1
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Liang Y, Smerznak E, Wnuk SF. Construction of quaternary stereocenters at carbon 2' of nucleosides. Carbohydr Res 2023; 528:108814. [PMID: 37087776 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The non-natural nucleosides with a quaternary stereogenic center at C2' are crucial to drug discovery. They have become a cornerstone for the treatment of cancer and various viral infections as exemplified by gemcitabine and sofosbuvir. Major research effort has been expended to gain synthetic access to these nucleoside analogues with a significant steric bulk at C2' in the furanoside ring. The 2'-ketonucleosides and 2'-deoxy-2'-methylenenucleosides emerged as key intermediates in these synthetic strategies. For example, α-face addition of methyl lithium to the 2'-ketonucleosides followed by fluorination of resulting tertiary arabino alcohol with DAST provided 2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine - a core nucleoside component of sofosbuvir. The α-face addition of HCN or HN3 to the 2'-deoxy-2'-methylene nucleosides gave access to the synthetically versatile 2'-cyano-2'-C-methyl and 2'-azido-2'-C-methyl nucleosides. Likewise, the addition of diazomethane to the 2'-exomethylene group gave access to the 2'-spirocyclopropyl analogue. This review primarily discusses synthetic strategies which employs natural nucleosides as substrates but selected approaches involving coupling of the preelaborated sugar precursors with nucleobases are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, United States
| | - Ellie Smerznak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States.
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2
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Discovery of a 2'-Fluoro,2'-Bromouridine Phosphoramidate Prodrug Exhibiting Anti-Yellow Fever Virus Activity in Culture and in Mice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112098. [PMID: 36363688 PMCID: PMC9694579 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a potentially lethal, zoonotic, blood-borne flavivirus transmitted to humans and non-human primates by mosquitoes. Owing to multiple deadly epidemics, the WHO classifies YFV as a "high impact, high threat disease" with resurgent epidemic potential. At present, there are no approved antiviral therapies to combat YFV infection. Herein we report on 2'-halogen-modified nucleoside analogs as potential anti-YFV agents. Of 11 compounds evaluated, three showed great promise with low toxicity, high intracellular metabolism into the active nucleoside triphosphate form, and sub-micromolar anti-YFV activity. Notably, we investigated a 2'-fluoro,2'-bromouridine phosphate prodrug (C9), a known anti-HCV agent with good stability in human blood and favorable metabolism. Predictive modeling revealed that C9 could readily bind the active site of the YFV RdRp, conferring its anti-YFV activity. C9 displayed potent anti-YFV activity in primary human macrophages, 3D hepatocyte spheroids, and in mice. In an A129 murine model, shortly after infection, C9 significantly reduced YFV replication and protected against YFV-induced liver inflammation and pathology with no adverse effects. Collectively, this work identifies a potent new anti-YFV agent with strong therapeutic promise.
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3
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Synthesis of Novel N4-Hydrocytidine Analogs as Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091144. [PMID: 36145365 PMCID: PMC9504122 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging global pandemic with severe morbidity and mortality caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Molnupiravir, an ester prodrug form of N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), was recently emergency-use approved for the treatment of early SARS-CoV-2 infections. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of novel NHC analogs.
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4
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Guenther DC, Mori S, Matsuda S, Gilbert JA, Willoughby JLS, Hyde S, Bisbe A, Jiang Y, Agarwal S, Madaoui M, Janas MM, Charisse K, Maier MA, Egli M, Manoharan M. Role of a "Magic" Methyl: 2'-Deoxy-2'-α-F-2'-β- C-methyl Pyrimidine Nucleotides Modulate RNA Interference Activity through Synergy with 5'-Phosphate Mimics and Mitigation of Off-Target Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14517-14534. [PMID: 35921401 PMCID: PMC9389587 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Although 2′-deoxy-2′-α-F-2′-β-C-methyl (2′-F/Me) uridine nucleoside derivatives
are a successful class of antiviral drugs, this modification had not
been studied in oligonucleotides. Herein, we demonstrate the facile
synthesis of 2′-F/Me-modified pyrimidine phosphoramidites and
their subsequent incorporation into oligonucleotides. Despite the
C3′-endo preorganization of the parent nucleoside,
a single incorporation into RNA or DNA resulted in significant thermal
destabilization of a duplex due to unfavorable enthalpy, likely resulting
from steric effects. When located at the terminus of an oligonucleotide,
the 2′-F/Me modification imparted more resistance to degradation
than the corresponding 2′-fluoro nucleotides. Small interfering
RNAs (siRNAs) modified at certain positions with 2′-F/Me had
similar or better silencing activity than the parent siRNAs when delivered
via a lipid nanoparticle formulation or as a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine conjugate in cells and in mice. Modification
in the seed region of the antisense strand at position 6 or 7 resulted
in an activity equivalent to the parent in mice. Additionally, placement
of the antisense strand at position 7 mitigated seed-based off-target
effects in cell-based assays. When the 2′-F/Me modification
was combined with 5′-vinyl phosphonate, both E and Z isomers had silencing activity comparable
to the parent. In combination with other 2′-modifications such
as 2′-O-methyl, the Z isomer
is detrimental to silencing activity. Presumably, the equivalence
of 5′-vinyl phosphonate isomers in the context of 2′-F/Me
is driven by the steric and conformational features of the C-methyl-containing sugar ring. These data indicate that
2′-F/Me nucleotides are promising tools for nucleic acid-based
therapeutic applications to increase potency, duration, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Guenther
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shohei Mori
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shigeo Matsuda
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jason A Gilbert
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Sarah Hyde
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anna Bisbe
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yongfeng Jiang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mimouna Madaoui
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maja M Janas
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Klaus Charisse
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin A Maier
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Muthiah Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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5
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Khalil A, El-Khouly AS, Elkaeed EB, Eissa IH. The Inhibitory Potential of 2'-dihalo Ribonucleotides against HCV: Molecular Docking, Molecular Simulations, MM-BPSA, and DFT Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144530. [PMID: 35889402 PMCID: PMC9323285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sofosbuvir is the first approved direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agent that inhibits the HCV NS5B polymerase, resulting in chain termination. The molecular models of the 2′-dihalo ribonucleotides used were based on experimental biological studies of HCV polymerase inhibitors. They were modeled within HCV GT1a and GT1b to understand the structure–activity relationship (SAR) and the binding interaction of the halogen atoms at the active site of NS5B polymerase using different computational approaches. The outputs of the molecular docking studies indicated the correct binding mode of the tested compounds against the active sites in target receptors, exhibiting good binding free energies. Interestingly, the change in the substitution at the ribose sugar was found to produce a mild effect on the binding mode. In detail, increasing the hydrophobicity of the substituted moieties resulted in a better binding affinity. Furthermore, in silico ADMET investigation implied the general drug likeness of the examined derivatives. Specifically, good oral absorptions, no BBB penetration, and no CYP4502D6 inhibitions were expected. Likely, the in silico toxicity studies against several animal models showed no carcinogenicity and high predicted TD50 values. The DFT studies exhibited a bioisosteric effect between the substituents at the 2′-position and the possible steric clash between 2′-substituted nucleoside analogs and the active site in the target enzyme. Finally, compound 6 was subjected to several molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-PBSA studies to examine the protein-ligand dynamic and energetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (I.H.E.)
| | - Amany S. El-Khouly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim H. Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (I.H.E.)
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6
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Patel D, Cox BD, Kasthuri M, Mengshetti S, Bassit L, Verma K, Ollinger-Russell O, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. In silico design of a novel nucleotide antiviral agent by free energy perturbation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 99:801-815. [PMID: 35313085 PMCID: PMC9175506 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are the backbone of antiviral therapies. Drugs from this class undergo processing by host or viral kinases to form the active nucleoside triphosphate species that selectively inhibits the viral polymerase. It is the central hypothesis that the nucleoside triphosphate analog must be a favorable substrate for the viral polymerase and the nucleoside precursor must be a satisfactory substrate for the host kinases to inhibit viral replication. Herein, free energy perturbation (FEP) was used to predict substrate affinity for both host and viral enzymes. Several uridine 5'-monophosphate prodrug analogs known to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) were utilized in this study to validate the use of FEP. Binding free energies to the host monophosphate kinase and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) were calculated for methyl-substituted uridine analogs. The 2'-C-methyl-uridine and 4'-C-methyl-uridine scaffolds delivered favorable substrate binding to the host kinase and HCV RdRp that were consistent with results from cellular antiviral activity in support of our new approach. In a prospective evaluation, FEP results suggest that 2'-C-dimethyl-uridine scaffold delivered favorable monophosphate and triphosphate substrates for both host kinase and HCV RdRp, respectively. Novel 2'-C-dimethyl-uridine monophosphate prodrug was synthesized and exhibited sub-micromolar inhibition of HCV replication. Using this novel approach, we demonstrated for the first time that nucleoside analogs can be rationally designed that meet the multi-target requirements for antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bryan D. Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Seema Mengshetti
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kiran Verma
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Olivia Ollinger-Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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7
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Hwu JR, Kapoor M, Gupta NK, Tsay SC, Huang WC, Tan KT, Hu YC, Lyssen P, Neyts J. Synthesis and antiviral activities of quinazolinamine–coumarin conjugates toward chikungunya and hepatitis C viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Li C, De Schutter C, Sari O, Mengshetti S, Zhou S, Kasthuri M, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2'-Dihalopyrimidine Ribonucleoside Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Replication. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1452-1461. [PMID: 35036807 PMCID: PMC8756791 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly developed synthetic route to 2-bromo-2-fluoro ribolactone based on our published 2-chloro-2-fluoro ribolactone synthesis. Stereoselective fluorination is key to controlling the 2-diastereoselectivity. We also report a substantially improved glycosylation reaction with both the 2-bromo-2-fluoro and 2-chloro-2-fluoro sugars. These improvements allowed us to prepare 2'-dihalo nucleosides 13 and 14 in an overall 15-20% yield.
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9
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Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01652-20. [PMID: 33122172 PMCID: PMC7927863 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.
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10
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Sadhukhan S, Santhi J, Baire B. The α,α‐Dihalocarbonyl Building Blocks: An Avenue for New Reaction Development in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:7145-7175. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santu Sadhukhan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Jampani Santhi
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Beeraiah Baire
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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11
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Synthesis and evaluation of 2'-dihalo ribonucleotide prodrugs with activity against hepatitis C virus. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115208. [PMID: 31740203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleoside inhibitors have been a key focus of nearly 2 decades of HCV drug research due to a high barrier to drug resistance and pan-genotypic activity profile provided by molecules in this drug class. Our investigations focused on several potent 2'-halogenated uridine-based HCV polymerase inhibitors, resulting in the discovery of novel 2'-deoxy-2'-dihalo-uridine analogs that are potent inhibitors in replicon assays for all genotypes. Further studies to improve in vivo performance of these nucleoside inhibitors identified aminoisobutyric acid ethyl ester (AIBEE) phosphoramidate prodrugs 18a and 18c, which provide high levels of the active triphosphate in dog liver. AIBEE prodrug 18c was compared with sofosbuvir (1) by co-dosing both compounds by oral administration in dog (5 mg/kg each) and measuring liver concentrations of the active triphosphate metabolite at both 4 and 24 h post dosing. In this study, 18c provided liver triphosphate concentrations that were 6-fold higher than sofosbuvir (1) at both biopsy time points, suggesting that 18c could be a highly effective agent for treating HCV infected patients in the clinic.
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12
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Nucleoside Analogs with Antiviral Activity against Yellow Fever Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00889-19. [PMID: 31262759 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a human Flavivirus reemerging in parts of the world. While a vaccine is available, large outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil and certain African countries. Development of an effective antiviral against YFV is crucial, as there is no available effective drug against YFV. We have identified several novel nucleoside analogs with potent antiviral activity against YFV with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values between 0.25 and 1 μM with selectivity indices over 100 in culture.
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13
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Wang G, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Williams C, Serebryany V, Hu Y, Huang Y, Wan J, Wu X, Deval J, Fung A, Jin Z, Tan H, Shaw K, Kang H, Zhang Q, Tam Y, Stoycheva A, Jekle A, Smith DB, Beigelman L. Synthesis and Anti-HCV Activities of 4'-Fluoro-2'-Substituted Uridine Triphosphates and Nucleotide Prodrugs: Discovery of 4'-Fluoro-2'- C-methyluridine 5'-Phosphoramidate Prodrug (AL-335) for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4555-4570. [PMID: 30951311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 4'-fluoro-2'- C-substituted uridines. Triphosphates of the uridine analogues exhibited a potent inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase with IC50 values as low as 27 nM. In an HCV subgenomic replicon assay, the phosphoramidate prodrugs of these uridine analogues demonstrated a very potent activity with EC50 values as low as 20 nM. A lead compound AL-335 (53) demonstrated high levels of the nucleoside triphosphate in vitro in primary human hepatocytes and Huh-7 cells as well as in dog liver following a single oral dose. Compound 53 was selected for the clinical development where it showed promising results in phase 1 and 2 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Wang
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Marija Prhavc
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Caroline Williams
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Vladimir Serebryany
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yujian Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , WuXi AppTec , Shanghai 200131 , P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , WuXi AppTec , Shanghai 200131 , P. R. China
| | - Jinqiao Wan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , WuXi AppTec , Shanghai 200131 , P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , WuXi AppTec , Shanghai 200131 , P. R. China
| | - Jerome Deval
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Hua Tan
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Kenneth Shaw
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Hyunsoon Kang
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Antitsa Stoycheva
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Andreas Jekle
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - David B Smith
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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14
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Okano Y, Saito-Tarashima N, Kurosawa M, Iwabu A, Ota M, Watanabe T, Kato F, Hishiki T, Fujimuro M, Minakawa N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel imidazole nucleosides as potential anti-dengue virus agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2181-2186. [PMID: 31003866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed imidazole nucleoside derivatives with anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity was examined. First, compounds in a nucleosides library were screened to find lead compounds which inhibit replication of DENV. As a result, 5-ethynyl-(1-β-d-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (1; EICAR) and its 4-carbonitrile derivative EICNR (2) were selected as promising antiviral compounds. However, both of them also exhibited cytotoxicity. In order to develop an effective and less toxic compound, 4'-thio and 4'-seleno derivatives of EICAR and EICNR 3-6 were prepared. The resulting 4'-thioEICAR and 4'-thioEICNR showed inhibitory effect on DENV replication without cytotoxicity as potent as ribavirin, a positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Noriko Saito-Tarashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Madoka Kurosawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-shichono-cho 1, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Ai Iwabu
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-shichono-cho 1, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Masashi Ota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-shichono-cho 1, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-shichono-cho 1, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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15
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Ovadia R, Khalil A, Li H, De Schutter C, Mengshetti S, Zhou S, Bassit L, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-chloro-2'-β-fluoro and β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-bromo-2'-β-fluoro nucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:664-676. [PMID: 30655167 PMCID: PMC6425950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis and evaluation of a series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-chloro-2'-β-fluoro and β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-bromo-2'-β-fluoro nucleosides along with their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs. Key intermediates, lactols 11 and 12, were obtained by a diastereoselective fluorination of protected 2-deoxy-2-chloro/bromo-ribonolactones 7 and 8. All synthesized nucleosides and prodrugs were evaluated with a hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ovadia
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seema Mengshetti
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shaoman Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Mengshetti S, Zhou L, Sari O, De Schutter C, Zhang H, Cho JH, Tao S, Bassit LC, Verma K, Domaoal RA, Ehteshami M, Jiang Y, Ovadia R, Kasthuri M, Ollinger Russell O, McBrayer T, Whitaker T, Pattassery J, Pascual ML, Uher L, Lin BY, Lee S, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Discovery of a Series of 2'-α-Fluoro,2'-β-bromo-ribonucleosides and Their Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Potent Pan-Genotypic Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1859-1874. [PMID: 30653317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleoside inhibitors display pan-genotypic activity, a high barrier to the selection of resistant virus, and are some of the most potent direct-acting agents with durable sustained virologic response in humans. Herein, we report, the discovery of β-d-2'-Br,2'-F-uridine phosphoramidate diastereomers 27 and 28, as nontoxic pan-genotypic anti-HCV agents. Extensive profiling of these two phosphorous diastereomers was performed to select one for in-depth preclinical profiling. The 5'-triphosphate formed from these phosphoramidates selectively inhibited HCV NS5B polymerase with no inhibition of human polymerases and cellular mitochondrial RNA polymerase up to 100 μM. Both are nontoxic by a variety of measures and display good stability in human blood and favorable metabolism in human intestinal microsomes and liver microsomes. Ultimately, a preliminary oral pharmacokinetics study in male beagles showed that 28 is superior to 27 and is an attractive candidate for further studies to establish its potential value as a new clinical anti-HCV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mengshetti
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Leda C Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Kiran Verma
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Robert A Domaoal
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Reuben Ovadia
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Olivia Ollinger Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Tamara McBrayer
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Judy Pattassery
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | | | - Lothar Uher
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Biing Y Lin
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Sam Lee
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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17
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Tachallait H, Bouyahya A, Talha A, Bakri Y, Dakka N, Demange L, Benhida R, Bougrin K. Concise synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 3-(1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazolyl)uridine nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800204. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Tachallait
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center; Mohammed V University in Rabat; Rabat Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Science; Mohamed V University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Aicha Talha
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center; Mohammed V University in Rabat; Rabat Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Science; Mohamed V University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Science; Mohamed V University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice; Nice France
- Département de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères; Paris France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice; Nice France
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University; Benguerir Morocco
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center; Mohammed V University in Rabat; Rabat Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University; Benguerir Morocco
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18
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Phosphorus Pentachloride Promoted gem-Dichlorination of 2'- and 3'-Deoxynucleosides. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061457. [PMID: 29914115 PMCID: PMC6100136 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogen substitution at various positions of canonical nucleosides has generated a number of bioactive structural variants. Herein, the synthesis of two unique series of sugar modified nucleosides bearing a gem-dichloro group is presented. The synthetic plan entails the controlled addition of phosphorus pentachloride to suitably protected 2′- or 3′-ketodeoxynucleoside intermediates as the key step, facilitating the rapid construction of such functionalized molecules. Under the same reaction conditions, the highest chemoselectivity was observed for the formation of 2′,2′-dichloro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides, while a competing 2′,3′-elimination process occurred in the case of the 3′,3′-dichloro counterparts.
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19
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De Schutter C, Sari O, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of (2S)-2-Chloro-2-fluororibolactone via Stereoselective Electrophilic Fluorination. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13171-13178. [PMID: 29140703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient route for the preparation of (2S)-2-chloro-2-fluorolactone 29 is described. This approach takes advantage of a highly efficient diastereoselective electrophilic fluorination reaction (94% yield; >50:1 dr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Steven J Coats
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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20
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Li E, Wang Y, Yu W, Lv Z, Peng Y, Liu B, Li S, Ho W, Wang Q, Li H, Chang J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-(fluoromethyl)uridine phosphoramidate prodrug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:107-113. [PMID: 29172078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-(fluoromethyl)uridine phosphoramidate prodrug (1) has been synthesized. This compound exhibits submicromolar-level antiviral activity in vitro against HCV genotypes 1b, 1a, 2a, and S282T replicons (EC50 = 0.18-1.13 μM) with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 1000 μM). Administered orally, prodrug 1 is well tolerated at doses of up to 4 g/kg in mice, and produces a high level of the corresponding triphosphate in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertong Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wenquan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhigang Lv
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youmei Peng
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Qingduan Wang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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21
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Chen Z, Cox BD, Garnier-Amblard EC, McBrayer TR, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of a series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-dibromo nucleosides and their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5296-5299. [PMID: 29066308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-substituted nucleoside analogs have displayed potent and selective anti-HCV activities and some of them have reached human clinical trials. In that regard, we report herein the synthesis of a series of 2'-deoxy,2'-dibromo substituted U, C, G and A nucleosides 10a-d and their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs 13a-d. The synthesized nucleosides 10a-d and prodrugs 13a-d were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HCV as well as cellular toxicity. The results showed that the most potent compound was prodrug 13a, which exhibited micromolar inhibitory activity (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.8 µM) with no observed toxicity. In addition, molecular modeling and free energy perturbation calculations for the 5'-triphosphate formed from 13a and related 2'-modified nucleotides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Bryan D Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | | | | | | | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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