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Orioli R, Belluti F, Gobbi S, Rampa A, Bisi A. Naturally Inspired Coumarin Derivatives in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Discovery: Latest Advances and Current Challenges. Molecules 2024; 29:3514. [PMID: 39124919 PMCID: PMC11313984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The main feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, is the network of complex and not fully recognized neuronal pathways and targets involved in their onset and progression. The therapeutic treatment, at present mainly symptomatic, could benefit from a polypharmacological approach based on the development of a single molecular entity designed to simultaneously modulate different validated biological targets. This strategy is principally based on molecular hybridization, obtained by linking or merging different chemical moieties acting with synergistic and/or complementary mechanisms. The coumarin core, widely found in nature, endowed with a recognized broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, large synthetic accessibility and favourable pharmacokinetic properties, appears as a valuable, privileged scaffold to be properly modified in order to obtain compounds able to engage different selected targets. The scientific literature has long been interested in the multifaceted profiles of coumarin derivatives, and in this review, a survey of the most important results of the last four years, on both natural and synthetic coumarin-based compounds, regarding the development of anti-Alzheimer's compounds is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.O.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.O.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
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Zhou W, Lv J, Wang C. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Spiro[chromeno[2,3- b]pyridine-3,4'-pyrazole] Derivatives via Pseudo-Three-Component Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10371-10378. [PMID: 38978479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A novel one-pot pseudo-three-component reaction of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-ones with 4-benzylidene-5-alkyl-2-aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-ones was investigated for the synthesis of the spiro[chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-3,4'-pyrazole] derivatives. This procedure involved Michael addition, elimination, and hetero-Diels-Alder sequences, affording a series of spiropyrazolone-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines in good yields that possessed cis relationships between two aryl groups and the carbonyl of the pyrazolone unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jiaman Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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Zhao H, Liu Y, Cai N, Liao X, Tang L, Wang Y. Endocannabinoid Hydrolase Inhibitors: Potential Novel Anxiolytic Drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2143-2167. [PMID: 38882045 PMCID: PMC11179644 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s462785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the idea of targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety disorders has received increasing attention. Previous studies focused more on developing cannabinoid receptor agonists or supplementing exogenous cannabinoids, which are prone to various adverse effects due to their strong pharmacological activity and poor receptor selectivity, limiting their application in clinical research. Endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors are considered to be the most promising development strategies for the treatment of anxiety disorders. More recent efforts have emphasized that inhibition of two major endogenous cannabinoid hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), indirectly activates cannabinoid receptors by increasing endogenous cannabinoid levels in the synaptic gap, circumventing receptor desensitization resulting from direct enhancement of endogenous cannabinoid signaling. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the anxiolytic effects of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors and their potential pharmacological mechanisms, highlight reported novel inhibitors or natural products, and provide an outlook on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Cai
- Outpatient Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Barresi E, Baglini E, Poggetti V, Castagnoli J, Giorgini D, Salerno S, Taliani S, Da Settimo F. Indole-Based Compounds in the Development of Anti-Neurodegenerative Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:2127. [PMID: 38731618 PMCID: PMC11085553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a gradual decay process leading to the depletion of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunctions and the deterioration of brain functions, alongside a decline in motor skills and behavioral capabilities. Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) impose a substantial socio-economic strain on society, aggravated by the advancing age of the world population and the absence of effective remedies, predicting a negative future. In this context, the urgency of discovering viable therapies is critical and, despite significant efforts by medicinal chemists in developing potential drug candidates and exploring various small molecules as therapeutics, regrettably, a truly effective treatment is yet to be found. Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, and particularly those containing the indole nucleus, which has emerged as privileged scaffold, have attracted particular attention for a variety of pharmacological applications. This review analyzes the rational design strategy adopted by different research groups for the development of anti-neurodegenerative indole-based compounds which have the potential to modulate various molecular targets involved in NDs, with reference to the most recent advances between 2018 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Emma Baglini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, CNR Research Area, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Valeria Poggetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Jacopo Castagnoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Doralice Giorgini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Silvia Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (F.D.S.)
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Lv J, Zhou W, Gan J, Wang C. Synthesis of 2 H-Chromeno[2,3- b]tetrahydropyridine Frameworks through Cs 2CO 3-Promoted Annulation of 2-Amino-4 H-chromen-4-ones and 4-Benzylideneoxazol-5(4 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5181-5188. [PMID: 38517737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
This innovative reaction involved the [3+3] annulation of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-ones and 4-benzylideneoxazol-5(4H)-ones. The process provided quick and easy access to a broad range of structurally diverse and highly functionalized 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines in moderate to good yields, which possess trans-form C3 and C4 substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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Gok M, Cicek C, Bodur E. Butyrylcholinesterase in lipid metabolism: A new outlook. J Neurochem 2024; 168:381-385. [PMID: 37129444 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are traditionally associated with the termination of acetylcholine mediated neural signaling. The fact that these ubiquitous enzymes are also found in tissues not involved in neurotransmission has led to search for alternative functions for these enzymes. Cholinesterases are reported to be involved in many lipid related disease states. Taking into view that lipases and cholinesterases belong to the same enzyme class and by comparing the catalytic sites, we propose a new outlook on the link between BChE and lipid metabolism. The lipogenic substrates of BChE that have recently emerged in contrast to traditional cholinesterase substrates are explained through the hydrolytic capacity of BChE for ghrelin, 4-methyumbelliferyl (4-mu) palmitate, and arachidonoylcholine and through endogenous lipid mediators such as cannabinoids like anandamide and essential fatty acids. The abundance of BChE in brain, intestine, liver, and plasma, tissues with active lipid metabolism, supports the idea that BChE may be involved in lipid hydrolysis. BChE is also regulated by various lipids such as linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid or dioctanoylglycerol, whereas AChE is inhibited. The finding that BChE is able to hydrolyze 4-mu palmitate at a pH where lipases are less efficient points to its role as a backup in lipolysis. In diseases such as Alzheimer, in which elevated BChE and impaired lipid levels are observed, the lipolytic activity of BChE might be involved. It is possible to suggest that fatty acids such as 4-mu palmitate, ghrelin, arachidonoylcholine, essential fatty acids, and other related lipid mediators regulate cholinesterases, which could lead to some sort of compensatory mechanism at high lipid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Gok
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Cicek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Bodur
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ţînţaş ML, Peauger L, Barré A, Papamicaël C, Besson T, Sopkovà-de Oliveira Santos J, Gembus V, Levacher V. Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of rivastigmine-INDY hybrids as multitarget ligands against Alzheimer's disease by targeting butyrylcholinesterase and DYRK1A/CLK1 kinases. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:963-980. [PMID: 38516603 PMCID: PMC10953492 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on a multitarget approach implementing rivastigmine-INDY hybrids 1, we identified a set of pseudo-irreversible carbamate-type inhibitors of eqBuChE that, after carbamate transfer at the active site serine residue, released the corresponding INDY analogues 2 endowed with hDYRK1A/hCLK1 kinases inhibitory properties. A SAR study and molecular docking investigation of both series of compounds 1 and 2 revealed that appropriate structural modifications at the carbamate moiety and at the N-appendage of the benzothiazole core led to potent and selective eqBuChE inhibitors with IC50 up to 27 nM and potent hDYRK1A and hCLK1 inhibitors with IC50 up to 106 nM and 17 nM respectively. Pleasingly, identification of the matched pair of compounds 1b/2b with a good balance between inhibition of eqBuChE and hDYRK1A/hCLK1 kinases (IC50 = 68 nM and IC50 = 529/54 nM, respectively) further validated our multitarget approach based on a sequential mechanism of action. In addition, target compound 1b exhibited a suitable ADMET profile, including good brain permeability and high stability in PBS, encouraging further biological investigation as a drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela-Liliana Ţînţaş
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, Normandie Univ INC3M FR 3038 F-76000 Rouen France
| | | | - Anaïs Barré
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, Normandie Univ INC3M FR 3038 F-76000 Rouen France
| | - Cyril Papamicaël
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, Normandie Univ INC3M FR 3038 F-76000 Rouen France
| | - Thierry Besson
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, Normandie Univ INC3M FR 3038 F-76000 Rouen France
| | - Jana Sopkovà-de Oliveira Santos
- UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Normandie Univ. Bd Becquerel F-14032 Caen France
| | - Vincent Gembus
- VFP Therapies 15 rue François Couperin 76000 Rouen France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, Normandie Univ INC3M FR 3038 F-76000 Rouen France
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Liu Y, Ma C, Li Y, Li M, Cui T, Zhao X, Li Z, Jia H, Wang H, Xiu X, Hu D, Zhang R, Wang N, Liu P, Yang H, Cheng M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of carbamate derivatives incorporating multifunctional carrier scaffolds as pseudo-irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116071. [PMID: 38157596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of carbamate derivatives incorporating multifunctional carrier scaffolds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used tacrine to modify the aliphatic substituent, and employed rivastigmine, indole and sibiriline fragments as carrier scaffolds. The majority of compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity for cholinesterase. Notably, compound C7 with sibiriline fragment exhibited potent inhibitory activities against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE, IC50 = 30.35 ± 2.07 nM) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE, IC50 = 48.03 ± 6.41 nM) with minimal neurotoxicity. Further investigations have demonstrated that C7 exhibited a remarkable capacity to safeguard PC12 cells against H2O2-induced apoptosis and effectively suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, in an inflammation model of BV2 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), C7 effectively attenuated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. After 12 h of dialysis, C7 continued to exhibit an inhibitory effect on cholinesterase activity. An acute toxicity test in vivo demonstrated that C7 exhibited a superior safety profile and no hepatotoxicity compared to the parent nucleus tacrine. In the scopolamine-induced AD mouse model, C7 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced cholinesterase activity in the brain of the mice. C7 was tested in a pharmacological AD mouse model induced by Aβ1-42 and attenuated memory deficits at doses as low as 5 mg/kg. The pseudo-irreversible cholinesterase inhibitory properties and multifunctional therapeutic attributes of C7 render it a promising candidate for further investigation in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xueqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dexiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ningwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Huali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Singh A, Singh K, Kaur J, Kaur R, Sharma A, Kaur J, Kaur U, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Diversity of 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold in Drug Development: Design Strategies, Structural Insights, and Therapeutic Potential. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3291-3317. [PMID: 37683129 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a most prevalent form of dementia all around the globe and currently poses a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Currently available drugs only slow the progression of this disease rather than provide proper containment. Identification of multiple targets responsible for this disease in the last three decades established it as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that needs novel multifunctional agents for its management and the possible reason for the failure of currently available single target clinical drugs. 1,2,3-Triazole is a miraculous nucleus in medicinal chemistry and the first choice for development of multifunctional hybrid molecules. Apart from that, it is an integral component of various drugs in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. This review is focused on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and 1,2,3-triazole containing derivatives developed in recent decades as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents. The review will provide (A) precise insight of various established targets of Alzheimer's disease including cholinergic, amyloid, tau, monoamine oxidases, glutamate, calcium, and reactive oxygen species hypothesis and (B) design hypothesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological outcomes of 1,2,3-triazole containing multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents. This review will provide a baseline for various research groups working on Alzheimer's drug development in designing potent, safer, and effective multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's candidates of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Uttam Kaur
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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Wei J, Li Z, Shan M, Wu F, Li L, Ma Y, Wu J, Li X, Liu Y, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wu Z. Discovery of two ent-atisane diterpenoid lactones with AChE inhibitory activity from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6949-6955. [PMID: 37581482 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01007d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Euphorlactone A (1), a rare rearranged ent-atisane norditerpenoid with an undescribed 3-nor-2,4-olide-ent-atisane scaffold, and euphorlactone B (2), a new ent-atisane diterpenoid with an unprecedented seven-membered lactone ring C, were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana. Their planar structures with absolute configurations were extensively elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced ECD curves, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Euphorlactone A (ELA) showed a remarkable AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.13 ± 0.06 μM and Ki = 0.058 μM), which was five times stronger than that of the positive control (rivastigmine, IC50 = 12.46 ± 0.82 μM), and further in vitro enzyme inhibition kinetic analysis and molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the AChE inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangchun Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Wu Zhengzhi Academician Workstation, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyue Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Wu Zhengzhi Academician Workstation, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengzhi Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yucui Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junhong Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinping Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaqian Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Wu Zhengzhi Academician Workstation, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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11
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Banda BP, Medishetti N, Nanubolu JB, Atmakur K. One-pot domino synthesis of five- and six-membered fused dihydropyridines promoted by PPh 3-NBS in aqueous medium. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4434-4439. [PMID: 37183547 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A facile one-pot synthesis of five- and six-membered fused dihydropyridines such as chromenodihydropyridines, pyrazolodihydropyridines and isoxazolopyridines was accomplished for the first time by employing PPh3-NBS via a formal [3 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition of 1,3-bisnucleophiles (i.e., 2-aminochromone, 4-aminochromone, 5-aminopyrazole and 5-aminoisoxazole), β-enaminones and aldehydes in aqueous medium. The present approach involves a Michael type addition followed by intramolecular cyclization leading to the formation of two new C-C bonds and one C-N bond. High compatibility and excellent yields are the advantages of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prasad Banda
- Fluoro & Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
| | - Nagaraju Medishetti
- Fluoro & Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Krishnaiah Atmakur
- Fluoro & Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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12
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Zhou M, Sun J, Yu Z, Wu Z, Li W, Liu G, Ma L, Wang R, Tang Y. Investigation of Anti-Alzheimer's Mechanisms of Sarsasapogenin Derivatives by Network-Based Combining Structure-Based Methods. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2881-2894. [PMID: 37104820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease with no cure, affects millions of people worldwide and has become one of the biggest healthcare challenges. Some investigated compounds play anti-AD roles at the cellular or the animal level, but their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we designed a strategy combining network-based and structure-based methods together to identify targets for anti-AD sarsasapogenin derivatives (AAs). First, we collected drug-target interactions (DTIs) data from public databases, constructed a global DTI network, and generated drug-substructure associations. After network construction, network-based models were built for DTI prediction. The best bSDTNBI-FCFP_4 model was further used to predict DTIs for AAs. Second, a structure-based molecular docking method was employed for rescreening the prediction results to obtain more credible target proteins. Finally, in vitro experiments were conducted for validation of the predicted targets, and Nrf2 showed significant evidence as the target of anti-AD compound AA13. Moreover, we analyzed the potential mechanisms of AA13 for the treatment of AD. Generally, our combined strategy could be applied to other novel drugs or compounds and become a useful tool in identification of new targets and elucidation of disease mechanisms. Our model was deployed on our NetInfer web server (http://lmmd.ecust.edu.cn/netinfer/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Zhou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiamin Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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Wei JC, Gao YN, Huang HH, Zhang XY, Liu XL, Gao XX, Li N, Zhao Y, Wang AH, Jia JM. Euphorfinoids A and B, a pair of ent-atisane diterpenoid epimers from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana, and their bioactivities. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:1300-1309. [PMID: 34758696 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2003796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Euphorfinoids A and B (1 and 2), a pair of ent-atisane diterpenoid epimers with a vicinal 2,3-diol moiety, together with four known analogues (3-6), were isolated from the roots of wild Euphorbia fischeriana. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including extensive NMR, HR-ESIMS, NMR calculations, X-ray diffraction, and comparison with structurally related known analogues. Our bioassays have established that compound 1 displayed moderate anti-proliferative effects on Hcc1806 cell line with IC50 15.53 ± 0.21 μM, and compound 5 showed remarkable inhibitory effects against AChE with IC50 32.56 ± 2.74 μM by an in vitro screened experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Chun Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ning Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Li Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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14
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Efficient synthesis of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives using Zn(OTf)2 as a catalyst: DFT computations, Molecular Docking and ADME Studies. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Molecular engineering and activity improvement of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Insights from 3D-QSAR, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108239. [PMID: 35696774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The carbamate molecule rivastigmine was found to possess promising anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, enabling to target and occupy choline binding sites, and as a result, widely used to improve the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher dose of rivastigmine indicates rapid onset but more adverse effects, such as the large fluctuations in plasma concentration level and frequent incidence of gastrointestinal side effect. To solve the dilemma, we developed a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation strategy to construct a dismountable nanoplatform of inhibitor engineering, verification and application for improving the inhibitory activity per unit concentration. With the aid of 3D-QSAR method, we constructed a model by using 25 molecules reported, and verified well the rationality of these QSAR models by non-cross validation coefficient (r2 = 0.902). Docking and MD results show that rivastigmine, as a control, does target exactly the binding sites of acetylcholinesterase, those already observed experimentally, in turn, confirming the reliability of the present 3D-QSAR results. The method suggests that groups with electron-donating chemical property can improve the inhibitory activity, and screens out two novel inhibitors L-1 and L-2 with more activity from database (about 8000 compounds). Moreover, L-1 and L-2 not only target exactly the same binding sites of acetylcholinesterase as the rivastigmine does, but also hold stronger binding energy, showing a more powerful inhibitory ability. More broadly, this work showcases an approach in the engineering of carbamate inhibitors to enhance their inhibitory activity using electron-donating groups, which simplifies the design process of complex bioactive molecules.
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16
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In Vitro Antioxidant and Pancreatic Anticancer Activity of Novel 5-Fluorouracil-Coumarin Conjugates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102152. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hybridization consists of the combination of two or more non-identical pharmacophores in a single molecule. It has emerged as a promising strategy that allows the design of molecular frameworks with enhanced activity and affinity compared to their parent drugs. In this work, two novel hybrids that combine the well-known anticancer chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil with antioxidant coumarin derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by means of a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The conjugates showed good antioxidant properties and a high tendency to aggregate and form stable nanoparticles in aqueous media, with regular shape and uniform size. These materials have proven to be preferential cytotoxic agents in vitro against human pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1, with an activity superior to free 5-fluorouracil. These results open up the possibility of exploiting the synergistic combination between 5-fluorouracil and coumarin derivatives and warrant further investigation of these hybrids as promising pancreatic anticancer agents.
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17
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Gan J, Xin J, Xue Y, Wang C. [3+3] Annulation Reaction of of 2‐Amino‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones with Cinnamaldehydes or Aromatic Aldehydes and Ethanal in One Pot: Access to 2‐Aryl‐5H‐Chromeno[2,3‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Gan
- Yangzhou University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 180 siwangting 225002 Yangzhou CHINA
| | - Junhu Xin
- Yangzhou University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 180 siwangting 225002 Yangzhou CHINA
| | - Yuhang Xue
- Yangzhou University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 180 siwangting 225002 Yangzhou CHINA
| | - Cunde Wang
- Yangzhou University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 180 Siwangting Road 225002 Yangzhou CHINA
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18
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Wei BB, Han C, Shang PP, Guo XY, Bai LG, Ma ZY. Design, synthesis and assay of 2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5- carboxamide derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Li H, Xin J, Xue Y, Wang C. DBU-Mediated Domino Annulation Reaction of 2-Amino-4 H-chromen-4-ones and Aromatic Aldehydes for Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3-Hydroxy-5 H-chromeno[2,3- b]pyridinones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11857-11864. [PMID: 35960790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pseudo-three-component annulation reaction of substituted 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-ones with aromatic aldehydes promoted by DBU was investigated to access polysubstituted 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines. This reaction included a sequential intermolecular nucleophilic addition/Michael cyclization/intramolecular epoxidation/ring opening/aromatization sequence, which possessed excellent step and atom economy in a single operation for generating 3-hydroxy-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines from readily available substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Junhu Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Yuhang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
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20
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Leung HW, Foo G, VanDongen A. Arc Regulates Transcription of Genes for Plasticity, Excitability and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081946. [PMID: 36009494 PMCID: PMC9405677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene Arc is a master regulator of synaptic function and a critical determinant of memory consolidation. Here, we show that Arc interacts with dynamic chromatin and closely associates with histone markers for active enhancers and transcription in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Both these histone modifications, H3K27Ac and H3K9Ac, have recently been shown to be upregulated in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). When Arc induction by pharmacological network activation was prevented using a short hairpin RNA, the expression profile was altered for over 1900 genes, which included genes associated with synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, intrinsic excitability, and signalling pathways. Interestingly, about 100 Arc-dependent genes are associated with the pathophysiology of AD. When endogenous Arc expression was induced in HEK293T cells, the transcription of many neuronal genes was increased, suggesting that Arc can control expression in the absence of activated signalling pathways. Taken together, these data establish Arc as a master regulator of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression and suggest that it plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Foo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wang S, Wang Z. Recent advance on carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors as potential multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114606. [PMID: 35858523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the fourth leading cause of death among the elderly worldwide, has brought enormous challenge to the society. Due to its extremely complex pathogeneses, the development of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) becomes the major strategy for combating AD. Carbamate moiety, as an essential building block in the development of MTDLs, exhibits structural similarity to neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and has piqued extensive attention in discovering multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors. To date, numerous preclinical studies demonstrate that carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors can prominently increase the level of ACh and improve cognition impairments and behavioral deficits, providing a privileged strategy for the treatment of AD. Based on the recent research focus on the novel cholinesterase inhibitors with multiple biofunctions, this review aims at summarizing and discussing the most recent studies excavating the potential carbamate-based MTDLs with cholinesterase inhibition efficacy, to accelerate the pace of pleiotropic cholinesterase inhibitors for coping AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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22
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Shang Y, Wang M, Hao Q, Meng T, Li L, Shi J, Yang G, Zhang Z, Yang K, Wang J. Development of indole-2-carbonyl piperazine urea derivatives as selective FAAH inhibitors for efficient treatment of depression and pain. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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23
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Advancements in the development of multi-target directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 61:116742. [PMID: 35398739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial irreversible neurological disorder which results in cognitive impairment, loss of cholinergic neurons in synapses of the basal forebrain and neuronal death. Exact pathology of the disease is not yet known however, many hypotheses have been proposed for its treatment. The available treatments including monotherapies and combination therapies are not able to combat the disease effectively because of its complex pathological mechanism. A multipotent drug for AD has the potential to bind or inhibit multiple targets responsible for the progression of the disease like aggregated Aβ, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, MAO enzymes, overactivated N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor etc. The traditional approach of one disease-one target-one drug has been rationalized to one drug-multi targets for the chronic diseases like AD and cancer. Thus, over the last decade research focus has been shifted towards the development of multi target directed ligands (MTDLs) which can simultaneously inhibit multiple targets and stop or slow the progression of the disease. The MTDLs can be more effective against AD and eliminate any possibility of drug-drug interactions. Many important active pharmacophore units have been fused, merged or incorporated into different scaffolds to synthesize new potent drugs. In the current article, we have described various hypothesis for AD and effectiveness of the MTDLs treatment strategy is discussed in detail. Different chemical scaffolds and their synthetic strategies have been described and important functionalities are identified in the chemical scaffold that have the potential to bind to the multiple targets. The important leads identified in this study with MTDL characteristics have the potential to be developed as drug candidates for the effective treatment of AD.
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24
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Papa A, Pasquini S, Contri C, Gemma S, Campiani G, Butini S, Varani K, Vincenzi F. Polypharmacological Approaches for CNS Diseases: Focus on Endocannabinoid Degradation Inhibition. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030471. [PMID: 35159280 PMCID: PMC8834510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacology breaks up the classical paradigm of “one-drug, one target, one disease” electing multitarget compounds as potential therapeutic tools suitable for the treatment of complex diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, psychiatric or degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and cancer. These diseases often require a combination therapy which may result in positive but also negative synergistic effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is emerging as a particularly attractive therapeutic target in CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), pain, and epilepsy. ECS is an organized neuromodulatory network, composed by endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2), and the main catabolic enzymes involved in the endocannabinoid inactivation such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The multiple connections of the ECS with other signaling pathways in the CNS allows the consideration of the ECS as an optimal source of inspiration in the development of innovative polypharmacological compounds. In this review, we focused our attention on the reported polypharmacological examples in which FAAH and MAGL inhibitors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234161
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
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25
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Singh YP, Kumar N, Priya K, Chauhan BS, Shankar G, Kumar S, Singh GK, Srikrishna S, Garg P, Singh G, Rai G, Modi G. Exploration of Neuroprotective Properties of a Naturally Inspired Multifunctional Molecule (F24) against Oxidative Stress and Amyloid β Induced Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:27-42. [PMID: 34931800 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are manifested as an increase in the level of oxidative stress and aggregation of the amyloid-β protein. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments were designed and carried out with multifunctional cholinergic inhibitor, F24 (EJMC-7a) to explore its neuroprotective effects in AD models. The neuroprotection ability of F24 was tested in SH-SY5Y cells, a widely used neuronal cell line. The pretreatment and subsequent co-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with different doses of F24 was effective in rescuing the cells from H2O2 induced neurotoxicity. F24 treated cells were found to be effective in the reduction of cellular reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and Aβ1-42 induced neurotoxicity, which validated its neuroprotective effectiveness. F24 exhibited efficacy in an in vivo Drosophila model by rescuing eye phenotypes from degeneration caused by Aβ toxicity. Further, computational studies were carried out to monitor the interaction between F24 and Aβ1-42 aggregates. The computational studies corroborated our in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting Aβ1-42 aggregation modulation ability of F24. The brain entry ability of F24 was studied in the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Finally, F24 was tested at doses of 1 and 2.5 mg/kg in the Morris water maze AD model. The neuroprotective properties shown by F24 strongly suggest that multifunctional features of this molecule provide symptomatic relief and act as a disease-modifying agent in the treatment of AD. The results from our experiments strongly indicated that natural template-based F24 could serve as a lead molecule for further investigation to explore multifunctional therapeutic agents for AD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Navneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab, India
| | - Khushbu Priya
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gauri Shankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Gireesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236 Bihar, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab, India
| | - Gourav Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Geeta Rai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
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26
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Guo HY, Chen ZA, Shen QK, Quan ZS. Application of triazoles in the structural modification of natural products. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1115-1144. [PMID: 34167422 PMCID: PMC8231395 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1890066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature products have been extensively used in the discovery and development of new drugs, as the most important source of drugs. The triazole ring is one of main pharmacophore of the nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Thus, a new class of triazole-containing natural product conjugates has been synthesised. These compounds reportedly exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and enzyme inhibitory effects. This review summarises the research progress of triazole-containing natural product derivatives involved in medicinal chemistry in the past six years. This review provides insights and perspectives that will help scientists in the fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng-Ai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
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27
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhao S, Wang X, Liu B, Xu H. Click Chemistry in Natural Product Modification. Front Chem 2021; 9:774977. [PMID: 34869223 PMCID: PMC8635925 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.774977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry is perhaps the most powerful synthetic toolbox that can efficiently access the molecular diversity and unique functions of complex natural products up to now. It enables the ready synthesis of diverse sets of natural product derivatives either for the optimization of their drawbacks or for the construction of natural product-like drug screening libraries. This paper showcases the state-of-the-art development of click chemistry in natural product modification and summarizes the pharmacological activities of the active derivatives as well as the mechanism of action. The aim of this paper is to gain a deep understanding of the fruitful achievements and to provide perspectives, trends, and directions regarding further research in natural product medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Jiang X, Zhang Z, Zuo J, Wu C, Zha L, Xu Y, Wang S, Shi J, Liu XH, Zhang J, Tang W. Novel cannabidiol-carbamate hybrids as selective BuChE inhibitors: Docking-based fragment reassembly for the development of potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113735. [PMID: 34371367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) and rivastigmine have been launched as drugs for treating dementia and cholinesterases (ChEs) are ideal drug targets. This study focused on developing novel ChE inhibitors as drug leads against dementia through molecular modeling and fragment reassembly approaches. A potent carbamate fragment binding to active site gorge of BuChE was found via a docking-based structural splicing approach, thus, 17 novel compounds were designed by structural reassembly. Compound C16 was identified as a highly selective potent BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 5.3 nM, SI > 4000), superior to CBD (IC50 = 0.67 μM). C16 possessed BBB penetrating ability, benign safety, neuroprotection, antioxidant and pseudo-irreversible BuChE inhibition (Kd = 13 nM, k2 = 0.26 min-1), showing good drug-like properties. In vivo studies confirmed that C16 significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced cognition impairment, almost entirely recovered the Aβ1-42 (icv)-impaired cognitive function to the normal level, showed better behavioral performance than donepezil and good anti-amyloidogenic effect. Hence, the potential BuChE inhibitor C16 can be developed as a promising disease-modifying treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiawei Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chengyao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liang Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jingbo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, China.
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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30
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Zhang D, Luo N, Gan J, Wan X, Wang C. Piperidine-Mediated [3 + 3] Cyclization of 2-Amino-4 H-chromen-4-ones and 2-Benzylidenemalononitriles: To Access 2-Aminochromeno[2,3- b]pyridine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9218-9224. [PMID: 34161098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Piperidine-mediated [3 + 3] cyclization of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-ones and substituted 2-benzylidenemalononitriles was developed for the synthesis of 2-amino-4-aryl-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one derivatives. This novel transformation provides a highly efficient and facile route to functionalized 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines from readily available substrates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Naili Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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31
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Scheiner M, Hoffmann M, He F, Poeta E, Chatonnet A, Monti B, Maurice T, Decker M. Selective Pseudo-irreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Transferring Antioxidant Moieties to the Enzyme Show Pronounced Neuroprotective Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9302-9320. [PMID: 34152756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) was designed by functionalizing a pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor. The obtained hybrids were investigated in vitro regarding their hBChE and hAChE inhibition, their enzyme kinetics, and their antioxidant physicochemical properties (DPPH, ORAC, metal chelating). In addition, in vitro assays were applied to investigate antioxidant effects using murine hippocampal HT22 cells and immunomodulatory effects on the murine microglial N9 cell line. The MTDLs retained their antioxidative properties compared to the parent antioxidant-moieties in vitro and the inhibition of hBChE was maintained in the submicromolar range. Representative compounds were tested in a pharmacological Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model and demonstrated very high efficacy at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. The most promising compound was also tested in BChE-/- mice and showed reduced efficacy. In vivo neuroprotection by BChE inhibition can be effectively enhanced by incorporation of structurally diverse antioxidant moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Feng He
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arnaud Chatonnet
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Michels G, Lehr M. High performance liquid chromatographic assays with UV-detection for evaluation of inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1925908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Michels
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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33
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Montanari S, Allarà M, Scalvini L, Kostrzewa M, Belluti F, Gobbi S, Naldi M, Rivara S, Bartolini M, Ligresti A, Bisi A, Rampa A. New Coumarin Derivatives as Cholinergic and Cannabinoid System Modulators. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113254. [PMID: 34071439 PMCID: PMC8198714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the connection between the endocannabinoid system (eCS) and neuroprotection has been discovered, and evidence indicates that eCS signaling is involved in the regulation of cognitive processes and in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Accordingly, pharmacotherapy targeting eCS could represent a valuable contribution in fighting a multifaceted disease such as AD, opening a new perspective for the development of active agents with multitarget potential. In this paper, a series of coumarin-based carbamic and amide derivatives were designed and synthesized as multipotent compounds acting on cholinergic system and eCS-related targets. Indeed, they were tested with appropriate enzymatic assays on acetyl and butyryl-cholinesterases and on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and also evaluated as cannabinoid receptor (CB1 and CB2) ligands. Moreover, their ability to reduce the self-aggregation of beta amyloid protein (Aβ42) was assessed. Compounds 2 and 3, bearing a carbamate function, emerged as promising inhibitors of hAChE, hBuChE, FAAH and Aβ42 self-aggregation, albeit with moderate potencies, while the amide 6 also appears a promising CB1/CB2 receptors ligand. These data prove for the new compounds an encouraging multitarget profile, deserving further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Montanari
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.A.); (M.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.A.); (M.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.A.); (M.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (S.G.); (M.N.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.R.)
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34
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Rudolph S, Dahlhaus H, Hanekamp W, Albers C, Barth M, Michels G, Friedrich D, Lehr M. Aryl N-[ω-(6-Fluoroindol-1-yl)alkyl]carbamates as Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and Butyrylcholinesterase: Structure-Activity Relationships and Hydrolytic Stability. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13466-13483. [PMID: 34056494 PMCID: PMC8158844 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of aryl N-[ω-(6-fluoroindol-1-yl)alkyl]carbamates with alkyl spacers of varying lengths between the indole and the carbamate group and with differently substituted aryl moieties at the carbamate oxygen were synthesized and tested for inhibition of the pharmacologically interesting serine hydrolases fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Furthermore, the chemical stability in an aqueous solution and the metabolic stability toward esterases in porcine liver homogenate and porcine blood plasma were determined. While most of the synthesized derivatives were potent inhibitors of FAAH, a considerable inhibition of MAGL and BuChE was elicited only by compounds with a high carbamate reactivity, as evidenced by a significant hydrolysis of these compounds in an aqueous solution. However, the high inhibitory potency of some compounds toward MAGL and BuChE, especially that of the ortho-carboxyphenyl derivative 37, could not be explained by chemical reactivity alone. Several of the carbamates studied possessed varying degrees of stability toward esterases from liver and blood plasma. In some cases, marked inactivation by the pseudo-esterase activity of plasma albumin was observed. Mass spectrometric studies showed that such carbamates formed covalent bonds with albumin at several sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rudolph
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helmut Dahlhaus
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Albers
- Bruker
Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse
4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Barth
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Giulia Michels
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Denise Friedrich
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
- . Tel: +49251 83 33331. Fax: +49251 83 32144
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35
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Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Maleki MF, Nadri H, Kianfar M, Edraki N, Eisvand F, Ghodsi R, Mohajeri SA, Hadizadeh F. Design and synthesis of new carbamates as inhibitors for fatty acid amide hydrolase and cholinesterases: Molecular dynamic, in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104684. [PMID: 33607363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) shows neuroprotective effects, the inhibition of its degradative enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has been considered as a hopeful avenue for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memory loss, cognitive impairment and diminution of the cholinergic tone, due to the dying cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, are common hallmarks in patients with AD. By taking advantage of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), the degradation of acetylcholine (ACh) is decreased leading to enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission in the aforementioned region and ultimately improves the clinical condition of AD patients. In this work, new carbamates were designed as inhibitors of FAAH and cholinestrases (ChEs) (acetylcholinestrase (AChE), butyrylcholinestrase (BuChE)) inspired by the structure of the native substrates, structure of active sites and the SARs of the well-known inhibitors of these enzymes. All the designed compounds were synthesized using different reactions. All the target compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against FAAH and ChEs by employing the Cayman assay kit and Elman method respectively. Generally, compounds possessing aminomethyl phenyl linker was more potent compared to their corresponding compounds possessing piperazinyl ethyl linker. The inhibitory potential of the compounds 3a-q extended from 0.83 ± 0.03 μM (3i) to ˃100 μM (3a) for FAAH, 0.39 ± 0.02 μM (3i) to 24% inhibition in 113 ± 4.8 μM (3b) for AChE, and 1.8 ± 3.2 μM (3i) to 23.2 ± 0.2 μM (3b) for BuChE. Compound 3i a heptyl carbamate analog possessing 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin ring and aminomethyl phenyl linker showed the most inhibitory activity against three enzymes. Also, compound 3i was investigated for memory improvement using the Morris water maze test in which the compound showed better memory improvement at 10 mg/kg compared to reference drug rivastigmine at 2.5 mg/kg. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies of compound 3i into the enzymes displayed the possible interactions of key residues of the active sites with compound 3i. Finally, kinetic study indicated that 3i inhibits AChE through the mixed- mode mechanism and non-competitive inhibition mechanism was revealed for BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Faal Maleki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kianfar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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37
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Luo N, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xin J, Wang C. DBU-Promoted Cascade Selective Nucleophilic Addition/C–C Bond Cleavage/Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions of 2-Amino-4H-chromen-4-ones with β-Nitrostyrenes and/or Aryl Aldehydes: Access to 5H-Chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14219-14228. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naili Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Junhu Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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Berry AJ, Zubko O, Reeves SJ, Howard RJ. Endocannabinoid system alterations in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of human studies. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147135. [PMID: 32980333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating alterations of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans have reported inconsistent findings so far. We performed a systematic review of studies examining alterations of the ECS specifically within humans with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), including neuroimaging studies, studies of serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and post-mortem studies. We attempted to identify reported changes in the expression and activity of: cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2; anandamide (AEA); 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL); fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH); and transient receptor potential cation channel V1 (TRPV1). Twenty-two studies were identified for inclusion. Mixed findings were reported for most aspects of the ECS in AD, making it difficult to identify a particular profile of ECS alterations characterising AD. The included studies tended to be small, methodologically heterogeneous, and frequently did not control for important potential confounders, such as pathological progression of AD. Eight studies correlated ECS alterations with neuropsychometric performance measures, though studies infrequently examined behavioural and neuropsychiatric correlates. PROSPERO database identifier: CRD42018096249.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Berry
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Olga Zubko
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robert J Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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Multitarget Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease: Review on Emerging Target Combinations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5120230. [PMID: 32714977 PMCID: PMC7354643 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent nowadays one of the major health problems. Despite the efforts made to unveil the mechanism leading to neurodegeneration, it is still not entirely clear what triggers this phenomenon and what allows its progression. Nevertheless, it is accepted that neurodegeneration is a consequence of several detrimental processes, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, finally resulting in the loss of neuronal functions. Starting from these evidences, there has been a wide search for novel agents able to address more than a single event at the same time, the so-called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs). These compounds originated from the combination of different pharmacophoric elements which endowed them with the ability to interfere with different enzymatic and/or receptor systems, or to exert neuroprotective effects by modulating proteins and metal homeostasis. MTDLs have been the focus of the latest strategies to discover a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is considered the most common form of dementia characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunctions. This review is aimed at collecting the latest and most interesting target combinations for the treatment of AD, with a detailed discussion on new agents with favorable in vitro properties and on optimized structures that have already been assessed in vivo in animal models of dementia.
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Tripathi RKP, Ayyannan SR. Exploration of dual fatty acid amide hydrolase and cholinesterase inhibitory potential of some 3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenacyloxindole analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000036. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rati K. P. Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of TechnologyBanaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical SciencesAssam University (A Central University) Silchar Assam India
| | - Senthil R. Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of TechnologyBanaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
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Tripathi RKP. A perspective review on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:111953. [PMID: 31945644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an important enzyme creditworthy of hydrolyzing endocannabinoids and related-amidated signalling lipids, discovery of which has pioneered novel arena of pharmacological canvasses to unwrap its curative potency in various diseased circumstances. It presents contemporary basis for understanding molecules regulating and mediating inflammatory reactions, pain, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. FAAH inhibitors form vital approach for discovery of therapeutic agents that are concerned with local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, debarring adverse/unwanted secondary effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetics. During past decades, several molecules with excellent potency developed through tailor-made approaches entered into clinical trials, but none could reach market. Hence, hunt for novel, non-toxic and selective FAAH inhibitors are on horizon. This review summarizes present perception on FAAH in conjunction with its structure, mechanism of catalysis and biological functions. It also foregrounds recent development of molecules belonging to diverse chemical classes as potential FAAH inhibitors bobbing up from in-depth chemical, mechanistic and computational studies published since 2015-November 2019, focusing on their potency. This review will assist readers to obtain rationale on FAAH as potential target for addressing various disease conditions, acquiring significant knowledge on recently established inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials. New technologies including MD-MM simulations and 3D-QSAR studies allow mechanistic characterization of enzyme. Assessment of in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of existing FAAH inhibitors will facilitate researchers to design novel ligands utilizing modern drug design methods. The discussions will also impose precaution in decision making process, quashing possibility of late stage failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Lemke C, Christmann J, Yin J, Alonso JM, Serrano E, Chioua M, Ismaili L, Martínez-Grau MA, Beadle CD, Vetman T, Dato FM, Bartz U, Elsinghorst PW, Pietsch M, Müller CE, Iriepa I, Wille T, Marco-Contelles J, Gütschow M. Chromenones as Multineurotargeting Inhibitors of Human Enzymes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22161-22168. [PMID: 31891098 PMCID: PMC6933783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The complex nature of multifactorial diseases, such as Morbus Alzheimer, has produced a strong need to design multitarget-directed ligands to address the involved complementary pathways. We performed a purposive structural modification of a tetratarget small-molecule, that is contilisant, and generated a combinatorial library of 28 substituted chromen-4-ones. The compounds comprise a basic moiety which is linker-connected to the 6-position of the heterocyclic chromenone core. The syntheses were accomplished by Mitsunobu- or Williamson-type ether formations. The resulting library members were evaluated at a panel of seven human enzymes, all of which being involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. A concomitant inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase and human monoamine oxidase B, with IC50 values of 5.58 and 7.20 μM, respectively, was achieved with the dual-target 6-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)butoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lemke
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joscha Christmann
- Bundeswehr
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Jiafei Yin
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - José M. Alonso
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, IQOG, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Serrano
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, IQOG, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, IQOG, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Neurosciences
intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique
et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne
Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Christopher D. Beadle
- Lilly Research
Centre, Eli Lilly & Company, Erl Wood Manor,
Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K.
| | - Tatiana Vetman
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis 46285, Indiana, United States
| | - Florian M. Dato
- Institute
II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department
of Natural Sciences, University of Applied
Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Paul W. Elsinghorst
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Central
Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße
102, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute
II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, IQOG, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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43
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The chemistry toolbox of multitarget-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Shishkina SV, Konovalova IS, Trostianko PV, Geleverya AO, Kovalenko SM, Bunyatyan ND. Polymorphism of 3-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)- and 3-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-2H-chromen-2-ones. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 75:1541-1553. [PMID: 31686666 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229619014256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study of 3-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one, C17H10N2O3, 1, and 3-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-2H-chromen-2-one, C16H9N3O3, 2, was performed on the assumption of the potential anticancer activity of the compounds. Three polymorphic structures for 1 and two polymorphic structures for 2 have been studied thoroughly. The strongest intermolecular interaction is stacking of the `head-to-head' type in all the studied crystals. The polymorphic structures of 1 differ with respect to the intermolecular interactions between stacked columns. Two of the polymorphs have a columnar or double columnar type of crystal organization, while the third polymorphic structure can be classified as columnar-layered. The difference between the two structures of 2 is less pronounced. Both crystals can be considered as having very similar arrangements of neighbouring columns. The formation of polymorphic modifications is caused by a subtle balance of very weak intermolecular interactions and packing differences can be identified only using an analysis based on a study of the pairwise interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana V Shishkina
- SSI `Institute for Single Crystals' NAS of Ukraine, 60 Nauky ave., Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine
| | - Irina S Konovalova
- SSI `Institute for Single Crystals' NAS of Ukraine, 60 Nauky ave., Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo V Trostianko
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody sq., Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine
| | - Anna O Geleverya
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody sq., Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy M Kovalenko
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody sq., Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine
| | - Natalya D Bunyatyan
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubeckaya, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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Hoffmann M, Stiller C, Endres E, Scheiner M, Gunesch S, Sotriffer C, Maurice T, Decker M. Highly Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors with Tunable Duration of Action by Chemical Modification of Transferable Carbamate Units Exhibit Pronounced Neuroprotective Effect in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9116-9140. [PMID: 31609115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the carbamate structure of pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors was optimized with regard to a longer binding to the enzyme. A set of compounds bearing different heterocycles (e.g., morpholine, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzimidazole, piperidine) and alkylene spacers (2 to 10 methylene groups between carbamate and heterocycle) in the carbamate residue was synthesized and characterized in vitro for their binding affinity, binding kinetics, and carbamate hydrolysis. These novel BChE inhibitors are highly selective for hBChE over human acetycholinesterase (hAChE), yielding short-, medium-, and long-acting nanomolar hBChE inhibitors (with a half-life of the carbamoylated enzyme ranging from 1 to 28 h). The inhibitors show neuroprotective properties in a murine hippocampal cell line and a pharmacological mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting a significant benefit of BChE inhibition for a disease-modifying treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Carina Stiller
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Erik Endres
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Sandra Gunesch
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Tangui Maurice
- INSERM UMR-S1198 , University of Montpellier , Place Eugène Bataillon , Montpellier F-34095 , France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
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46
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AlFadly ED, Elzahhar PA, Tramarin A, Elkazaz S, Shaltout H, Abu-Serie MM, Janockova J, Soukup O, Ghareeb DA, El-Yazbi AF, Rafeh RW, Bakkar NMZ, Kobeissy F, Iriepa I, Moraleda I, Saudi MN, Bartolini M, Belal AS. Tackling neuroinflammation and cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Multi-target inhibitors of cholinesterases, cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-lipoxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:161-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Kurt BZ, Dag A, Doğan B, Durdagi S, Angeli A, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Sonmez F. Synthesis, biological activity and multiscale molecular modeling studies of bis-coumarins as selective carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors with effective cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:838-850. [PMID: 31003041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bis-coumarin derivatives containing triazole moiety as a linker between the alkyl chains was synthesized and their inhibitory activity against the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX and XII were evaluated. In addition, cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds on renal adenocarcinoma (769P), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and breast adeno carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cell lines were examined. While the hCA I and II isoforms were inhibited in the micromolar range, the tumor-associated isoform hCA IX and XII were inhibited in the high nanomolar range. 4-methyl-7-((1-(12-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)dodecyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5p) showed the strongest inhibitory activity against hCA IX with the Ki of 144.6 nM and 4-methyl-7-((1-(10-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)decyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5n) exhibited the highest hCA XII inhibition with the Ki of 71.5 nM. In order to better understand the inhibitory profiles of studied molecules, multiscale molecular modelling approaches were applied. Low energy docking poses of studied molecules at the binding sites of targets have been predicted. In addition, electrostatic potential surfaces (ESP) for binding sites were also generated to understand interactions between proteins and active ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Zengin Kurt
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aydan Dag
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Doğan
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Fatih Sonmez
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Pamukova Vocational Highschool, Pamukova, Turkey
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48
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Schaduangrat N, Prachayasittikul V, Choomwattana S, Wongchitrat P, Phopin K, Suwanjang W, Malik AA, Vincent B, Nantasenamat C. Multidisciplinary approaches for targeting the secretase protein family as a therapeutic route for Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1730-1778. [PMID: 30628099 DOI: 10.1002/med.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continual increase of the aging population worldwide renders Alzheimer's disease (AD) a global prime concern. Several attempts have been focused on understanding the intricate complexity of the disease's development along with the on- andgoing search for novel therapeutic strategies. Incapability of existing AD drugs to effectively modulate the pathogenesis or to delay the progression of the disease leads to a shift in the paradigm of AD drug discovery. Efforts aimed at identifying AD drugs have mostly focused on the development of disease-modifying agents in which effects are believed to be long lasting. Of particular note, the secretase enzymes, a group of proteases responsible for the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides production, have been underlined for their promising therapeutic potential. This review article attempts to comprehensively cover aspects related to the identification and use of drugs targeting the secretase enzymes. Particularly, the roles of secretases in the pathogenesis of AD and their therapeutic modulation are provided herein. Moreover, an overview of the drug development process and the contribution of computational (in silico) approaches for facilitating successful drug discovery are also highlighted along with examples of relevant computational works. Promising chemical scaffolds, inhibitors, and modulators against each class of secretases are also summarized herein. Additionally, multitarget secretase modulators are also taken into consideration in light of the current growing interest in the polypharmacology of complex diseases. Finally, challenging issues and future outlook relevant to the discovery of drugs targeting secretases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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49
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Zhou Q, Reekie TA, Abbassi RH, Indurthi Venkata D, Font JS, Ryan RM, Munoz L, Kassiou M. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of diverse heterocyclic diphenolic compounds as inhibitors of DYRK1A. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5852-5869. [PMID: 30401502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-related kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a dual-specificity protein kinase that catalyses phosphorylation and autophosphorylation. Higher DYRK1A expression correlates with cancer, in particular glioblastoma present within the brain. We report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of new heterocyclic diphenolic derivatives designed as novel DYRK1A inhibitors. The generation of these heterocycles such as benzimidazole, imidazole, naphthyridine, pyrazole-pyridines, bipyridine, and triazolopyrazines was made based on the structural modification of the lead DANDY and tested for their ability to inhibit DYRK1A. None of these derivatives showed significant DYRK1A inhibition but provide valuable knowledge around the importance of the 7-azaindole moiety. These data will be of use for developing further structure-activity relationship studies to improve the selective inhibition of DYRK1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan A Reekie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ramzi H Abbassi
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pathology and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dinesh Indurthi Venkata
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pathology and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Josep S Font
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Renae M Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pathology and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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50
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Jing L, Wu G, Kang D, Zhou Z, Song Y, Liu X, Zhan P. Contemporary medicinal-chemistry strategies for the discovery of selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:629-635. [PMID: 30503804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is considered a promising drug target for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we review medicinal-chemistry strategies that are currently available for the discovery of selective BChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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