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Coggins SJ, Kimble B, Malik R, Thompson MF, Norris JM, Govendir M. Assessing in vitro stability of remdesivir (GS-5734) and conversion to GS-441524 in feline plasma and whole blood. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-9. [PMID: 38288972 PMCID: PMC10829815 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2305731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a potentially fatal coronavirus-driven disease of cats. Treatment with nucleoside analogue GS-441524 and or prodrug remdesivir (RDV) have produced remission in both experimentally induced and naturally occurring FIP, yet information regarding metabolism of RDV into GS-441524 in cats is scarce. This study assessed possible phase I metabolism of RDV in cats, utilising an in vitro feline microsome model with in vitro t1/2 and in vitro Clint calculated using the substrate depletion method. A previously validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence method was utilised for detection and analysis of RDV and GS-441524. Qualitative yield of RDV and intermediate metabolite GS-441524 were determined following microsome incubation, then compared to whole blood and plasma incubations. In vitro microsome incubation resulted in rapid depletion of RDV, though it did not appear to resemble a conventional phase I-dependent reaction in cats, as it is in humans and dogs. Depletion of RDV into GS-441524 was demonstrated in whole blood in vitro, suggesting cats convert RDV to GS-441524, likely via blood esterases, as observed in mice and rats. RDV metabolism is unlikely to be impacted by impaired liver function in cats. Furthermore, as RDV depletes within minutes, whereas GS-441524 is very stable, whole blood or plasma GS-441524 concentrations, rather than plasma RDV concentrations, are more appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in cats receiving RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J. Coggins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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2
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Liu DY, Wang PF, Ruan YJ, Wang XL, Hu XY, Yang Q, Liu J, Wen MM, Zhang CZ, Xiao YH, Liu XG. Assembly of Heterocyclic C-Glycosides by Ru-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Cyclization with Carbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylide Glyco-Reagents. Org Lett 2024; 26:5092-5097. [PMID: 38848493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
New carbonyl sulfoxonium ylide glyco-reagents have been developed, enabling the synthesis of versatile heteroarene C-glycosides through a Ru-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation strategy. These reactions tolerate various saccharide donors and represent a significant advance in the stereoselective synthesis of heterocyclic C-glycosides. Furthermore, the strategy and methods could be applied to large-scale reactions and late-stage modifications of some structurally complex natural products or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yin Liu
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yu-Jun Ruan
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Yue Hu
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Qian Yang
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Miao-Miao Wen
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Cong-Zhen Zhang
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yu-He Xiao
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xu-Ge Liu
- The Zhongzhou Laboratory for Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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3
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Peng K, Wallace SD, Bagde SR, Shang J, Anmangandla A, Jana S, Fromme JC, Lin H. GS-441524-Diphosphate-Ribose Derivatives as Nanomolar Binders and Fluorescence Polarization Tracers for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Macrodomains. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1093-1105. [PMID: 38646883 PMCID: PMC11106745 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Viral macrodomains that can bind to or hydrolyze protein adenosine diphosphate ribosylation (ADP-ribosylation) have emerged as promising targets for antiviral drug development. Many inhibitor development efforts have been directed against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 macrodomain 1 (SARS-CoV-2 Mac1). However, potent inhibitors for viral macrodomains are still lacking, with the best inhibitors still in the micromolar range. Based on GS-441524, a remdesivir precursor, and our previous studies, we have designed and synthesized potent binders of SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 and other viral macrodomains including those of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We show that the 1'-CN group of GS-441524 promotes binding to all four viral macrodomains tested while capping the 1″-OH of GS-441524-diphosphate-ribose with a simple phenyl ring further contributes to binding. Incorporating these two structural features, the best binders show 20- to 6000-fold increases in binding affinity over ADP-ribose for SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, VEEV, and CHIKV macrodomains. Moreover, building on these potent binders, we have developed two highly sensitive fluorescence polarization tracers that only require nanomolar proteins and can effectively resolve the binding affinities of nanomolar inhibitors. Our findings and probes described here will facilitate future development of more potent viral macrodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Peng
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shamar D. Wallace
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Saket R. Bagde
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jialin Shang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ananya Anmangandla
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sadhan Jana
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - J. Christopher Fromme
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Li J, de Melo Jorge DM, Wang W, Sun S, Frum T, Hang YA, Liu Y, Zhou X, Xiao J, Wang X, Spence JR, Wobus CE, Zhu HJ. Differential Bioactivation Profiles of Different GS-441524 Prodrugs in Cell and Mouse Models: ProTide Prodrugs with High Cell Permeability and Susceptibility to Cathepsin A Are More Efficient in Delivering Antiviral Active Metabolites to the Lung. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7470-7486. [PMID: 38690769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We assessed factors that determine the tissue-specific bioactivation of ProTide prodrugs by comparing the disposition and activation of remdesivir (RDV), its methylpropyl and isopropyl ester analogues (MeRDV and IsoRDV, respectively), the oral prodrug GS-621763, and the parent nucleotide GS-441524 (Nuc). RDV and MeRDV yielded more active metabolite remdesivir-triphosphate (RDV-TP) than IsoRDV, GS-621763, and Nuc in human lung cell models due to superior cell permeability and higher susceptivity to cathepsin A. Intravenous administration to mice showed that RDV and MeRDV delivered significantly more RDV-TP to the lung than other compounds. Nevertheless, all four ester prodrugs exhibited very low oral bioavailability (<2%), with Nuc being the predominant metabolite in blood. In conclusion, ProTides prodrugs, such as RDV and MeRDV, are more efficient in delivering active metabolites to the lung than Nuc, driven by high cell permeability and susceptivity to cathepsin A. Optimizing ProTides' ester structures is an effective strategy for enhancing prodrug activation in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Macedo de Melo Jorge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu-An Hang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yueting Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jingcheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Hurwitz SJ, De R, LeCher JC, Downs-Bowen JA, Goh SL, Zandi K, McBrayer T, Amblard F, Patel D, Kohler JJ, Bhasin M, Dobosh BS, Sukhatme V, Tirouvanziam RM, Schinazi RF. Why Certain Repurposed Drugs Are Unlikely to Be Effective Antivirals to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:651. [PMID: 38675992 PMCID: PMC11053489 DOI: 10.3390/v16040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Most repurposed drugs have proved ineffective for treating COVID-19. We evaluated median effective and toxic concentrations (EC50, CC50) of 49 drugs, mostly from previous clinical trials, in Vero cells. Ratios of reported unbound peak plasma concentrations, (Cmax)/EC50, were used to predict the potential in vivo efficacy. The 20 drugs with the highest ratios were retested in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells, and their CC50 was determined in an expanded panel of cell lines. Many of the 20 drugs with the highest ratios were inactive in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells. Antivirals effective in controlled clinical trials had unbound Cmax/EC50 ≥ 6.8 in Calu-3 or Caco-2 cells. EC50 of nucleoside analogs were cell dependent. This approach and earlier availability of more relevant cultures could have reduced the number of unwarranted clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn J. Hurwitz
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Ramyani De
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Julia C. LeCher
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Jessica A. Downs-Bowen
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Shu Ling Goh
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Tamara McBrayer
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - James J. Kohler
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Brian S. Dobosh
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Vikas Sukhatme
- Morningside Center for Innovative and Affordable Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Rabindra M. Tirouvanziam
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
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6
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Iketani S, Ho DD. SARS-CoV-2 resistance to monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:632-657. [PMID: 38640902 PMCID: PMC11084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Over four years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientific response has been rapid and effective, with many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small molecules developed for clinical use. However, given the ability for viruses to become resistant to antivirals, it is perhaps no surprise that the field has identified resistance to nearly all of these compounds. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the resistance profile for each of these therapeutics. We hope that this resource provides an atlas for mutations to be aware of for each agent, particularly as a springboard for considerations for the next generation of antivirals. Finally, we discuss the outlook and thoughts for moving forward in how we continue to manage this, and the next, pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Wang H, Luo S, Xie M, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wu F, Chen X, Du G, Zhao J, Sun X. ACE2 Receptor-Targeted Inhaled Nanoemulsions Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and Attenuate Inflammatory Responses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311537. [PMID: 38174591 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Three kinds of coronaviruses are highly pathogenic to humans, and two of them mainly infect humans through Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)receptors. Therefore, specifically blocking ACE2 binding at the interface with the receptor-binding domain is promising to achieve both preventive and therapeutic effects of coronaviruses. Alternatively, drug-targeted delivery based on ACE2 receptors can further improve the efficacy and safety of inhalation drugs. Here, these two approaches are innovatively combined by designing a nanoemulsion (NE) drug delivery system (termed NE-AYQ) for inhalation that targets binding to ACE2 receptors. This inhalation-delivered remdesivir nanoemulsion (termed RDSV-NE-AYQ) effectively inhibits the infection of target cells by both wild-type and mutant viruses. The RDSV-NE-AYQ strongly inhibits Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at two dimensions: they not only block the binding of the virus to host cells at the cell surface but also restrict virus replication intracellularly. Furthermore, in the mouse model of acute lung injury, the inhaled drug delivery system loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs (TPCA-1-NE-AYQ) can significantly alleviate the lung tissue injury of mice. This smart combination provides a new choice for dealing with possible emergencies in the future and for the rapid development of inhaled drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mingxin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, P. R. China
| | - Yunming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yongshun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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8
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Shehzadi K, Yu M, Liang J. De Novo Potent Peptide Nucleic Acid Antisense Oligomer Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase via Structure-Guided Drug Design. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17473. [PMID: 38139312 PMCID: PMC10744289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Global reports of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and recurrence cases continue despite substantial vaccination campaigns, raising severe concerns about COVID-19. While repurposed drugs offer some treatment options for COVID-19, notably, nucleoside inhibitors like Remdesivir stand out as curative therapies for COVID-19 that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The emergence of highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants underscores the imperative for antiviral drugs adaptable to evolving viral mutations. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays a key role in viral genome replication. Currently, inhibiting viral RdRp function remains a pivotal strategy to tackle the notorious virus. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) therapy shows promise by effectively targeting specific genome regions, reducing viral replication, and inhibiting infection. In our study, we designed PNA antisense oligomers conjugated with cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) aiming to evaluate their antiviral effects against RdRp target using structure-guided drug design, which involves molecular docking simulations, drug likeliness and pharmacokinetic evaluations, molecular dynamics simulations, and computing binding free energy. The in silico analysis predicts that chemically modified PNAs might act as antisense molecules in order to disrupt ribosome assembly at RdRp's translation start site, and their chemically stable and neutral backbone might enhance sequence-specific RNA binding interaction. Notably, our findings demonstrate that PNA-peptide conjugates might be the most promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, with superior binding free energy compared to Remdesivir in the current COVID-19 medication. Specifically, PNA-CPP-1 could bind simultaneously to the active site residues of RdRp protein and sequence-specific RdRp-RNA target in order to control viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China;
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China;
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9
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Kimble B, Coggins SJ, Norris JM, Thompson MF, Govendir M. Quantification of GS-441524 concentration in feline plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-9. [PMID: 37556736 PMCID: PMC10438854 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2246553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine analogue GS-441524 has demonstrated efficacy in treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). With no commercially registered formulations of GS-441524 available, global focus shifted to its pro-drug remdesivir, as it became more accessible throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. This study developed and validated a simple liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector to quantify plasma concentrations of GS-441524 applicable for routine therapeutic monitoring of remdesivir or GS-441524 therapy for FIP infected cats. A Waters X-Bridge C18, 5 µm, 150 × 4.6 mm, column was used and mixtures of 20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 4.5) with acetonitrile of 5% and 70% were prepared for gradient mobile phase. With a simple protein precipitation using methanol to clean plasma sample, GS-441524 was monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 250 nm and 475 nm, respectively. Using an external standard, the lowest and highest limits of quantification were 19.5 ng/mL to 10,000 ng/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter day trueness of the quality controls (QCs) were within 10% of their nominal concentrations and intra- and inter day precision of the QCs (expressed as the coefficient of variation) ranged from 1.7 to 5.7%, This assay was able to quantify plasma trough levels of GS-441524 (23.7-190.1 ng/mL) after the administration of remdesivir (9.9-15.0 mg/kg BW, IV or SC) in FIP cats (n = 12). Accordingly, this study generated an alternative and cost-effective way to quantify GS-441524 in feline biological fluids at least up to 24 hr after administrations of remdesivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally J. Coggins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Liu W, Wang J, Wang S, Yue K, Hu Y, Liu X, Wang L, Wan S, Xu X. Discovery of new non-covalent and covalent inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease and main protease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106830. [PMID: 37683544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic still threatens human health and public safety, and the development of effective antiviral agent is urgently needed. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) are vital proteins in viral replication and promising therapeutic targets. Additionally, PLpro also modulates host immune response by cleaving ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from ISGylated host proteins. In this report, we identified [1,2]selenazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3(2H)-one and benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one as attractive scaffolds of PLpro and Mpro inhibitors. The representative compounds 6c and 7e exhibited excellent PLpro inhibition with percent inhibition of 42.9% and 44.9% at 50 nM, respectively. The preliminary enzyme kinetics experiment and fluorescent labelling experiment results determined that 6c was identified as a covalent PLpro inhibitor, while 7e was a non-covalent inhibitor. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed that 6c and 7e bound to Zn-finger domain of PLpro. Compounds 6c and 7e were also identified to potent Mpro inhibitors, and they exhibited potent antiviral activities in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells, with EC50 value of 3.9 μM and 7.4 μM, respectively. In addition, the rat liver homogenate half-life of 6c and 7e exceeded 24 h. These findings suggest that 6c and 7e are promising led compounds for further development of PLpro/Mpro dual-target antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandong Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Suyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Kairui Yue
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China.
| | - Ximing Xu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China.
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11
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Valipour M, Irannejad H, Keyvani H. An Overview on Anti-COVID-19 Drug Achievements and Challenges Ahead. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1248-1265. [PMID: 37705590 PMCID: PMC10496143 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of several coronavirus pandemics/epidemics during the last two decades (SARS-CoV-1 in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019) indicates that humanity will face increasing challenges from coronaviruses in the future. The emergence of new strains with similar transmission characteristics as SARS-CoV-2 and mortality rates similar to SARS-CoV-1 (∼10% mortality) or MERS-CoV (∼35% mortality) in the future is a terrifying possibility. Therefore, getting enough preparations to face such risks is an inevitable necessity. The present study aims to review the drug achievements and challenges in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 with a combined perspective derived from pharmacology, pharmacotherapy, and medicinal chemistry insights. Appreciating all the efforts made during the past few years, there is strong evidence that the desired results have not yet been achieved and research in this area should still be pursued seriously. By expressing some pessimistic possibilities and concluding that the drug discovery and pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 have not been successful so far, this short essay tries to draw the attention of responsible authorities to be more prepared against future coronavirus epidemics/pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Razi
Drug Research Center, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran 1134845764, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department
of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1134845764, Iran
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12
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Yang L, Wang Z. Bench-to-bedside: Innovation of small molecule anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs in China. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115503. [PMID: 37229831 PMCID: PMC10193775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of deaths globally, highlighting the need to develop potent prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Small molecule inhibitors (remdesivir, Paxlovid, and molnupiravir) are essential complements to vaccines and play important roles in clinical treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Many advances have been made in development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors in China, but progress in discovery and characterization of pharmacological activity, antiviral mechanisms, and clinical efficacy are limited. We review development of small molecule anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs (azvudine [approved by the NMPA of China on July 25, 2022], VV116 [approved by the NMPA of China on January 29, 2023], FB2001, WPV01, pentarlandir, and cepharanthine) in China and summarize their pharmacological activity, potential mechanisms of action, clinical trials and use, and important milestones in their discovery. The role of structural biology in drug development is also reviewed. Future studies should focus on development of diverse second-generation inhibitors with excellent oral bioavailability, superior plasma half-life, increased antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, high target specificity, minimal side effects, reduced drug-drug interactions, and improved lung histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, PR China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Zhonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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13
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Bartels I, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC. Determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virustatic pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment using high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5365-5377. [PMID: 37439856 PMCID: PMC10444687 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the global population since 2019. The rapid development and approval of vaccines has brought relief. Yet, effective cures are still being researched. Even if the pandemic situation may end, SARS-CoV-2 will remain and, thus, continued application of the drugs will lead to emissions of the active ingredients into the aquatic environment, as with other anthropogenic micropollutants. However, a general method for trace analysis of antiviral drugs is still missing. To this purpose, favipiravir, remdesivir, its active metabolite GS-441524, molnupiravir and its active metabolite EIDD-1931 were selected as representative analytes. A method was developed based on solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry. Optimization comprised the choice of chromatographic columns, elution gradient, mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry parameters. Solid phase extraction proved suitable for increase in limits of detection and quantitation. amelioration of the limits of detection and quantitation. Matrix effects were investigated applying the optimized method to a wastewater sample with added virustatics. All five compounds could be separated with reversed phase chromatography, whereas EIDD-1931 profited from hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. The optimized method yielded limits of detection and quantification of 2.1·10-1, 6.9·10-1 µg·L-1 for favipiravir, 1.8·10-3, 5.5·10-3 µg·L-1 for remdesivir, 1.9·10-3, 7.6·10-3 µg·L-1 for GS-441524, 2.9·10-3, 8.7·10-3 µg·L-1 for molnupiravir, and 1.3·10-1, 3.8·10-1 µg·L-1 for EIDD 1931. The method was first applied to compound stability testing at pH 2.8 and 9.7. At pH 2.8, remdesivir, GS-441524 and molnupiravir proved stable, whereas about 14% of EIDD-1931 and favipiravir were degraded. All five antiviral compounds were almost completely decomposed at pH 9.7. The application of the method was further demonstrated for potential transformation product detection on favipiravir ozonation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Bartels
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring 20, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring 20, 47798, Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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14
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Coggins SJ, Norris JM, Malik R, Govendir M, Hall EJ, Kimble B, Thompson MF. Outcomes of treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis using parenterally administered remdesivir, with or without transition to orally administered GS-441524. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1772-1783. [PMID: 37439383 PMCID: PMC10473006 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside analog GS-441524 is effective in treating cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Investigation into the use of parent nucleotide analog remdesivir (GS-5734) is needed. OBJECTIVES To assess efficacy and tolerability of remdesivir with or without transition to GS-441524 in cats with FIP and document clinical and clinicopathologic progression over 6 months. ANIMALS Twenty-eight client-owned cats with FIP. METHODS Cats were prospectively recruited between May 2021 and May 2022. An induction dosage of remdesivir 10 to 15 mg/kg intravenously or subcutaneously q24h was utilized for 4 doses, with a maintenance dosage of remdesivir (6-15 mg/kg SC) or GS-441524 (10-15 mg/kg per os) every 24 hours continued for at least 84 days. Laboratory testing, veterinary, and owner assessments were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-four cats survived to 6 months (86%). Three cats died within 48 hours. Excluding these, survival from 48 hours to 6 months was 96% (24/25). Remission was achieved by day 84 in 56% (14/25). Three cats required secondary treatment for re-emergent FIP. Remission was achieved in all 3 after higher dosing (15-20 mg/kg). Adverse reactions were occasional site discomfort and skin irritation with remdesivir injection. Markers of treatment success included resolution of pyrexia, effusions, and presenting signs of FIP in the first half of treatment and normalization of globulin concentration, and continued body weight gains in the latter half of the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Parenteral administration of remdesivir and oral administration of GS-441524 are effective and well-tolerated treatments for FIP. Early emphasis on clinical, and later emphasis on clinicopathologic response, appears prudent when monitoring treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J. Coggins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jacqui M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt UniversityNSWAustralia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Evelyn J. Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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15
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Tasker S, Addie DD, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Truyen U, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Möstl K, Hartmann K. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines. Viruses 2023; 15:1847. [PMID: 37766254 PMCID: PMC10535984 DOI: 10.3390/v15091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Independent Researcher, 64000 Pyrénées Aquitaine, France;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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Sha A, Liu Y, Hao H. Current state-of-the-art and potential future therapeutic drugs against COVID-19. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1238027. [PMID: 37691829 PMCID: PMC10485263 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1238027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to endanger human health, and its therapeutic drugs are under intensive research and development. Identifying the efficacy and toxicity of drugs in animal models is helpful for further screening of effective medications, which is also a prerequisite for drugs to enter clinical trials. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades host cells mainly by the S protein on its surface. After the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome is injected into the cells, M protein will help assemble and release new viruses. RdRp is crucial for virus replication, assembly, and release of new virus particles. This review analyzes and discusses 26 anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs based on their mechanism of action, effectiveness and safety in different animal models. We propose five drugs to be the most promising to enter the next stage of clinical trial research, thus providing a reference for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailong Sha
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Hao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
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17
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Barua S, Kaltenboeck B, Juan YC, Bird RC, Wang C. Comparative Evaluation of GS-441524, Teriflunomide, Ruxolitinib, Molnupiravir, Ritonavir, and Nirmatrelvir for In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:513. [PMID: 37624300 PMCID: PMC10459838 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), caused by feline coronavirus (FcoV), is considered one of the most enigmatic diseases in cats. Developing effective drugs for FIP is crucial due to its global prevalence and severity. In this study, six antiviral drugs were tested for their cytotoxicity, cell viability, and antiviral efficacies in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells. A cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that these drugs were safe to be used with essentially no cytotoxicity with concentrations as high as 250 µM for ruxolitinib; 125 µM for GS441524; 63 µM for teriflunomide, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir; and 16 µM for ritonavir. GS441524 and nirmatrelvir exhibited the least detrimental effects on the CRFK cells, with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values of 260.0 µM and 279.1 µM, respectively, while ritonavir showed high toxicity (CC50 = 39.9 µM). In the dose-response analysis, GS441524, nirmatrelvir, and molnupiravir demonstrated promising results with selectivity index values of 165.54, 113.67, and 29.27, respectively, against FIPV. Our study suggests that nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir hold potential for FIPV treatment and could serve as alternatives to GS441524. Continued research and development of antiviral drugs are essential to ensure the well-being of companion animals and improve our preparedness for future outbreaks of coronaviruses affecting animals and humans alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (Y.-C.J.); (R.C.B.)
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18
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Cosaro E, Pires J, Castillo D, Murphy BG, Reagan KL. Efficacy of Oral Remdesivir Compared to GS-441524 for Treatment of Cats with Naturally Occurring Effusive Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Blinded, Non-Inferiority Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1680. [PMID: 37632022 PMCID: PMC10458979 DOI: 10.3390/v15081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs GS-441524 and remdesivir (GS-5734) are effective in treating cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). However, no studies have compared the efficacy between antiviral medications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of orally administered GS-442514 (12.5-15 mg/kg) compared to orally administered remdesivir (25-30 mg/kg) in a double-blinded non-inferiority trial. Eighteen cats with effusive FIP were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either GS-442514 or remdesivir. Cats were treated daily for 12 weeks and evaluated at week 0, 12, and 16. Survival and disease remission at week 16 were compared between groups. Five of 9 (55%) cats treated GS-441524 and 7/9 (77%) cats treated with remdesivir survived, with no difference in survival rate (p = 0.2). Remdesivir fulfilled the criteria for non-inferiority with a difference in survival of 22% (90% CI; -13.5-57.5%). Three of the 18 cats died within 48 h of enrollment. Excluding these cats, 5/6 (83%) of the cats treated with GS-441524 and 7/9 (77%) of the cats treated with remdesivir survived. These findings suggest that both orally administered GS-441524 and remdesivir are safe and effective anti-viral medications for the treatment of effusive FIP. Further optimization of the first 48 h of treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cosaro
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jully Pires
- Veterinary Center for Clinical Trials, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.C.); (B.G.M.)
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.C.); (B.G.M.)
| | - Krystle L. Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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19
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Yan Y, Li J, Jiao Z, Yang M, Li L, Wang G, Chen Y, Li M, Shen Z, Shi Y, Peng G. Better therapeutic effect of oral administration of GS441524 compared with GC376. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109781. [PMID: 37269714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
FIP is a fatal feline disease caused by FIPV. Two drugs (GS441524 and GC376) target FIPV and have good therapeutic effect when administered by subcutaneous injection. However, subcutaneous injection has limitations compared with oral administration. Additionally, the oral efficacy of the two drugs has not been determined. Here, GS441524 and GC376 were shown to efficiently inhibit FIPV-rQS79 (recombination virus with a full-length field type I FIPV and the spike gene replaced with type II FIPV) and FIPV II (commercially available type II FIPV 79-1146) at a noncytotoxic concentration in CRFK cells. Moreover, the effective oral dose was determined via the in vivo pharmacokinetics of GS441524 and GC376. We conducted animal trials in three dosing groups and found that while GS441524 can effectively reducing the mortality of FIP subjects at a range of doses, GC376 only reducing the mortality rate at high doses. Additionally, compared with GC376, oral GS441524 has better absorption, slower clearance and a slower rate of metabolism. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the oral and subcutaneous pharmacokinetic parameters. Collectively, our study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of oral GS441524 and GC376 using a relevant animal model. We also verified the reliability of oral GS441524 and the potential of oral GC376 as a reference for rational clinical drug use. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic data provide insights into and potential directions for the optimization of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Zhou Q, Luo Y, Zhu Y, Chen Q, Qiu J, Cong F, Li Y, Zhang X. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and nucleotide analog GS-441524 conjugates with potent in vivo efficacy against coronaviruses. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115113. [PMID: 36706621 PMCID: PMC9830933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect a broad range of hosts, including humans and various animals, with a tendency to cross the species barrier, causing severe harm to human society and fostering the need for effective anti-coronaviral drugs. GS-441524 is a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside with potent anti-CoVs activities. However, its application is limited by poor oral bioavailability. Herein, we designed and synthesized several conjugates via covalently binding NSAIDs to 5'-OH of GS-441524 through ester bonds. The ibuprofen conjugate, ATV041, exhibited potent in vitro anti-coronaviral efficacy against four zoonotic coronaviruses in the alpha- and beta-genera. Oral-dosed ATV041 resulted in favorable bioavailability and rapid tissue distribution of GS-441524 and ibuprofen. In MHV-A59 infected mice, ATV041 dose-dependently decreased viral RNA replication and significantly reduced the proinflammatory cytokines in the liver and the lung at 3 dpi. As a result, the MHV-A59-induced lung and liver inflammatory injury was significantly alleviated. Taken together, this work provides a novel drug conjugate strategy to improve oral PK and offers a potent anti-coronaviral lead compound for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Yinzhu Luo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510663, China
| | - Yujun Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510663, China
| | - Qishu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Jingfei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510663, China.
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
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21
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Preclinical characterization and anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of ATV014: an oral cyclohexanecarboxylate prodrug of 1'-CN-4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleoside. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:27. [PMID: 36635259 PMCID: PMC9835026 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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22
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Abdelnabi R, Maes P, de Jonghe S, Weynand B, Neyts J. Combination of the parent analogue of remdesivir (GS-441524) and molnupiravir results in a markedly potent antiviral effect in SARS-CoV-2 infected Syrian hamsters. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1072202. [PMID: 36605401 PMCID: PMC9807602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1072202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir was the first antiviral drug to be approved for the treatment of severe COVID-19; followed by molnupiravir (another prodrug of a nucleoside analogue) and the protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir. Combination of antiviral drugs may result in improved potency and help to avoid or delay the development of resistant variants. We set out to explore the combined antiviral potency of GS-441524 (the parent nucleoside of remdesivir) and molnupiravir against SARS-CoV-2. In SARS-CoV-2 (BA.5) infected A549-Dual™ hACE2-TMPRSS2 cells, the combination resulted in an overall additive antiviral effect with a synergism at certain concentrations. Next, the combined effect was explored in Syrian hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Beta, B.1.351); treatment was started at the time of infection and continued twice daily for four consecutive days. At day 4 post-infection, GS-441524 (50 mg/kg, oral BID) and molnupiravir (150 mg/kg, oral BID) as monotherapy reduced infectious viral loads by 0.5 and 1.6 log10, respectively, compared to the vehicle control. When GS-441524 (50 mg/kg, BID) and molnupiravir (150 mg/kg, BID) were combined, infectious virus was no longer detectable in the lungs of 7 out of 10 of the treated hamsters (4.0 log10 reduction) and titers in the other animals were reduced by ∼2 log10. The combined antiviral activity of molnupiravir which acts by inducing lethal mutagenesis and GS-441524, which acts as a chain termination appears to be highly effective in reducing SARS-CoV-2 replication/infectivity. The unexpected potent antiviral effect of the combination warrants further exploration as a potential treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- The VirusBank Platform, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven de Jonghe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- The VirusBank Platform, Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network, GVN, Baltimore, MD, United States
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23
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Zhang J, He M, Xie Q, Su A, Yang K, Liu L, Liang J, Li Z, Huang X, Hu J, Liu Q, Song B, Hu C, Chen L, Wang Y. Predicting In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Antivirals by Intracellular Bioavailability and Biochemical Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45023-45035. [PMID: 36530252 PMCID: PMC9753181 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular drug response (concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum cellular effect, EC50) can be predicted by the intracellular bioavailability (F ic) and biochemical activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) of drugs. In an ideal model, the cellular negative log of EC50 (pEC50) equals the sum of log F ic and the negative log of IC50 (pIC50). Here, we measured F ic's of remdesivir, favipiravir, and hydroxychloroquine in various cells and calculated their anti-SARS-CoV-2 EC50's. The predicted EC50's are close to the observed EC50's in vitro. When the lung concentrations of antiviral drugs are higher than the predicted EC50's in alveolar type 2 cells, the antiviral drugs inhibit virus replication in vivo, and vice versa. Overall, our results indicate that both in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of drugs can be predicted by their intracellular bioavailability and biochemical activity without using virus. This virus-free strategy can help medicinal chemists and pharmacologists to screen antivirals during early drug discovery, especially for researchers who are not able to work in the high-level biosafety lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Zhang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Mingfeng He
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Ailing Su
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Kuangyang Yang
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Lichu Liu
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Jianhui Liang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xiuxin Huang
- The
First Clinical College of Changsha Medical College, Changsha410219, China
| | - Jianshu Hu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QT, UK
| | - Qian Liu
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Bing Song
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of
Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes
and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
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24
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Wang Z, Yang L, Song XQ. Oral GS-441524 derivatives: Next-generation inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015355. [PMID: 36561747 PMCID: PMC9763260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-441524, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor, is a 1'-CN-substituted adenine C-nucleoside analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. However, the low oral bioavailability of GS-441524 poses a challenge to its anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy. Remdesivir, the intravenously administered version (version 1.0) of GS-441524, is the first FDA-approved agent for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. However, clinical trials have presented conflicting evidence on the value of remdesivir in COVID-19. Therefore, oral GS-441524 derivatives (VV116, ATV006, and GS-621763; version 2.0, targeting highly conserved viral RdRp) could be considered as game-changers in treating COVID-19 because oral administration has the potential to maximize clinical benefits, including decreased duration of COVID-19 and reduced post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as limited side effects such as hepatic accumulation. This review summarizes the current research related to the oral derivatives of GS-441524, and provides important insights into the potential factors underlying the controversial observations regarding the clinical efficacy of remdesivir; overall, it offers an effective launching pad for developing an oral version of GS-441524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhonglei Wang, ; Liyan Yang, ; Xian-qing Song,
| | - Liyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Polarization and Information Technology, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China,*Correspondence: Zhonglei Wang, ; Liyan Yang, ; Xian-qing Song,
| | - Xian-qing Song
- General Surgery Department, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Xiangshan, China,*Correspondence: Zhonglei Wang, ; Liyan Yang, ; Xian-qing Song,
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25
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Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Jieping Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Ke Men
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
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26
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Wang W, Li W, Wen Z, Wang C, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ding T, Shuai L, Zhong G, Bu Z, Qu L, Ren M, Li F. Gossypol Broadly Inhibits Coronaviruses by Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203499. [PMID: 36266926 PMCID: PMC9762316 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs), especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have posed serious threats to humans and animals, which urgently calls for effective broad-spectrum antivirals. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays an essential role in viral RNA synthesis and is an ideal pan-coronaviral therapeutic target. Herein, based on cryo-electron microscopy and biochemical approaches, gossypol (GOS) is identified from 881 natural products to directly block SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, thus inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in both cellular and mouse infection models. GOS also acts as a potent inhibitor against the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) and exerts same inhibitory effects toward mutated RdRps of VOCs as the RdRp of the original SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, that the RdRp inhibitor GOS has broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity against alphacoronaviruses (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus), betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), gammacoronaviruses (avian infectious bronchitis virus), and deltacoronaviruses (porcine deltacoronavirus) is showed. The findings demonstrate that GOS may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other coronavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaHainan572025P. R. China
| | - Wenkang Li
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Weilong Liu
- Institute for HepatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseaseShenzhen Third People's HospitalThe Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518112P. R. China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Tianze Ding
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Lei Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
- Institute of Urban AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduSichuan610213P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaHainan572025P. R. China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaHainan572025P. R. China
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27
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Jade D, Alzahrani A, Critchley W, Ponnambalam S, Harrison MA. Identification of FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) through computational virtual screening. Struct Chem 2022; 34:1005-1019. [PMID: 36467260 PMCID: PMC9702953 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak, which overwhelmed millions of people worldwide; hence, there is an urgency to identify appropriate antiviral drugs. This study focuses on screening compounds that inhibit RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) essential for RNA synthesis required for replication of positive-strand RNA viruses. Computational screening against RdRp using Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs identified ten prominent compounds with binding energies of more than - 10.00 kcal/mol, each a potential inhibitor of RdRp. These compounds' binding energy is comparable to known RdRp inhibitors remdesivir (IC50 = 10.09 μM, SI = 4.96) and molnupiravir (EC50 = 0.67 - 2.66 µM) and 0.32-2.03 µM). Remdesivir and molnupiravir have been tested in clinical trial and remain authorized for emergency use in the treatment of COVID-19. In docking simulations, selected compounds are bound to the substrate-binding pocket of RdRp and showed hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interaction. For molecular dynamics simulation, capmatinib, pralsetinib, ponatinib, and tedizolid phosphate were selected from the initial ten candidate compounds. MD simulation indicated that these compounds are stable at 50-ns MD simulation when bound to RdRp protein. The screen hit compounds, remdesivir, molnupiravir, and GS-441524, are bound in the substrate binding pocket with good binding-free energy. As a consequence, capmatinib, pralsetinib, ponatinib, and tedizolid phosphate are potential new inhibitors of RdRp protein with potential of limiting COVID-19 infection by blocking RNA synthesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11224-022-02072-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Jade
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Areej Alzahrani
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William Critchley
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Zhu J, Li Y, Liang J, Mubareka S, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. The Potential Protective Role of GS-441524, a Metabolite of the Prodrug Remdesivir, in Vaccine Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections. INTENSIVE CARE RESEARCH 2022; 2:49-60. [PMID: 36407474 PMCID: PMC9645326 DOI: 10.1007/s44231-022-00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cases of vaccine breakthrough, especially in variants of concern (VOCs) infections, are emerging in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Due to mutations of structural proteins (SPs) (e.g., Spike proteins), increased transmissibility and risk of escaping from vaccine-induced immunity have been reported amongst the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Remdesivir was the first to be granted emergency use authorization but showed little impact on survival in patients with severe COVID-19. Remdesivir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analogue GS-441524 which is converted into the active nucleotide triphosphate to disrupt viral genome of the conserved non-structural proteins (NSPs) and thus block viral replication. GS-441524 exerts a number of pharmacological advantages over Remdesivir: (1) it needs fewer conversions for bioactivation to nucleotide triphosphate; (2) it requires only nucleoside kinase, while Remdesivir requires several hepato-renal enzymes, for bioactivation; (3) it is a smaller molecule and has a potency for aerosol and oral administration; (4) it is less toxic allowing higher pulmonary concentrations; (5) it is easier to be synthesized. The current article will focus on the discussion of interactions between GS-441524 and NSPs of VOCs to suggest potential application of GS-441524 in breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44231-022-00021-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaYi Zhu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Yuchong Li
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jady Liang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Arthur S. Slutsky
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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29
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Cook S, Wittenburg L, Yan VC, Theil JH, Castillo D, Reagan KL, Williams S, Pham CD, Li C, Muller FL, Murphy BG. An Optimized Bioassay for Screening Combined Anticoronaviral Compounds for Efficacy against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus with Pharmacokinetic Analyses of GS-441524, Remdesivir, and Molnupiravir in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112429. [PMID: 36366527 PMCID: PMC9697187 DOI: 10.3390/v14112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease of cats that currently lacks licensed and affordable vaccines or antiviral therapeutics. The disease has a spectrum of clinical presentations including an effusive ("wet") form and non-effusive ("dry") form, both of which may be complicated by neurologic or ocular involvement. The feline coronavirus (FCoV) biotype, termed feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), is the etiologic agent of FIP. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the in vitro antiviral efficacies of the viral protease inhibitors GC376 and nirmatrelvir and the nucleoside analogs remdesivir (RDV), GS-441524, molnupiravir (MPV; EIDD-2801), and β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC; EIDD-1931). These antiviral agents were functionally evaluated using an optimized in vitro bioassay system. Antivirals were assessed as monotherapies against FIPV serotypes I and II and as combined anticoronaviral therapies (CACT) against FIPV serotype II, which provided evidence for synergy for selected combinations. We also determined the pharmacokinetic properties of MPV, GS-441524, and RDV after oral administration to cats in vivo as well as after intravenous administration of RDV. We established that orally administered MPV at 10 mg/kg, GS-441524 and RDV at 25 mg/kg, and intravenously administered RDV at 7 mg/kg achieves plasma levels greater than the established corresponding EC50 values, which are sustained over 24 h for GS-441514 and RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cook
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke Wittenburg
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Victoria C. Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jacob H. Theil
- Office of Research, Campus Veterinary Services, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Krystle L. Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sonyia Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Florian L. Muller
- Sporos Bioventures, @JLABS Suite 201, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Chan JFW, Oh YJ, Yuan S, Chu H, Yeung ML, Canena D, Chan CCS, Poon VKM, Chan CCY, Zhang AJ, Cai JP, Ye ZW, Wen L, Yuen TTT, Chik KKH, Shuai H, Wang Y, Hou Y, Luo C, Chan WM, Qin Z, Sit KY, Au WK, Legendre M, Zhu R, Hain L, Seferovic H, Tampé R, To KKW, Chan KH, Thomas DG, Klausberger M, Xu C, Moon JJ, Stadlmann J, Penninger JM, Oostenbrink C, Hinterdorfer P, Yuen KY, Markovitz DM. A molecularly engineered, broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus lectin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV infection in vivo. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100774. [PMID: 36195094 PMCID: PMC9519379 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
"Pan-coronavirus" antivirals targeting conserved viral components can be designed. Here, we show that the rationally engineered H84T-banana lectin (H84T-BanLec), which specifically recognizes high mannose found on viral proteins but seldom on healthy human cells, potently inhibits Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (including Omicron), and other human-pathogenic coronaviruses at nanomolar concentrations. H84T-BanLec protects against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Importantly, intranasally and intraperitoneally administered H84T-BanLec are comparably effective. Mechanistic assays show that H84T-BanLec targets virus entry. High-speed atomic force microscopy depicts real-time multimolecular associations of H84T-BanLec dimers with the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer. Single-molecule force spectroscopy demonstrates binding of H84T-BanLec to multiple SARS-CoV-2 spike mannose sites with high affinity and that H84T-BanLec competes with SARS-CoV-2 spike for binding to cellular ACE2. Modeling experiments identify distinct high-mannose glycans in spike recognized by H84T-BanLec. The multiple H84T-BanLec binding sites on spike likely account for the drug compound's broad-spectrum antiviral activity and the lack of resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Department of Experimental Applied Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Man-Lung Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Daniel Canena
- Department of Experimental Applied Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chun-Yiu Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huiping Shuai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhenzhi Qin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ko-Yung Sit
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Kuk Au
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Maureen Legendre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Programs in Immunology, Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Experimental Applied Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Lisa Hain
- Department of Experimental Applied Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Hannah Seferovic
- Department of Experimental Applied Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | | | - Miriam Klausberger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modelling and Simulation, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Department of Experimental Applied Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - David M Markovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Programs in Immunology, Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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31
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Hu H, Mady Traore MD, Li R, Yuan H, He M, Wen B, Gao W, Jonsson CB, Fitzpatrick EA, Sun D. Optimization of the Prodrug Moiety of Remdesivir to Improve Lung Exposure/Selectivity and Enhance Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12044-12054. [PMID: 36070561 PMCID: PMC9469953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms still lack antiviral treatment options. Although remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for those patients, its efficacy is limited by premature hydrolysis to nucleoside (NUC), low accumulation in the disease-targeted tissue (lungs), and low antiviral potency. In this study, we synthesized a new series of remdesivir analogues by modifying the ProTide moiety. In comparison with remdesivir, the lead compound MMT5-14 showed 2- to 7-fold higher antiviral activity in four variants of SARS-CoV-2. By reducing premature hydrolysis in hamsters, MMT5-14 increased the prodrug concentration by 200- to 300-fold in the plasma and lungs but also enhanced lung accumulation of the active metabolite triphosphate nucleosides (NTP) by 5-fold. Compared to remdesivir, MMT5-14 also increased the intracellular uptake and activation in lung epithelial cells by 4- to 25-fold. These data suggest that MMT5-14 could be a potential antiviral drug to treat COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Mohamed Dit Mady Traore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Ruiting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Hebao Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Biochemistry and the Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee38163, United
States
| | - Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Biochemistry and the Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee38163, United
States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of
Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109,
United States
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32
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Tanimoto S, Itoh SG, Okumura H. State-of-the-Art Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810358. [PMID: 36142270 PMCID: PMC9499461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are powerful theoretical methods that can reveal biomolecular properties, such as structure, fluctuations, and ligand binding, at the level of atomic detail. In this review article, recent MD simulation studies on these biomolecular properties of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is a multidomain protein, of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are presented. Although the tertiary structures of RdRps in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are almost identical, the RNA synthesis activity of RdRp of SARS-CoV is higher than SARS-CoV-2. Recent MD simulations observed a difference in the dynamic properties of the two RdRps, which may cause activity differences. RdRp is also a drug target for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nucleotide analogs, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, are considered to be taken up by RdRp and inhibit RNA replication. Recent MD simulations revealed the recognition mechanism of RdRp for these drug molecules and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ligand-recognition ability of RdRp decreases in the order of remdesivir, favipiravir, and ATP. As a typical recognition process, it was found that several lysine residues of RdRp transfer these ligand molecules to the binding site such as a “bucket brigade.” This finding will contribute to understanding the mechanism of the efficient ligand recognition by RdRp. In addition, various simulation studies on the complexes of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp with several nucleotide analogs are reviewed, and the molecular mechanisms by which these compounds inhibit the function of RdRp are discussed. The simulation studies presented in this review will provide useful insights into how nucleotide analogs are recognized by RdRp and inhibit the RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Tanimoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoru G. Itoh
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okumura
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence:
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33
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Wu Z, Han Z, Liu B, Shen N. Remdesivir in treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A renewed review of clinical trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:971890. [PMID: 36160434 PMCID: PMC9493488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, COVID-19 has spread across the world almost through 2.5 years. As of 16 June 2022, the cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide has reached 542.62 million, and the death toll has risen to 6.33 million. With the increasing number of deaths, it is urgent to find effective treatment drugs. Remdesivir, an investigational broad-spectrum antiviral drug produced by Gilead has been shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, in vitro and in vivo. This review is aimed to analyze the feasibility of remdesivir in COVID-19 and put forward the shortcomings of present clinical studies. We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science up until 24 May 2022, using several specific terms such as “remdesivir” or “GS-5734” and “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2” and retrieved basic researches and clinical studies of remdesivir in COVID-19. In this review, we summarized and reviewed the mechanism of remdesivir in SARS-COV-2, clinical trials of using remdesivir in COVID-19, analyzed the efficacy and safety of remdesivir, and judged whether the drug was effective for the treatment of COVID-19. In different clinical trials, remdesivir showed a mixed result in the treatment of COVID-19. It seemed that remdesivir shortened the time to recovery and had an acceptable safety profile. However, more clinical trials are needed to test the efficacy and safety of remdesivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Beibei Liu, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Beibei Liu, ; Ning Shen,
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Nepali K, Sharma R, Sharma S, Thakur A, Liou JP. Beyond the vaccines: a glance at the small molecule and peptide-based anti-COVID19 arsenal. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:65. [PMID: 36064696 PMCID: PMC9444709 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented efforts of the researchers have been witnessed in the recent past towards the development of vaccine platforms for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Albeit, vaccination stands as a practical strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, supplementing the anti-COVID19 arsenal with therapeutic options such as small molecules/peptides and antibodies is being conceived as a prudent strategy to tackle the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Noteworthy to mention that collective efforts from numerous teams have led to the generation of a voluminous library composed of chemically and mechanistically diverse small molecules as anti-COVID19 scaffolds. This review article presents an overview of medicinal chemistry campaigns and drug repurposing programs that culminated in the identification of a plethora of small molecule-based anti-COVID19 drugs mediating their antiviral effects through inhibition of proteases, S protein, RdRp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, cathepsin and other targets. In light of the evidence ascertaining the potential of small molecule drugs to approach conserved proteins required for the viral replication of all coronaviruses, accelerated FDA approvals are anticipated for small molecules for the treatment of COVID19 shortly. Though the recent attempts invested in this direction in pursuit of enrichment of the anti-COVID-19 armoury (chemical tools) are praiseworthy, some strategies need to be implemented to extract conclusive benefits of the recently reported small molecule viz. (i) detailed preclinical investigation of the generated anti-COVID19 scaffolds (ii) in-vitro profiling of the inhibitors against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (iii) development of assays enabling rapid screening of the libraries of anti-COVID19 scaffold (iv) leveraging the applications of machine learning based predictive models to expedite the anti-COVID19 drug discovery campaign (v) design of antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Wang AQ, Hagen NR, Padilha EC, Yang M, Shah P, Chen CZ, Huang W, Terse P, Sanderson P, Zheng W, Xu X. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro Properties of GS-441524, a Potential Oral Drug Candidate for COVID-19 Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918083. [PMID: 36052127 PMCID: PMC9424906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and In Vitro ADME properties of GS-441524, a potential oral agent for the treatment of Covid-19, were studied. GS-441524 was stable in vitro in liver microsomes, cytosols, and hepatocytes of mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans. The plasma free fractions of GS-441524 were 62-78% across all studied species. The in vitro transporter study results showed that GS-441524 was a substrate of MDR1, BCRP, CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2; but not a substrate of CNT1, CNT2, and ENT4. GS-441524 had a low to moderate plasma clearance (CLp), ranging from 4.1 mL/min/kg in dogs to 26 mL/min/kg in mice; the steady state volume distribution (Vdss) ranged from 0.9 L/kg in dogs to 2.4 L/kg in mice after IV administration. Urinary excretion appeared to be the major elimination process for GS-441524. Following oral administration, the oral bioavailability was 8.3% in monkeys, 33% in rats, 39% in mice, and 85% in dogs. The PK and ADME properties of GS-441524 support its further development as an oral drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q. Wang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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Skaggs C, Zimmerman H, Manicke N, Kirkpatrick L. Development and validation of a paper spray mass spectrometry method for the rapid quantitation of remdesivir and its active metabolite, GS-441524, in human plasma. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 25:27-35. [PMID: 35721272 PMCID: PMC9188284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid PS-MS/MS quantification of remdesivir and its active metabolite, GS-441524, directly from plasma. No sample preparation, short turn-around time, use of stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Robust stability data are presented. Suitable for adjusting remdesivir dosage for optimal efficacy and minimal toxicity.
Introduction Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analog prodrug with antiviral activity against several single-stranded RNA viruses, including the novel severe respiratory distress syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is currently the only FDA-approved antiviral agent for the treatment of individuals with COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, remdesivir pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and toxicity data in humans are extremely limited. It is imperative that precise analytical methods for the quantification of remdesivir and its active metabolite, GS-441524, are developed for use in further studies. We report, herein, the first validated anti-viral paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS/MS) assay for the quantification of remdesivir and GS-441524 in human plasma. We seek to highlight the utility of PS-MS/MS technology and automation advancements for its potential future use in clinical research and the clinical laboratory setting. Methods Calibration curves for remdesivir and GS-441524 were created utilizing seven plasma-based calibrants of varying concentrations and two isotopic internal standards of set concentrations. Four plasma-based quality controls were prepared in a similar fashion to the calibrants and utilized for validation. No sample preparation was needed. Briefly, plasma samples were spotted on a paper substrate contained within pre-manufactured plastic cassette plates, and the spots were dried for 1 h. The samples were then analyzed directly for 1.2 min utilizing PS-MS/MS. All experiments were performed on a Thermo Scientific Altis triple quadrupole mass spectrometer utilizing automated technology. Results The calibration ranges were 20 – 5000 and 100 – 25000 ng/mL for remdesivir and GS-441524, respectively. The calibration curves for the two antiviral agents showed excellent linearity (average R2 = 0.99–1.00). The inter- and intra-day precision (%CV) across validation runs at four QC levels for both analytes was less than 11.2% and accuracy (%bias) was within ± 15%. Plasma calibrant stability was assessed and degradation for the 4 °C and room temperature samples were seen beginning at Day 7. The plasma calibrants were stable at −20 °C. No interference, matrix effects, or carryover was discovered during the validation process. Conclusions PS-MS/MS represents a useful methodology for rapidly quantifying remdesivir and GS-441524, which may be useful for clinical PK/PD, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and toxicity assessment, particularly during the current COVID-19 pandemic and future viral outbreaks.
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Zheng W, Hu T, Zhang Y, Wei D, Xie Y, Shen J. Synthesis and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of deuterated GS-441524 analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2022; 104:154012. [PMID: 35844292 PMCID: PMC9270844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuing to spread around the world. GS-441524 is the parent nucleoside of remdesivir which is the first drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19, and demonstrates strong activity against SARS-Cov-2 in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we reported the synthesis of a series of deuterated GS-441524 analogs, which had deuterium atoms up to five at the ribose and the nucleobase moieties. Compared to GS-441524, all the deuterated compounds showed similar inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tianwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Daibao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | | | - Jingshan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Lin Q, Lu C, Hong Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Animal models for studying coronavirus infections and developing antiviral agents and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105345. [PMID: 35605699 PMCID: PMC9122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has become the third deadly coronavirus that infects humans and causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 has already caused more than six million deaths worldwide and it is likely the biggest pandemic of this century faced by mankind. Although many studies on SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted, a detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is still lacking. Animal models are indispensable for studying its pathogenesis and developing vaccines and antivirals. In this review, we analyze animal models of coronavirus infections and explore their applications on antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuqi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Zeng W, Xing F, Ji Y, Yang S, Xu T, Huang S, Li C, Wu J, Cao L, Guo D. Evidence of Infection of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:911313. [PMID: 35755832 PMCID: PMC9226488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.911313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially described to target the respiratory system and now has been reported to infect a variety of cell types, including cardiomyocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, and gut enterocytes. However, it remains unclear whether the virus can directly infect human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or early embryos. Herein, we sought to investigate this question in a cell-culture system of hESCs. Both the RNA and S protein of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the infected hESCs and the formation of syncytium was observed. The increased level of subgenomic viral RNA and the presence of dsRNA indicate active replication of SARS-CoV-2 in hESCs. The increase of viral titers in the supernatants revealed virion release, further indicating the successful life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 in hESCs. Remarkably, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that only a small portion of hESCs were infected, which may reflect low expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors. By setting |log2 (fold change)| > 0.5 as the threshold, a total of 1,566 genes were differentially expressed in SARS-CoV-2-infected hESCs, among which 17 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were significantly upregulated. Altogether, our results provide novel evidence to support the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and replicate in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zeng
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxi Ji
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sidi Yang
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyao Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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40
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Samieegohar M, Weaver JL, Howard KE, Chaturbedi A, Mann J, Han X, Zirkle J, Arabidarrehdor G, Rouse R, Florian J, Strauss DG, Li Z. Calibration and Validation of a Mechanistic COVID-19 Model for Translational Quantitative Systems Pharmacology - A Proof-of-Concept Model Development for Remdesivir. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:882-891. [PMID: 35694844 PMCID: PMC9349538 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), there is an urgent need to accelerate the traditional drug development process. Many studies identified potential COVID‐19 therapies based on promising nonclinical data. However, the poor translatability from nonclinical to clinical settings has led to failures of many of these drug candidates in the clinical phase. In this study, we propose a mechanism‐based, quantitative framework to translate nonclinical findings to clinical outcome. Adopting a modularized approach, this framework includes an in silico disease model for COVID‐19 (virus infection and human immune responses) and a pharmacological component for COVID‐19 therapies. The disease model was able to reproduce important longitudinal clinical data for patients with mild and severe COVID‐19, including viral titer, key immunological cytokines, antibody responses, and time courses of lymphopenia. Using remdesivir as a proof‐of‐concept example of model development for the pharmacological component, we developed a pharmacological model that describes the conversion of intravenously administered remdesivir as a prodrug to its active metabolite nucleoside triphosphate through intracellular metabolism and connected it to the COVID‐19 disease model. After being calibrated with the placebo arm data, our model was independently and quantitatively able to predict the primary endpoint (time to recovery) of the remdesivir clinical study, Adaptive Covid‐19 Clinical Trial (ACTT). Our work demonstrates the possibility of quantitatively predicting clinical outcome based on nonclinical data and mechanistic understanding of the disease and provides a modularized framework to aid in candidate drug selection and clinical trial design for COVID‐19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Samieegohar
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James L Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kristina E Howard
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anik Chaturbedi
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John Mann
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiaomei Han
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joel Zirkle
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ghazal Arabidarrehdor
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeffry Florian
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David G Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Remdesivir and GS-441524 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0025422. [PMID: 35647646 PMCID: PMC9211420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00254-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of remdesivir and GS-441524 in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. A prospective observational pharmacokinetic study was performed in non-critically ill hospitalized COVID-19 patients with hypoxemia. For evaluation of the plasma concentrations of remdesivir and its metabolite GS-441524, samples were collected on the first day of therapy. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetics and identify potential covariates that explain variability. Alternative dosing regimens were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. Seventeen patients were included. Remdesivir and GS-441524 pharmacokinetics were best described by a one-compartment model. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on GS-441524 clearance was identified as a clinically relevant covariate. The interindividual variability in clearance and volume of distribution for both remdesivir and GS-441524 was high (remdesivir, 38.9% and 47.9%, respectively; GS-441525, 47.4% and 42.9%, respectively). The estimated elimination half-life for remdesivir was 0.48 h, and that for GS-441524 was 26.6 h. The probability of target attainment (PTA) of the in vitro 50% effective concentration (EC50) for GS-441524 in plasma can be improved by shortening the dose interval of remdesivir and thereby increasing the total daily dose (PTA, 51.4% versus 94.7%). In patients with reduced renal function, the metabolite GS-441524 accumulates. A population pharmacokinetic model for remdesivir and GS-441524 in COVID-19 patients was developed. Remdesivir showed highly variable pharmacokinetics. The elimination half-life of remdesivir in COVID-19 patients is short, and the clearance of GS-441524 is dependent on the eGFR. Alternative dosing regimens aimed at optimizing the remdesivir and GS-441524 concentrations may improve the effectiveness of remdesivir treatment in COVID-19 patients.
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Merches K, Breunig L, Fender J, Brand T, Bätz V, Idel S, Kollipara L, Reinders Y, Sickmann A, Mally A, Lorenz K. The potential of remdesivir to affect function, metabolism and proliferation of cardiac and kidney cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2341-2360. [PMID: 35579693 PMCID: PMC9110936 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir is a prodrug of a nucleoside analog and the first antiviral therapeutic approved for coronavirus disease. Recent cardiac safety concerns and reports on remdesivir-related acute kidney injury call for a better characterization of remdesivir toxicity and understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here, we performed an in vitro toxicity assessment of remdesivir around clinically relevant concentrations (Cmax 9 µM) using H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts, neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (NMCM), rat NRK-52E and human RPTEC/TERT1 cells as cell models for the assessment of cardiotoxicity or nephrotoxicity, respectively. Due to the known potential of nucleoside analogs for the induction of mitochondrial toxicity, we assessed mitochondrial function in response to remdesivir treatment, early proteomic changes in NMCM and RPTEC/TERT1 cells and the contractile function of NMCM. Short-term treatments (24 h) of H9c2 and NRK-52E cells with remdesivir adversely affected cell viability by inhibition of proliferation as determined by significantly decreased 3H-thymidine uptake. Mitochondrial toxicity of remdesivir (1.6–3.1 µM) in cardiac cells was evident by a significant decrease in oxygen consumption, a collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in lactate secretion after a 24–48-h treatment. This was supported by early proteomic changes of respiratory chain proteins and intermediate filaments that are typically involved in mitochondrial reorganization. Functionally, an impedance-based analysis showed that remdesivir (6.25 µM) affected the beat rate and contractility of NMCM. In conclusion, we identified adverse effects of remdesivir in cardiac and kidney cells at clinically relevant concentrations, suggesting a careful evaluation of therapeutic use in patients at risk for cardiovascular or kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Merches
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonie Breunig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fender
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Brand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Bätz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Idel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne Reinders
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.,Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinisches Proteom-Center (MPC), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany. .,PGS Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, Leipzig, Germany.
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Cao L, Li Y, Yang S, Li G, Zhou Q, Sun J, Xu T, Yang Y, Liao R, Shi Y, Yang Y, Zhu T, Huang S, Ji Y, Cong F, Luo Y, Zhu Y, Luan H, Zhang H, Chen J, Liu X, Luo R, Liu L, Wang P, Yu Y, Xing F, Ke B, Zheng H, Deng X, Zhang W, Lin C, Shi M, Li CM, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Dai J, Lu H, Zhao J, Zhang X, Guo D. The adenosine analog prodrug ATV006 is orally bioavailable and has preclinical efficacy against parental SARS-CoV-2 and variants. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm7621. [PMID: 35579533 PMCID: PMC9161374 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus driving the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, continues to rapidly evolve. Due to the limited efficacy of vaccination in prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC), orally bioavailable and broadly efficacious antiviral drugs are urgently needed. Previously we showed that the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, GS-441524, possesses potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Herein, we report that esterification of the 5′-hydroxyl moieties of GS-441524 markedly improved antiviral potency. This 5′-hydroxyl-isobutyryl prodrug, ATV006, demonstrated excellent oral bioavailability in rats and cynomolgus monkeys and exhibited potent antiviral efficacy against different SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in vitro and in three mouse models. Oral administration of ATV006 reduced viral loads and alleviated lung damage when administered prophylactically and therapeutically to K18-hACE2 mice challenged with the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. These data indicate that ATV006 represents a promising oral antiviral drug candidate for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cao
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Sidi Yang
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Guanguan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
| | - Qifan Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China
| | - Ruyan Liao
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yongxia Shi
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yujian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tiaozhen Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Siyao Huang
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yanxi Ji
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510663, China
| | - Yinzhu Luo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510663, China
| | - Yujun Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510663, China
| | - Hemi Luan
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Jingdiao Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Renru Luo
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Bixia Ke
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Wenyong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuwen Lin
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, People's Republic of China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
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44
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Lüscher B, Verheirstraeten M, Krieg S, Korn P. Intracellular mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases at the host-virus interphase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:288. [PMID: 35536484 PMCID: PMC9087173 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system, the primary defense mechanism of higher organisms against pathogens including viruses, senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In response to PAMPs, interferons (IFNs) are produced, allowing the host to react swiftly to viral infection. In turn the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is induced. Their products disseminate the antiviral response. Among the ISGs conserved in many species are those encoding mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mono-ARTs). This prompts the question whether, and if so how, mono-ADP-ribosylation affects viral propagation. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases function as PAMP receptors and modify both host and viral proteins relevant for viral replication. Support for mono-ADP-ribosylation in virus–host interaction stems from the findings that some viruses encode mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolases, which antagonize cellular mono-ARTs. We summarize and discuss the evidence linking mono-ADP-ribosylation and the enzymes relevant to catalyze this reversible modification with the innate immune response as part of the arms race between host and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Maud Verheirstraeten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Korn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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45
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Remdesivir and GS-441524 Retain Antiviral Activity against Delta, Omicron, and Other Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0022222. [PMID: 35532238 PMCID: PMC9211395 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00222-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in the emergence and rapid spread of multiple variants throughout the pandemic, of which Omicron is currently the predominant variant circulating worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/variants of interest (VOC/VOI) have evidence of increased viral transmission, disease severity, or decreased effectiveness of vaccines and neutralizing antibodies. Remdesivir (RDV [VEKLURY]) is a nucleoside analog prodrug and the first FDA-approved antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Here, we present a comprehensive antiviral activity assessment of RDV and its parent nucleoside, GS-441524, against 10 current and former SARS-CoV-2 VOC/VOI clinical isolates by nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plaque reduction assay. Delta and Omicron variants remained susceptible to RDV and GS-441524, with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values 0.30- to 0.62-fold of those observed against the ancestral WA1 isolate. All other tested variants exhibited EC50 values ranging from 0.13- to 2.3-fold of the observed EC50 values against WA1. Analysis of nearly 6 million publicly available variant isolate sequences confirmed that Nsp12, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) target of RDV and GS-441524, is highly conserved across variants, with only 2 prevalent changes (P323L and G671S). Using recombinant viruses, both RDV and GS-441524 retained potency against all viruses containing frequent variant substitutions or their combination. Taken together, these results highlight the conserved nature of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12 and provide evidence of sustained SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of RDV and GS-441524 across the tested variants. The observed pan-variant activity of RDV supports its continued use for the treatment of COVID-19 regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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46
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Dhanalakshmi M, Das K, Pandya M, Shah S, Gadnayak A, Dave S, Das J. Artificial Neural Network-Based Study Predicts GS-441524 as a Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Activator Protein Furin: a Polypharmacology Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4511-4529. [PMID: 35507249 PMCID: PMC9066385 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Furin, a pro-protein convertase, plays a significant role as a biological scissor in bacterial, viral, and even mammalian substrates which in turn decides the fate of many viral and bacterial infections along with the numerous ailments caused by cancer, diabetes, inflammations, and neurological disorders. In the wake of the current pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, furin has become the center of attraction for researchers as the spike protein contains a polybasic furin cleavage site. In the present work, we have searched for novel inhibitors against this interesting human target from FDA-approved antiviral. To enhance the selection of new inhibitors, we employed Kohonen's artificial neural network-based self-organizing maps for ligand-based virtual screening. Promising results were obtained which can help in drug repurposing and network pharmacology studies can address the errors generated due to promiscuity/polypharmacology. We found 15 existing FDA antiviral drugs having the potential to inhibit furin. Among these, six compounds have targets on important human proteins (LDLR, FCGR1A, PCK1, TLR7, DNA, and PNP). The role of these 15 drugs inhibiting furin can be established by studying further on patients infected with number of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Here we propose two promising candidate FDA drugs GS-441524 and Grazoprevir (MK-5172) for repurposing as inhibitors of furin. The best results were observed with GS-441524.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dhanalakshmi
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Marudhamalai Rd, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kajari Das
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Medha Pandya
- The KPES Science College, Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sejal Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Ayushman Gadnayak
- Centre for Genomics & Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha "O" Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sushma Dave
- Department of Applied Sciences, JIET, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
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47
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Yan VC. Phosphoramidate Prodrugs Continue to Deliver: The Journey of Remdesivir (GS-5734) from the Liver to Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:520-523. [PMID: 35450350 PMCID: PMC9014429 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a monophenol, 2-ethylbutylalanine phosphoramidate prodrug of GS-441524 that is FDA-approved for the treatment of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Despite showing strong, broad-spectrum antiviral activity in preclinical models, the clinical efficacy of remdesivir is mixed. This work highlights the pharmacodynamic discordance of remdesivir between humans and non-human primates, thereby demonstrating that non-human primate disease models overestimate the therapeutic efficacy of phosphoramidate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Yan
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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48
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Yuan M, Hu W, Feng Y, Tong Y, Wang X, Tan B, Xu H, Liu J. Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of remdesivir and its hydrolyzed metabolite and nucleoside, and its application in a pharmacokinetic study of normal and diabetic nephropathy mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5380. [PMID: 35373846 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV), a phosphoramidate prodrug, has broad-spectrum antiviral activity. It is the first antiviral drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19. RDV is rapidly metabolized in the body to produce derivatives: alanine metabolite (RM-442) and RDV C-nucleoside (RN). Here, phosphatase inhibitor PhosSTOP and carboxylesterase inhibitor 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid were used to improve stability of RDV in mouse blood. We developed a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify RDV, RM-442 and RN in mouse blood. Chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution on an ACQUITY HSS T3 column. The run time was 3.2 min. The linearity ranges of the analytes were 0.5-1000 ng/mL for RDV, 5-10000 ng/mL for both RM-442 and RN, respectively. The method had an acceptable precision (RSD < 8.4% for RDV, RSD < 10.7% for RM-442, and RSD < 7.2% for RN) and accuracy (91.0%-106.3% for RDV, 92.5%-98.6% for RM-442, and 87.5%-98.4% for RN). This method was successfully applied to analyze RDV, RM-442 and RN in blood of normal and diabetic nephropathy DBA/2J mice after intravenous injection of RDV 20 mg/kg. The AUC0-t of RN between the normal and diabetic nephropathy mice had significant difference (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Yantai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Yantai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Tong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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49
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Rasmussen HB, Thomsen R, Hansen PR. Nucleoside analog GS-441524: pharmacokinetics in different species, safety, and potential effectiveness against Covid-19. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00945. [PMID: 35396928 PMCID: PMC8994193 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, has been proposed to be effective against Covid-19 based on in vitro studies and studies in animals. However, randomized clinical trials of the agent to treat Covid-19 have not been conducted. Here, we evaluated GS-441524 for Covid-19 treatment based on studies reporting pharmacokinetic parameters of the agent in mice, rats, cats, dogs, monkeys, and the single individual in the first-in-human trial supplemented with information about its activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and safety. A dosing interval of 8 h was considered clinically relevant and used to calculate steady-state plasma concentrations of GS-441524. These ranged from 0.27 to 234.41 μM, reflecting differences in species, doses, and administration routes. Fifty percent maximal inhibitory concentrations of GS-441524 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ranged from 0.08 μM to above 10 μM with a median of 0.87 μM whereas concentrations required to produce 90% of the maximal inhibition of the virus varied from 0.18 µM to more than 20 µM with a median of 1.42 µM in the collected data. Most of these concentrations were substantially lower than the calculated steady-state plasma concentrations of the agent. Plasma exposures to orally administered GS-441524, calculated after normalization of doses, were larger for dogs, mice, and rats than cynomolgus monkeys and humans, probably reflecting interspecies differences in oral uptake with reported oral bioavailabilities below 8.0% in cynomolgus monkeys and values as high as 92% in dogs. Reported oral bioavailabilities in rodents ranged from 12% to 57%. Using different presumptions, we estimated human oral bioavailability of GS-441524 at 13% and 20%. Importantly, doses of GS-441524 lower than the 13 mg/kg dose used in the first-in-human trial may be effective against Covid-19. Also, GS-441524 appears to be well-tolerated. In conclusion, GS-441524 has potential for oral treatment of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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50
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Ho WS, Zhang R, Tan YL, Chai CLL. COVID-19 and The Promise of Small Molecule Therapeutics: Are There Lessons to be Learnt? Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106201. [PMID: 35367622 PMCID: PMC8970615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had grounded the world to a standstill. As the disease continues to rage two years on, it is apparent that effective therapeutics are critical for a successful endemic living with COVID-19. A dearth in suitable antivirals has prompted researchers and healthcare professionals to investigate existing and developmental drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although some of these drugs initially appeared to be promising for the treatment of COVID-19, they were ultimately found to be ineffective. In this review, we provide a retrospective analysis on the merits and limitations of some of these drugs that were tested against SARS-CoV-2 as well as those used for adjuvant therapy. While many of these drugs are no longer part of our arsenal for the treatment of COVID-19, important lessons can be learnt. The recent inclusion of molnupiravir and Paxlovid™ as treatment options for COVID-19 represent our best hope to date for endemic living with COVID-19. Our viewpoints on these two drugs and their prospects as current and future antiviral agents will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yeong Lan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christina Li Lin Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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