zha
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia-chen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Corresponding author.
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41
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Wang Z, Zhang R, Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Yang J. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 114:1-35. [PMID: 33934850 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, as the largest group of chemicals in the domains of life, constitute more than 50,000 members. These compounds consist of different numbers of isoprene units (C5H8), by which they are typically classified into hemiterpenoids (C5), monoterpenoids (C10), sesquiterpenoids (C15), diterpenoids (C20), triterpenoids (C30), and tetraterpenoids (C40). In recent years, isoprenoids have been employed as food additives, in the pharmaceutical industry, as advanced biofuels, and so on. To realize the sufficient and efficient production of valuable isoprenoids on an industrial scale, fermentation using engineered microorganisms is a promising strategy compared to traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis. Due to the advantages of mature genetic manipulation, robustness and applicability to industrial bioprocesses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become an attractive microbial host for biochemical production, including that of various isoprenoids. In this review, we summarized the advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered S. cerevisiae over several decades, including synthetic pathway engineering, microbial host engineering, and central carbon pathway engineering. Furthermore, the challenges and corresponding strategies towards improving isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae were also summarized. Finally, suggestions and directions for isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jintian Zhang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxi Zhao
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Guirimand G, Kulagina N, Papon N, Hasunuma T, Courdavault V. Innovative Tools and Strategies for Optimizing Yeast Cell Factories. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:488-504. [PMID: 33008642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering (ME) aims to develop efficient microbial cell factories that can produce a wide variety of valuable compounds, ideally at the highest yield and from various feedstocks. We summarize recent developments in ME methods for tailoring different yeast cell factories (YCFs). In particular, we highlight the most timely and cutting-edge molecular tools and strategies for biosynthetic pathway optimization (including genome-editing tools), combinatorial transcriptional and post-transcriptional engineering (cis/trans regulators), dynamic control of metabolic fluxes (e.g., rewiring of primary metabolism), and spatial reconfiguration of metabolic pathways. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives for adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of yeast to advance ME of microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Guirimand
- Graduate School of Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), Équipe d'Accueil (EA) 2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Natalja Kulagina
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), Équipe d'Accueil (EA) 2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), EA 3142, Université Angers and Université Brest, Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) 4208 Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques (ICAT), Angers, France
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), Équipe d'Accueil (EA) 2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
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43
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Yukawa T, Bamba T, Guirimand G, Matsuda M, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Optimization of 1,2,4-butanetriol production from xylose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by metabolic engineering of NADH/NADPH balance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:175-185. [PMID: 32902873 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1,2,4-Butanetriol (BT) is used as a precursor for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and the energetic plasticizer 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BT is biosynthesized from xylose via heterologous four enzymatic reactions catalyzed by xylose dehydrogenase, xylonate dehydratase, 2-ketoacid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase. We here aimed to improve the BT yield in S. cerevisiae by genetic engineering. First, the amount of the key intermediate 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate as described previously was successfully reduced in 41% by multiple integrations of Lactococcus lactis 2-ketoacid decarboxylase gene kdcA into the yeast genome. Since the heterologous BT synthetic pathway is independent of yeast native metabolism, this manipulation has led to NADH/NADPH imbalance and deficiency during BT production. Overexpression of the NADH kinase POS5Δ17 lacking the mitochondrial targeting sequence to relieve NADH/NADPH imbalance resulted in the BT titer of 2.2 g/L (31% molar yield). Feeding low concentrations of glucose and xylose to support the supply of NADH resulted in BT titer of 6.6 g/L with (57% molar yield). Collectively, improving the NADH/NADPH ratio and supply from glucose are essential for the construction of a xylose pathway, such as the BT synthetic pathway, independent of native yeast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yukawa
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bamba
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Gregory Guirimand
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA 2106, Département of Agronomie, productions animale et végétale et agro-alimentaire, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,LE STUDIUM, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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44
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Li T, Liu GS, Zhou W, Jiang M, Ren YH, Tao XY, Liu M, Zhao M, Wang FQ, Gao B, Wei DZ. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae To Overproduce Squalene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2132-2138. [PMID: 31989819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Squalene has wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Engineering microbes to produce squalene is a promising alternative for traditional production approaches. In this study, squalene production was enhanced to 978.24 mg/L through stepwise overexpression of the enzymes that catalyze acetyl-CoA to squalene. Subsequently, to increase the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and alleviate the high dependence on NADPH, the HMG-CoA reductase (NADH-HMGR) from Silicibacter pomeroyi, highly specific for NADH, was introduced, which increased squalene production to 1086.31 mg/L. Native ethanol dehydrogenase ADH2 and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ADA from Dickeya zeae were further overexpressed, which enhanced the capability to utilize ethanol for squalene synthesis and endowed the engineered strain with greater adaptability to high ethanol concentrations. Finally, a remarkable squalene production of 9472 mg/L was obtained from ethanol via carbon source-controlled fed-batch fermentation. This study will greatly accelerate the process of developing microbial cell factories for squalene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Guo-Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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45
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Yuan W, Lv S, Chen L, Zhao Y, Deng Z, Hong K. Production of sesterterpene ophiobolin by a bifunctional terpene synthase in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8785-8797. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Arhar S, Natter K. Common aspects in the engineering of yeasts for fatty acid- and isoprene-based products. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158513. [PMID: 31465888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways for most lipophilic metabolites share several common principles. These substances are built almost exclusively from acetyl-CoA as the donor for the carbon scaffold and NADPH is required for the reductive steps during biosynthesis. Due to their hydrophobicity, the end products are sequestered into the same cellular compartment, the lipid droplet. In this review, we will summarize the efforts in the metabolic engineering of yeasts for the production of two major hydrophobic substance classes, fatty acid-based lipids and isoprenoids, with regard to these common aspects. We will compare and discuss the results of genetic engineering strategies to construct strains with enhanced synthesis of the precursor acetyl-CoA and with modified redox metabolism for improved NADPH supply. We will also discuss the role of the lipid droplet in the storage of the hydrophobic product and review the strategies to either optimize this organelle for higher capacity or to achieve excretion of the product into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Arhar
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Natter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Paramasivan K, Kumar HN P, Mutturi S. Systems-based Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain design for improved squalene synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Corrigendum: Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31192199 PMCID: PMC6547300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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Lyu X, Lee J, Chen WN. Potential Natural Food Preservatives and Their Sustainable Production in Yeast: Terpenoids and Polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4397-4417. [PMID: 30844263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids and polyphenols are high-valued plant secondary metabolites. Their high antimicrobial activities demonstrate their huge potential as natural preservatives in the food industry. With the rapid development of metabolic engineering, it has become possible to realize large-scale production of non-native terpenoids and polyphenols by using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a cell factory. This review will summarize the major terpenoid and polyphenol compounds with high antimicrobial properties, describe their native metabolic pathways as well as antimicrobial mechanisms, and highlight current progress on their heterologous biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. Current challenges and perspectives for the sustainable production of terpenoid and polyphenol as natural food preservatives via S. cerevisiae will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637459 , Singapore
| | - Jaslyn Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637459 , Singapore
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637459 , Singapore
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50
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30968019 PMCID: PMC6439483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a natural compound that has demonstrated an extraordinary diversity of uses in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and personal care industries. Emboldened by this range of uses, novel applications that can gain profit from the benefits of squalene as an additive or supplement are expanding, resulting in its increasing demand. Ever since its discovery, the primary source has been the deep-sea shark liver, although recent declines in their populations and justified animal conservation and protection regulations have encouraged researchers to identify a novel route for squalene biosynthesis. This renewed scientific interest has profited from immense developments in synthetic biology, which now allows fine-tuning of a wider range of plants, fungi, and microorganisms for improved squalene production. There are numerous naturally squalene producing species and strains; although they generally do not make commercially viable yields as primary shark liver sources can deliver. The recent advances made toward improving squalene output from natural and engineered species have inspired this review. Accordingly, it will cover in-depth knowledge offered by the studies of the natural sources, and various engineering-based strategies that have been used to drive the improvements in the pathways toward large-scale production. The wide uses of squalene are also discussed, including the notable developments in anti-cancer applications and in augmenting influenza vaccines for greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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