1
|
You H, Geng S, Li S, Imani M, Brambilla D, Sun T, Jiang C. Recent advances in biomimetic strategies for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2024; 311:122694. [PMID: 38959533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is regarded as one of the most promising approaches for treating tumors, with a multitude of immunotherapeutic thoughts currently under consideration for the lethal glioblastoma (GBM). However, issues with immunotherapeutic agents, such as limited in vivo stability, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, insufficient GBM targeting, and represented monotherapy, have hindered the success of immunotherapeutic interventions. Moreover, even with the aid of conventional drug delivery systems, outcomes remain suboptimal. Biomimetic strategies seek to overcome these formidable drug delivery challenges by emulating nature's intelligent structures and functions. Leveraging the variety of biological structures and functions, biomimetic drug delivery systems afford a versatile platform with enhanced biocompatibility for the co-delivery of diverse immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, their inherent capacity to traverse the BBB and home in on GBM holds promise for augmenting the efficacy of GBM immunotherapy. Thus, this review begins by revisiting the various thoughts and agents on immunotherapy for GBM. Then, the barriers to successful GBM immunotherapy are analyzed, and the corresponding biomimetic strategies are explored from the perspective of function and structure. Finally, the clinical translation's current state and prospects of biomimetic strategy are addressed. This review aspires to provide fresh perspectives on the advancement of immunotherapy for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu You
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shangkuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Department of Science, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14977-13115, Iran; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madadi AK, Sohn MJ. Advances in Intrathecal Nanoparticle Delivery: Targeting the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1070. [PMID: 39204177 PMCID: PMC11357388 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) tightly regulates molecular exchanges between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), creating challenges for effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. This review assesses intrathecal (IT) nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems that aim to enhance drug delivery by circumventing the BCSFB, complementing approaches that target the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) face hurdles like restricted CNS distribution and rapid clearance, which diminish the efficacy of IT therapies. NPs can be engineered to extend drug circulation times, improve CNS penetration, and facilitate sustained release. This review discusses key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters essential for the effectiveness of these systems. NPs can quickly traverse the subarachnoid space and remain within the leptomeninges for extended periods, often exceeding three weeks. Some designs enable deeper brain parenchyma penetration. Approximately 80% of NPs in the CSF are cleared through the perivascular glymphatic pathway, with microglia-mediated transport significantly contributing to their paravascular clearance. This review synthesizes recent progress in IT-NP delivery across the BCSFB, highlighting critical findings, ongoing challenges, and the therapeutic potential of surface modifications and targeted delivery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khalid Madadi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Inje University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjingu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Moon-Jun Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Inje University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjingu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience & Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Juhwa-ro 170, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang City 10380, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bonvicini G, Bagawath Singh S, Nygren P, Xiong M, Syvänen S, Sehlin D, Falk R, Andersson KG. Comparing in vitro affinity measurements of antibodies to TfR1: Surface plasmon resonance versus on-cell affinity. Anal Biochem 2024; 686:115406. [PMID: 38006952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of utilizing the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) to transport large biomolecules into the brain, there is no consensus on how to optimally measure affinity to it. The aim of this study was to compare different methods for measuring the affinities of anti-TfR1 antibodies. Antibodies 15G11, OX26 and 8D3 are known to successfully carry large biologics across the blood-brain barrier in humans, rats, and mice, respectively. The affinity to their respective species of TfR1 was measured with different surface plasmon resonance setups in Biacore and an on-cell assay. When the antibody was captured and TfR1 was the analyte, the dissociation in Biacore was very slow. The dissociation was faster when the antibody was the analyte and TfR1 was the ligand. The Biacore setup with capture of N-terminal FLAG-tag TfR1 yielded the most similar apparent affinities as the cell assay. In conclusion, it is important to evaluate assay parameters including assay orientation, surface capture method, and antibody-format when comparing binding kinetics for TfR1 antibodies. Although it seems possible to determine relative affinities of TfR1 antibodies using the methods described here, both the FLAG-tag TfR1 capture setup and cell assays likely yield apparent affinities that are most translatable in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Bonvicini
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Nygren
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mengfei Xiong
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronny Falk
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ken G Andersson
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:361-372.e8. [PMID: 37890480 PMCID: PMC10922565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diverse applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG to a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on shuttles that target transferrin receptor (TfR-1) despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here, we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc, the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma, which we demonstrate for IgGs that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous cell-surface proteins on neurons and astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Layne G Bond
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Boya Zhang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Xu H, Li C, Han B, Zhang Y. Exploring Chinese herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: insights into microglia and signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1333006. [PMID: 38318134 PMCID: PMC10838993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1333006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a prevalent clinical condition affecting the central nervous system, characterized by a high mortality and disability rate. Its incidence is progressively rising, particularly among younger individuals, posing a significant threat to human well-being. The activation and polarization of microglia, leading to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, are widely recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) boasts a rich historical background, notable efficacy, and minimal adverse effects. It exerts its effects by modulating microglia activation and polarization, suppressing inflammatory responses, and ameliorating nerve injury through the mediation of microglia and various associated pathways (such as NF-κB signaling pathway, Toll-like signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, among others). Consequently, this article focuses on microglia as a therapeutic target, reviewing relevant pathway of literature on TCHMs to mitigate neuroinflammation and mediate IS injury, while also exploring research on drug delivery of TCHMs. The ultimate goal is to provide new insights that can contribute to the clinical management of IS using TCHMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bingbing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pardridge WM. Receptor-mediated drug delivery of bispecific therapeutic antibodies through the blood-brain barrier. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DELIVERY 2023; 3:1227816. [PMID: 37583474 PMCID: PMC10426772 DOI: 10.3389/fddev.2023.1227816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody drug development is a rapidly growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry. However, antibody drug development for the brain is a technical challenge, and therapeutic antibodies for the central nervous system account for ~3% of all such agents. The principal obstacle to antibody drug development for brain or spinal cord is the lack of transport of large molecule biologics across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therapeutic antibodies can be made transportable through the blood-brain barrier by the re-engineering of the therapeutic antibody as a BBB-penetrating bispecific antibody (BSA). One arm of the BSA is the therapeutic antibody and the other arm of the BSA is a transporting antibody. The transporting antibody targets an exofacial epitope on a BBB receptor, and this enables receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) of the BSA across the BBB. Following BBB transport, the therapeutic antibody then engages the target receptor in brain. RMT systems at the BBB that are potential conduits to the brain include the insulin receptor (IR), the transferrin receptor (TfR), the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) and the leptin receptor. Therapeutic antibodies have been re-engineered as BSAs that target the insulin receptor, TfR, or IGFR RMT systems at the BBB for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Choi ES, Shusta EV. Strategies to identify, engineer, and validate antibodies targeting blood-brain barrier receptor-mediated transcytosis systems for CNS drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1789-1800. [PMID: 38007619 PMCID: PMC10842915 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2286371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous therapeutics for neurological diseases have been developed, but many have failed in clinical trials in part due to limited brain bioavailability, mainly stemming from inefficient transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). One potential approach to noninvasive, BBB-targeted drug delivery to the brain is the use of engineered antibodies as delivery vehicles that can transport conjugated drug cargo across the BBB and into the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). Effective development of these RMT targeting systems includes novel target discovery, along with antibody engineering and subsequent validation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on both known and emerging RMT systems, targeting antibody properties in relation to BBB trafficking, and antibody validation strategies. EXPERT OPINION Clinical development of known RMT targeting systems and identification of novel BBB RMT targets will be complementary strategies for overcoming the BBB in central nervous system (CNS) disease treatment. The search for new RMT targets with higher brain specificity and enriched expression in the brain has given rise to some new targets which may offer unique benefits. It is our opinion that the expansion of BBB RMT system identification, along with targeting molecule engineering and validation strategies, will substantially contribute to the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baghirov H. Receptor-mediated transcytosis of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1699-1711. [PMID: 37658673 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2255138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts brain access of virtually all macromolecules. Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is one strategy toward their brain delivery. In this strategy, targeting ligands conjugated to therapeutic payload or decorating particles containing the payload interact with targets on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC), triggering internalization, trafficking, and release from BCEC. AREAS COVERED RMT at the BBB has leveraged multiple formats of macromolecules and large particles. Interactions between those and BCEC have been studied primarily using antibodies, with findings applicable to the design of larger particles. BBB-penetrant constructs have also been identified in screening campaigns and directed evolution, and subsequently found to interact with RMT targets. In addition, BCEC targeted by constructs incorporating genomic payload can be made to produce therapeutic proteins. EXPERT OPINION While targeting may not be strictly necessary to reach a therapeutic effect for all macromolecules, it can improve a molecule's BBB transport, exposing it to the entire brain parenchyma and enhancing its effect. Constructs with better BCEC transcytosis may be designed rationally, leveraging knowledge about BCEC trafficking, and found in screening campaigns, where this knowledge can reduce the search space and improve iterative refinement. Identification of new targets may also help generate BBB-crossing constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Baghirov
- Roche Informatics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.29.538811. [PMID: 37162883 PMCID: PMC10168297 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.29.538811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies and other biologics to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG with a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on the transferrin receptor (TfR-1) as the prototypical endothelial target despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc (also known as 4F2 and SLC3A2), the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain parenchyma. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific brain targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma. We demonstrate the broad utility of the CD98hc shuttles by reformatting three existing IgGs as CD98hc bispecific shuttles and delivering them to the mouse brain parenchyma that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous antigens on specific types of brain cells (neurons and astrocytes).
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonvicini G, Syvänen S, Andersson KG, Haaparanta-Solin M, López-Picón F, Sehlin D. ImmunoPET imaging of amyloid-beta in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease with a bispecific, brain-penetrating fusion protein. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:55. [PMID: 36567338 PMCID: PMC9791759 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hijacking the transferrin receptor (TfR) is an effective strategy to transport amyloid-beta (Aβ) immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) ligands across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Such ligands are more sensitive and specific than small-molecule ligands at detecting Aβ pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to determine if this strategy would be as sensitive in rats and to assess how TfR affinity affects BBB transport of bispecific immunoPET radioligands. METHODS Two affinity variants of the rat TfR antibody, OX26, were chemically conjugated to a F(ab')2 fragment of the anti-Aβ antibody, bapineuzumab (Bapi), to generate two bispecific fusion proteins: OX265-F(ab')2-Bapi and OX2676-F(ab')2-Bapi. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed 4 h and 70 h post-injection of radioiodinated fusion proteins in wild-type (WT) rats. [124I]I-OX265-F(ab')2-Bapi was administered to TgF344-AD and WT rats for in vivo PET imaging. Ex vivo distribution of injected [124I]I-OX265-F(ab')2-Bapi and Aβ pathology were assessed. RESULTS More [125I]I-OX265-F(ab')2-Bapi was taken up into the brain 4 h post-administration than [124I]I-OX2676-F(ab')2-Bapi. [124I]I-OX265-F(ab')2-Bapi PET visualized Aβ pathology with significantly higher signals in the TgF344-AD rats than in the WT littermates without Aβ pathology. The PET signals significantly correlated with Aβ levels in AD animals. CONCLUSION Affinity to TfR affects how efficiently a TfR-targeting bispecific fusion protein will cross the BBB, such that the higher-affinity bispecific fusion protein crossed the BBB more efficiently. Furthermore, bispecific immunoPET imaging of brain Aβ pathology using TfR-mediated transport provides good imaging contrast between TgF344-AD and WT rats, suggesting that this immunoPET strategy has the potential to be translated to higher species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Bonvicini
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden ,BioArctic AB, 112 51 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Francisco López-Picón
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Dag Sehlin
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Julku U, Xiong M, Wik E, Roshanbin S, Sehlin D, Syvänen S. Brain pharmacokinetics of mono- and bispecific amyloid-β antibodies in wild-type and Alzheimer's disease mice measured by high cut-off microdialysis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:99. [PMID: 36510227 PMCID: PMC9743601 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with amyloid-β (Aβ) targeting antibodies is a promising approach to remove Aβ brain pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and possibly even slow down or stop progression of the disease. One of the main challenges of brain immunotherapy is the restricted delivery of antibodies to the brain. However, bispecific antibodies that utilize the transferrin receptor (TfR) as a shuttle for transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can access the brain better than traditional monospecific antibodies. Previous studies have shown that bispecific Aβ targeting antibodies have higher brain distribution, and can remove Aβ pathology more efficiently than monospecific antibodies. Yet, there is only limited information available on brain pharmacokinetics, especially regarding differences between mono- and bispecific antibodies. METHODS The aim of the study was to compare brain pharmacokinetics of Aβ-targeting monospecific mAb3D6 and its bispecific version mAb3D6-scFv8D3 that also targets TfR. High cut-off microdialysis was used to measure intravenously injected radiolabelled mAb3D6 and mAb3D6-scFv8D3 antibodies in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of hippocampus in wild-type mice and the AppNL-G-F mouse model of AD. Distribution of the antibodies in the brain and the peripheral tissue was examined by ex vivo autoradiography and biodistribution studies. RESULTS Brain concentrations of the bispecific antibody were elevated compared to the monospecific antibody in the hippocampal ISF measured by microdialysis and in the brain tissue at 4-6 h after an intravenous injection. The concentration of the bispecific antibody was approximately twofold higher in the ISF dialysate compared to the concentration of monospecific antibody and eightfold higher in brain tissue 6 h post-injection. The ISF dialysate concentrations for both antibodies were similar in both wild-type and AppNL-G-F mice 24 h post-injection, although the total brain tissue concentration of the bispecific antibody was higher than that of the monospecific antibody at this time point. Some accumulation of radioactivity around the probe area was observed especially for the monospecific antibody indicating that the probe compromised the BBB to some extent at the probe insertion site. CONCLUSION The BBB-penetrating bispecific antibody displayed higher ISF concentrations than the monospecific antibody. The concentration difference between the two antibodies was even larger in the whole brain than in the ISF. Further, the bispecific antibody, but not the monospecific antibody, displayed higher total brain concentrations than ISF concentrations, indicating association to brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Julku
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mengfei Xiong
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Wik
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sahar Roshanbin
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Metcalf CS, Gagangras S, Bulaj G, White HS. Synergistic effects of the galanin analog 810-2 with the antiseizure medication levetiracetam in rodent seizure models. Epilepsia 2022; 63:3090-3099. [PMID: 36177529 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of many antiseizure medications (ASMs) is limited due to pharmacoresistance and dose-limiting side effects, suggesting an unmet need for novel therapeutic approaches. The neuropeptide galanin reduces seizures in several preclinical seizure and epilepsy models, but its clinical utility is limited due to rapid metabolism and poor blood-brain barrier penetration. The lead galanin analog 810-2 is systemically bioavailable and reduces seizures when administered alone. Further development of this analog, with the potential for use as an add-on therapy in patients with epilepsy, requires a better understanding of the use of this analog in combination with approved ASMs. We sought to evaluate 810-2 in combination with commonly used ASMs in rodent models of seizures. METHODS The mouse 6-Hz seizure assay was used to test efficacy of 810-2 in combination with levetiracetam (LEV), valproic acid (VPA), or lacosamide (LCM) using a 1:1 dose ratio in isobolographic studies. Further characterization was performed for the combination of 810-2 and LEV in the mouse corneal kindling and rat 6-Hz assays. RESULTS Whereas the combination of 810-2 with VPA and LCM yielded additive interactions, the combination of 810-2 with LEV demonstrated a synergistic interaction in the mouse 6-Hz assay. Supra-additive effects were also observed in the mouse corneal kindling and rat 6-Hz assays for this combination. SIGNIFICANCE The combination of 810-2 with LEV suggests the potential for this galanin analog to be further developed as an add-on therapy for patients with epilepsy, particularly when coadministered with LEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Metcalf
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program Contract Site, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Saurabh Gagangras
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program Contract Site, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shin JW, An S, Kim D, Kim H, Ahn J, Eom J, You WK, Yun H, Lee B, Sung B, Jung J, Kim S, Son Y, Sung E, Lee H, Lee S, Song D, Pak Y, Sandhu JK, Haqqani AS, Stanimirovic DB, Yoo J, Kim D, Maeng S, Lee J, Lee SH. Grabody B, an IGF1 receptor-based shuttle, mediates efficient delivery of biologics across the blood-brain barrier. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100338. [PMID: 36452865 PMCID: PMC9701613 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective delivery of therapeutics to the brain is challenging. Molecular shuttles use receptors expressed on brain endothelial cells to deliver therapeutics. Antibodies targeting transferrin receptor (TfR) have been widely developed as molecular shuttles. However, the TfR-based approach raises concerns about safety and developmental burden. Here, we report insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) as an ideal target for the molecular shuttle. We also describe Grabody B, an antibody against IGF1R, as a molecular shuttle. Grabody B has broad cross-species reactivity and does not interfere with IGF1R-mediated signaling. We demonstrate that administration of Grabody B-fused anti-alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) antibody induces better improvement in neuropathology and behavior in a Parkinson's disease animal model than the therapeutic antibody alone due to its superior serum pharmacokinetics and enhanced brain exposure. The results indicate that IGF1R is an ideal shuttle target and Grabody B is a safe and efficient molecular shuttle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyesu Yun
- ABL Bio, Inc., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Bora Lee
- ABL Bio, Inc., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jeonghun Lee
- Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shang W, Zhao X, Yang F, Wang D, Lu L, Xu Z, zhao Z, Cai H, Shen J. Ginsenoside Rg1 Nanoparticles Induce Demethylation of H3K27me3 in VEGF-A and Jagged 1 Promoter Regions to Activate Angiogenesis After Ischemic Stroke. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5447-5468. [PMID: 36426373 PMCID: PMC9680969 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s380515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with traditional drugs, nanomaterial drugs have the benefits of improving the solubility, bioavailability, and absorption rate of insoluble drugs. Nanoporous complexes can increase the efficiency with which drugs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach target organs. Ginsenoside Rg1 is an effective drug that promotes angiogenesis. Ginsenoside Rg1 composite nanoparticles were employed to induce the expression of several key epigenetic enzymes and then activate the VEGF and Notch pathways after the onset of ischemic brain lesions. METHODS We constructed nanoparticles to fully encapsulate the therapeutic drug (ginsenoside Rg1), which can be transferred into brain tissue via the receptor-mediated transfer of drug-encapsulated nanoparticles. Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 complex nanovesicles (CNV) was performed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), and Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were employed to screen for epigenetic enzymes with an up-regulated expression post ginsenoside Rg1-CNV intervention. RNA sequencing, shRNA knockdown, and chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing were performed to detect the target genes of ginsenoside Rg1-CNV that regulate angiogenesis. Then, bioinformatic analysis was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of epigenetic modifying enzymes in regulating target genes. RESULTS The average of the synthesized ginsenoside Rg1-CNV was 203.78±6.83 nm, the polydispersion index was 0.135±0.007, and the Zeta potential was 23.13±1.65 mV. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that it promotes the proliferation, migration, and tubular formation of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Meanwhile, the intervention of ginsenoside Rg1-CNV promoted the demethylation of H3K27me3 within the promoter region of VEGF-A and Jagged1 genes and reduced the H3K27me3 modification within this region. CONCLUSION The ginsenoside Rg1 nanoparticles may be an available blood-brain barrier penetrating agent for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyi Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyi Shen
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rofo F, Meier SR, Metzendorf NG, Morrison JI, Petrovic A, Syvänen S, Sehlin D, Hultqvist G. A Brain-Targeting Bispecific-Multivalent Antibody Clears Soluble Amyloid-Beta Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1588-1602. [PMID: 35939261 PMCID: PMC9606191 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and protofibrils are suggested to be the most neurotoxic Aβ species in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, antibodies with strong and selective binding to these soluble Aβ aggregates are of therapeutic potential. We have recently introduced HexaRmAb158, a multivalent antibody with additional Aβ-binding sites in the form of single-chain fragment variables (scFv) on the N-terminal ends of Aβ protofibril selective antibody (RmAb158). Due to the additional binding sites and the short distance between them, HexaRmAb158 displayed a slow dissociation from protofibrils and strong binding to oligomers in vitro. In the current study, we aimed at investigating the therapeutic potential of this antibody format in vivo using mouse models of AD. To enhance BBB delivery, the transferrin receptor (TfR) binding moiety (scFv8D3) was added, forming the bispecific-multivalent antibody (HexaRmAb158-scFv8D3). The new antibody displayed a weaker TfR binding compared to the previously developed RmAb158-scFv8D3 and was less efficiently transcytosed in a cell-based BBB model. HexaRmAb158 detected soluble Aβ aggregates derived from brains of tg-ArcSwe and AppNL-G-F mice more efficiently compared to RmAb158. When intravenously injected, HexaRmAb158-scFv8D3 was actively transported over the BBB into the brain in vivo. Brain uptake was marginally lower than that of RmAb158-scFv8D3, but significantly higher than observed for conventional IgG antibodies. Both antibody formats displayed similar brain retention (72 h post injection) and equal capacity in clearing soluble Aβ aggregates in tg-ArcSwe mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate a bispecific-multivalent antibody format capable of passing the BBB and targeting a wide-range of sizes of soluble Aβ aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Rofo
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvio R Meier
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jamie I Morrison
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Petrovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Greta Hultqvist
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dabbagh F, Schroten H, Schwerk C. In Vitro Models of the Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Their Applications in the Development and Research of (Neuro)Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081729. [PMID: 36015358 PMCID: PMC9412499 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical research sector has been facing the challenge of neurotherapeutics development and its inherited high-risk and high-failure-rate nature for decades. This hurdle is partly attributable to the presence of brain barriers, considered both as obstacles and opportunities for the entry of drug substances. The blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), an under-studied brain barrier site compared to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), can be considered a potential therapeutic target to improve the delivery of CNS therapeutics and provide brain protection measures. Therefore, leveraging robust and authentic in vitro models of the BCSFB can diminish the time and effort spent on unproductive or redundant development activities by a preliminary assessment of the desired physiochemical behavior of an agent toward this barrier. To this end, the current review summarizes the efforts and progresses made to this research area with a notable focus on the attribution of these models and applied techniques to the pharmaceutical sector and the development of neuropharmacological therapeutics and diagnostics. A survey of available in vitro models, with their advantages and limitations and cell lines in hand will be provided, followed by highlighting the potential applications of such models in the (neuro)therapeutics discovery and development pipelines.
Collapse
|
17
|
Brain Delivery of IGF1R5, a Single-Domain Antibody Targeting Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071452. [PMID: 35890347 PMCID: PMC9316817 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of drugs and therapeutic antibodies to reach central nervous system (CNS) targets is greatly diminished by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), which is responsible for the transport of natural protein ligands across the BBB, was identified as a way to increase drug delivery to the brain. In this study, we characterized IGF1R5, which is a single-domain antibody (sdAb) that binds to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) at the BBB, as a ligand that triggers RMT and could deliver cargo molecules that otherwise do not cross the BBB. Surface plasmon resonance binding analyses demonstrated the species cross-reactivity of IGF1R5 toward IGF1R from multiple species. To overcome the short serum half-life of sdAbs, we fused IGF1R5 to the human (hFc) or mouse Fc domain (mFc). IGF1R5 in both N- and C-terminal mFc fusion showed enhanced transmigration across a rat BBB model (SV-ARBEC) in vitro. Increased levels of hFc-IGF1R5 in the cerebrospinal fluid and vessel-depleted brain parenchyma fractions further confirmed the ability of IGF1R5 to cross the BBB in vivo. We next tested whether this carrier was able to ferry a pharmacologically active payload across the BBB by measuring the hypothermic and analgesic properties of neurotensin and galanin, respectively. The fusion of IGF1R5-hFc to neurotensin induced a dose-dependent reduction in the core temperature. The reversal of hyperalgesia by galanin that was chemically linked to IGF1R5-mFc was demonstrated using the Hargreaves model of inflammatory pain. Taken together, our results provided a proof of concept that appropriate antibodies, such as IGF1R5 against IGF1R, are suitable as RMT carriers for the delivery of therapeutic cargos for CNS applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tashima T. Brain Cancer Chemotherapy through a Delivery System across the Blood-Brain Barrier into the Brain Based on Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis Using Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1597. [PMID: 35884906 PMCID: PMC9313144 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in pharmacotherapy have brought extraordinary benefits to humanity. However, unmet medical needs in patients remain, particularly in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and cancers. CNS drug delivery into the brain across the endothelium is difficult due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is composed mainly of tight junctions and efflux transporters, such as multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) (P-glycoprotein). On the other hand, the development of anti-cancer drugs is a challenging task due to their frequent off-target side effects and the complicated mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and progression. Brain cancer treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is difficult to remove all tumor cells, even by surgical removal after a craniotomy. Accordingly, innovative brain cancer drugs are needed. Currently, antibody (Ab) drugs that show high therapeutic effects are often used clinically. Furthermore, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), such as trastuzumab deruxtecan, an anti-HER2 (human epidermal receptor 2) ADC with low-molecular cancer drugs through the suitable linker, have been developed. In the case of trastuzumab deruxtecan, it is internalized into cancer cells across the membrane via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, it is reported that drug delivery into the brain across the BBB was carried out via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), using anti-receptor Abs as a vector against the transferrin receptor (TfR) or insulin receptor (InsR). Thus, anti-TfR ADCs with cancer drugs are promising brain cancer agents due to their precise distribution and low side effects. In this review, I introduce the implementations and potential of brain cancer drug delivery into the brain across the BBB, based on RMT using ADCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Tashima Laboratories of Arts and Sciences, 1239-5 Toriyama-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-0035, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effect of a Blood-Brain Barrier-Crossing Fusion Protein Therapeutic for Alzheimer's Disease in Rat and Dog. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1497-1507. [PMID: 35704250 PMCID: PMC9246806 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have recently demonstrated the brain-delivery of an Amyloid-ß oligomer (Aßo)-binding peptide-therapeutic fused to the BBB-crossing single domain antibody FC5. The bi-functional fusion protein, FC5-mFc-ABP (KG207-M) lowered both CSF and brain Aß levels after systemic dosing in transgenic mouse and rat models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For development as a human therapeutic, we have humanized and further engineered the fusion protein named KG207-H. The purpose of the present study was to carry out comparative PK/PD studies of KG207-H in wild type rat and beagle dogs (middle-aged and older) to determine comparability of systemic PK and CSF exposure between rodent species and larger animals with more complex brain structure such as dogs. METHOD Beagle dogs were used in this study as they accumulate cerebral Aß with age, as seen in human AD patients, and can serve as a model of sporadic AD. KG207-H (5 to 50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously and serum and CSF samples were serially collected for PK studies and to assess target engagement. KG207-H and Aβ levels were quantified using multiplexed selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. RESULTS After systemic dosing, KG207-H demonstrated similar serum pharmacokinetics in rats and dogs. KG207-H appeared in the CSF in a time- and dose-dependent manner with similar kinetics, indicating CNS exposure. Further analyses revealed a dose-dependent inverse relationship between CSF KG207-H and Aß levels in both species indicating target engagement. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates translational attributes of BBB-crossing Aβ-targeting biotherapeutic KG207-H in eliciting a pharmacodynamic response, from rodents to larger animal species.
Collapse
|
20
|
Clarke E, Stocki P, Sinclair EH, Gauhar A, Fletcher EJR, Krawczun-Rygmaczewska A, Duty S, Walsh FS, Doherty P, Rutkowski JL. A Single Domain Shark Antibody Targeting the Transferrin Receptor 1 Delivers a TrkB Agonist Antibody to the Brain and Provides Full Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071335. [PMID: 35890231 PMCID: PMC9318160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain shark antibodies that bind to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on brain endothelial cells have been used to shuttle antibodies and other cargos across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to the brain. For these studies the TXB4 brain shuttle was fused to a TrkB neurotrophin receptor agonist antibody. The TXB4-TrkB fusion retained potent agonist activity at its cognate receptor and after systemic administration showed a 12-fold increase in brain levels over the unmodified antibody. Only the TXB4-TrkB antibody fusion was detected within the brain and localized to TrkB positive cells in the cortex and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), where it was associated with activated ERK1/2 signaling. When tested in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), TXB4-TrkB, but not the unmodified antibody, completely prevented the 6-OHDA induced death of TH positive neurons in the SNc. In conclusion, the fusion of the TXB4 brain shuttle allows a TrkB agonist antibody to reach neuroprotective concentrations in the brain parenchyma following systemic administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clarke
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Pawel Stocki
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Elizabeth H. Sinclair
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Edward J. R. Fletcher
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Alicja Krawczun-Rygmaczewska
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Susan Duty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Frank S. Walsh
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Julia Lynn Rutkowski
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(610)-291-1724
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alata W, Yogi A, Brunette E, Delaney CE, Faassen H, Hussack G, Iqbal U, Kemmerich K, Haqqani AS, Moreno MJ, Stanimirovic DB. Targeting insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF1R) for brain delivery of biologics. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22208. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101644r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alata
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Alvaro Yogi
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Christie E. Delaney
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Henk Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kristin Kemmerich
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Arsalan S. Haqqani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Maria J. Moreno
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pardridge WM. Kinetics of Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Insulin Receptor and the Transferrin Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:3. [PMID: 35056060 PMCID: PMC8778919 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic drugs are large molecule pharmaceuticals that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the brain capillary endothelium. Biologics can be re-engineered for BBB transport as IgG fusion proteins, where the IgG domain is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that targets an endogenous BBB transporter, such as the insulin receptor (IR) or transferrin receptor (TfR). The IR and TfR at the BBB transport the receptor-specific MAb in parallel with the transport of the endogenous ligand, insulin or transferrin. The kinetics of BBB transport of insulin or transferrin, or an IRMAb or TfRMAb, can be quantified with separate mathematical models. Mathematical models to estimate the half-time of receptor endocytosis, MAb or ligand exocytosis into brain extracellular space, or receptor recycling back to the endothelial luminal membrane were fit to the brain uptake of a TfRMAb or a IRMAb fusion protein in the Rhesus monkey. Model fits to the data also allow for estimates of the rates of association of the MAb in plasma with the IR or TfR that is embedded within the endothelial luminal membrane in vivo. The parameters generated from the model fits can be used to estimate the brain concentration profile of the MAb over time, and this brain exposure is shown to be a function of the rate of clearance of the antibody fusion protein from the plasma compartment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Simonneau C, Duschmalé M, Gavrilov A, Brandenberg N, Hoehnel S, Ceroni C, Lassalle E, Kassianidou E, Knoetgen H, Niewoehner J, Villaseñor R. Investigating receptor-mediated antibody transcytosis using blood-brain barrier organoid arrays. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:43. [PMID: 34544422 PMCID: PMC8454074 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathways that control protein transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain poorly characterized. Despite great advances in recapitulating the human BBB in vitro, current models are not suitable for systematic analysis of the molecular mechanisms of antibody transport. The gaps in our mechanistic understanding of antibody transcytosis hinder new therapeutic delivery strategy development. METHODS We applied a novel bioengineering approach to generate human BBB organoids by the self-assembly of astrocytes, pericytes and brain endothelial cells with unprecedented throughput and reproducibility using micro patterned hydrogels. We designed a semi-automated and scalable imaging assay to measure receptor-mediated transcytosis of antibodies. Finally, we developed a workflow to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in BBB organoid arrays to knock out regulators of endocytosis specifically in brain endothelial cells in order to dissect the molecular mechanisms of receptor-mediated transcytosis. RESULTS BBB organoid arrays allowed the simultaneous growth of more than 3000 homogenous organoids per individual experiment in a highly reproducible manner. BBB organoid arrays showed low permeability to macromolecules and prevented transport of human non-targeting antibodies. In contrast, a monovalent antibody targeting the human transferrin receptor underwent dose- and time-dependent transcytosis in organoids. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in BBB organoid arrays, we showed that clathrin, but not caveolin, is required for transferrin receptor-dependent transcytosis. CONCLUSIONS Human BBB organoid arrays are a robust high-throughput platform that can be used to discover new mechanisms of receptor-mediated antibody transcytosis. The implementation of this platform during early stages of drug discovery can accelerate the development of new brain delivery technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Simonneau
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Duschmalé
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alina Gavrilov
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sylke Hoehnel
- SUN bioscience, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Ceroni
- SUN bioscience, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evodie Lassalle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Kassianidou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Knoetgen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Niewoehner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roberto Villaseñor
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kariolis MS, Wells RC, Getz JA, Kwan W, Mahon CS, Tong R, Kim DJ, Srivastava A, Bedard C, Henne KR, Giese T, Assimon VA, Chen X, Zhang Y, Solanoy H, Jenkins K, Sanchez PE, Kane L, Miyamoto T, Chew KS, Pizzo ME, Liang N, Calvert MEK, DeVos SL, Baskaran S, Hall S, Sweeney ZK, Thorne RG, Watts RJ, Dennis MS, Silverman AP, Zuchero YJY. Brain delivery of therapeutic proteins using an Fc fragment blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice and monkeys. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/545/eaay1359. [PMID: 32461332 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective delivery of protein therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) has been greatly restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We describe the development of a BBB transport vehicle (TV) comprising an engineered Fc fragment that exploits receptor-mediated transcytosis for CNS delivery of biotherapeutics by binding a highly expressed brain endothelial cell target. TVs were engineered using directed evolution to bind the apical domain of the human transferrin receptor (hTfR) without the use of amino acid insertions, deletions, or unnatural appendages. A crystal structure of the TV-TfR complex revealed the TV binding site to be away from transferrin and FcRn binding sites, which was further confirmed experimentally in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant expression of TVs fused to anti-β-secretase (BACE1) Fabs yielded antibody transport vehicle (ATV) molecules with native immunoglobulin G (IgG) structure and stability. Peripheral administration of anti-BACE1 ATVs to hTfR-engineered mice and cynomolgus monkeys resulted in substantially improved CNS uptake and sustained pharmacodynamic responses. The TV platform readily accommodates numerous additional configurations, including bispecific antibodies and protein fusions, yielding a highly modular CNS delivery platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis S Kariolis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Robert C Wells
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jennifer A Getz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wanda Kwan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cathal S Mahon
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Raymond Tong
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Catherine Bedard
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kirk R Henne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tina Giese
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Victoria A Assimon
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Chen
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yin Zhang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katherine Jenkins
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Pascal E Sanchez
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lesley Kane
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Takashi Miyamoto
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kylie S Chew
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michelle E Pizzo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas Liang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Meredith E K Calvert
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sarah L DeVos
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Sejal Hall
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Adam P Silverman
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Y Joy Yu Zuchero
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pardridge WM, Chou T. Mathematical Models of Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Transferrin Receptor and the Insulin Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:535. [PMID: 34205013 PMCID: PMC8226686 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop and analyze mathematical models for receptor-mediated transcytosis of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) targeting the transferrin receptor (TfR) or the insulin receptor (IR), which are expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The mass-action kinetic model for both the TfR and IR antibodies were solved numerically to generate predictions for the concentrations of all species in all compartments considered. Using these models, we estimated the rates of MAb endocytosis into brain capillary endothelium, which forms the BBB in vivo, the rates of MAb exocytosis from the intra-endothelial compartment into brain extracellular space, and the rates of receptor recycling from the endothelial space back to the luminal endothelial plasma membrane. Our analysis highlights the optimal rates of MAb association with the targeted receptor. An important role of the endogenous ligand, transferrin (Tf) or insulin, in receptor-mediated-transport (RMT) of the associated MAb was found and was attributed to the five order magnitude difference between plasma concentrations of Tf (25,000 nM) and insulin (0.3 nM). Our modeling shows that the very high plasma concentration of Tf leads to only 5% of the endothelial TfR expressed on the luminal endothelial membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Chou
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh CSB, Eyford BA, Abraham T, Munro L, Choi KB, Okon M, Vitalis TZ, Gabathuler R, Lu CJ, Pfeifer CG, Tian MM, Jefferies WA. Discovery of a Highly Conserved Peptide in the Iron Transporter Melanotransferrin that Traverses an Intact Blood Brain Barrier and Localizes in Neural Cells. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:596976. [PMID: 34149342 PMCID: PMC8212695 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.596976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the distribution of therapeutics intended for treatment of diseases of the brain. Our previous studies demonstrated that that a soluble form of melanotransferrin (MTf; Uniprot P08582; also known as p97, MFI2, and CD228), a mammalian iron-transport protein, is an effective carrier for delivery of drug conjugates across the BBB into the brain and was the first BBB targeting delivery system to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy within the brain. Here, we performed a screen to identify peptides from MTf capable of traversing the BBB. We identified a highly conserved 12-amino acid peptide, termed MTfp, that retains the ability to cross the intact BBB intact, distributes throughout the parenchyma, and enter endosomes and lysosomes within neurons, astrocytes and microglia in the brain. This peptide may provide a platform for the transport of therapeutics to the CNS, and thereby offers new avenues for potential treatments of neuropathologies that are currently refractory to existing therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaahat S B Singh
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brett A Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences and Microscopy Imaging Core Lab, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung Bok Choi
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Reinhard Gabathuler
- Bioasis Technologies Inc., Guilford, CT, United States.,King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chieh-Ju Lu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl G Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mei Mei Tian
- Bioasis Technologies Inc., Guilford, CT, United States
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mills EG, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Abbara A, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS. Functions of galanin, spexin and kisspeptin in metabolism, mood and behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:97-113. [PMID: 33273729 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive peptides galanin, spexin and kisspeptin have a common ancestral origin and their pathophysiological roles are increasingly the subject of investigation. Evidence suggests that these bioactive peptides play a role in the regulation of metabolism, pancreatic β-cell function, energy homeostasis, mood and behaviour in several species, including zebrafish, rodents and humans. Galanin signalling suppresses insulin secretion in animal models (but not in humans), is potently obesogenic and plays putative roles governing certain evolutionary behaviours and mood modulation. Spexin decreases insulin secretion and has potent anorectic, analgesic, anxiolytic and antidepressive-like effects in animal models. Kisspeptin modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, food intake and/or energy expenditure in animal models and humans. Furthermore, kisspeptin is implicated in the control of reproductive behaviour in animals, modulation of human sexual and emotional brain processing, and has antidepressive and fear-suppressing effects. In addition, galanin-like peptide is a further member of the galaninergic family that plays emerging key roles in metabolism and behaviour. Therapeutic interventions targeting galanin, spexin and/or kisspeptin signalling pathways could therefore contribute to the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to mood disorders. However, many gaps and controversies exist, which must be addressed before the therapeutic potential of these bioactive peptides can be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard G Mills
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang J, Sumbria RK. The concentration of brain homogenates with the Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters. MethodsX 2021; 8:101584. [PMID: 35004217 PMCID: PMC8720913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring the brain concentration of a neurotherapeutic is critical in determining its pharmacokinetic profile in vivo. Biologics are potential therapeutics for neurologic diseases and biologics fused to an antibody targeting a transcytosis receptor at the Blood-Brain Barrier, designated as antibody-biologic fusion proteins, are Blood-Brain Barrier penetrating neurotherapeutics. The use of sandwich immunosorbent assays to measure concentrations of antibody-biologic fusion proteins in brain homogenates has become increasingly popular. The raw brain homogenate contains many proteins and other macromolecules that can cause a matrix effect, potentially interfering with the limit of detection of such assays and reduce the overall sample signal. Further, the low sample loading volumes while running these assays can reduce the sample signal. Our aim was therefore to optimize the existing tissue sample preparation and processing to concentrate the sample to elevate the signal of the analyte. Here, we present a protocol for concentrating and increasing the signal of transferrin receptor antibody-biologic fusion proteins in mouse brain homogenates using the Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters. • The presented method uses the Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters to concentrate mouse brain tissue homogenates. • The concentrated brain tissue homogenates are then assayed using standard sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocols. • This method improves upon the traditional brain homogenization procedure and ELISA measurements for antibody-biologic fusion proteins by effectively concentrating brain tissue homogenates.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang HY, Wu S, Li Y, Zhang W, Burrell M, Webster CI, Shah DK. Brain pharmacokinetics of anti-transferrin receptor antibody affinity variants in rats determined using microdialysis. MAbs 2021; 13:1874121. [PMID: 33499723 PMCID: PMC7849817 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1874121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is used to enhance the delivery of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) into the central nervous system (CNS). While the binding to endogenous receptors on the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) may facilitate the uptake of mAbs in the brain, a strong affinity for the receptor may hinder the efficiency of transcytosis. To quantitatively investigate the effect of binding affinity on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of anti-transferrin receptor (TfR) mAbs in different regions of the rat brain, we conducted a microdialysis study to directly measure the concentration of free mAbs at different sites of interest. Our results confirmed that bivalent anti-TfR mAb with an optimal dissociation constant (KD) value (76 nM) among four affinity variants can have up to 10-fold higher transcytosed free mAb exposure in the brain interstitial fluid (bISF) compared to lower and higher affinity mAbs (5 and 174 nM). This bell-shaped relationship between KD values and the increased brain exposure of mAbs was also visible when using whole-brain PK data. However, we found that mAb concentrations in postvascular brain supernatant (obtained after capillary depletion) were almost always higher than the concentrations measured in bISF using microdialysis. We also observed that the increase in mAb area under the concentration curve in CSF compartments was less significant, which highlights the challenge in using CSF measurement as a surrogate for estimating the efficiency of RMT delivery. Our results also suggest that the determination of mAb concentrations in the brain using microdialysis may be necessary to accurately measure the PK of CNS-targeted antibodies at the site-of-actions in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yuan Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shengjia Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yingyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Burrell
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl I. Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dhaval K. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tashima T. Smart Strategies for Therapeutic Agent Delivery into Brain across the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:316-325. [PMID: 32238649 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discriminatory drug delivery into target cells is essential to effectively elicit the drug activity and to avoid off-target side effects; however, transporting drugs across the cell membrane is difficult due to factors such as molecular size, hydrophilicity, intercellular adhesiveness, and efflux transporters, particularly, in the brain capillary endothelial cells. Drug delivery into the brain is blocked by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, developing drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains a challenge. The approach based on receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) can overcome this impassable problem at the BBB. Well-designed molecules for RMT form conjugates with the ligand and drugs via linkers or nanoparticles. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), receptor-targeting peptides, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often used as ligands. The binding of ligand to the receptor on the endothelial cell surface induces endocytosis. Existing exosomes comprising the conjugates move in the cytoplasm and fuse with the opposite plasma membrane to release them. Subsequently, the transcytosed conjugate-loaded drugs or released drugs from the conjugates elicit activity in the brain. As receptors, transferrin receptor (TfR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and insulin receptor (InsR) have been used to intendedly induce transcytosis. Presently, several clinical trials on CNS drugs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease are hindered due to poor drug distribution into the brain. Therefore, this strategy based on RMT is a promising method for CNS drugs to be transported into the brain. In this review, I introduce the practicality and possibility of drug delivery into brain across the BBB using RMT.
Collapse
|
31
|
Stocki P, Szary J, Rasmussen CLM, Demydchuk M, Northall L, Logan DB, Gauhar A, Thei L, Moos T, Walsh FS, Rutkowski JL. Blood-brain barrier transport using a high affinity, brain-selective VNAR antibody targeting transferrin receptor 1. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21172. [PMID: 33241587 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001787r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transfer across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant hurdle for the development of biopharmaceuticals with therapeutic effects within the central nervous system. We established a functional selection method to identify high affinity single domain antibodies to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) with efficient biotherapeutic delivery across the BBB. A synthetic phage display library based on the variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) was used for in vitro selection against recombinant human TfR1 ectodomain (rh-TfR1-ECD) followed by in vivo selection in mouse for brain parenchyma penetrating antibodies. TXB2 VNAR was identified as a high affinity, species cross-reactive VNAR antibody against TfR1-ECD that does not compete with transferrin or ferritin for receptor binding. IV dosing of TXB2 when fused to human Fc domain (TXB2-hFc) at 25 nmol/kg (1.875 mg/kg) in mice resulted in rapid binding to brain capillaries with subsequent transport into the brain parenchyma and specific uptake into TfR1-positive neurons. Likewise, IV dosing of TXB2-hFc fused with neurotensin (TXB2-hFc-NT) at 25 nmol/kg resulted in a rapid and reversible pharmacological response as measured by body temperature reduction. TXB2-hFc did not elicit any acute adverse reactions, bind, or deplete circulating reticulocytes or reduce BBB-expressed endogenous TfR1 in mice. There was no evidence of target-mediated clearance or accumulation in peripheral organs except lung. In conclusion, TXB2 is a high affinity, species cross-reactive, and brain-selective VNAR antibody to TfR1 that rapidly crosses the BBB and exhibits a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile and can be readily adapted to carry a wide variety of biotherapeutics from blood to brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Stocki
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Szary
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charlotte L M Rasmussen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mykhaylo Demydchuk
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leandra Northall
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diana Bahu Logan
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Thei
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frank S Walsh
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Lynn Rutkowski
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao Y, Zhu J, Lu H. Single domain antibody-based vectors in the delivery of biologics across the blood-brain barrier: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1818-1828. [PMID: 33155179 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are a promising and effective method for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural barrier for the delivery of biologics into the brain, which decreases the effective concentration of drugs in the CNS. A range of strategies has been explored to transport biologics across the BBB endothelium, typically via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), which involving molecules for endogenous BBB receptors to be fused with biologics. This review emphasized a category of novel alternative RMT-targeting vectors: single domain antibodies (sdAb). SdAbs are a unique category of antibodies derived from naturally occurring heavy-chain-only antibodies. Herein, we describe their properties, mechanisms, modifications, and translational perspectives for their ability to transmigrate across the BBB in vitro and in vivo in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Do TM, Capdevila C, Pradier L, Blanchard V, Lopez-Grancha M, Schussler N, Steinmetz A, Beninga J, Boulay D, Dugay P, Verdier P, Aubin N, Dargazanli G, Chaves C, Genet E, Lossouarn Y, Loux C, Michoux F, Moindrot N, Chanut F, Gury T, Eyquem S, Valente D, Bergis O, Rao E, Lesuisse D. Tetravalent Bispecific Tandem Antibodies Improve Brain Exposure and Efficacy in an Amyloid Transgenic Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:58-77. [PMID: 33005703 PMCID: PMC7502788 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most antibodies display very low brain exposure due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) preventing their entry into brain parenchyma. Transferrin receptor (TfR) has been used previously to ferry antibodies to the brain by using different formats of bispecific constructs. Tetravalent bispecific tandem immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) (TBTIs) containing two paratopes for both TfR and protofibrillar forms of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide were constructed and shown to display higher brain penetration than the parent anti-Aβ antibody. Additional structure-based mutations on the TfR paratopes further increased brain exposure, with maximal enhancement up to 13-fold in wild-type mice and an additional 4–5-fold in transgenic (Tg) mice harboring amyloid plaques, the main target of our amyloid antibody. Parenchymal target engagement of extracellular amyloid plaques was demonstrated using in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging as well as histological methods. The best candidates were selected for a chronic study in an amyloid precursor protein (APP) Tg mouse model showing efficacy at reducing brain amyloid load at a lower dose than the corresponding monospecific antibody. TBTIs represent a promising format for enhancing IgG brain penetration using a symmetrical construct and keeping bivalency of the payload antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Minh Do
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Laurent Pradier
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Anke Steinmetz
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Denis Boulay
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Dugay
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Verdier
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | - Nadine Aubin
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Catarina Chaves
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Elisabeth Genet
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Yves Lossouarn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Moindrot
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Franck Chanut
- Pathology Department, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Gury
- Pathology Department, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Stéphanie Eyquem
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Delphine Valente
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | - Olivier Bergis
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Ercole Rao
- Biologics Research, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
- Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Bispecific therapeutics target two distinct antigens simultaneously and provide novel functionalities that are not attainable with single monospecific molecules or combinations of them. The unique potential of bispecific therapeutics is driving extensive efforts to discover synergistic dual targets, design molecular formats to integrate bispecific elements, and accelerate successful clinical translation. In particular, the past decade has witnessed a boom in the design and development of bispecific antibody formats with more than 100 collections to date. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made to expand the number of formats, qualitative fine-tuning of bispecific formats is needed to achieve optimal dual-target engagement based on understanding of the spatiotemporal interdependence of the two physically linked binding specificities and the complex target biology associated with bispecific approaches. This review provides insights into the design parameters - including affinity, valency, and geometry - that need to be considered at an early stage of development in order to take the best advantage of bispecific therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Busan, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kang S, Duan W, Zhang S, Chen D, Feng J, Qi N. Muscone/RI7217 co-modified upward messenger DTX liposomes enhanced permeability of blood-brain barrier and targeting glioma. Theranostics 2020; 10:4308-4322. [PMID: 32292496 PMCID: PMC7150489 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The dual-targeted drug delivery system was designed for enhancing permeation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and providing an anti-glioma effect. As transferrin receptor (TfR) is over-expressed by the brain capillary endothelial (hCMEC/D3) and glioma cells, a mouse monoclonal antibody, RI7217, with high affinity and selectivity for TfR, was used to study the brain targeted drug delivery system. Muscone, an ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) musk, was used as the "guide" drug to probe the permeability of the BBB for drug delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid. This study investigated the combined effects of TCM aromatic resuscitation and modern receptor-targeted technology by the use of muscone/RI7217 co-modified docetaxel (DTX) liposomes for enhanced drug delivery to the brain for anti-glioma effect. Methods: Cellular drug uptake from the formulations was determined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The drug penetrating ability into tumor spheroids were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In vivo glioma-targeting ability of formulations was evaluated using whole-body fluorescent imaging system. The survival curve study was performed to evaluate the anti-glioma effect of the formulations. Results: The results showed that muscone and RI7217 co-modified DTX liposomes enhanced uptake into both hCMEC/D3 and U87-MG cells, increased penetration to the deep region of U87-MG tumor spheroids, improved brain targeting in vivo and prolonged survival time of nude mice bearing tumor. Conclusion: Muscone and RI7217 co-modified DTX liposomes were found to show improved brain targeting and enhanced the efficacy of anti-glioma drug treatment in vivo.
Collapse
|
37
|
Johnsen KB, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB, Andresen TL, Moos T. Targeting the transferrin receptor for brain drug delivery. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
38
|
Established and Emerging Strategies for Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Brain Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050245. [PMID: 31137689 PMCID: PMC6572140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are characterized by very high mortality and, despite the continuous research on new pharmacological interventions, little therapeutic progress has been made. One of the main obstacles to improve current treatments is represented by the impermeability of the blood vessels residing within nervous tissue as well as of the new vascular net generating from the tumor, commonly referred to as blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), respectively. In this review, we focused on established and emerging strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier to increase drug delivery for brain cancer. To date, there are three broad strategies being investigated to cross the brain vascular wall and they are conceived to breach, bypass, and negotiate the access to the nervous tissue. In this paper, we summarized these approaches highlighting their working mechanism and their potential impact on the quality of life of the patients as well as their current status of development.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chang HY, Wu S, Meno-Tetang G, Shah DK. A translational platform PBPK model for antibody disposition in the brain. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:319-338. [PMID: 31115858 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we have presented the development of a novel platform physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to characterize brain disposition of mAbs in the mouse, rat, monkey and human. The model accounts for known anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the presence of distinct blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. CSF and interstitial fluid turnover, and FcRn mediated transport of mAbs are accounted for. The model was first used to characterize published and in-house pharmacokinetic (PK) data on the disposition of mAbs in rat brain, including the data on PK of mAb in different regions of brain determined using microdialysis. Majority of model parameters were fixed based on literature reported values, and only 3 parameters were estimated using rat data. The rat PBPK model was translated to mouse, monkey, and human, simply by changing the values of physiological parameters corresponding to each species. The translated PBPK models were validated by a priori predicting brain PK of mAbs in all three species, and comparing predicted exposures with observed data. The platform PBPK model was able to a priori predict all the validation PK profiles reasonably well (within threefold), without estimating any parameters. As such, the platform PBPK model presented here provides an unprecedented quantitative tool for prediction of mAb PK at the site-of-action in the brain, and preclinical-to-clinical translation of mAbs being developed against central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The proposed model can be further expanded to account for target engagement, disease pathophysiology, and novel mechanisms, to support discovery and development of novel CNS targeting mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yuan Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Shengjia Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Guy Meno-Tetang
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology/PK-PD, Modeling & Simulation, Immunology/Inflammation, UCB Pharmaceuticals, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stanimirovic DB, Sandhu JK, Costain WJ. Emerging Technologies for Delivery of Biotherapeutics and Gene Therapy Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. BioDrugs 2019; 32:547-559. [PMID: 30306341 PMCID: PMC6290705 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-018-0309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody, immuno- and gene therapies developed for neurological indications face a delivery challenge posed by various anatomical and physiological barriers within the central nervous system (CNS); most notably, the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Emerging delivery technologies for biotherapeutics have focused on trans-cellular pathways across the BBB utilizing receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). ‘Traditionally’ targeted RMT receptors, transferrin receptor (TfR) and insulin receptor (IR), are ubiquitously expressed and pose numerous translational challenges during development, including species differences and safety risks. Recent advances in antibody engineering technologies and discoveries of RMT targets and BBB-crossing antibodies that are more BBB-selective have combined to create a new preclinical pipeline of BBB-crossing biotherapeutics with improved efficacy and safety. Novel BBB-selective RMT targets and carrier antibodies have exposed additional opportunities for re-targeting gene delivery vectors or nanocarriers for more efficient brain delivery. Emergence and refinement of core technologies of genetic engineering and editing as well as biomanufacturing of viral vectors and cell-derived products have de-risked the path to the development of systemic gene therapy approaches for the CNS. In particular, brain-tropic viral vectors and extracellular vesicles have recently expanded the repertoire of brain delivery strategies for biotherapeutics. Whereas protein biotherapeutics and bispecific antibodies enabled for BBB transcytosis are rapidly heading towards clinical trials, systemic gene therapy approaches for CNS will likely remain in research phase for the foreseeable future. The promise and limitations of these emerging cross-BBB delivery technologies are further discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Jagdeep K Sandhu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Will J Costain
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Amani H, Habibey R, Shokri F, Hajmiresmail SJ, Akhavan O, Mashaghi A, Pazoki-Toroudi H. Selenium nanoparticles for targeted stroke therapy through modulation of inflammatory and metabolic signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6044. [PMID: 30988361 PMCID: PMC6465364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic cerebral stroke is a major cause of death and morbidity. Currently, no neuroprotective agents have been shown to impact the clinical outcomes in cerebral stroke cases. Here, we report therapeutic effects of Se nanoparticles on ischemic stroke in a murine model. Anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody (OX26)-PEGylated Se nanoparticles (OX26-PEG-Se NPs) were designed and synthesized and their neuroprotective effects were measured using in vitro and in vivo approaches. We demonstrate that administration of the biodegradable nanoparticles leads to resolution of brain edema, protection of axons in hippocampus region, and myelination of hippocampal area after cerebral ischemic stroke. Our nanoparticle design ensures efficient targeting and minimal side effects. Hematological and biochemical analyses revealed no undesired NP-induced changes. To gain mechanistic insights into the therapeutic effects of these particles, we characterized the changes to the relevant inflammatory and metabolic signaling pathways. We assessed metabolic regulator mTOR and related signaling pathways such as hippo, Ubiquitin-proteasome system (ERK5), Tsc1/Tsc2 complex, FoxO1, wnt/β-catenine signaling pathway. Moreover, we examined the activity of jak2/stat3 signaling pathways and Adamts1, which are critically involved in inflammation. Together, our study provides a promising treatment strategy for cerebral stroke based on Se NP induced suppression of excessive inflammation and oxidative metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Amani
- Department of medical nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies-Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Via Morego, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
| | - Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Johnsen KB, Bak M, Melander F, Thomsen MS, Burkhart A, Kempen PJ, Andresen TL, Moos T. Modulating the antibody density changes the uptake and transport at the blood-brain barrier of both transferrin receptor-targeted gold nanoparticles and liposomal cargo. J Control Release 2019; 295:237-249. [PMID: 30633947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transport of the majority of therapeutic molecules to the brain is precluded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) rendering efficient treatment of many neurological disorders impossible. This BBB, nonetheless, may be circumvented by targeting receptors and transport proteins expressed on the luminal surface of the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). The transferrin receptor (TfR) has remained a popular target since its original description for this purpose, although clinical progression of TfR-targeted drug constructs or nanomedicines remains unsuccessful. One proposed issue pertaining to the use of TfR-targeting in nanomedicines is the efficient tuning of the ligand density on the nanoparticle surface. We studied the impact of TfR antibody density on the uptake and transport of nanoparticles into the brain, taking a parallel approach to investigate the impact on both antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and cargo-loaded liposomes. We report that among three different low-range mean ligand densities (0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 ∗ 103 antibodies/μm2), the highest density yielded the highest ability towards both targeting of the BCECs and subsequent transport across the BBB in vivo, and in vitro using primary cultures of the murine BBB. We also find that TfR-targeting on liposomes in the mouse may induce severe adverse effects after intravenous administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Bendix Johnsen
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Biomedicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Martin Bak
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Melander
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Biomedicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Biomedicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Biomedicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jank L, Pinto-Espinoza C, Duan Y, Koch-Nolte F, Magnus T, Rissiek B. Current Approaches and Future Perspectives for Nanobodies in Stroke Diagnostic and Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010005. [PMID: 31544811 PMCID: PMC6640704 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based biologics are the corner stone of modern immunomodulatory therapy. Though highly effective in dampening systemic inflammatory processes, their large size and Fc-fragment mediated effects hamper crossing of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Nanobodies (Nbs) are single domain antibodies derived from llama or shark heavy-chain antibodies and represent a new generation of biologics. Due to their small size, they display excellent tissue penetration capacities and can be easily modified to adjust their vivo half-life for short-term diagnostic or long-term therapeutic purposes or to facilitate crossing of the BBB. Furthermore, owing to their characteristic binding mode, they are capable of antagonizing receptors involved in immune signaling and of neutralizing proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. These qualities combined make Nbs well-suited for down-modulating neuroinflammatory processes that occur in the context of brain ischemia. In this review, we summarize recent findings on Nbs in preclinical stroke models and how they can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. We further provide a perspective on the design of innovative Nb-based treatment protocols to complement and improve stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Jank
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Carolina Pinto-Espinoza
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Yinghui Duan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Haqqani AS, Thom G, Burrell M, Delaney CE, Brunette E, Baumann E, Sodja C, Jezierski A, Webster C, Stanimirovic DB. Intracellular sorting and transcytosis of the rat transferrin receptor antibody OX26 across the blood-brain barrier in vitro is dependent on its binding affinity. J Neurochem 2018; 146:735-752. [PMID: 29877588 PMCID: PMC6175443 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a formidable obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics to the brain. Antibodies that bind transferrin receptor (TfR), which is enriched in brain endothelial cells, have been shown to cross the BBB and are being developed as fusion proteins to deliver therapeutic cargos to brain targets. Various antibodies have been developed for this purpose and their in vivo evaluation demonstrated that either low affinity or monovalent receptor binding re-directs their transcellular trafficking away from lysosomal degradation and toward improved exocytosis on the abluminal side of the BBB. However, these studies have been performed with antibodies that recognize different TfR epitopes and have different binding characteristics, preventing inter-study comparisons. In this study, the efficiency of transcytosis in vitro and intracellular trafficking in endosomal compartments were evaluated in an in vitro BBB model for affinity variants (Kd from 5 to174 nM) of the rat TfR-binding antibody, OX26. Distribution in subcellular fractions of the rat brain endothelial cells was determined using both targeted quantitative proteomics-selected reaction monitoring and fluorescent imaging with markers of early- and late endosomes. The OX26 variants with affinities of 76 and 108 nM showed improved trancytosis (Papp values) across the in vitro BBB model compared with a 5 nM OX26. Although ~40% of the 5 nM OX26 and ~35% of TfR co-localized with late-endosome/lysosome compartment, 76 and 108 nM affinity variants showed lower amounts in lysosomes and a predominant co-localization with early endosome markers. The study links bivalent TfR antibody affinity to mechanisms of sorting and trafficking away from late endosomes and lysosomes, resulting in improvement in their transcytosis efficiency. OPEN PRACTICES Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14193.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan S. Haqqani
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - George Thom
- Antibody Discovery and Protein EngineeringMedImmune, Milstein BuildingGranta ParkCambridgeUK
| | - Matthew Burrell
- Antibody Discovery and Protein EngineeringMedImmune, Milstein BuildingGranta ParkCambridgeUK
| | - Christie E. Delaney
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Eric Brunette
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Caroline Sodja
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Anna Jezierski
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Carl Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein EngineeringMedImmune, Milstein BuildingGranta ParkCambridgeUK
| | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Johnsen KB, Bak M, Kempen PJ, Melander F, Burkhart A, Thomsen MS, Nielsen MS, Moos T, Andresen TL. Antibody affinity and valency impact brain uptake of transferrin receptor-targeted gold nanoparticles. Theranostics 2018; 8:3416-3436. [PMID: 29930740 PMCID: PMC6010987 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The ability to treat invalidating neurological diseases is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which inhibits the transport of most blood-borne substances into the brain parenchyma. Targeting the transferrin receptor (TfR) on the surface of brain capillaries has been a popular strategy to give a preferential accumulation of drugs or nanomedicines, but several aspects of this targeting strategy remain elusive. Here we report that TfR-targeted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can accumulate in brain capillaries and further transport across the BBB to enter the brain parenchyma. Methods: We characterized our targeting strategy both in vitro using primary models of the BBB and in vivo using quantitative measurements of gold accumulation by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry together with morphological assessments using light microscopy after silver enhancement and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: We find that the uptake capacity is significantly modulated by the affinity and valency of the AuNP-conjugated antibodies. Specifically, antibodies with high and low affinities mediate a low and intermediate uptake of AuNPs into the brain, respectively, whereas a monovalent (bi-specific) antibody improves the uptake capacity remarkably. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that monovalent ligands may be beneficial for obtaining transcytosis of TfR-targeted nanomedicines across the BBB, which is relevant for future design of nanomedicines for brain drug delivery.
Collapse
|