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Khodayari A, Hirn U, Spirk S, Ogawa Y, Seveno D, Thielemans W. Advancing plant cell wall modelling: Atomistic insights into cellulose, disordered cellulose, and hemicelluloses - A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122415. [PMID: 39174111 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of plant cell walls on different hierarchical levels still impedes the detailed understanding of biosynthetic pathways, interferes with processing in industry and finally limits applicability of cellulose materials. While there exist many challenges to readily accessing these hierarchies at (sub-) angström resolution, the development of advanced computational methods has the potential to unravel important questions in this field. Here, we summarize the contributions of molecular dynamics simulations in advancing the understanding of the physico-chemical properties of natural fibres. We aim to present a comprehensive view of the advancements and insights gained from molecular dynamics simulations in the field of carbohydrate polymers research. The review holds immense value as a vital reference for researchers seeking to undertake atomistic simulations of plant cell wall constituents. Its significance extends beyond the realm of molecular modeling and chemistry, as it offers a pathway to develop a more profound comprehension of plant cell wall chemistry, interactions, and behavior. By delving into these fundamental aspects, the review provides invaluable insights into future perspectives for exploration. Researchers within the molecular modeling and carbohydrates community can greatly benefit from this resource, enabling them to make significant strides in unraveling the intricacies of plant cell wall dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodayari
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 23, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 23, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Centre de recherches sur les macromolécules végétales, CERMAV-CNRS, CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - David Seveno
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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Qi Y, Wang S, Sun J, Song J, Li H, Guo J. Polyethylene glycol regulates the pitch and liquid crystal behavior of cellulose nanocrystal-based photonic crystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129544. [PMID: 38244739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by iridescent color in natural creations, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) photonic crystals artificially created by nanotechnology have great application prospects due to their potential to control light propagation in the linear and nonlinear regimes. One of the most important development directions of photonic crystals is the diversification of colors, usually by adjusting the pitch. However, few researchers notice the effect of polymer molecular weight and content on pitch regulation and the interaction between polymer and CNC liquid crystals. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as polymers to regulate the pitch of CNC photonic crystals and investigate the changes in microstructure, crystal structure, thermal properties, and liquid crystal texture of the composites by changing the PEG content and molecular weight. Different photonic crystal construction systems show that when the molecular weight of PEG is 0.4 k, it can be filled between CNCs to regulate the pitch of photonic crystals, while when the molecular weight of PEG is 20 k, it cannot always be filled between CNCs in evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) process due to the depletion interaction, which cannot effectively regulate the pitch. This study reveals the relationship between PEG and CNC liquid crystals, which supports the development of photonic crystals and the pitch regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungeng Qi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City 210037, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian City 116034, PR China
| | - Shihao Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City 210037, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City 210037, PR China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City 210037, PR China
| | - Haiming Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian City 116034, PR China.
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City 210037, PR China.
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Vafakish B, Patel R, Falua KJ, Dunlop MJ, Acharya B. Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128834. [PMID: 38128804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable materials has propelled cellulose into the spotlight as a promising alternative to petroleum-based products. As the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, cellulose is ubiquitous, found in plants, bacteria, and even a unique marine animal-the tunicate. Cellulose polymers naturally give rise to microscale semi-crystalline fibers and nanoscale crystalline regions known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Exhibiting rod-like structures with widths spanning 3 to 50 nm and lengths ranging from 50 nm to several microns, CNC characteristics vary based on the cellulose source. The degree of crystallinity, crucial for CNC properties, fluctuates between 49 and 95 % depending on the source and synthesis method. CNCs, with their exceptional properties such as high aspect ratio, relatively low density (≈1.6 g cm-3), high axial elastic modulus (≈150 GPa), significant tensile strength, and birefringence, emerge as ideal candidates for biodegradable fillers in nanocomposites and functional materials. The percolation threshold, a mathematical concept defining long-range connectivity between filler and polymer, governs the effectiveness of reinforcement in nanocomposites. This threshold is intricately influenced by the aspect ratio and molecular interaction strength, impacting CNC performance in polymeric and pure nanocomposite materials. This comprehensive review explores diverse aspects of CNCs, encompassing their derivation from various sources, methods of modification (both physical and chemical), and hybridization with heterogeneous fillers. Special attention is devoted to the hybridization of CNCs derived from tunicates (TCNC) with those from wood (WCNC), leveraging the distinct advantages of each. The overarching objective is to demonstrate how this hybridization strategy mitigates the limitations of WCNC in composite materials, offering improved interaction and enhanced percolation. This, in turn, is anticipated to elevate the reinforcing effects and pave the way for the development of nanocomposites with tunable viscoelastic, physicochemical, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Bahareh Vafakish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Dunlop
- Tunistrong Technologies Incorporated, 7207 Route 11, Wellington, Charlottetown, PE C0B 20E, Canada.
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
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Nugroho RWN, Tardy BL, Eldin SM, Ilyas RA, Mahardika M, Masruchin N. Controlling the critical parameters of ultrasonication to affect the dispersion state, isolation, and chiral nematic assembly of cellulose nanocrystals. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106581. [PMID: 37690260 PMCID: PMC10498310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are typically extracted from plants and present a range of opto-mechanical properties that warrant their use for the fabrication of sustainable materials. While their commercialization is ongoing, their sustainable extraction at large scale is still being optimized. Ultrasonication is a well-established and routinely used technology for (re-) dispersing and/or isolating plant-based CNCs without the need for additional reagents or chemical processes. Several critical ultrasonication parameters, such as time, amplitude, and energy input, play dominant roles in reducing the particle size and altering the morphology of CNCs. Interestingly, this technology can be coupled with other methods to generate moderate and high yields of CNCs. Besides, the ultrasonics treatment also has a significant impact on the dispersion state and the surface chemistry of CNCs. Accordingly, their ability to self-assemble into liquid crystals and subsequent superstructures can, for example, imbue materials with finely tuned structural colors. This article gives an overview of the primary functions arising from the ultrasonication parameters for stabilizing CNCs, producing CNCs in combination with other promising methods, and highlighting examples where the design of photonic materials using nanocrystal-based celluloses is substantially impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertus Wahyu N Nugroho
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Nanocellulose between BRIN and Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia.
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center on CO(2) and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - R A Ilyas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 81310, Malaysia; Center for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 81310, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; Center of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia.
| | - Melbi Mahardika
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Nanocellulose between BRIN and Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Nanocellulose between BRIN and Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
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5
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Wang Q, Niu W, Feng S, Liu J, Liu H, Zhu Q. Accelerating Cellulose Nanocrystal Assembly into Chiral Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37464327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions self-assembled into chiral nematic liquid crystals. This property has enabled the development of versatile optical materials with fascinating properties. Nevertheless, the scale-up production and commercial success of chiral nematic CNC superstructures face significant challenges. Fabrication of chiral nematic CNC nanostructures suffers from a ubiquitous pernicious trade-off between uniform chiral nematic structure and rapid self-assembly. Specifically, the chiral nematic assembly of CNCs is a time-consuming, spontaneous process that involves the organization of particles into ordered nanostructures as the solvent evaporates. This review is driven by the interest in accelerating chiral nematic CNC assembly and promoting a long-range oriented chiral nematic CNC superstructure. To start this review, the chirality origins of CNC and CNC aggregates are analyzed. This is followed by a summary of the recent advances in stimuli-accelerated chiral nematic CNC self-assembly procedures, including evaporation-induced self-assembly, continuous coating, vacuum-assisted self-assembly, and shear-induced CNC assembly under confinement. In particular, stimuli-induced unwinding, alignment, and relaxation of chiral nematic structures were highlighted, offering a significant link between the accelerated assembly approaches and uniform chiral nematic nanostructures. Ultimately, future opportunities and challenges for rapid chiral nematic CNC assembly are discussed for more innovative and exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wen Niu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shixuan Feng
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Recent advances of chitosan-based polymers in biomedical applications and environmental protection. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9167648 DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in polymer-based biomaterials such as chitosan and its modifications and also the methods of their application in various fields of science is uninterruptedly growing. Owing to unique physicochemical, biological, ecological, physiological properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, stability in the natural environment, non-toxicity, high biological activity, economic affordability, chelating of metal ions, high sorption properties, chitosan is used in various biomedical and industrial processes. The reactivity of the amino and hydroxyl groups in the structure makes it more interesting for diverse applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, regenerative medicine, blood anticoagulation and bone, tendon or blood vessel engineering, dentistry, biotechnology, biosensing, cosmetics, water treatment, agriculture. Taking into account the current situation in the world with COVID-19 and other viruses, chitosan is also active in the form of a vaccine system, it can deliver antibodies to the nasal mucosa and load gene drugs that prevent or disrupt the replication of viral DNA/RNA, and deliver them to infected cells. The presented article is an overview of the nowaday state of the application of chitosan, based on literature of recent years, showing importance of fundamental and applied studies aimed to expand application of chitosan-based polymers in many fields of science.
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Acharya B, Korber DR. Multilayer photonic films based on interlocked chiral-nematic cellulose nanocrystals in starch/chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118709. [PMID: 34742434 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new approach to employ and control cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) chiral nematic structure as a biodegradable, intelligent material was investigated. Tuned CNC self-assembled films were interlocked between two layers of citric acid, cross-linked starch/chitosan (1:1) films through the solvent casting process. This method increased the mechanical properties of produced films and created a selective reflection band from UV to near-IR depending on the helical pitch of the chiral nematic CNC layer. The features of these intelligent films have potential for different applications, from UV protective packaging to biomedical uses. The water vapor permeability (WVP) of the produced films decreased considerably by adding a CNC layer into the cross-linked starch/chitosan structure. Also, the WVP was different for the different helical pitches of the CNC layer. The starch/chitosan (outer layer) also showed a remarkable antibacterial property against E. coli, P. fluorescens, S. Enteritidis, and S. aureus which could be useful for biomedical applications or antibacterial packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Darren R Korber
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Acharya B. Humidity-Responsive Photonic Films and Coatings Based on Tuned Cellulose Nanocrystals/Glycerol/Polyethylene Glycol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213695. [PMID: 34771254 PMCID: PMC8588499 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been extensively reported that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can represent structural colors due to their unique chiral-nematic self-assembly. However, the application of this remarkable structure does need further investigation. It has been challenging to keep the selective reflection band (SRB) resulting from the CNC structure in the visible spectrum. Herein, composition of CNC colloidal suspensions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol (Gly) have been studied to develop humidity-responsive sensors in the form of coatings and films. The fabricated samples were characterized for their mechanical properties, optical properties, water uptake capacity, water contact angle, and surface roughness. Additionally, the chemical structure of the samples was studied with FTIR spectroscopy. The produced humidity indicators on microbial glass slides were maintained and tested in a different relative humidity range from 20% to 98% with a different color response from blue to red, respectively. The color change of the humidity sensors was reversible for several cycles. It should be noted that the color change can be detected easily by the naked eye. The water uptake test showed that pure CNC and CNC/Gly had the lowest (34%) and highest (83%) water absorption levels. The mechanical tests for CNC/PEG composites showed the highest tensile strength (40.22 MPa). Moreover, microstructural characterizations confirmed the CNC pitch formation in all the samples. Addition of the fillers increased the CNC pitch, resulting in a mesoporous film formation. These produced humidity sensors are promising candidates in food and drug packaging due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness.
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Liyanage S, Acharya S, Parajuli P, Shamshina JL, Abidi N. Production and Surface Modification of Cellulose Bioproducts. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3433. [PMID: 34641248 PMCID: PMC8512298 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Petroleum-based synthetic plastics play an important role in our life. As the detrimental health and environmental effects of synthetic plastics continue to increase, the renewable, degradable and recyclable properties of cellulose make subsequent products the "preferred environmentally friendly" alternatives, with a small carbon footprint. Despite the fact that the bioplastic industry is growing rapidly with many innovative discoveries, cellulose-based bioproducts in their natural state face challenges in replacing synthetic plastics. These challenges include scalability issues, high cost of production, and most importantly, limited functionality of cellulosic materials. However, in order for cellulosic materials to be able to compete with synthetic plastics, they must possess properties adequate for the end use and meet performance expectations. In this regard, surface modification of pre-made cellulosic materials preserves the chemical profile of cellulose, its mechanical properties, and biodegradability, while diversifying its possible applications. The review covers numerous techniques for surface functionalization of materials prepared from cellulose such as plasma treatment, surface grafting (including RDRP methods), and chemical vapor and atomic layer deposition techniques. The review also highlights purposeful development of new cellulosic architectures and their utilization, with a specific focus on cellulosic hydrogels, aerogels, beads, membranes, and nanomaterials. The judicious choice of material architecture combined with a specific surface functionalization method will allow us to take full advantage of the polymer's biocompatibility and biodegradability and improve existing and target novel applications of cellulose, such as proteins and antibodies immobilization, enantiomers separation, and composites preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Noureddine Abidi
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-5019, USA; (S.L.); (S.A.); (P.P.); (J.L.S.)
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10
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Cellulose Dissolution in Ionic Liquid under Mild Conditions: Effect of Hydrolysis and Temperature. FIBERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fib9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of acid hydrolysis of cellulose on its dissolution under mild conditions in ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/N,N-dimethylacetamide (BMIMAc/DMAc). Acid hydrolysis of high molecular weight (MW) cotton cellulose (DP > 4000) was carried out to produce hydrolyzed cotton (HC) samples for dissolution. The HC samples were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the dissolution process was monitored using polarized light microscopy (PLM). It was found that the drastic decrease of the MW of cellulose did not result in improvement of its dissolution at room temperature. As compared to original cotton cellulose, the high amount of undissolved fibers in HC solutions led to unstable rheological behavior of HC solutions. Agglomeration and inhomogeneous dispersion of HC, and increased crystallinity, in this case, likely made the diffusion of BMIMAc/DMAc more difficult to the inside of the polymeric network of cellulose at ambient temperature, thereby hindering the dissolution. However, increasing the temperature from room temperature to 35 °C and 55 °C, led to a significant improvement in cellulose dissolution. This phenomenon implies that reducing the MW of cellulose might not be able to improve its dissolution under certain conditions. During the dissolution process, the physical properties of cellulose including fiber aggregation status, solvent diffusivity, and cellulose crystallinity may play a critical role compared to the MW, while the MW may not be an important factor. This finding may help further understand the mechanism of cellulose dissolution and seek better strategies to dissolve cellulose under mild conditions for industrial applications.
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Peng Z, Lin Q, Tai YAA, Wang Y. Applications of Cellulose Nanomaterials in Stimuli-Responsive Optics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12940-12955. [PMID: 32941033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant biopolymers, cellulose has been a basic but essential building block of human society, with its use dating back thousands of years. With recent developments in nanotechnology and increasing environmental concerns, cellulose-based nanomaterials are now gaining attention as promising green material candidates for many high-value applications as a result of their biocompatibility and advantageous physical and chemical properties. In particular, cellulose nanocrystals are notable for their optical properties that can respond to various environmental stimuli as a result of the unique chiral nematic structure of the material. Compositing cellulosic materials with functional polymers, small molecules, and other nanomaterials can further stabilize and amplify these responsive optical signals and introduce multiple new functionalities. On the basis of these capabilities, many advanced applications of cellulose nanomaterials have been proposed, including chemical sensors, photonic papers, decorative coatings, data security, and smart textiles. In this review, we discuss and summarize recent advances in this emerging field of stimuli-responsive optics based on cellulose nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qinglin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yu-An Angela Tai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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12
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Facchine EG, Jin SA, Spontak RJ, Khan SA, Rojas OJ. Quantitative Calorimetric Studies of the Chiral Nematic Mesophase in Aqueous Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10830-10837. [PMID: 32808787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously form a chiral nematic mesophase at a critical concentration (c*). Unfortunately, no current analytical technique permits rapid detection of c*. Herein, we introduce a facile and accurate approach to assess c* rapidly (<2 h) from a small sample volume and compare our results with those obtained by conventional methods. Our strategy employs isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the heat associated with interactions in the suspension, which can identify the onset of mesophase formation as the heat signature is sensitive to the suspension viscosity and thus capable of detecting small changes in the suspension environment. We measure c* for CNC samples differing in surface charge and aspect ratio, and find that both lower aspect ratios and higher surface charges increase c*. Our ITC results reveal the role of CNC interactions prior to the visual observation of mesophase formation and elucidate mesomorphic effects related to nanocrystals and their suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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13
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Parajuli P, Acharya S, Hu Y, Abidi N. Cellulose‐based monoliths with enhanced surface area and porosity. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Parajuli
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil ScienceTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | - Sanjit Acharya
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil ScienceTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | - Yang Hu
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil ScienceTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | - Noureddine Abidi
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil ScienceTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas
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14
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Merlini A, Claumann C, Zibetti AW, Coirolo A, Rieg T, Machado RAF. Kinetic Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Different Crystal Structures and Morphologies. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Merlini
- Process Control Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, University Center (Trindade), Florianópolis, 88040900 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Claumann
- Process Control Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, University Center (Trindade), Florianópolis, 88040900 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - André Wust Zibetti
- Department of Informatics and Statistics - INE, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, University
Center (Trindade), Florianópolis, 88040900 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - André Coirolo
- Process Control Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, University Center (Trindade), Florianópolis, 88040900 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tailin Rieg
- Process Control Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, University Center (Trindade), Florianópolis, 88040900 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. F. Machado
- Process Control Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, University Center (Trindade), Florianópolis, 88040900 Santa Catarina, Brazil
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15
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Dong Z, Ye Z, Zhang Z, Xia K, Zhang P. Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Behavior of Core-Shell Hybrid Rods Consisting of Chiral Cellulose Nanocrystals Dressed with Non-chiral Conformal Polymeric Skins. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2376-2390. [PMID: 32364722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current work investigates how the nanoscale conformal coating layers of non-chiral polymeric materials can influence the chiral nematic liquid crystal (CLC) behaviors of the rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), the bio-derived nanomaterials that have attracted significant attention. For this, we developed strategies to coat the CNC rods on the single-particle level with a homogeneous bioinspired polydopamine (PDA) layer, leading to well-defined core-shell CNC@PDA rods with various PDA coating thicknesses and excellent colloidal stability. Comprehensive investigation revealed that the CNC@PDA hybrid nanorods in concentrated suspensions form well-defined nematic liquid crystal phases with clear phase separation behavior that depend on the rod concentrations and ionic strengths, typical of charged rods. Most intriguingly, the nematic LC phases formed by the CNC@PDA rods with the PDA coating thickness achieved herein are indeed the perfect CLC phases, which form following the classic pathway of nucleation and coalesce of chiral tactoids and have colorful chiral fingerprints standing out from the dark suspensions. The pitches of the CLC phase increase sharply with increasing PDA coating thicknesses and are significantly larger than those of the pristine CNCs. Such observations can be attributed to the blurring effects of the PDA coating on the intrinsic surface chiral features of CNC of whatever origins that drive the formation of the CLC phases, resulting in weakening chiral interactions between CNC@PDA rods. Besides benefiting the understanding of the long-sought origin of the CLC phases of the pristine CNC, the current work demonstrates the possibility of controlling the CLC phase behaviors of CNC by tuning the thickness of the coating materials and also serves as the first example of directly transferring the unique chirality of CNC to other non-chiral materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Pengjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
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16
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Sui Y, Li X, Chang W, Wan H, Li W, Yang F, Yu ZZ. Multi-responsive nanocomposite membranes of cellulose nanocrystals and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) with tunable chiral nematic structures. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 232:115778. [PMID: 31952587 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
By imitating the unique structure of nature creatures, photonic membranes with periodic chiral helical structure can be assembled by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). It is still an issue to fabricate CNC photonic structures tunable in the entire visible spectrum with multiple stimuli-response capacities. Herein, a multi-responsive nanocomposite photonic membrane is fabricated by co-assembly of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) grafted CNCs with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) latex on the basis of the chiral nematic structure of CNCs, the thermo-responsibility of PNIPAM, and the flexibility of WPU. The flexible photonic membranes with uniform structural colors from blue to red are obtained by tuning the PNIPAM content. The membrane exhibits reversible responses to solvents, and iridescence changes in response to relative humidity with excellent repeatability. Interestingly, the membrane can be transparent or opaque depending on the ambient temperature. The photonic membranes are appealing in applications as humidity sensor, camouflage materials, and even smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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17
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Cheng Z, Ye Z, Natan A, Ma Y, Li H, Chen Y, Wan L, Aparicio C, Zhu H. Bone-Inspired Mineralization with Highly Aligned Cellulose Nanofibers as Template. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42486-42495. [PMID: 31638768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired by the aligned structure and building blocks of bone, this work mineralized the aligned bacterial cellulose (BC) through in situ mineralization using CaCl2 and K2HPO4 solutions. The cellulose nanofibers were aligned by a scalable stretching process. The aligned and mineralized bacterial cellulose (AMBC) homogeneously incorporated hydroxyapatite (HAP) with a high mineral content and exhibited excellent mechanical strength. The ordered 3D structure allowed the AMBC composite to achieve a high elastic modulus and hardness and the development of a nanostructure inspired by natural bone. The AMBC composite exhibited an elastic modulus of 10.91 ± 3.26 GPa and hardness of 0.37 ± 0.18 GPa. Compared with the nonaligned mineralized bacterial cellulose (NMBC) composite with mineralized crystals of HAP randomly distributed into the BC scaffolds, the AMBC composite possessed a 210% higher elastic modulus and 95% higher hardness. The obtained AMBC composite had excellent mechanical properties by mimicking the natural structure of bone, which indicated that the organic BC aerogel with aligned nanofibers was a promising template for biomimetic mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Zhou Ye
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Avi Natan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Liqiang Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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18
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Shojaeiarani J, Bajwa D, Shirzadifar A. A review on cellulose nanocrystals as promising biocompounds for the synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:247-259. [PMID: 31047064 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic cross-linked polymer networks formed via the simple reaction of one or more monomers with the ability to retain a significant extent of water. Owing to an increased demand for environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and biocompatible products, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with high hydrophilicity have emerged as a promising sustainable material for the formation of hydrogels. The cytocompatibility, swellability, and non-toxicity make CNC hydrogels of great interest in biomedical, biosensing, and wastewater treatment applications. There has been a considerable progress in the research of CNC hydrogels, as the number of scientific publications has exponentially increased (>600%) in the last five years. In this paper, recent progress in CNC hydrogels with particular emphasis on design, materials, and fabrication techniques to control hydrogel architecture, and advanced applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Shojaeiarani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, United States.
| | - Dilpreet Bajwa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, United States.
| | - Alimohammad Shirzadifar
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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19
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Hu Y, Acharya S, Abidi N. Cellulose porosity improves its dissolution by facilitating solvent diffusion. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:1289-1296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Hu Y, Liu H, Zhou X, Pan H, Wu X, Abidi N, Zhu Y, Wang J. Surface engineering of spongy bacterial cellulose via constructing crossed groove/column micropattern by low-energy CO 2 laser photolithography toward scar-free wound healing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:333-343. [PMID: 30889707 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a bio-derived polymer, and it has been considered as an excellent candidate material for tissue engineering. In this study, a crossed groove/column micropattern was constructed on spongy, porous BC using low-energy CO2 laser photolithography. Applying the targeted immobilization of a tetrapeptide consisting of Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid-Serine (H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-OH, RGDS) as a fibronectin onto the column platform surface, the resulting micropatterned BC (RGDS-MPBC) exhibited dual affinities to fibroblasts and collagen. Material characterization of RGDS-MPBC revealed that the micropattern was built by the column part with size of ~100 × 100 μm wide and ~100 μm deep, and the groove part with size of ~150 μm wide. Hydrating the MPBC did not result in the collapse of the integrity of the micropattern, suggesting its potential application in a highly hydrated wound environment. Cell culture assays revealed that the RGDS-MPBC exhibited an improved cytotoxicity to mouse fibroblasts L929, as compared to the pristine BC. Meanwhile, it was observed that the RGDS-MPBC was able to guide the ordered aggregation of human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells on the column platform surface, and no HSF cells were found in the groove channels. Over time, it was found that a dense network of collagen was gradually established across the groove channels. Furthermore, the in-vivo animal study preliminarily demonstrated the scar-free healing potential of the micropatterned BC materials. Therefore, this RGDS-MPBC material exhibited its advantages in guiding cell migration and collagen distribution, which could present a prospect in the establishment of "basket-woven" organization of collagen in normal skin tissue against the formation of dense, parallel aggregation of collagen fibers in scar tissue toward scar-free wound healing outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA.
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Noureddine Abidi
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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21
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Chen M, Parot J, Mukherjee A, Couillard M, Zou S, Hackley VA, Johnston LJ. Characterization of Size and Aggregation for Cellulose Nanocrystal Dispersions Separated by Asymmetrical-Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 27:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02909-9. [PMID: 33223627 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-019-02909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from various types of cellulose biomass have significant potential for applications that take advantage of their availability from renewable natural resources and their high mechanical strength, biocompatibility and ease of modification. However, their high polydispersity and irregular rod-like shape present challenges for the quantitative dimensional determinations that are required for quality control of CNC production processes. Here we have fractionated a CNC certified reference material using a previously reported asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) method and characterized selected fractions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy. This work was aimed at addressing discrepancies in length between fractionated and unfractionated CNC and obtaining less polydisperse samples with fewer aggregates to facilitate microscopy dimensional measurements. The results demonstrate that early fractions obtained from an analytical scale AF4 separation contain predominantly individual CNCs. The number of laterally aggregated "dimers" and clusters containing 3 or more particles increases with increasing fraction number. Size analysis of individual particles by AFM for the early fractions demonstrates that the measured CNC length increases with increasing fraction number, in good agreement with the rod length calculated from the AF4 multi-angle light scattering data. The ability to minimize aggregation and polydispersity for CNC samples has important implications for correlating data from different sizing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohui Chen
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jeremie Parot
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899-8520, USA
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899-8520, USA
| | | | - Shan Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Vincent A Hackley
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899-8520, USA
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22
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Cai Q, Hu C, Yang N, Wang Q, Wang J, Pan H, Hu Y, Ruan C. Enhanced activity and stability of industrial lipases immobilized onto spherelike bacterial cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1174-1181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Natarajan B, Gilman JW. Bioinspired Bouligand cellulose nanocrystal composites: a review of mechanical properties. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170050. [PMID: 29277746 PMCID: PMC5746561 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The twisted plywood, or Bouligand, structure is the most commonly observed microstructural motif in natural materials that possess high mechanical strength and toughness, such as that found in bone and the mantis shrimp dactyl club. These materials are isotropically toughened by a low volume fraction of soft, energy-dissipating polymer and by the Bouligand structure itself, through shear wave filtering and crack twisting, deflection and arrest. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are excellent candidates for the bottom-up fabrication of these structures, as they naturally self-assemble into 'chiral nematic' films when cast from solutions and possess outstanding mechanical properties. In this article, we present a review of the fabrication techniques and the corresponding mechanical properties of Bouligand biomimetic CNC nanocomposites, while drawing comparison to the performance standards set by tough natural composite materials.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Natarajan
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Gilman
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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24
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Mukherjee A, Hackley VA. Separation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals by multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation. Analyst 2018; 143:731-740. [PMID: 29322138 PMCID: PMC6057617 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are renewable, naturally derived polymeric nanomaterials receiving substantial attention for a wide range of potential applications. The recent availability of high quality reference materials will facilitate the development and validation of measurement methods needed to advance the scientific and commercial use of CNCs. In the present study, we demonstrate an optimized method to fractionate CNCs with narrow size dispersion based on asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with on-line multi-angle light scattering (MALS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and differential refractometry (dRI). A stable suspension of CNC (Certified Reference Material CNCD-1, National Research Council-Canada) in deionized water was prepared using a dispersion method provided by NRC and adopted from a protocol originally developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The as-prepared material was initially characterized in batch mode to validate the NRC dispersion method. AF4 was then optimized for channel and cross flow, mobile phase composition, and injection volume, among other parameters. Additionally, suspensions containing (1.25-10) mg mL-1 CNC were injected directly into the dRI detector (off-line), yielding a dn/dc value of 0.148 ± 0.003 mL g-1. dRI was then used as an on-line mass sensitive detector to quantify recovery. Results show that maximum recovery (≈ 99%) was achieved under optimized conditions. The weight-averaged molar mass (Mw) was estimated at roughly 107 Da from a partial Zimm analysis. The optical radius of gyration, Rg, and the hydrodynamic radius, Rh, were measured during elution. The shape factor (Rg/Rh) ranged from 1.5 to 1.9 for the fractionated material, supporting an elongated or rod-like structure. To our knowledge, this is the first time that both the morphology and molar mass of CNCs have been directly measured for the full distribution of species. Finally, we developed and demonstrated a semi-preparatory fractionation method to separate CNCs at the milligram scale for off-line research and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8520, USA.
| | - Vincent A Hackley
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8520, USA.
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25
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Haywood AD, Weigandt KM, Saha P, Noor M, Green MJ, Davis VA. New insights into the flow and microstructural relaxation behavior of biphasic cellulose nanocrystal dispersions from RheoSANS. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8451-8462. [PMID: 29087424 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00685c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been studied as nanostructured building blocks for functional materials and function as a model nanomaterial mesogen for cholesteric (chiral nematic) liquid crystalline phases. In this study, both rheology and small angle neutron scattering (RheoSANS) were used to measure changes in flow-oriented order parameter and viscosity as a function of shear rate for isotropic, biphasic, liquid crystalline, and gel dispersions of CNC in deuterium oxide (D2O). In contrast to plots of viscosity versus shear rate, the order parameter trends showed three distinct rheological regions over a range of concentrations. This finding is significant because the existence of three rheological regions as a function of shear rate is a long-standing signature of liquid crystalline phases composed of rod-like polymers, but observing this trend has been elusive for high-concentration dispersions of anisotropic nanomaterials. The results of this work are valuable for guiding the development of processing methodologies for producing ordered materials from CNC dispersions and the broader class of chiral nanomaterial mesogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Haywood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
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26
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Acharya S, Hu Y, Abidi N. Mild condition dissolution of high molecular weight cotton cellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/N,N
-dimethylacetamide solvent system. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Acharya
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas 79409
| | - Yang Hu
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas 79409
| | - Noureddine Abidi
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas 79409
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27
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Yao K, Meng Q, Bulone V, Zhou Q. Flexible and Responsive Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal/Poly(ethylene glycol) Composite Films with Uniform and Tunable Structural Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701323. [PMID: 28558169 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of responsive photonic structures from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that can operate in the entire visible spectrum is challenging due to the requirements of precise periodic modulation of the pitch size of the self-assembled multilayer structures at the length scale within the wavelength of the visible light. The surface charge density of CNCs is an important factor in controlling the pitch size of the chiral nematic structure of the dried solid CNC films. The assembly of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) together with CNCs into smaller chiral nematic domains results in solid films with uniform helical structure upon slow drying. Large, flexible, and flat photonic composite films with uniform structure colors from blue to red are prepared by changing the composition of CNCs and PEG. The CNC/PEG(80/20) composite film demonstrates a reversible and smooth structural color change between green and transparent in response to an increase and decrease of relative humidity between 50% and 100% owing to the reversible swelling and dehydration of the chiral nematic structure. The composite also shows excellent mechanical and thermal properties, complementing the multifunctional property profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yao
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qijun Meng
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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