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Oechsle AL, Schöner T, Deville L, Xiao T, Tian T, Vagias A, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Ionic Liquid-Induced Inversion of the Humidity-Dependent Conductivity of Thin PEDOT:PSS Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47682-47691. [PMID: 37756141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The humidity influence on the electronic and ionic resistance properties of thin post-treated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films is investigated. In particular, the resistance of these PEDOT:PSS films post-treated with three different concentrations (0, 0.05, and 0.35 M) of ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA) is measured while being exposed to a defined humidity protocol. A resistance increase upon elevated humidity is observed for the 0 M reference sample, while the EMIM DCA post-treated samples demonstrate a reverse behavior. Simultaneously performed in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements evidence changes in the film morphology upon varying the humidity, namely, an increase in the PEDOT domain distances. This leads to a detriment in the interdomain hole transport, which causes a rise in the resistance, as observed for the 0 M reference sample. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements at different humidities reveal additional contributions of ionic charge carriers in the EMIM DCA post-treated PEDOT:PSS films. Therefrom, a model is proposed, which describes the hole and cation transport in different post-treated PEDOT:PSS films dependent on the ambient humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Schöner
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lewin Deville
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tianxiao Xiao
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ting Tian
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Apostolos Vagias
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Landi A, Reisjalali M, Elliott JD, Matta M, Carbone P, Troisi A. Simulation of polymeric mixed ionic and electronic conductors with a combined classical and quantum mechanical model. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:8062-8073. [PMID: 37362027 PMCID: PMC10286221 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In organic polymeric materials with mixed ionic and electronic conduction (OMIEC), the excess charge in doped polymers is very mobile and the dynamics of the polymer chain cannot be accurately described with a model including only fixed point charges. Ions and polymer are comparatively slower and a methodology to capture the correlated motions of excess charge and ions is currently unavailable. Considering a prototypical interface encountered in this type of materials, we constructed a scheme based on the combination of MD and QM/MM to evaluate the classical dynamics of polymer, water and ions, while allowing the excess charge of the polymer chains to rearrange following the external electrostatic potential. We find that the location of the excess charge varies substantially between chains. The excess charge changes across multiple timescales as a result of fast structural fluctuations and slow rearrangement of the polymeric chains. Our results indicate that such effects are likely important to describe the phenomenology of OMIEC, but additional features should be added to the model to enable the study of processes such as electrochemical doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Landi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Maryam Reisjalali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Joshua D Elliott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
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3
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Kim M, Lee SY, Kim J, Choi C, Lansac Y, Ahn H, Park S, Jang YH, Lee SH, Lee BH. Protic Ionic Liquids for Intrinsically Stretchable Conductive Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3202-3213. [PMID: 36484468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the classic hard-soft acid-base theory and intrigued by a theoretical prediction of spontaneous ion exchange between poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and hard-cation-soft-anion ionic liquid (IL), we treat PEDOT:PSS with a new IL composed of a protic (i.e., extremely hard) cation (3-methylimidazolium, p-MIM+) and an extremely soft anion (tetracyanoborate, TCB-). In fact, this protic IL (p-MIM:TCB) accomplishes the same levels of ion-exchange-mediated PEDOT-PSS separation, PEDOT-rich nanofibril formation, and electrical conductivity enhancement (∼2500 S/cm) as its aprotic counterpart (EMIM:TCB with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium), the best IL used for this purpose so far. Furthermore, p-MIM:TCB significantly outperforms EMIM:TCB in terms of improving the stretchability (i.e., the highest tensile strain) of the PEDOT:PSS thin film. This enhancement is a result of the aromatic and protic cation p-MIM+, which acts as a molecular adhesive holding the exchanged ion pairs (PEDOT+:TCB----p-MIM+:PSS-) via ionic intercalation (at the surface of TCB--decorated PEDOT+ clusters) and hydrogen bonding (to PSS-), in which washing p-MIM+ out of the film degrades the stretchability while keeping the morphology. Our results offer molecular-level insight into the morphological, electrical, and mechanical properties of PEDOT:PSS and a molecular-interaction-based enhancement strategy that can be used for intrinsically stretchable conductive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Daegu University, Gyeongsan38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200Tours, France
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200Tours, France
| | - Seoung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Daegu University, Gyeongsan38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
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Makki H, Troisi A. Morphology of conducting polymer blends at the interface of conducting and insulating phases: insight from PEDOT:PSS atomistic simulations. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:16126-16137. [PMID: 36387833 PMCID: PMC9632246 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc03158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Having phase-separated conductive and less-conductive domains is a common morphology in semiconducting polymer blends as it exists in the case of PEDOT:PSS, which is a representative example with a wide range of applications. In this paper, we constructed atomistic models for the interface between the PEDOT-rich (conductive) grains and the PSS-rich (less-conductive) phase through molecular dynamics simulations. Our models are obtained from experimentally relevant compositions, based on precise force field parameters, and through a robust relaxation procedure. We show that both PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich phases consist of PEDOT lamellae embedded in PSS chains. The size of these lamellae depends on the PEDOT concentration in each phase and our model predictions are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, our models suggest that neither the phases nor the interfaces are entirely connected by π-π stacking. Thus, inter-lamellae tunnelling is essential for both intra- and inter-grain charge transport. We also show that a small increase (≈8 wt%) in the PEDOT concentration results in rather larger lamellae sizes, considerably more oriented lamellae, and slightly better inter-lamellae connectivity, which result in enhanced intra-grain conductivity. Moreover, we show how enhancing phase separation between PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich domains (similar to the effect of polar co-solvents), i.e., pulling out PEDOT from the PSS-rich phase and adding it in the PEDOT-rich phase, highly enhances the intra-grain connectivity but decreases the inter-grain conduction paths through the interface. Our results explain how the marginal extra degree of phase separation (based on experimentally obtained values) could result in a great enhancement in the overall film conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Makki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
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5
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Oechsle AL, Heger JE, Li N, Yin S, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. In Situ Observation of Morphological and Oxidation Level Degradation Processes within Ionic Liquid Post-treated PEDOT:PSS Thin Films upon Operation at High Temperatures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30802-30811. [PMID: 35759690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic thermoelectric thin films are investigated in terms of their stability at elevated operating temperatures. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA) post-treated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films is measured over 4.5 h of heating at 50 or 100 °C for different EMIM DCA concentrations. The changes in the electrical performance are correlated with changes in the film morphology, as evidenced with in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Due to the overall increased PEDOT domain distances, the resulting impairment of the interdomain charge carrier transport directly correlates with the observed electrical conductivity decay. With in situ ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) measurements, a simultaneously occurring reduction of the PEDOT oxidation level is found to have an additional electrical conductivity lowering contribution due to the decrease of the charge carrier density. Finally, the observed morphology and oxidation level degradation is associated with the deterioration of the thermoelectric properties and hence a favorable operating temperature range is suggested for EMIM DCA post-treated PEDOT:PSS-based thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Li Q, Zhou Q, Xu W, Wen L, Li J, Deng B, Zhang J, Xu H, Liu W. Anion Size Effect of Ionic Liquids in Tuning the Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films through a Counterion Exchange Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27911-27921. [PMID: 35670602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) thermoelectric thin films have attracted significant interest due to their solution-processable manufacturing. However, molecular-level tuning or doping is still a challenge to synergistically boost their thermoelectric performance and mechanically stretchable capabilities. In this work, we report a counterion exchange between ionic liquid bis(x-fluorosulfonyl) amide lithium (Li:nFSI, n = 1, 3, 5) with different sizes of anions and a PEDOT:PSS-induced bipolaron network, which significantly boosted the thermoelectric power factor from 0.8 to 157 μW m K-2 at 235 °C and the maximum tensile strain from 3% to over 30%. The π-π* stacking of the PEDOT polymer chains was fine-tuned by the hydrophobic anions of nFSI-, providing a technical route for constructing a bipolaron network and inducing the transition from hopping transport to band-like transport. Furthermore, we found that the stretchable capabilities, that is, εmax, were connected to the gelation time of the PEDOT:PSS-Li:nFSI aqueous solution. Thus, more fluorine-containing groups resulted in longer gelation times and higher εmax values, which significantly improved the processability of the solution-derived films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wangping Xu
- Department of Physics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Long Wen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Biao Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weishu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Danielsen SPO, Thompson BJ, Fredrickson GH, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC, Segalman RA. Ionic Tunability of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Solutions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brittany J. Thompson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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8
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Choi C, de Izarra A, Han I, Jeon W, Lansac Y, Jang YH. Hard-Cation-Soft-Anion Ionic Liquids for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1615-1624. [PMID: 35138105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A promising conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) experiences significant conductivity enhancement when treated with proper ionic liquids (ILs). Based on the hard-soft-acid-base principle, we propose a combination of a hydrophilic hard cation A+ (instead of the commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, EMIM+) and a hydrophobic soft anion X- (such as tetracyanoborate, TCB-) as the best ILs for this purpose. Such ILs would decouple hydrophilic-but-insulating PSS- from conducting-but-hydrophobic PEDOT+ most efficiently by strong interactions with hydrophilic A+ and hydrophobic X-, respectively. Such a favorable ion exchange between PEDOT+:PSS- and A+:X- ILs would allow the growth of conducting PEDOT+ domains decorated by X-, not disturbed by PSS- or A+. Using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that a protic cation- (aliphatic N-alkyl pyrrolidinium, in particular) combined with the hydrophobic anion TCB- indeed outperforms EMIM+ by promptly leaving hydrophobic TCB- and strongly binding to hydrophilic PSS-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Ambroise de Izarra
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ikhee Han
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
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9
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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10
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Modarresi M, Zozoulenko IV. Why does solvent treatment increase conductivity of PEDOT:PSS? Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22073-22082. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important conducting polymers. In its pristine form its electrical conductivity is low, but it can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by...
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11
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Pen-drawn air cathode featuring graphite felt substrate modified with MnO2-decorated graphene flakes and PEDOT network for rechargeable zinc–air battery. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Oechsle AL, Heger JE, Li N, Yin S, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Correlation of Thermoelectric Performance, Domain Morphology and Doping Level in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films Post-Treated with Ionic Liquids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100397. [PMID: 34491602 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) post-treatment of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA), allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (AMIM DCA), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (EMIM TCB) is compared. Doping level modifications of PEDOT are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and directly correlate with the observed Seebeck coefficient enhancement. With conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) the authors investigate changes in the topographic-current features of the PEDOT:PSS thin film surface due to IL treatment. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) demonstrates the morphological rearrangement towards an optimized PEDOT domain distribution upon IL post-treatment, directly facilitating the interconductivity and causing an increased film conductivity. Based on these improvements in Seebeck coefficient and conductivity, the power factor is increased up to 236 µW m-1 K- 2 . Subsequently, a model is developed indicating that ILs, which contain small, sterically unhindered ions with a strong localized charge, appear beneficial to boost the thermoelectric performance of post-treated PEDOT:PSS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
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Lu Y, Wu A, Sha C, Hang XC, Young DJ. Structural modulation induced by cobalt-based ionic liquids for enhanced thermoelectric transport in PEDOT:PSS. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2740-2744. [PMID: 34363338 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been intensively studied for its thermoelectric applications. Structural modulation to improve crystalline ordering, chain conformation and film morphology is a promising way to decouple the trade-off between conductivity and Seebeck coefficient and thus improve the thermoelectric power factor. Post treatment with ionic liquid ([CoCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O]:[ChCl]) bearing cobalt-containing anions resulted in a remarkable enhancement of the power factor to 76.8 μW m-1 K-2 . This IL combines the influence of a high-boiling polar organic solvent and diffusing ions. A high σ mainly resulted from the efficient removal of PSS chains, ordering of the structure and delocalization of bipoloran-dominant transport after conformational change. The increase in S was not due to dedoping of PEDOT chains, but rather the sharp feature of the density of states at the Fermi level induced by ion-exchange with unconventional anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Lu
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Aoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chenwei Sha
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Hang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
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de Izarra A, Choi C, Jang YH, Lansac Y. Molecular Dynamics of PEDOT:PSS Treated with Ionic Liquids. Origin of Anion Dependence Leading to Cation Design Principles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8601-8611. [PMID: 34292746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conductivity enhancement of PEDOT:PSS via the morphological change of PEDOT-rich domains has been achieved by introducing a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM)-based ionic liquid (IL) into its aqueous solution, and the degree of such change varies drastically with the anion coupled to the EMIM cation constituting the IL. We carry out a series of molecular dynamics simulations on various simple model systems for the extremely complex mixtures of PEDOT:PSS and EMIM:X IL in water, varying the anion X, the IL concentration, the oligomer model of PEDOT:PSS, and the size of the model systems. The common characteristic found in all simulations is that although planar hydrophobic anions X are the most efficient for ion exchange between PEDOT:PSS and EMIM:X, they tend to bring together planar EMIM cations to PEDOT-rich domains, disrupting PEDOT π-stacks with PEDOT-X-EMIM intercalating layers. Nonplanar hydrophobic anions, which leave most of EMIM cations in water, are efficient for both ion exchange and the formation of extended PEDOT π-stacks, as observed in experiments. Based on such findings, we propose a design principle for new cations replacing EMIM; nonplanar hydrophilic cations combined with hydrophobic anions should improve IL efficiency for PEDOT:PSS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Michaels W, Zhao Y, Qin J. Atomistic Modeling of PEDOT:PSS Complexes II: Force Field Parameterization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Michaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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