1
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Gazdag T, Meiszter E, Mayer PJ, Holczbauer T, Ottosson H, Maurer AB, Abrahamsson M, London G. An Exploration of Substituent Effects on the Photophysical Properties of Monobenzopentalenes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300737. [PMID: 38284145 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Monobenzopentalenes have received moderate attention compared to dibenzopentalenes, yet their accessibility as stable, non-symmetric structures with diverse substituents could be interesting for materials applications, including molecular photonics. Recently, monobenzopentalene was considered computationally as a potential chromophore for singlet fission (SF) photovoltaics. To advance this compound class towards photonics applications, the excited state energetics must be characterized, computationally and experimentally. In this report we synthesized a series of stable substituted monobenzopentalenes and provided the first experimental exploration of their photophysical properties. Structural and opto-electronic characterization revealed that all derivatives showed 1H NMR shifts in the olefinic region, bond length alternation in the pentalene unit, low-intensity absorptions reflecting the ground-state antiaromatic character and in turn the symmetry forbidden HOMO-to-LUMO transitions of ~2 eV and redox amphotericity. This was also supported by computed aromaticity indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA). Accordingly, substituents did not affect the fulfilment of the energetic criterion of SF, as the computed excited-state energy levels satisfied the required E(S1)/E(T1)>2 relationship. Further spectroscopic measurements revealed a concentration dependent quenching of the excited state and population of the S2 state on the nanosecond timescale, providing initial evidence for unusual photophysics and an alternative entry point for singlet fission with monobenzopentalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gazdag
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Enikő Meiszter
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J Mayer
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Chemical Crystallography Research Laboratory and Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute for Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Maurer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
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2
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Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Mondal S, Ballav T, Tofayel TSM, Ganesh V. Bis-benzofulvenes: Synthesis and Studies on Their Optoelectronic Properties. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37205608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of bis-benzofulvenes and the studies on their optical and redox properties. Bis-benzofulvenes were achieved through the Pd-catalyzed intramolecular Heck coupling followed by Ni0-mediated C(sp2)-Br dimerization. Low optical and electrochemical energy gaps of 2.05 and 1.68 eV were achieved by tuning the substituent on the exomethylene unit and the aromatic ring. The observed trends in the energy gaps were compared, and the frontier molecular orbitals were visualized using the density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Tamal Ballav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | | | - Venkataraman Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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4
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Yokoyama S, Ie Y. Fluorinated Dihydropentalene-1,4-Dione: A Strong Electron-Accepting Unit with Organic Semiconductor Characteristics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203873. [PMID: 36639357 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of electron-accepting units is of significant importance because the construction of donor (D)-acceptor (A) configurations is an effective strategy for tuning the electronic properties of π-conjugated systems. Although doubly fused pentagons represented by diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) have been used as an effective electron-accepting unit, the relatively high-lying frontier molecular orbital levels (FMOs) leave room for further improvement. We report herein the synthesis of a fluorinated dihydropentalene-1,4-dione (FPD) derivative as a strong electron-accepting unit and the development of D-A-D π-extended molecules. X-ray analyses revealed that the presence of fluorine atoms contributed to the formation of high planar structures and slipped-stacked packing. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the FPD derivatives showed relatively lower FMO energy levels than the corresponding DPP-containing derivatives. The D-A-D molecule based on terthiophene and FPD showed semiconducting responses. This study demonstrates that the FPD unit can function as a new acceptor unit for organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yokoyama
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Abstract
A novel class of stable monoareno-pentalenes is introduced that have an olefinic proton on each five-membered ring of the pentalene subunit. Their synthesis was accomplished via a regioselective carbopalladation cascade reaction between ortho-arylacetyleno gem-dibromoolefins and TIPS-acetylene. These molecules could be experimental probes of magnetic (anti)aromaticity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter
J. Mayer
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary,Institute
of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Gábor London
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary,E-mail:
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6
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Kalapos P, Mayer PJ, Gazdag T, Demeter A, Oruganti B, Durbeej B, London G. Photoswitching of Local (Anti)Aromaticity in Biphenylene-Based Diarylethene Molecular Switches. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9532-9542. [PMID: 35849785 PMCID: PMC9361354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced tuning of (anti)aromaticity and associated molecular properties is currently in the focus of attention for both tailoring photochemical reactivity and designing new materials. Here, we report on the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of diarylethene-based molecular switches embedded in a biphenylene structure composed of rings with different levels of local (anti)aromaticity. We show that it is possible to modulate and control the (anti)aromatic character of each ring through reversible photoswitching of the aryl units of the system between open and closed forms. Remarkably, it is shown that the irreversible formation of an annulated bis(dihydro-thiopyran) side-product that hampers the photoswitching can be efficiently suppressed when the aryl core formed by thienyl groups in one switch is replaced by thiazolyl groups in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter
Pál Kalapos
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J. Mayer
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gazdag
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Gazdag T, Mayer PJ, Kalapos PP, Holczbauer T, El Bakouri O, London G. Unsymmetrical Thienopentalenes: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Properties, and (Anti)aromaticity Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8336-8349. [PMID: 35309486 PMCID: PMC8928497 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of a series of unsymmetrical thienopentalenes are explored, including both monoareno and diareno derivatives. For the synthesis of monoareno pentalenes, a carbopalladation cascade reaction between alkynes and gem-dibromoolefins was applied. Diareno pentalene derivatives were accessed via gold-catalyzed cyclization of diynes. Thiophene was fused to pentalene in two different geometries via its 2,3 and 3,4 bonds. 2,3-Fusion resulted in increased antiaromaticity of the pentalene unit compared to the 3,4-fusion both in the monoareno and diareno framework. Monothienopentalenes that contained the destabilizing 2,3-fusion could not be isolated. For diareno derivatives, the aromatic character of the different aryl groups fused to the pentalene was not independent. Destabilizing fusion on one side resulted in alleviated aromaticity on the other side and vice versa. The synthesized molecules were characterized experimentally by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography, and their aromatic character was assessed using magnetic (NICS and ACID) and electronic indices (MCI and FLU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gazdag
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Péter J. Mayer
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Péter Pál Kalapos
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Centre
for Structural Science and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2 Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gábor London
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
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8
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Esser B, Wössner JS, Hermann M. Conjugated Nanohoops with Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes as Non-alternant and Antiaromatic π-Systems. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1740-7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated nanohoops are excellent candidates to study structure-property relationships, as optoelectronic materials and as hosts for supramolecular chemistry. While carbon nanohoops containing aromatics are well studied, antiaromatic units had not been incorporated until recently by our group using dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP). The non-alternant electronic character of the DBP units significantly influences the optoelectronic properties of such nanohoops. We herein summarize our synthetic strategies to DBP-containing nanohoops, their structural and electronic properties, chirality and host-guest chemistry. We demonstrate how incorporating antiaromatic units leads to unique properties and opens new synthetic avenues, making such nanohoops attractive as potential electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jan S Wössner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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9
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Anjalikrishna PK, Gadre SR, Suresh CH. Antiaromaticity-Aromaticity Interplay in Fused Benzenoid Systems Using Molecular Electrostatic Potential Topology. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5999-6012. [PMID: 34210140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of antiaromaticity-aromaticity interplay in aromatic-antiaromatic (A-aA)-fused systems is studied using molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis, which clearly brings out the electron-rich π-regions of molecular systems. Benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene are the aromatic units and cyclobutadiene and pentalene are the antiaromatic units considered to construct the A-aA-fused systems. The fused system is seen to reduce the antiaromaticity by adopting a configuration containing the least number of localized bonds over antiaromatic moieties. This is clearly observed in 25 isomers of a fused system composed of three naphthalene and two cyclobutadiene units. Denoting the number of π-bonds in the cyclobutadiene rings by the notation (n, n'), the systems belonging to the class (0, 0) and (2, 2) turn out to be the most and least stable configurations, respectively. The stability of the fused system depends on the empty π-character of the antiaromatic ring, hence naphthalene and benzene prefer to fuse with cyclobutadiene in a linear and angular fashion, respectively. Generally, a configuration with the maximum number of 'empty' rings (0, 0, 0, ...) is considered to be the most stable for the given A-aA system. The stability and aromatic/antiaromatic character of A-aA-fused systems with pentalene is also interpreted in a similar way. MESP topology, clearly bringing out the distribution of double bonds in the fused systems, leads to a simple interpretation of the aromatic/antiaromatic character of them. Also, it leads to powerful predictions on stable macrocyclic A-aA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthannur K Anjalikrishna
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shridhar R Gadre
- Department of Scientific Computing, Modelling and Simulation, SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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10
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Hermann M, Böttcher T, Schorpp M, Richert S, Wassy D, Krossing I, Esser B. Cations and Anions of Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene and Reduction of a Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenophane. Chemistry 2021; 27:4964-4970. [PMID: 33443300 PMCID: PMC7986162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP) is a non-alternant conjugated hydrocarbon with antiaromatic character and ambipolar electrochemical behavior. Upon both reduction and oxidation, it becomes aromatic. We herein study the chemical oxidation and reduction of a planar DBP derivative and a bent DBP-phane. The molecular structures of its planar dication, cation radical and anion radical in the solid state demonstrate the gained aromaticity through bond length equalization, which is supported by nucleus independent chemical shift-calculations. EPR spectra on the cation radical confirm the spin delocalization over the DBP framework. A similar delocalization was not possible in the reduced bent DBP-phane, which stabilized itself by proton abstraction from a solvent molecule upon reduction. This is the first report on structures of a DBP cation radical and dication in the solid state and of a reduced bent DBP derivative. Our study provides valuable insight into the charged species of DBP for its application as semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Tobias Böttcher
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Wassy
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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11
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Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of π-Extended Nonalternant Hydrocarbons Containing Azulene, Pentalene, and Heptalene Frameworks. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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12
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Konishi A, Yasuda M. Breathing New Life into Nonalternant Hydrocarbon Chemistry: Syntheses and Properties of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Containing Azulene, Pentalene, and Heptalene Frameworks. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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13
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Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis of π-extended non-alternant hydrocarbons based on azulene (5-7), pentalene (5-5) and heptalene (7-7) skeletons and elucidation of their electronic structures. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Phenanthrylene–alkynylene macrocycles, phenanthrene-fused dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene, as well as relevant diradicaloids and antiaromatic compounds. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Dressler JJ, Barker JE, Karas LJ, Hashimoto HE, Kishi R, Zakharov LN, MacMillan SN, Gomez-Garcia CJ, Nakano M, Wu JI, Haley MM. Late-Stage Modification of Electronic Properties of Antiaromatic and Diradicaloid Indeno[1,2-b]fluorene Analogues via Sulfur Oxidation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10846-10857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carlos J. Gomez-Garcia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-6231, United States
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16
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Konishi A, Satake S, Yasuda M. Catalytic Cycloisomerization of Conjugated Bisbutatrienes into Pentalene Skeletons: Synthesis and Properties of Bisbutatrienes with an Acenaphthene Backbone. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoya Satake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Mayer PJ, El Bakouri O, Holczbauer T, Samu GF, Janáky C, Ottosson H, London G. Structure-Property Relationships in Unsymmetric Bis(antiaromatics): Who Wins the Battle between Pentalene and Benzocyclobutadiene?†. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5158-5172. [PMID: 32189503 PMCID: PMC7311060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
According
to the currently accepted structure–property relationships,
aceno-pentalenes with an angular shape (fused to the 1,2-bond of the
acene) exhibit higher antiaromaticity than those with a linear shape
(fused to the 2,3-bond of the acene). To explore and expand the current
view, we designed and synthesized molecules where two isomeric, yet,
different, 8π antiaromatic subunits, a benzocyclobutadiene (BCB)
and a pentalene, are combined into, respectively, an angular and a
linear topology via an unsaturated six-membered ring. The antiaromatic
character of the molecules is supported experimentally by 1H NMR, UV–vis, and cyclic voltammetry measurements and X-ray
crystallography. The experimental results are further confirmed by
theoretical studies including the calculation of several aromaticity
indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA, FLU, MCI). In the case of the angular molecule,
double bond-localization within the connecting six-membered ring resulted
in reduced antiaromaticity of both the BCB and pentalene subunits,
while the linear structure provided a competitive situation for the
two unequal [4n]π subunits. We found that in
the latter case the BCB unit alleviated its unfavorable antiaromaticity
more efficiently, leaving the pentalene with strong antiaromaticity.
Thus, a reversed structure–antiaromaticity relationship when
compared to aceno-pentalenes was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter J Mayer
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely F Samu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Barker JE, Kodama T, Song MK, Frederickson CK, Jousselin-Oba T, Zakharov LN, Marrot J, Frigoli M, Johnson RP, Haley MM. Serendipitous Rediscovery of the Facile Cyclization of Z,Z-3,5-Octadiene-1,7-diyne Derivatives to Afford Stable, Substituted Naphthocyclobutadienes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:665-672. [PMID: 31944015 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serendipitous isolation of very small amounts of two naphthocyclobutadiene (NCB) derivatives has led to the computational re-examination of the electrocyclization of Z,Z-3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne as well as the experimental and computational study of diethynylindeno[2,1-a]fluorene derivatives that contain the 3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne motif as part of a larger π-framework. In both cases the calculated potential energy surface strongly implicates two successive electrocyclic reactions to afford the antiaromatic products. With the octadienediyne fragment locked in the reactive conformation, the postulated diethynylindeno[2,1-a]fluorene intermediates afford the NCBs in modest to good yields. X-ray crystallography of four NCBs as well as NICS-XY scan calculations show that the paratropic motif is located primarily in the benzocyclobutadiene fragment within the larger π-scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Min K Song
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States
| | - Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Tanguy Jousselin-Oba
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR - Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1433, United States
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Richard P Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
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19
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Tavakkolifard S, Sekine K, Reichert L, Ebrahimi M, Museridz K, Michel E, Rominger F, Babaahmadi R, Ariafard A, Yates BF, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. Gold-Catalyzed Regiospecific Annulation of Unsymmetrically Substituted 1,5-Diynes for the Precise Synthesis of Bispentalenes. Chemistry 2019; 25:12180-12186. [PMID: 31310400 PMCID: PMC6851633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of the selectivity in organic synthesis is important to access the desired molecules. We demonstrate a regiospecific annulation of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2-di(arylethynyl)benzene derivatives for a geometry-controlled synthesis of linear bispentalenes, which is one of the promising structures for material science. A gold-catalyzed annulation of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2-di(arylethynyl)benzene could produce two isomeric pentalenes, but both electronic and steric effects on the aromatics at the terminal position of the alkyne prove to be crucial for the selectivity; especially a regiospecific annulation was achieved with sterically blocked substituents; namely, 2,4,6-trimetyl benzene or 2,4-dimethyl benzene. This approach enables the geometrically controlled synthesis of linear bispentalenes from 1,2,4,5-tetraethynylbenzene or 2,3,6,7-tetraethynylnaphthalene. Moreover, the annulation of a series of tetraynes with a different substitution pattern regioselectively provided the bispentalene scaffolds. A computational study revealed that this is the result of a kinetic control induced by the bulky NHC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tavakkolifard
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Kohei Sekine
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lisa Reichert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mina Ebrahimi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ketevan Museridz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elena Michel
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasool Babaahmadi
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry)University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 75HobartTAS7001Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry)University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 75HobartTAS7001Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry)University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 75HobartTAS7001Australia
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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20
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Federmann P, Wagner HK, Antoni PW, Mörsdorf JM, Pérez Lustres JL, Wadepohl H, Motzkus M, Ballmann J. P-Protected Diphosphadibenzo[a,e]pentalenes and Their Mono- and Dicationic P-Bridged Ladder Stilbenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:2033-2038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Federmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah K. Wagner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick W. Antoni
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Mörsdorf
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Luis Pérez Lustres
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Motzkus
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Messersmith RE, Tovar JD. Borepin Rings as "Sigma-Free" Reporters of Aromaticity within Polycyclic Aromatic Scaffolds. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:881-888. [PMID: 30620595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The definition and measurement of local and global aromaticity in fused ring polycyclic aromatic compounds is a complex issue. Historically, these types of molecules have been explored in this capacity by way of experimental (NMR, thermochemistry) and computational (NICS, HOMA) analyses. We previously showed how borepin rings with [ b, f] arene fusions can be used as experimental magnetic aromaticity reporters via the remaining protons attached to the borepin rings. In this report, we describe a joint experimental and computational analysis of several borepin-containing polycyclic aromatic molecules in order to draw conclusions about the influence of ring fusion on aromaticity. We find that the borepin ring within these extended structures is a unique motif with limited σ-contribution to aromaticity while still displaying a wide range of structural and magnetic aromatic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid E Messersmith
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States of America
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States of America
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22
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Nishinaga T, Hamaoka H. Computational and experimental studies on the index of antiaromaticity for 4n π-systems (n ≥ 2). Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1514-1517. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A method to evaluate the relative hardness of 4n π-systems (n ≥ 2) as a new experimental measure of antiaromaticity has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Hinako Hamaoka
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Tokyo 192-0397
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23
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Sekine K, Schulmeister J, Paulus F, Goetz KP, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Zaumseil J, Hashmi ASK. Gold-Catalyzed Facile Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Benzene-/Naphthalene-Based Bispentalenes as Organic Semiconductors. Chemistry 2018; 25:216-220. [PMID: 30423210 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gold-catalyzed facile synthesis of U-shaped and S-shaped bispentalenes is described from easily available tetra(arylethynyl)-benzenes and -naphthalenes. The optoelectronic and transistor properties were also investigated. The selectivity between the U-shaped and S-shaped bispentalene isomers can be tuned by the bulkiness of the ligand and the substrates. The S-shaped naphthalene-based bispentalene shows a one-dimensional face-to-face packing pattern in solid state and a good hole mobility, indicating that the S-shaped bispentalene core is highly suitable for transistor applications. The gold-catalyzed annulation of tetraynes provides a useful protocol in the synthesis of bispentalenes for organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sekine
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schulmeister
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Paulus
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katelyn P Goetz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Konishi A, Okada Y, Kishi R, Nakano M, Yasuda M. Enhancement of Antiaromatic Character via Additional Benzoannulation into Dibenzo[a,f]pentalene: Syntheses and Properties of Benzo[a]naphtho[2,1-f]pentalene and Dinaphtho[2,1-a,f]pentalene. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:560-571. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Atahan-Evrenk S. A quantitative structure-property study of reorganization energy for known p-type organic semiconductors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40330-40337. [PMID: 35558241 PMCID: PMC9091383 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular reorganization energy (RE), which quantifies the electron-phonon coupling strength, is an important charge transport parameter for the theoretical characterization of molecular organic semiconductors (OSCs). On a small scale, the accurate calculation of the RE is trivial; however, for large-scale screening, faster approaches are desirable. We investigate the structure-property relations and present a quantitative structure-property relationship study to facilitate the computation of RE from molecular structure. To this end, we generated a compound set of 171, which was derived from known p-type OSCs built from moieties such as acenes, thiophenes, and pentalenes. We show that simple structural descriptors such as the number of atoms, rings or rotatable bonds only weakly correlate with the RE. On the other hand, we show that regression models based on a more comprehensive representation of the molecules such as SMILES-based molecular signatures and geometry-based molecular transforms can predict the RE with a coefficient of determination of 0.7 and a mean absolute error of 40 meV in the library, in which the RE ranges from 76 to 480 meV. Our analysis indicates that a more extensive compound set for training is necessary for more predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Atahan-Evrenk
- TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine Sogutozu Cad No. 43 Sogutozu Ankara Turkey +90 312 292 44 32 +90 312 292 44 26
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26
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Sekine K, Stuck F, Schulmeister J, Wurm T, Zetschok D, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. N-Heterocycle-Fused Pentalenes by a Gold-Catalyzed Annulation of Diethynyl-Quinoxalines and -Phenazines. Chemistry 2018; 24:12515-12518. [PMID: 29923240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The gold-catalyzed annulation of diethynyl N-heterocycles for the synthesis of quinoxaline-/phenazine-based pentalenes and the study of their optoelectronic properties are described. The inhibition of the gold catalyst by the nitrogen centers in the substrate and the product could be overcome by increasing the reaction temperature to 130 °C, which usually leads to catalyst decomposition in gold catalysis. At 130 °C, 6,7-di(arylethynyl)quinoxalines in chlorobenzene give the corresponding pentalenes. The annulation of 2,3-di(arylethynyl)quinoxalines requires an even higher temperature under microwave irradiation. The quinoxaline-based pentalenes showed lower LUMO levels compared to the corresponding naphthalene-based pentalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sekine
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Stuck
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schulmeister
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wurm
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Zetschok
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Grenz DC, Schmidt M, Kratzert D, Esser B. Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes with Low-Lying LUMO Energy Levels as Potential n-Type Materials. J Org Chem 2018; 83:656-663. [PMID: 29231725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ambipolar organic semiconductors are of high interest for organic field-effect transistors. For n-type conduction, low LUMO energies are required. Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes (DBPs) are promising compounds; however, few derivatives exist with energetically low-lying LUMO levels. Here, we present DBP derivatives with LUMO energies down to -3.73 eV and small bandgaps down to 1.63 eV determined through cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, and TDDFT calculations. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a 1D π-stacking mode. The addition of arylalkynyl substituents at the five-membered rings in a facile and versatile synthetic route allowed for tuning of the band gaps and LUMO energies. The synthetic route can easily be modified to access a variety of DBP derivatives. The LUMO energies of the DBP derivatives presented herein make them attractive for an application in n-type or ambipolar field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Grenz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Konishi A, Okada Y, Nakano M, Sugisaki K, Sato K, Takui T, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzo[a,f]pentalene: Harmonization of the Antiaromatic and Singlet Biradical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15284-15287. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center
for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Okada
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Ayub R, Bakouri OE, Jorner K, Solà M, Ottosson H. Can Baird's and Clar's Rules Combined Explain Triplet State Energies of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons with Fused 4nπ- and (4n + 2)π-Rings? J Org Chem 2017; 82:6327-6340. [PMID: 28535673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that can be labeled as "aromatic chameleons" are π-conjugated compounds that are able to adjust their π-electron distributions so as to comply with the different rules of aromaticity in different electronic states. We used quantum chemical calculations to explore how the fusion of benzene rings onto aromatic chameleonic units represented by biphenylene, dibenzocyclooctatetraene, and dibenzo[a,e]pentalene modifies the first triplet excited states (T1) of the compounds. Decreases in T1 energies are observed when going from isomers with linear connectivity of the fused benzene rings to those with cis- or trans-bent connectivities. The T1 energies decreased down to those of the parent (isolated) 4nπ-electron units. Simultaneously, we observe an increased influence of triplet state aromaticity of the central 4n ring as given by Baird's rule and evidenced by geometric, magnetic, and electron density based aromaticity indices (HOMA, NICS-XY, ACID, and FLU). Because of an influence of triplet state aromaticity in the central 4nπ-electron units, the most stabilized compounds retain the triplet excitation in Baird π-quartets or octets, enabling the outer benzene rings to adapt closed-shell singlet Clar π-sextet character. Interestingly, the T1 energies go down as the total number of aromatic cycles within a molecule in the T1 state increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Frederickson CK, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Modulating Paratropicity Strength in Diareno-Fused Antiaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16827-16838. [PMID: 27966911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the electronic structure of molecules is crucial when designing and optimizing new organic semiconductor materials. We report the regioselective synthesis of eight π-expanded diarenoindacene analogues based on the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene framework along with the computational investigation of an array of diareno-fused antiaromatic compounds possessing s-indacene, pentalene, or cyclobutadiene cores. Analysis of the experimental and computationally derived optoelectronic properties uncovered a linear correlation between the bond order of the fused arene bond and the paratropicity strength of the antiaromatic unit. The Ered1 for the pentalene and indacene core molecules correlates well with their calculated NICSπZZ values. The findings of this study can be used to predict the properties of, and thus rationally design, new diareno-fused antiaromatic molecules for use as organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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