Effects of Dicaffeoylquinic Acids from Ilex kudingcha on Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice

Anti-diabetic effect of dicaffeoylquinic acids is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

INTRODUCTION

The human gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in health and disease, notably through its interaction with bile acids (BAs). BAs, synthesized in the liver, undergo transformation by the gut microbiota upon excretion into the intestine, thus influencing host metabolism. However, the potential mechanisms of dicaffeoylquinic acids (DiCQAs) from Ilex kudingcha how to modulate lipid metabolism and inflammation via gut microbiota remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the regulating effects of DiCQAs on diabetes and the potential mechanisms of action. Two mice models were utilized to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of DiCQAs. Additionally, analysis of gut microbiota structure and functions was conducted concurrently with the examination of DiCQAs' impact on gut microbiota carrying the bile salt hydrolase (BSH) gene, as well as on the enterohepatic circulation of BAs and related signaling pathways.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrated that DiCQAs alleviated diabetic symptoms by modulating gut microbiota carrying the BSH gene. This modulation enhanced intestinal barrier integrity, increased enterohepatic circulation of conjugated BAs, and inhibited the farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) signaling axis in the ileum. Consequently, the protein expression of hepatic FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) decreased, accompanied by heightened BA synthesis, reduced hepatic BA stasis, and lowered levels of hepatic and plasma cholesterol. Furthermore, DiCQAs upregulated glucolipid metabolism-related proteins in the liver and muscle, including v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3β) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby ameliorating hyperglycemia and mitigating inflammation through the down-regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in the diabetic group.

CONCLUSION

Our study elucidated the anti-diabetic effects and mechanism of DiCQAs from I. kudingcha, highlighting the potential of targeting gut microbiota, particularly Acetatifactor sp011959105 and Acetatifactor muris carrying the BSH gene, as a therapeutic strategy to attenuate FXR-FGF15 signaling and ameliorate diabetes.

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Various Sweet Potato Leaves: Polyphenol Profiles, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability Elucidation

The chemical composition discrepancies of five sweet potato leaves (SPLs) and their phenolic profile variations during in vitro digestion were investigated. The results indicated that Ecaishu No. 10 (EC10) provided better retention capacity for phenolic compounds after drying. Furthermore, polyphenols were progressively released from the matrix as the digestion process proceeded. The highest bioaccessibility of polyphenols was found in EC10 intestinal chyme at 48.47%. For its phenolic profile, 3-, 4-, and 5-monosubstituted caffeoyl quinic acids were 9.75%, 57.39%, and 79.37%, respectively, while 3,4-, 3,5-, and 4,5-disubstituted caffeoyl quinic acids were 6.55, 0.27 and 13.18%, respectively. In contrast, the 3,4-, 3,5-, 4,5-disubstituted caffeoylquinic acid in the intestinal fluid after dialysis bag treatment was 62.12%, 79.12%, and 62.98%, respectively, which resulted in relatively enhanced bioactivities (DPPH, 10.51 μmol Trolox/g; FRAP, 8.89 μmol Trolox/g; ORAC, 7.32 μmol Trolox/g; IC50 for α-amylase, 19.36 mg/g; IC50 for α-glucosidase, 25.21 mg/g). In summary, desirable phenolic acid release characteristics and bioactivity of EC10 were observed in this study, indicating that it has potential as a functional food ingredient, which is conducive to the exploitation of the sweet potato processing industry from a long-term perspective.

Effect of Gut Microbiota on Blood Cholesterol: A Review on Mechanisms

The gut microbiota serves as a pivotal mediator between diet and human health. Emerging evidence has shown that the gut microbiota may play an important role in cholesterol metabolism. In this review, we delve into five possible mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence cholesterol metabolism: (1) the gut microbiota changes the ratio of free bile acids to conjugated bile acids, with the former being eliminated into feces and the latter being reabsorbed back into the liver; (2) the gut microbiota can ferment dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which are absorbed and reach the liver where SCFAs inhibit cholesterol synthesis; (3) the gut microbiota can regulate the expression of some genes related to cholesterol metabolism through their metabolites; (4) the gut microbiota can convert cholesterol to coprostanol, with the latter having a very low absorption rate; and (5) the gut microbiota could reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the production of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which increases cholesterol synthesis and raises blood cholesterol. In addition, this review will explore the natural constituents in foods with potential roles in cholesterol regulation, mainly through their interactions with the gut microbiota. These include polysaccharides, polyphenolic entities, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and dicaffeoylquinic acid. These findings will provide a scientific foundation for targeting hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases through the modulation of the gut microbiota.

Potential use of the Asteraceae family as a cure for diabetes: A review of ethnopharmacology to modern day drug and nutraceuticals developments

The diabetes-associated mortality rate is increasing annually, along with the severity of its accompanying disorders that impair human health. Worldwide, several medicinal plants are frequently urged for the management of diabetes. Reports are available on the use of medicinal plants by traditional healers for their blood-sugar-lowering effects, along with scientific evidence to support such claims. The Asteraceae family is one of the most diverse flowering plants, with about 1,690 genera and 32,000 species. Since ancient times, people have consumed various herbs of the Asteraceae family as food and employed them as medicine. Despite the wide variety of members within the family, most of them are rich in naturally occurring polysaccharides that possess potent prebiotic effects, which trigger their use as potential nutraceuticals. This review provides detailed information on the reported Asteraceae plants traditionally used as antidiabetic agents, with a major focus on the plants of this family that are known to exert antioxidant, hepatoprotective, vasodilation, and wound healing effects, which further action for the prevention of major diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD), liver cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review highlights the potential of Asteraceae plants to counteract diabetic conditions when used as food and nutraceuticals. The information documented in this review article can serve as a pioneer for developing research initiatives directed at the exploration of Asteraceae and, at the forefront, the development of a botanical drug for the treatment of DM.

1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid from Pseudognaphalium affine ameliorates dry eye disease via suppression of inflammation and protection of the ocular surface

PURPOSE

Pseudognaphalium affine (P. affine), a medicinal plant, has long been used to treat various diseases due to its astringent and vulnerary effects. These therapeutic benefits are largely attributed to high contents of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, that have anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective activities. Herein, we investigated the potential of dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs), polyphenols from P. affine, as a novel treatment for dry eye disease (DED).

METHODS

We isolated 1,5-, 3,4-, 3,5- and 4,5-diCQAs from the P. affine methanol extract, and tested the effects of diCQA isomers in cultures of human corneal epithelial cells (CECs) under desiccating hyperosmolar stress and in two mouse models for DED: desiccating environmental stress-induced DED and the NOD.B10-H2b mouse model of ocular Sjögren's syndrome.

RESULTS

Initial screening showed that, among the diCQAs, 1,5-diCQA significantly inhibited apoptosis and enhanced viability in cultures of CECs under hyperosmolar stress. Moreover, 1,5-diCQA protected CECs by promoting proliferation and downregulating inflammatory activation. Subsequent studies with two mouse models of DED revealed that topical 1,5-diCQA administration dose-dependently decreased corneal epithelial defects and increased tear production while repressing inflammatory cytokines and T cell infiltration on the ocular surface and in the lacrimal gland. 1,5-diCQA was more effective in alleviating DED, as compared with two commercially-available dry eye treatments, 0.05% cyclosporine and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, our results demonstrate that 1,5-diCQA isolated from P. affine ameliorates DED through protection of corneal epithelial cells and suppression of inflammation, thus suggesting a novel DED therapeutic strategy based on natural compounds.

Compound dark tea ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis and modulates the gut microbiota in mice

Dark tea is a fermented tea that plays a role in regulating the homeostasis of intestinal microorganisms. Previous studies have found that dark tea can improve obesity and has a lipid-lowering effect. In this study, green tea, Ilex latifolia Thunb (kuding tea) and Momordica grosvenori (Luo Han Guo) were added to a new compound dark tea (CDT), to improve the taste and health of this beverage. High-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice were treated with low- (6 mg/mL) or high- (12 mg/mL) concentrations of CDT for 18 weeks to assess their effect on lipid metabolism. Our results suggest that low- and high-concentrations of CDT could reduce body weight by 15 and 16% and by 44 and 38% of body fat, respectively, by attenuating body weight gain and fat accumulation, improving glucose tolerance, alleviating metabolic endotoxemia, and regulating the mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes. In addition, low concentrations of CDT were able to reduce the abundance of Desulfovibrio, which is positively associated with obesity, and increase the abundance of Ruminococcus, which are negatively associated with obesity. This study demonstrates the effect of CDT on ameliorating lipid metabolism and provides new insights into the research and development of functional tea beverages.

Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Enzymatic, Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Properties of Prunus spinosa L. Fruits

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) fruit is bluish-black wild fruit traditionally used in nutrition and medicine. It is recently gaining attention as a functional food and an underutilized source of bioactive compounds for application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to assess the health-promoting potential of blackthorn fruits from Serbia by examining their chemical composition and in vitro biological activities. Phytochemical analysis of the blackthorn fruit extracts was performed using LC-DAD-ESI-MS. The total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC) content, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibitory activities were determined spectrophotometrically. The antimicrobial and prebiotic properties were tested using the broth microdilution method. Twenty-seven phenolics belonging to the classes of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were identified, with caffeoylquinic acid as the most abundant compound. Blackthorn extracts were characterized by notable TPCs, TFCs, and TACs, and free radical scavenging and reducing ability. The enzyme inhibitory effects (IC₅₀ = 0.43-2.16 mg/mL) were observed towards α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase. Blackthorn fruit extracts in a concentration-dependent manner (0.3-5 mg/mL) stimulated the growth of several probiotic microorganisms and their mixtures, especially the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Obtained results support further evaluation of the functional food potential of blackthorn fruit.

Dietary Polyphenols Alleviate Autoimmune Liver Disease by Mediating the Intestinal Microenvironment: Challenges and Hopes

Autoimmune liver disease is a chronic liver disease caused by an overactive immune response in the liver that imposes a significant health and economic cost on society. Due to the side effects of existing medicinal medications, there is a trend toward seeking natural bioactive compounds as dietary supplements. Currently, dietary polyphenols have been proven to have the ability to mediate gut-liver immunity and control autoimmune liver disease through modulating the intestinal microenvironment. Based on the preceding, this Review covers the many forms of autoimmune liver illnesses, their pathophysiology, and the modulatory effects of polyphenols on immune disorders. Finally, we focus on how polyphenols interact with the intestinal milieu to improve autoimmune liver disease. In conclusion, we suggest that dietary polyphenols have the potential as gut-targeted modulators for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune liver disease and highlight new perspectives and critical issues for future pharmacological applications.

Portulaca oleracea polysaccharides reduce serum lipid levels in aging rats by modulating intestinal microbiota and metabolites

Metabolic diseases characterized by dyslipidemia are common health problems for elderly populations. Dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with the risk of dyslipidemia. This study investigated the effects of Portulaca oleracea polysaccharide (POP) on the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in aging rats using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics techniques. Our results showed that POPs reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), relative abundance of Fusobacteria, and levels of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) in the serum of aging rats. POP supplementation also reduced 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol, and vaccenic acid concentrations in lipids and lipoid-like molecules, while soyasapogenol E and monoacylglycerol (MG) (24:0/0:0/0:0) levels increased. This study demonstrated that POP’s beneficial effects on lipid levels in aging rats might be partially attributable to the modification of gut microbiota and related metabolites.

Lipid-Lowering Efficacy of Kuding Tea in Patients With Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Kuding tea (KT), traditional tea material and widely used in China, has been found to have lipid-lowering effect in clinical and experimental studies. However, there has been no systematic review of the evidence on this subject.

Methods

Eight electronic databases were searched from database inception until September 2021 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We used the Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook to assess the quality of the included studies. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to measure the pooled effect size by random-effects model. Funnel plot, Egger regression test, and the Begg’s test was used to assess publication bias.

Results

Eight RCTs involving 716 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Comparing with the control group, KT group reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) levels (WMD: −0.56 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.64, −0.47; I² = 56.56%; P = 0.00), triglyceride (TG) levels (WMD: −0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.35, −0.24; I² = 88.60%; P = 0.00), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (WMD: −0.29 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.37, −0.21; I² = 89.43%; P = 0.00), but no significant effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.02, 0.16; I² = 93.92%; P = 0.12). The results of sensitivity analysis were not altered after removing each study in turn. Subgroup analyses showed that KT intervention period was the source of heterogeneity. Following analysis, results revealed that long-term (>4 weeks and ≤8 weeks) use of KT increased HDL-C levels (WMD: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.25). In addition, both the sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis showed that our results were robust. No potentially significant publication bias was found from the funnel plot, Begg-Mazumdar correlation test and Egger regression test.

Conclusion

KT supplementation can effectively improve lipid profile and KT is a promising approach to reduce blood lipid level in patients with metabolic disorders.

Systematic Review Registration

[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42020221850].

The Regulatory effect of chlorogenic acid on gut-brain function and its mechanism: A systematic review

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic compound that is widely distributed in honeysuckle, Eucommia, fruits and vegetables. It has various biological functions, including cardiovascular, nerve, kidney, and liver protection, and it exerts a protective effect on human health, according to clinical research and basic research. The intestine and brain are two important organs that are closely related in the human body. The intestine is even called the "second brain" in humans. However, among the many reports in the literature, an article systematically reporting the regulatory effects and specific mechanisms of CGA on the intestines and brain has not been published. In this context, this review uses the regulatory role and mechanism of CGA in the intestine and brain as the starting point and comprehensively reviews CGA metabolism in the body and the regulatory role and mechanism of CGA in the intestine and brain described in recent years. Additionally, the review speculates on the potential biological actions of CGA in the gut-brain axis. This study provides a scientific theory for CGA research in the brain and intestines and promotes the transformation of basic research and the application of CGA in food nutrition and health care.

Effects of Keemun and Dianhong Black Tea in Alleviating Excess Lipid Accumulation in the Liver of Obese Mice: A Comparative Study

Schematic diagram of the effects of two black teas in alleviating excess hepatic lipid accumulation.

Therapeutic Potential of Natural Plants Against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Targeting the Interplay Between Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a common disease with a significant health and economic burden worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) and bile acids (BAs), which play important roles in the gut-liver axis, have been confirmed to jointly participate in the development of NAFLD. GM not only regulate bile acids’ synthesis, transport, and reabsorption by regulating other metabolites (such as trimetlyl amine oxide, butyrate), but also regulate dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation and desulfurization of bile acids. Meanwhile, disordered bile acids influence the gut microbiota mainly through promoting the bacterial death and lowering the microbial diversity. Although weight loss and lifestyle changes are effective in the treatment of NAFLD, the acceptability and compliance of patients are poor. Recently, increasing natural plants and their active ingredients have been proved to alleviate NAFLD by modulating the joint action of gut microbiota and bile acids, and considered to be promising potential candidates. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of natural plants in treating NAFLD in the context of their regulation of the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and bile acids, the crosstalk of which has been shown to significantly promote the progression of NAFLD. Herein, we summarize the prior work on this topic and further suggest future research directions in the field.

Exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAPM) induces intestinal disturbance via inflammation and alternation of gut microbiome

Air pollution causes a great disease burden worldwide. Recent evidences suggested that PM_2.5 contributes to intestinal disease. The objective of present study was to investigate the influence of ambient PM_2.5 on intestinal tissue and microbiome via whole-body inhalation exposure. The results showed that high levels and prolonged periods exposure to concentrated ambient PM_2.5 (CAPM) could destroy the mucous layer of the colon, and significantly alter the mRNA expression of tight junction (Occludin and ZO-1) and inflammation-related (IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β) genes in the colon, comparing with exposure to the filtered air (FA). The composition of intestinal microbiome at the phylum and genus levels also varied along with the exposure time and PM_2.5 levels. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes was greatly decreased, while Proteobacteria was increased after exposure to CAPM, comparing with exposure to FA. At the genus level, Clostridium XlVa, Akkermansia and Acetatifactor, were significantly elevated exposure to CAPM, comparing with exposure to FA. Our results also indicated that high levels and prolonged periods exposure to CAPM altered metabolic functional pathways. The correlation analysis showed that the intestinal inflammation was related to the alteration of gut microbiome induced by CAPM exposure, which may be a potential mechanism that elucidates PM_2.5-induced intestinal diseases. These results extend our knowledge on the toxicology and health effects of ambient PM_2.5.

Anti-obesity natural products and gut microbiota

The link between gut microbiota and obesity or other metabolic syndromes is growing increasingly clear. Natural products are appreciated for their beneficial health effects in humans. Increasing investigations demonstrated that the anti-obesity bioactivities of many natural products are gut microbiota dependent. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on anti-obesity natural products acting through gut microbiota according to their chemical structures and signaling metabolites. Manipulation of the gut microbiota by natural products may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent obesity.

Adzuki Bean Alleviates Obesity and Insulin Resistance Induced by a High-Fat Diet and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice

Adzuki bean consumption has many health benefits, but its effects on obesity and regulating gut microbiota imbalances induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) have not been thoroughly studied. Mice were fed a low-fat diet, a HFD, and a HFD supplemented with 15% adzuki bean (HFD-AB) for 12 weeks. Adzuki bean supplementation significantly reduced obesity, lipid accumulation, and serum lipid and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels induced by HFD. It also mitigated liver function damage and hepatic steatosis. In particular, adzuki bean supplementation improved glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin sensitivity. In addition, it significantly reversed HFD-induced gut microbiota imbalances. Adzuki bean significantly reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B); enriched the occurrence of Bifidobacterium, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcus_1, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Alloprevotella, Muribaculum, Turicibacter, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Lachnoclostridium; and returned HFD-dependent taxa (Desulfovibrionaceae, Bilophila, Ruminiclostridium_9, Blautia, and Ruminiclostridium) back to normal status. PICRUSt2 analysis showed that the changes in gut microbiota induced by adzuki bean supplementation may be associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, sulfur, and cysteine and methionine; and LPS biosynthesis; and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation.

Improvement of Metabolic Syndrome in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice by Yeast β-Glucan Is Linked to Inhibited Proliferation of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in Gut Microbiota

There is growing evidence that prevention of metabolic syndrome (MS) by dietary fibers is intricately linked to gut microbiota. In the present work, the mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and orally treated with yeast β-glucan to further examine the effects of β-glucan on MS and gut microbiota and the potential relationship between gut microbiota and its activity. After intervention for 10 weeks, it was found that the treatment of yeast β-glucan could significantly improve the HFD-induced MS. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma including IL-6 and IL-1β were decreased. Yeast β-glucan could regulate the diversity and composition of HFD-induced gut microbiota. Moreover, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, having significant positive correlation with metabolic changes, were decreased by β-glucan, which might play a critical role in attenuation of MS. Our findings suggest that yeast β-glucan shows promising application as a prebiotic for preventing MS and regulating gut microbiota.

Circulating bile acids as a link between the gut microbiota and cardiovascular health: impact of prebiotics, probiotics and polyphenol-rich foods

Beneficial effects of probiotic, prebiotic and polyphenol-rich interventions on fasting lipid profiles have been reported, with changes in the gut microbiota composition believed to play an important role in lipid regulation. Primary bile acids, which are involved in the digestion of fats and cholesterol metabolism, can be converted by the gut microbiota to secondary bile acids, some species of which are less well reabsorbed and consequently may be excreted in the stool. This can lead to increased hepatic bile acid neo-synthesis, resulting in a net loss of circulating low-density lipoprotein. Bile acids may therefore provide a link between the gut microbiota and cardiovascular health. This narrative review presents an overview of bile acid metabolism and the role of probiotics, prebiotics and polyphenol-rich foods in modulating circulating cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and bile acids. Although findings from human studies are inconsistent, there is growing evidence for associations between these dietary components and improved lipid CVD risk markers, attributed to modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. These include increased bile acid neo-synthesis, due to bile sequestering action, bile salt metabolising activity and effects of short-chain fatty acids generated through bacterial fermentation of fibres. Animal studies have demonstrated effects on the FXR/FGF-15 axis and hepatic genes involved in bile acid synthesis (CYP7A1) and cholesterol synthesis (SREBP and HMGR). Further human studies are needed to determine the relationship between diet and bile acid metabolism and whether circulating bile acids can be utilised as a potential CVD risk biomarker.

Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of a dicaffeoylquinic acid-hydrolyzing esterase from human-derived Lactobacillus fermentum LF-12

Dicaffeoylquinic acids (DiCQAs), the main components of kudingcha made from the leaves of Ilex kudingcha, could be transformed by gut microbiota. However, the information about the related microorganisms and enzymes involved in the biotransformation of DiCQAs in the human gut is limited. Therefore, a strain of bacteria that could hydrolyze DiCQAs, belonging to Lactobacillus fermentum named L. fermentum LF-12, was isolated from human feces in the present study. Furthermore, an esterase for the hydrolysis of DiCQAs was purified from L. fermentum LF-12 and heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli. The esterase could be induced to exert superior hydrolytic activity in the presence of lactose as the carbon source. The molecular weight of the purified esterase was determined to be 31.9 kDa, and the isoelectric point, optimal pH and temperature for the esterase were 4.71, 6.5 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme activity was improved by Mg2+ and Ca2+, and reduced by Co2+, Cu2+, EDTA and some kinds of organic solvents. The present results provide new insights into the metabolism of DiCQAs by the human gut.

Protection Mechanisms Underlying Oral Administration of Chlorogenic Acid against Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Injury Related to Regulating Intestinal Flora Balance

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal, which is widely used in the industry and daily life. It has a long half-life, so large amounts of Cd can accumulate in humans and become toxic. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) can eliminate free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation and is mainly used to prevent metal toxicity. In the present study, mice are given CGA by intraperitoneal injection or gavage, respectively, to explore the mechanism of preventing Cd toxicity. In acute Cd-exposed mice, CGA treatment (ip) alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage and reduced the production of NO and MPO in the liver and kidney tissues, while TLR4 expression levels did not change significantly. After 8 weeks of Cd exposure, CGA administration (gavage) significantly alleviated gut dysbiosis by decreasing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, enhancing the relative abundances of bacteria, including Ruminiclostridium_9, Alloprevotella, and Rikenella, and inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggested that protection mechanisms underlying the oral administration of CGA against the Cd-induced hepatorenal injury was related to the regulation of the intestinal flora balance. CGA can be used as an effective component in daily diet to prevent Cd toxicity.

Polyphenols as Prebiotics in the Management of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

Obesity is a disease growing at an alarming rate and numerous preclinical studies have proven the role of polyphenols in managing this disease. This systematic review explores the prebiotic effect of polyphenols in the management of obesity among animals fed on a high-fat diet. A literature search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Embase databases following the PRISMA guidelines. Forty-four studies reported a significant reduction in obesity-related parameters. Most notably, 83% of the studies showed a decrease in either body weight/visceral adiposity/plasma triacylglyceride. Furthermore, 42 studies reported a significant improvement in gut microbiota (GM), significantly affecting the genera Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Blautia, Roseburia, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Alistipes, and Desulfovibrio. Polyphenols’ anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycaemic, and anti-inflammatory properties were associated with their ability to modulate GM. This review supports the notion of polyphenols as effective prebiotics in ameliorating HFD-induced metabolic derangements in animal models.

Determination of Polyphenols in Ilex kudingcha and Insect Tea (Leaves Altered by Animals) by Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) and Comparison of Their Anti-Aging Effects

Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng tea and insect tea, as traditional Chinese teas, are favored for their original craftsmanship, unique flavor, and biological functionality. In this study, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) was used to analyze the bioactive components of the extracts of Ilex kudingcha and insect tea, and D-galactose-induced aging mice were used to compare the in vivo anti-aging effects of Ilex kudingcha and insect tea extracts. The results were remarkable, UHPLC-QqQ-MS analysis showed that ITP contains 29 ingredients, while IKDCP contains 26 ingredients. However, due to the large differences in the content of the main chemical components in IKDCP and ITP, the effects are equally different. At the same time, the in vivo research results suggesting that the anti-aging effects of IKDCP and ITP (500 mg/kg) include the regulation of viscera indices of major organs; improvement in liver, skin, and spleen tissue morphology; decreased production of inflammatory cytokines; up regulation of SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-PX, and T-AOC and down regulation of NO and MDA levels in serum and liver tissue; reductions in the concentration of pro-inflammatory factors, and increases in the concentration of anti-inflammatory factor. RT-qPCR and western blot assay also showed that IKDCP and ITP affect anti-aging by regulating the gene and protein expression of GSH-PX, GSH1, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The overall results indicate that ITP is more effective in treating oxidative damage in aging mice induced by D-galactose. Thus, ITP appears to be an effective functional drink owing to its rich nutritional components and anti-aging activities.

Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivatives of Purple Sweet Potato as Modulators of Mitochondrial Function in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes

Owing to their antioxidant properties, caffeoylquinic acid (CQA)-derivatives could potentially improve the impaired metabolism in hepatic cells, however, their effect on mitochondrial function has not been demonstrated yet. Here, we evaluated the impact of three CQA-derivatives extracted from purple sweet potato, namely 5-CQA, 3,4- and 4,5-diCQA, on mitochondrial activity in primary hepatocytes using an extracellular flux analyzer. Notably, an increase of maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity were observed when 5-CQA and 3,4-diCQA were added to the system indicating the improved mitochondrial function. Moreover, 3,4-diCQA was shown to considerably increase glycolytic reserve which is a measure of cell capability to respond to an energy demand through glycolysis. Conversely, 4,5-diCQA did not modify mitochondrial activity but increased glycolysis at low concentration in primary hepatocytes. All compounds tested improved cellular capacity to oxidize fatty acids. Overall, our results demonstrated the potential of test CQA-derivatives to modify mitochondrial function in hepatic cells. It is especially relevant in case of dysfunctional mitochondria in hepatocytes linked to hepatic steatosis during obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

Rock tea (Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC.) polyphenolic extract inhibits triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte-like cells and obesity related enzymes in vitro

Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC., also known in Spain as "té de roca" (rock tea, RT), is an endemic plant species of the Iberian Peninsula and Southern France. Traditionally, it is used in infusions, prepared with the flowering aerial parts, as a digestive and anti-inflammatory herbal tea. Despite the traditional knowledge of this plant as a digestive after meals, there are hardly any scientific studies that support its use. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of RT extract on physiological targets related to metabolic diseases such as obesity. For this purpose, enzyme inhibition bioassays of lipase, α-glucosidase and fatty acid amide hydrolase were carried out in cell-free systems. Similarly, adipocytes derived from 3T3-L1 cells were employed to study the effects of the extract on adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. RT extract was able to inhibit lipase, α-glucosidase and fatty acid amide hydrolase. Furthermore, the extract displayed anti-adipogenic properties in a dose-dependent manner as it significantly reduced TG accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. These results may explain from a molecular perspective the beneficial effects of RT in the prevention of metabolic-associated disorders such as obesity, diabetes and related complications.

Gymnaster Koraiensis Extract Alleviated Metabolic Syndrome Symptoms and Stimulated UCP1-Independent Energy Consumption via AMPK Activation in White Adipose Tissue

SCOPE

Metabolic syndrome and obesity are rising worldwide concerns that are accompanied by adverse health consequences. Here, it is hypothesized that the ethanol extract from Gymnaster koraiensis (GK), an edible Korean plant known for its anti-cancer and hepatoprotective properties, could attenuate metabolic syndrome-related symptoms in high-fat dietary-induced obese (DIO) mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Administration of 100 mg kg^-1 GK extract to DIO mice effectively reduces body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight. It also reduces cardiovascular disease risk and improves insulin resistance by lowering the fasting blood glucose levels and mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, supplementation with GK causes elevated energy expenditure in WAT by increasing the mitochondrial oxidative capacity and lipid catabolism through upregulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Orlistat is used as a positive control drug due to its widespread use in previous studies. It is found that GK extract causes weight loss, similar to Orlistat, and it additionally shows unique functions, such as upregulation of energy consumption in WAT.

CONCLUSION

GK extract treatment prominently reduces obesity and its associated metabolic complications, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Hence, It can be used as a promising multi-target functional food that can improve metabolic syndrome-related symptoms.

Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Safety Aspects of Kuding Tea-From Beverage to Herbal Extract

Kuding tea (KT) is a bitter-tasting herbal tea that has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The large-leaved Ku-Ding-Cha (Aquifoliaceae) is composed of its representative species Ilex latifolia Thunb and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng. Because of its potential lipid-lowering, body weight-reducing and blood-glucose-lowering properties, KT has increasingly been recognised for its importance over the past several decades. KT is no longer used only as a beverage, and various extraction methods have been applied to obtain aqueous and ethanolic KT extracts (KTE) or their fractions, which could potentially be used as dietary supplements. The major bioactive components of KT are triterpene saponins and polyphenols, but the composition of KT differs substantially between and among the different KT species. This in turn might affect the physiological effects of KT. KT exhibits antiobesity properties, possibly partly by affecting the intestinal microbiota. In addition, KT may mediate putative antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. However, there is evidence that high KTE supplementation can adversely affect liver metabolism. The physiological relevance of KT in humans remains rather unclear since the potential health benefits of KT and its constituents reviewed here are mainly derived on the basis of in vitro and animal studies.

Impaired brain homeostasis and neurogenesis in diet-induced overweight zebrafish: a preventive role from A. borbonica extract

Overweight and obesity are worldwide health concerns leading to many physiological disorders. Recent data highlighted their deleterious effects on brain homeostasis and plasticity, but the mechanisms underlying such disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we developed and characterized a fast and reliable diet-induced overweight (DIO) model in zebrafish, for (1) studying the effects of overfeeding on brain homeostasis and for (2) testing different preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. By overfeeding zebrafish for 4 weeks, we report the disruption of many metabolic parameters reproducing human overweight features including increased body weight, body mass index, fasting blood glucose levels and liver steatosis. Furthermore, DIO fish displayed blood–brain barrier leakage, cerebral oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and decreased neurogenesis. Finally, we investigated the preventive beneficial effects of A. borbonica, an endogenous plant from Reunion Island. Overnight treatment with A. borbonica aqueous extract during the 4 weeks of overfeeding limited some detrimental central effects of DIO. In conclusion, we established a relevant DIO model in zebrafish demonstrating that overfeeding impairs peripheral and central homeostasis. This work also highlights the preventive protective effects of A. borbonica aqueous extracts in DIO, and opens a way to easily screen drugs aiming at limiting overweight and associated neurological disorders.

Modulation of gut microbiota by Ilex kudingcha improves dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

Increasing evidence shows that the gut microbiota contributes to the occurrence and development of colitis. Kudingcha (KDC), made from the leaves of Ilex kudingcha, could mitigate inflammation, however, little is known about the relationship between modulatory effect on gut microbiota by KDC and improvement of colitis. In this study, the attenuating effects of KDC extract (KDCE) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice were investigated. It was found that the supplementation of KDCE could alleviate typical symptoms of IBD including weight loss, colon shortening, intestinal barrier damage, and decreases in the colitis disease activity index and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, KDCE supplementation could reverse the alteration of gut microbiota in the colitic mice by increasing the abundances of potential beneficial bacteria, e.g. Odoribacter, Prevotella and Helicobacter, and decreasing the abundances of potential harmful bacteria, e.g. Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Turicibacter, Parasutterella and Lachnospiraceae. The levels of short-chain fatty acids in feces, cecum contents and serum were also regulated by KDCE. Furthermore, the correlation analysis suggested that KDCE could attenuate DSS-induced colitis which might be related to the alteration of gut microbiota. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota by KDCE might be a potential strategy for improving inflammation-driven diseases.