1
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Zhou X, Wang H, Liu S, Wang H, Chan JYE, Pan CF, Zhao D, Yang JKW, Qiu CW. Arbitrary engineering of spatial caustics with 3D-printed metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3719. [PMID: 38698001 PMCID: PMC11065864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Caustics occur in diverse physical systems, spanning the nano-scale in electron microscopy to astronomical-scale in gravitational lensing. As envelopes of rays, optical caustics result in sharp edges or extended networks. Caustics in structured light, characterized by complex-amplitude distributions, have innovated numerous applications including particle manipulation, high-resolution imaging techniques, and optical communication. However, these applications have encountered limitations due to a major challenge in engineering caustic fields with customizable propagation trajectories and in-plane intensity profiles. Here, we introduce the "compensation phase" via 3D-printed metasurfaces to shape caustic fields with curved trajectories in free space. The in-plane caustic patterns can be preserved or morphed from one structure to another during propagation. Large-scale fabrication of these metasurfaces is enabled by the fast-prototyping and cost-effective two-photon polymerization lithography. Our optical elements with the ultra-thin profile and sub-millimeter extension offer a compact solution to generating caustic structured light for beam shaping, high-resolution microscopy, and light-matter-interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Shuxi Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Daomu Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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2
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Zhou MX, Jin F, Wang JY, Dong XZ, Liu J, Zheng ML. Dynamic Color-Switching of Hydrogel Micropillar Array under Ethanol Vapor for Optical Encryption. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304384. [PMID: 37480176 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Responsive structural colors from artificially engineered micro/nanostructures are critical to the development of anti-counterfeiting, optical encryption, and intelligent display. Herein, the responsive structural color of hydrogel micropillar array is demonstrated under the external stimulus of ethanol vapor. Micropillar arrays with full color are fabricated via femtosecond laser direct writing by controlling the height and diameter of the micropillars according to the FDTD simulation. Color-switching of the micropillar arrays is achieved in <1 s due to the formation of liquid film among micropillars. More importantly, the structural color blueshift of the micropillar arrays is sensitive to the micropillar diameter, instead of the micropillar height. The micropillar array with a diameter of 772 nm takes 400 ms to complete blueshift under ethanol vapor, while that with a diameter of 522 nm blueshifts at 2400 ms. Microscale patterns are realized by employing the size-dependent color-switching of designed micropillar arrays under ethanol vapor. Moreover, Morse code and directional blueshift of structural colors are realized in the micropillar arrays. The advantages of controllable color-switching of the hydrogel micropillar array would be prospective in the areas of optical encryption, dynamic display, and anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhou
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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3
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Mori T, Wang H, Zhang W, Ser CC, Arora D, Pan CF, Li H, Niu J, Rahman MA, Mori T, Koishi H, Yang JKW. Pick and place process for uniform shrinking of 3D printed micro- and nano-architected materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5876. [PMID: 37735573 PMCID: PMC10514194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization lithography is promising for producing three-dimensional structures with user-defined micro- and nanoscale features. Additionally, shrinkage by thermolysis can readily shorten the lattice constant of three-dimensional photonic crystals and enhance their resolution and mechanical properties; however, this technique suffers from non-uniform shrinkage owing to substrate pinning during heating. Here, we develop a simple method using poly(vinyl alcohol)-assisted uniform shrinking of three-dimensional printed structures. Microscopic three-dimensional printed objects are picked and placed onto a receiving substrate, followed by heating to induce shrinkage. We show the successful uniform heat-shrinking of three-dimensional prints with various shapes and sizes, without sacrificial support structures, and observe that the surface properties of the receiving substrate are important factors for uniform shrinking. Moreover, we print a three-dimensional mascot model that is then uniformly shrunk, producing vivid colors from colorless woodpile photonic crystals. The proposed method has significant potential for application in mechanics, optics, and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mori
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan.
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, China.
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Chern Chia Ser
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Deepshikha Arora
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Pan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Hao Li
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jiabin Niu
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - M A Rahman
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
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4
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Ke Y, Ruan Q, Li Y, Wang H, Wang H, Zhang W, Pan C, Suseela Nair PN, Yin J, Yang JKW. Engineering Dynamic Structural Color Pixels at Microscales by Inhomogeneous Strain-Induced Localized Topographic Change. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37290093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors in homogeneous elastomeric materials predominantly exhibit uniform color changes under applied strains. However, juxtaposing mechanochromic pixels that exhibit distinct responses to applied strain remains challenging, especially on the microscale where the demand for miscellaneous spectral information increases. Here, we present a method to engineer microscale switchable color pixels by creating localized inhomogeneous strain fields at the level of individual microlines. Trenches produced by transfer casting from 2.5D structures into elastomers exhibit a uniform structural color in the unstretched state due to interference and scattering effects, while they show different colors under an applied uniaxial strain. This programmable topographic change resulting in color variation arises from strain mismatch between layers and trench width. We utilized this effect to achieve the encryption of text strings with Morse code. The effective and facile design principle is promising for diverse optical devices based on dynamic structures and topographic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ke
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Parvathi Nair Suseela Nair
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States of America
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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5
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Yu Y, Prudnikau A, Lesnyak V, Kirchner R. Quantum Dots Facilitate 3D Two-Photon Laser Lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211702. [PMID: 37042293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, direct laser writing (DLW) technologies have seen tremendous growth. However, strategies that enhance the printing resolution and the development of printing material with assorted functionalities are still sparser than expected. Herein, a cost-effective method to tackle this bottleneck is presented. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are selected to carry out this task, most importantly via surface chemistry modification to enable their copolymerization with themonomers, resulting in transparent composites. The evaluations indicate that the QDs show great colloidal stability and their photoluminescent properties are well-preserved. This allows further exploration of the printing characteristics of such composite material. It is shown that in the presence of the QDs, the material provides a much lower polymerization threshold with faster linewidth growth, indicating that the QDs form a synergetic relationship with the monomer and the photoinitiator, widening the dynamic range of the material and thus increasing the writing efficiency for broader fields of applications. Lowering the polymerization threshold reduces the minimum achievable feature size by ≈32%, which is well-matched with STED-based (i.e., stimulated-emission depletion microscopy) methods in writing 3D structures. The study further elucidates the mechanism of the synergetic behavior, further guiding the future development of functional materials for DLW-related printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anatol Prudnikau
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Lesnyak
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Kirchner
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Forbes A, Perumal L. Twisted light gets a splash of colour. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:221-222. [PMID: 36781998 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Leerin Perumal
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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7
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Wang H, Wang H, Ruan Q, Chan JYE, Zhang W, Liu H, Rezaei SD, Trisno J, Qiu CW, Gu M, Yang JKW. Coloured vortex beams with incoherent white light illumination. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:264-272. [PMID: 36781996 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The orbital angular momentum is a fundamental degree of freedom of light wavefronts, currently exploited in applications where information capacity is a key requirement, such as optical communication, super-resolution imaging and high-dimensional quantum computing. However, generating orbital angular momentum beams requires spatio-temporally coherent light sources (lasers or supercontinuum sources), because incoherent light would smear out the doughnut features of orbital angular momentum beams, forming polychromatic or obscured orbital angular momentum beams instead. Here we show generation of coloured orbital angular momentum beams using incoherent white light. Spatio-temporal coherence is achieved by miniaturizing spiral phase plates and integrating them with structural colour filters, three-dimensionally printed at the nanoscale. Our scheme can in principle generate multiple helical eigenstates and combine colour information into orbital angular momentum beams independently. These three-dimensional optical elements encoded with colour and orbital angular momentum information substantially increase the number of combinations for optical anti-counterfeiting and photonic lock-key devices in a pairwise fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soroosh Daqiqeh Rezaei
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Trisno
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Min Gu
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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High-speed laser writing of structural colors for full-color inkless printing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:565. [PMID: 36732539 PMCID: PMC9894925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a formidable challenge to simultaneously achieve wide-gamut, high-resolution, high-speed while low-cost manufacturability, long-term stability, and viewing-angle independence in structural colors for practical applications. The conventional nanofabrication techniques fail to match the requirement in low-cost, large-scale and flexible manufacturing. Processing by pulsed lasers can achieve high throughput while suffering from a narrow gamut of ~15% sRGB or angle-dependent colors. Here, we demonstrate an all-in-one solution for ultrafast laser-produced structural colors on ultrathin hybrid films that comprise an absorbent dielectric TiAlN layer coating on a metallic TiN layer. Under laser irradiation, the absorption behaviours of the TiAlN-TiN hybrid films are tailored by photothermal-induced oxidation on the topmost TiAlN. The oxidized films exhibit double-resonance absorption, which is due to the non-trivial phase shifts both at the oxide-TiAlN interface, and at the TiAlN-TiN interface. By varying the accumulated laser fluence to modulate the oxidation depth, angle-robust structural colors with unprecedented large-gamut of ~90% sRGB are obtained. The highest printing speed reaches 10 cm2/s and the highest resolution exceeds 10000 dpi. The durability of the laser-printed colors is confirmed by fastness examination, including salt spray, double-85, light bleaching, and adhesion tests. These features render our technique to be competitive for industrial applications.
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9
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Zhang W, Wang H, Tan ATL, Sargur Ranganath A, Zhang B, Wang H, Chan JYE, Ruan Q, Liu H, Ha ST, Wang D, Ravikumar VK, Low HY, Yang JKW. Stiff Shape Memory Polymers for High-Resolution Reconfigurable Nanophotonics. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8917-8924. [PMID: 36354246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metamaterials require constituent nanostructures to demonstrate switching of shapes with external stimuli. Yet, a longstanding challenge is in overcoming stiction caused by van der Waals forces in the deformed configuration, which impedes shape recovery. Here, we introduce stiff shape memory polymers. This designer material has a storage modulus of ∼5.2 GPa at room temperature and ∼90 MPa in the rubbery state at 150 °C, 1 order of magnitude higher than those in previous reports. Nanopillars with diameters of ∼400 nm and an aspect ratio as high as ∼10 were printed by two-photon lithography. Experimentally, we observe shape recovery as collapsed and touching structures overcome stiction to stand back up. We develop a theoretical model to explain the recoverability of these sub-micrometer structures. Reconfigurable structural color prints with a resolution of 21150 dots per inch and holograms are demonstrated, indicating potential applications of the stiff shape memory polymers in high-resolution reconfigurable nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Alvin T L Tan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Anupama Sargur Ranganath
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Biao Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Dong Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Venkat K Ravikumar
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hong Yee Low
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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10
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Chan JYE, Ruan Q, Wang H, Wang H, Liu H, Yan Z, Qiu CW, Yang JKW. Full Geometric Control of Hidden Color Information in Diffraction Gratings under Angled White Light Illumination. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8189-8195. [PMID: 36227759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Under white light illumination, gratings produce an angular distribution of wavelengths dependent on the diffraction order and geometric parameters. However, previous studies of gratings are limited to at least one geometric parameter (height, periodicity, orientation, angle of incidence) kept constant. Here, we vary all geometric parameters in the gratings using a versatile nanofabrication technique, two-photon polymerization lithography, to encode hidden color information through two design approaches. The first approach hides color information by decoupling the effects of grating height and periodicity under normal and oblique incidence. The second approach hides multiple sets of color information by arranging gratings in sectors around semicircular pixels. Different images are revealed with negligible crosstalk under oblique incidence and varying sample rotation angles. Our analysis shows that an angular separation of ≥10° between adjacent sectors is required to suppress crosstalk. This work has potential applications in information storage and security watermarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore138634, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore138634, Singapore
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11
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Liu H, Wang H, Wang H, Deng J, Ruan Q, Zhang W, Abdelraouf OAM, Ang NSS, Dong Z, Yang JKW, Liu H. High-Order Photonic Cavity Modes Enabled 3D Structural Colors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8244-8252. [PMID: 35533374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It remains a challenge to directly print arbitrary three-dimensional shapes that exhibit structural colors at the micrometer scale. Woodpile photonic crystals (WPCs) fabricated via two-photon lithography (TPL) are elementary building blocks to produce 3D geometries that generate structural colors due to their ability to exhibit either omnidirectional or anisotropic photonic stop bands. However, existing approaches produce structural colors on WPCs when illuminating from the top, requiring print resolutions beyond the limit of commercial TPL, which necessitates postprocessing techniques. Here, we devised a strategy to support high-order photonic cavity modes upon side illumination on WPCs that surprisingly generate prominent reflectance peaks in the visible spectrum. Based on that, we demonstrate one-step printing of 3D photonic structural colors without requiring postprocessing or subwavelength features. Vivid colors with reflectance peaks exhibiting a full width at half-maximum of ∼25 nm, a maximum reflectance of 50%, a gamut of ∼85% of sRGB, and large viewing angles were achieved. In addition, we also demonstrated voxel-level manipulation and control of colors in arbitrary-shaped 3D objects constituted with WPCs as unit cells, which has potential for applications in dynamic color displays, colorimetric sensing, anti-counterfeiting, and light-matter interaction platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jie Deng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Omar A M Abdelraouf
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Norman Soo Seng Ang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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Badloe T, Kim J, Kim I, Kim WS, Kim WS, Kim YK, Rho J. Liquid crystal-powered Mie resonators for electrically tunable photorealistic color gradients and dark blacks. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:118. [PMID: 35487908 PMCID: PMC9054757 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from beautiful colors in nature, structural colors produced from nanostructured metasurfaces have shown great promise as a platform for bright, highly saturated, and high-resolution colors. Both plasmonic and dielectric materials have been employed to produce static colors that fulfil the required criteria for high-performance color printing, however, for practical applications in dynamic situations, a form of tunability is desirable. Combinations of the additive color palette of red, green, and blue enable the expression of further colors beyond the three primary colors, while the simultaneous intensity modulation allows access to the full color gamut. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface that can represent saturated red, green, and blue pixels that can be dynamically and continuously controlled between on and off states using liquid crystals. We use this to experimentally realize ultrahigh-resolution color printing, active multicolor cryptographic applications, and tunable pixels toward high-performance full-color reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Sung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Gan Z, Feng H, Chen L, Min S, Liang C, Xu M, Jiang Z, Sun Z, Sun C, Cui D, Li WD. Spatial modulation of nanopattern dimensions by combining interference lithography and grayscale-patterned secondary exposure. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:89. [PMID: 35396549 PMCID: PMC8993805 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanostructures are exploited for a variety of cutting-edge fields including plasmonics, metasurfaces, and biosensors, just to name a few. Some applications require nanostructures with uniform feature sizes while others rely on spatially varying morphologies. However, fine manipulation of the feature size over a large area remains a substantial challenge because mainstream approaches to precise nanopatterning are based on low-throughput pixel-by-pixel processing, such as those utilizing focused beams of photons, electrons, or ions. In this work, we provide a solution toward wafer-scale, arbitrary modulation of feature size distribution by introducing a lithographic portfolio combining interference lithography (IL) and grayscale-patterned secondary exposure (SE). Employed after the high-throughput IL, a SE with patterned intensity distribution spatially modulates the dimensions of photoresist nanostructures. Based on this approach, we successfully fabricated 4-inch wafer-scale nanogratings with uniform linewidths of <5% variation, using grayscale-patterned SE to compensate for the linewidth difference caused by the Gaussian distribution of the laser beams in the IL. Besides, we also demonstrated a wafer-scale structural color painting by spatially modulating the filling ratio to achieve gradient grayscale color using SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofei Gan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongtao Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siyi Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuwei Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Menghong Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijie Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuying Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dehu Cui
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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High-resolution light field prints by nanoscale 3D printing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3728. [PMID: 34140502 PMCID: PMC8211842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A light field print (LFP) displays three-dimensional (3D) information to the naked-eye observer under ambient white light illumination. Changing perspectives of a 3D image are seen by the observer from varying angles. However, LFPs appear pixelated due to limited resolution and misalignment between their lenses and colour pixels. A promising solution to create high-resolution LFPs is through the use of advanced nanofabrication techniques. Here, we use two-photon polymerization lithography as a one-step nanoscale 3D printer to directly fabricate LFPs out of transparent resin. This approach produces simultaneously high spatial resolution (29-45 µm) and high angular resolution (~1.6°) images with smooth motion parallax across 15 × 15 views. Notably, the smallest colour pixel consists of only a single nanopillar (~300 nm diameter). Our LFP signifies a step towards hyper-realistic 3D images that can be applied in print media and security tags for high-value goods.
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