1
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Khelifa R, Shan S, Moilanen AJ, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Novotny L. WSe 2 Light-Emitting Device Coupled to an h-BN Waveguide. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1328-1333. [PMID: 37215323 PMCID: PMC10197165 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical information processing using photonic integrated circuits is a key goal in the field of nanophotonics. Extensive research efforts have led to remarkable progress in integrating active and passive device functionalities within one single photonic circuit. Still, to date, one of the central components, i.e., light sources, remain a challenge to be integrated. Here, we focus on a photonic platform that is solely based on two-dimensional materials to enable the integration of electrically contacted optoelectronic devices inside the light-confining dielectric of photonic structures. We combine light-emitting devices, based on exciton recombination in transition metal dichalcogenides, with hexagonal boron nitride photonic waveguides in a single van der Waals heterostructure. Waveguide-coupled light emission is achieved by sandwiching the light-emitting device between two hexagonal boron nitride slabs and patterning the complete van der Waals stack into a photonic structure. Our demonstration of on-chip light generation and waveguiding is a key component for future integrated van der Waals optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Khelifa
- Photonics
Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shengyu Shan
- Photonics
Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics
Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Kim S. All-2D material photonic devices. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:323-328. [PMID: 36756268 PMCID: PMC9846477 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00732k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are extensively used in almost all scientific research areas, from fundamental research to applications. Initially, 2D materials were integrated with conventional non-2D materials having well-established manufacturing methods. Recently, the concept of constructing photonic devices exclusively from 2D materials has emerged. Various devices developed to date have been demonstrated based on monolithic or hetero 2D materials. In this review, photonic devices that solely consist of 2D materials are introduced, including photonic waveguides, lenses, and optical cavities. Exploring photonic devices that are made entirely of 2D materials could open interesting prospects as they enable the thinnest devices possible because of their extraordinarily high refractive index. In addition, unique characteristics of 2D materials, such as high optical anisotropy and spin orbit coupling, might provide intriguing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne Australia
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3
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Aharonovich I, Tetienne JP, Toth M. Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9227-9235. [PMID: 36413674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a fascinating platform to explore quantum emitters and their applications. Beyond being a wide-bandgap material, it is also a van der Waals crystal, enabling direct exfoliation of atomically thin layers─a combination which offers unique advantages over bulk, 3D crystals. In this Mini Review we discuss the unique properties of hBN quantum emitters and highlight progress toward their future implementation in practical devices. We focus on engineering and integration of the emitters with scalable photonic resonators. We also highlight recently discovered spin defects in hBN and discuss their potential utility for quantum sensing. All in all, hBN has become a front runner in explorations of solid-state quantum science with promising future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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4
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Ling H, Khurgin JB, Davoyan AR. Atomic-Void van der Waals Channel Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6254-6261. [PMID: 35867898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Layered van der Waals materials allow creating unique atomic-void channels with subnanometer dimensions. Coupling light into these channels may further advance sensing, quantum information, and single molecule chemistries. Here, we examine theoretically limits of light guiding in atomic-void channels and show that van der Waals materials exhibiting strong resonances, excitonic and polaritonic, are ideally suited for deeply subwavelength light guiding. We predict that excitonic transition metal dichalcogenides can squeeze >70% of optical power in just <λ/100 thick channel in the visible and near-infrared. We also show that polariton resonances of hexagonal boron nitride allow deeply subwavelength (<λ/500) guiding in the mid-infrared. We further reveal effects of natural material anisotropy and discuss the influence of losses. Such van der Waals channel waveguides while offering extreme optical confinement exhibit significantly lower loss compared to plasmonic counterparts, thus paving the way to low-loss and deeply subwavelength optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jacob B Khurgin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Artur R Davoyan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Munkhbat B, Wróbel P, Antosiewicz TJ, Shegai TO. Optical Constants of Several Multilayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Measured by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry in the 300-1700 nm Range: High Index, Anisotropy, and Hyperbolicity. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:2398-2407. [PMID: 35880067 PMCID: PMC9306003 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) attract significant attention due to their remarkable optical and excitonic properties. It was understood already in the 1960s and recently rediscovered that many TMDs possess a high refractive index and optical anisotropy, which make them attractive for nanophotonic applications. However, accurate analysis and predictions of nanooptical phenomena require knowledge of dielectric constants along both in- and out-of-plane directions and over a broad spectral range, information that is often inaccessible or incomplete. Here, we present an experimental study of optical constants from several exfoliated TMD multilayers obtained using spectroscopic ellipsometry in the broad range of 300-1700 nm. The specific materials studied include semiconducting WS2, WSe2, MoS2, MoSe2, and MoTe2, as well as in-plane anisotropic ReS2 and WTe2 and metallic TaS2, TaSe2, and NbSe2. The extracted parameters demonstrate a high index (n up to ∼4.84 for MoTe2), significant anisotropy (n ∥ - n ⊥ ≈ 1.54 for MoTe2), and low absorption in the near-infrared region. Moreover, metallic TMDs show potential for combined plasmonic-dielectric behavior and hyperbolicity, as their plasma frequency occurs at around ∼1000-1300 nm depending on the material. The knowledge of optical constants of these materials opens new experimental and computational possibilities for further development of all-TMD nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battulga Munkhbat
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Photonics Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr Wróbel
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J. Antosiewicz
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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He F, Feng Y, Pi H, Yan J, MacDonald KF, Fang X. Coherently switching the focusing characteristics of all-dielectric metalenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27683-27693. [PMID: 36236934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flat, gradient index, metasurface optics - in particular all-dielectric metalenses - have emerged and evolved over recent years as compact, lightweight alternative to their conventional bulk glass/crystal counterparts. Here we show that the focal properties of all-dielectric metalenses can be switched via coherent control, which is to say by changing the local electromagnetic field in the metalens plane rather than any physical or geometric property of the nanostructure or surrounding medium. The selective excitation of predominantly electric or magnetic resonant modes in the constituent cells of the metalens provides for switching, by design, of its phase profile enabling binary switching of focal length for a given lens type and, uniquely, switching between different (spherical and axicon) lens types.
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7
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Cui X, Du M, Das S, Yoon HH, Pelgrin VY, Li D, Sun Z. On-chip photonics and optoelectronics with a van der Waals material dielectric platform. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9459-9465. [PMID: 35735657 PMCID: PMC9261272 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades, photonic integrated circuits have increased dramatically, facilitating many high-performance applications, such as on-chip sensing, data processing, and inter-chip communications. The currently dominating material platforms (i.e., silicon, silicon nitride, lithium niobate, and indium phosphide), which have exhibited great application successes, however, suffer from their own disadvantages, such as the indirect bandgap of silicon for efficient light emission, and the compatibility challenges of indium phosphide with the silicon industry. Here, we report a new dielectric platform using nanostructured bulk van der Waals materials. On-chip light propagation, emission, and detection are demonstrated by taking advantage of different van der Waals materials. Low-loss passive waveguides with MoS2 and on-chip light sources and photodetectors with InSe have been realised. Our proof-of-concept demonstration of passive and active on-chip photonic components endorses van der Waals materials for offering a new dielectric platform with a large material-selection degree of freedom and unique properties toward close-to-atomic scale manufacture of on-chip photonic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Cui
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mingde Du
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
| | - Hoon Hahn Yoon
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Vincent Yves Pelgrin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Diao Li
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland.
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
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8
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Tonkaev P, Sinev IS, Rybin MV, Makarov SV, Kivshar Y. Multifunctional and Transformative Metaphotonics with Emerging Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15414-15449. [PMID: 35549165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Future technologies underpinning multifunctional physical and chemical systems and compact biological sensors will rely on densely packed transformative and tunable circuitry employing nanophotonics. For many years, plasmonics was considered as the only available platform for subwavelength optics, but the recently emerged field of resonant metaphotonics may provide a versatile practical platform for nanoscale science by employing resonances in high-index dielectric nanoparticles and metasurfaces. Here, we discuss the recently emerged field of metaphotonics and describe its connection to material science and chemistry. For tunabilty, metaphotonics employs a variety of the recently highlighted materials such as polymers, perovskites, transition metal dichalcogenides, and phase change materials. This allows to achieve diverse functionalities of metasystems and metasurfaces for efficient spatial and temporal control of light by employing multipolar resonances and the physics of bound states in the continuum. We anticipate expanding applications of these concepts in nanolasers, tunable metadevices, metachemistry, as well as a design of a new generation of chemical and biological ultracompact sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tonkaev
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan S Sinev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Rybin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.,Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Sergey V Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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9
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Huang L, Krasnok A, Alú A, Yu Y, Neshev D, Miroshnichenko AE. Enhanced light-matter interaction in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:046401. [PMID: 34939940 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac45f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, have received extensive attention in the past decade due to their extraordinary electronic, optical and thermal properties. They evolve from indirect bandgap semiconductors to direct bandgap semiconductors while their layer number is reduced from a few layers to a monolayer limit. Consequently, there is strong photoluminescence in a monolayer (1L) TMDC due to the large quantum yield. Moreover, such monolayer semiconductors have two other exciting properties: large binding energy of excitons and valley polarization. These properties make them become ideal materials for various electronic, photonic and optoelectronic devices. However, their performance is limited by the relatively weak light-matter interactions due to their atomically thin form factor. Resonant nanophotonic structures provide a viable way to address this issue and enhance light-matter interactions in 2D TMDCs. Here, we provide an overview of this research area, showcasing relevant applications, including exotic light emission, absorption and scattering features. We start by overviewing the concept of excitons in 1L-TMDC and the fundamental theory of cavity-enhanced emission, followed by a discussion on the recent progress of enhanced light emission, strong coupling and valleytronics. The atomically thin nature of 1L-TMDC enables a broad range of ways to tune its electric and optical properties. Thus, we continue by reviewing advances in TMDC-based tunable photonic devices. Next, we survey the recent progress in enhanced light absorption over narrow and broad bandwidths using 1L or few-layer TMDCs, and their applications for photovoltaics and photodetectors. We also review recent efforts of engineering light scattering, e.g., inducing Fano resonances, wavefront engineering in 1L or few-layer TMDCs by either integrating resonant structures, such as plasmonic/Mie resonant metasurfaces, or directly patterning monolayer/few layers TMDCs. We then overview the intriguing physical properties of different van der Waals heterostructures, and their applications in optoelectronic and photonic devices. Finally, we draw our opinion on potential opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States of America
| | - Andrea Alú
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States of America
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Yiling Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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10
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Wang Y, Chen L, Tang S, Xu P, Ding F, Fang Z, Majumdar A. Helicity-dependent continuous varifocal metalens based on bilayer dielectric metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39461-39472. [PMID: 34809310 DOI: 10.1364/oe.445344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces offer a unique platform to realize flat lenses, reducing the size and complexity of imaging systems and thus enabling new imaging modalities. In this paper, we designed a bilayer helicity-dependent continuous varifocal dielectric metalens in the near-infrared range. The first layer consists of silicon nanopillars and functions as a half-wave plate, providing the helicity-dependent metasurface by combining propagation phase and geometric phase. The second layer consists of phase-change material Sb2S3 nanopillars and provides tunable propagation phases. Upon excitation with the circularly polarized waves possessing different helicities, the metalens can generate helicity-dependent longitudinal focal spots. Under the excitation of linear polarized light, the helicity-dependent dual foci are generated. The focal lengths in this metalens can be continuously tuned by the crystallization fraction of Sb2S3. The zoom range is achieved from 32.5 µm to 37.2 µm for right circularly polarized waves and from 50.5 µm to 60.9 µm for left circularly polarized waves. The simulated focusing efficiencies are above 75% and 87% for the circularly and linearly polarized waves, respectively. The proposed metalens has potential applications in miniaturized devices, including compact optical communication systems, imaging, and medical devices.
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11
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Nauman M, Yan J, de Ceglia D, Rahmani M, Zangeneh Kamali K, De Angelis C, Miroshnichenko AE, Lu Y, Neshev DN. Tunable unidirectional nonlinear emission from transition-metal-dichalcogenide metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5597. [PMID: 34552076 PMCID: PMC8458373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear light sources are central to a myriad of applications, driving a quest for their miniaturisation down to the nanoscale. In this quest, nonlinear metasurfaces hold a great promise, as they enhance nonlinear effects through their resonant photonic environment and high refractive index, such as in high-index dielectric metasurfaces. However, despite the sub-diffractive operation of dielectric metasurfaces at the fundamental wave, this condition is not fulfilled for the nonlinearly generated harmonic waves, thereby all nonlinear metasurfaces to date emit multiple diffractive beams. Here, we demonstrate the enhanced single-beam second- and third-harmonic generation in a metasurface of crystalline transition-metal-dichalcogenide material, offering the highest refractive index. We show that the interplay between the resonances of the metasurface allows for tuning of the unidirectional second-harmonic radiation in forward or backward direction, not possible in any bulk nonlinear crystal. Our results open new opportunities for metasurface-based nonlinear light-sources, including nonlinear mirrors and entangled-photon generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Nauman
- School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jingshi Yan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Domenico de Ceglia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo, 6/B, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Khosro Zangeneh Kamali
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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12
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Fu X, Liang H, Li J. Metalenses: from design principles to functional applications. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:170-186. [PMID: 36637665 PMCID: PMC9743920 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lens is a basic optical element that is widely used in daily life, such as in cameras, glasses, and microscopes. Conventional lenses are designed based on the classical refractive optics, which results in inevitable imaging aberrations, such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration and coma. To solve these problems, conventional imaging systems impose multiple curved lenses with different thicknesses and materials to eliminate these aberrations. As a unique photonic technology, metasurfaces can accurately manipulate the wavefront of light to produce fascinating and peculiar optical phenomena, which has stimulated researchers' extensive interests in the field of planar optics. Starting from the introduction of phase modulation methods, this review summarizes the design principles and characteristics of metalenses. Although the imaging quality of existing metalenses is not necessarily better than that of conventional lenses, the multi-dimensional and multi-degree-of-freedom control of metasurfaces provides metalenses with novel functions that are extremely challenging or impossible to achieve with conventional lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Haowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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13
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Ultra-sensitive nanometric flat laser prints for binocular stereoscopic image. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1154. [PMID: 33608554 PMCID: PMC7896083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with tantalizing layer-dependent electronic and optical properties have emerged as a paradigm for integrated flat opto-electronic devices, but their widespread applications are hampered by challenges in deterministic fabrication with demanded shapes and thicknesses, as well as light field manipulation in such atomic-thick layers with negligible thicknesses compared to the wavelength. Here we demonstrate ultra-sensitive light field manipulation in full visible ranges based on MoS2 laser prints exfoliated with nanometric precisions. The nontrivial interfacial phase shifts stemming from the unique dispersion of MoS2 layers integrated on the metallic substrate empower an ultra-sensitive resonance manipulation up to 13.95 nm per MoS2 layer across the entire visible bands, which is up to one-order-of-magnitude larger than their counterparts. The interlayer van der Waals interactions and the anisotropic thermal conductivity of layered MoS2 films endow a laser exfoliation method for on-demand patterning MoS2 with atomic thickness precision and subwavelength feature sizes. With this, nanometric flat color prints and further amplitude-modulated diffractive components for binocular stereoscopic images can be realized in a facile and lithography-free fashion. Our results with demonstrated practicality unlock the potentials of, and pave the way for, widespread applications of emerging 2D flat optics. The authors demonstrate fidelity colour prints and binocular stereoscopic images in multilayer MoS2 integrated on an Au substrate, showing nanometric layer sensitivity in the Fabry-Perot resonance changed by a facile laser recipe.
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14
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Choe MI, Kim KH, Wi JH. The Two-Dimensional Electrides XONa (X=Mg, Ca) as Novel Natural Hyperbolic Materials. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:92-98. [PMID: 33174676 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In two-dimensional electrides, anionic electrons are spatially confined in interlayer regions with high density, comparable to metals, and they are highly mobile, just as free electrons, resembling hyperbolic metamaterials with metal-dielectric multilayered structures. In this work, two-dimensional electride materials MgONa and CaONa are proposed as good natural hyperbolic materials. By using the first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), the electronic structures, stabilities, and optical properties of two-dimensional electride materials XONa (X=Mg, Ca) are investigated. Our results show that they are stable in 1-monolayer (1-ML) structures as well as in bulk states. They exhibit hyperbolic dispersions from visible to near infrared spectral range with high qualities up to about 700, which is two orders-of-magnitude larger than the preceding bulk hyperbolic materials. Numerical results reveal that they exhibit negative refraction with low losses. Their high-quality hyperbolic responses over a wide spectral range pave the way of broad photonic applications as natural hyperbolic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Il Choe
- Institute of Physics, State Academy of Sciences, Unjong District, PO Box 355, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyon Kim
- Institute of Physics, State Academy of Sciences, Unjong District, PO Box 355, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyok Wi
- Institute of Physics, State Academy of Sciences, Unjong District, PO Box 355, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
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15
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Qin F, Liu B, Zhu L, Lei J, Fang W, Hu D, Zhu Y, Ma W, Wang B, Shi T, Cao Y, Guan BO, Qiu CW, Lu Y, Li X. π-phase modulated monolayer supercritical lens. Nat Commun 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 33398030 PMCID: PMC7782844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have provided an unprecedented material platform for miniaturized opto-electronic devices with integrated functionalities. Although excitonic light–matter interactions associated with their direct bandgaps have received tremendous research efforts, wavefront engineering is less appreciated due to the suppressed phase accumulation effects resulting from the vanishingly small thicknesses. By introducing loss-assisted singular phase behaviour near the critical coupling point, we demonstrate that integration of monolayer MoS2 on a planar ZnO/Si substrate, approaching the physical thickness limit of the material, enables a π phase jump. Moreover, highly dispersive extinctions of MoS2 further empowers broadband phase regulation and enables binary phase-modulated supercritical lenses manifesting constant sub-diffraction-limited focal spots of 0.7 Airy units (AU) from the blue to yellow wavelength range. Our demonstrations downscaling optical elements to atomic thicknesses open new routes for ultra-compact opto-electronic systems harnessing two-dimensional semiconductor platforms with integrated functionalities. Here the authors report binary phase supercritical lenses by patterning monolayer TMD materials. Through placement of atomic thin 2D TMD with sufficient absorption, a spot of critical coupling is created to facilitate a π phase jump and subdiffraction focusing over bandwidth of 150 nm in visible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Boqing Liu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Linwei Zhu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jian Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dejiao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wendi Ma
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bowen Wang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tan Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yaoyu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yuerui Lu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), ANU node, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. .,Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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16
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Abstract
As technology advances, electrical devices such as smartphones have become more and more compact, leading to a demand for the continuous miniaturization of optical components. Metalenses, ultrathin flat optical elements composed of metasurfaces consisting of arrays of subwavelength optical antennas, provide a method of meeting those requirements. Moreover, metalenses have many other distinctive advantages including aberration correction, active tunability, and semi-transparency, compared to their conventional refractive and diffractive counterparts. Therefore, over the last decade, great effort has been focused on developing metalenses to investigate and broaden the capabilities of metalenses for integration into future applications. Here, we discuss recent progress on metalenses including their basic design principles and notable characteristics such as aberration correction, tunability, and multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Won Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanho Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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17
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Wang Y, Deng ZL, Hu D, Yuan J, Ou Q, Qin F, Zhang Y, Ouyang X, Li Y, Peng B, Cao Y, Guan B, Zhang Y, He J, Qiu CW, Bao Q, Li X. Atomically Thin Noble Metal Dichalcogenides for Phase-Regulated Meta-optics. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7811-7818. [PMID: 32833464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its good air stability and high refractive index, two-dimensional (2D) noble metal dichalcogenide shows intriguing potential for versatile flat optics applications. However, light field manipulation at the atomic scale is conventionally considered unattainable because the small thickness and intrinsic losses of 2D materials completely suppress both resonances and phase accumulation effects. Here, we demonstrate that losses of structured atomically thick PtSe2 films integrated on top of a uniform substrate can be utilized to create the spots of critical coupling, enabling singular phase behaviors with a remarkable π phase jump. This finding enables the experimental demonstration of atomically thick binary meta-optics that allows an angle-robust and high unit thickness diffraction efficiency of 0.96%/nm in visible frequencies (given its thickness of merely 4.3 nm). Our results unlock the potential of a new class of 2D flat optics for light field manipulation at an atomic thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Lan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - BaiOu Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wang Z, Yuan G, Yang M, Chai J, Steve Wu QY, Wang T, Sebek M, Wang D, Wang L, Wang S, Chi D, Adamo G, Soci C, Sun H, Huang K, Teng J. Exciton-Enabled Meta-Optics in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7964-7972. [PMID: 33054225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical wavefront engineering has been rapidly developing in fundamentals from phase accumulation in the optical path to the electromagnetic resonances of confined nanomodes in optical metasurfaces. However, the amplitude modulation of light has limited approaches that usually originate from the ohmic loss and absorptive dissipation of materials. Here, an atomically thin photon-sieve platform made of MoS2 multilayers is demonstrated for high-quality optical nanodevices, assisted fundamentally by strong excitonic resonances at the band-nesting region of MoS2. The atomic thin MoS2 significantly facilitates high transmission of the sieved photons and high-fidelity nanofabrication. A proof-of-concept two-dimensional (2D) nanosieve hologram exhibits 10-fold enhanced efficiency compared with its non-2D counterparts. Furthermore, a supercritical 2D lens with its focal spot breaking diffraction limit is developed to exhibit experimentally far-field label-free aberrationless imaging with a resolution of ∼0.44λ at λ = 450 nm in air. This transition-metal-dichalcogenide (TMDC) photonic platform opens new opportunities toward future 2D meta-optics and nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Guanghui Yuan
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Chai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qing Yang Steve Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Matej Sebek
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of integrated optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of integrated optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Dongzhi Chi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Giorgio Adamo
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Cesare Soci
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Handong Sun
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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19
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Kim KH, Wi JH, Choe MI. Negative Refraction in the Visible and Strong Plasmonic Resonances in Photonic Structures of the Electride Material Mg 2 N. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1541-1547. [PMID: 32500574 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural hyperbolic materials have recently attracted great attention due to their capability of supporting spatial mode frequency much higher than artificial metamaterials and the advantage that they do not require nanofabrication processes. For practical applications, however, hyperbolic bulk materials with lower optical losses in shorter wavelength range should be developed. This work presents the electronic structure and dielectric response of an electride Mg2 N, revealing that this material exhibits hyperbolic responses with low optical loss in the visible and plasmonic responses with high-quality in the near-infrared range. Negative refraction in the red spectral range has been analytically and numerically demonstrated. In particular, nanoantenna structures of Mg2 N generate strong plasmonic resonances in the near-infrared and the intensity enhancement in the gap region is one order of magnitude higher compared with silver nanoantenna due to its much higher quality factor, which can find potential applications for nanoplasmonic purposes such as single molecule detections by surface-enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy and nonlinear wavelength generations at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hyon Kim
- Institute of Physics, State Academy of Sciences, Unjong District, Pyongyang, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyok Wi
- Institute of Physics, State Academy of Sciences, Unjong District, Pyongyang, Korea
| | - Myong-Il Choe
- Institute of Physics, State Academy of Sciences, Unjong District, Pyongyang, Korea
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20
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Shirmanesh GK, Sokhoyan R, Wu PC, Atwater HA. Electro-optically Tunable Multifunctional Metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6912-6920. [PMID: 32352740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shaping the flow of light at the nanoscale has been a grand challenge for nanophotonics over decades. It is now widely recognized that metasurfaces represent a chip-scale nanophotonics array technology capable of comprehensively controlling the wavefront of light via appropriately configuring subwavelength antenna elements. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable metasurface that is multifunctional, i.e., notionally capable of providing diverse optical functions in the telecommunication wavelength regime, using a single compact, lightweight, electronically controlled array with no moving parts. By electro-optical control of the phase of the scattered light from each identical individual metasurface element in an array, we demonstrate a single prototype multifunctional programmable metasurface that is capable of both dynamic beam steering and reconfigurable light focusing. Reconfigurable multifunctional metasurfaces with arrays of tunable optical antennas thus can perform arbitrary optical functions by programmable array-level control of scattered light phase, amplitude, and polarization, similar to dynamic and programmable memories in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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21
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Dai Z, Hu G, Ou Q, Zhang L, Xia F, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Qiu CW, Bao Q. Artificial Metaphotonics Born Naturally in Two Dimensions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6197-6246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia−San Sebastian E-20018, Spain
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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22
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Hong Q, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Qin S, Yuan X. Remarkably high-Q resonant nanostructures based on atomically thin two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:23149-23155. [PMID: 31573588 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Planar optical resonant structures with high quality (Q) factors play a crucial role in modern photonic technologies. In this paper, a type of remarkably high-Q resonant nanostructure based on atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials is proposed. It is shown theoretically and numerically that with the excitation of leaky modes in the proposed structures, guided mode resonant (GMR) gratings, can achieve resonances with extremely narrow linewidths down to 0.0005 nm and high Q-factors up to millions in the telecom range. The thickness of 2D materials and thus the high-Q resonances can be precisely controlled by changing the layer number of 2D materials, providing a versatile platform for strong light-matter interactions. As an example, dramatic nonlinear reflectance can be realized around the resonance at a power level of a few kW cm-2 with the Kerr effect. This new type of 2D material resonant nanostructure can be employed for a variety of applications ranging from lasers, filters and polarizers to nonlinear optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Hong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China.
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23
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Metasurface-generated complex 3-dimensional optical fields for interference lithography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21379-21384. [PMID: 31591229 PMCID: PMC6815187 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908382116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast submicrometer-scale 3D printing techniques are of interest for various applications ranging from photonics and electronics to tissue engineering. Interference lithography is a versatile 3D printing method with the ability to generate complicated nanoscale structures. Its application, however, has been hindered by either the complicated setups in multibeam lithography that cause sensitivity and impede scalability or the limited level of control over the fabricated structure achievable with mask-assisted processes. Here, we show that metasurface masks can generate complex volumetric intensity distributions with submicrometer scales for fast and scalable 3D printing. These results push the limits of optical devices in controlling the light intensity distribution and significantly increase the realm of possibilities for 3D printing. Fast, large-scale, and robust 3-dimensional (3D) fabrication techniques for patterning a variety of structures with submicrometer resolution are important in many areas of science and technology such as photonics, electronics, and mechanics with a wide range of applications from tissue engineering to nanoarchitected materials. From several promising 3D manufacturing techniques for realizing different classes of structures suitable for various applications, interference lithography with diffractive masks stands out for its potential to fabricate complex structures at fast speeds. However, the interference lithography masks demonstrated generally suffer from limitations in terms of the patterns that can be generated. To overcome some of these limitations, here we propose the metasurface-mask–assisted 3D nanofabrication which provides great freedom in patterning various periodic structures. To showcase the versatility of this platform, we design metasurface masks that generate exotic periodic lattices like gyroid, rotated cubic, and diamond structures. As a proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate a diffractive element that can generate the diamond lattice.
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24
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Tsapenko AP, Romanov SA, Satco DA, Krasnikov DV, Rajanna PM, Danilson M, Volobujeva O, Anisimov AS, Goldt AE, Nasibulin AG. Aerosol-Assisted Fine-Tuning of Optoelectrical Properties of SWCNT Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3961-3965. [PMID: 31265305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel, scalable, and simple method for aerosol doping of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films. This method is based on aerosolization of a dopant solution (HAuCl4 in ethanol) and time-controlled deposition of uniform aerosol particles on the nanotube film surface. The approach developed allows fine-tuning of the SWCNT work function in the range of 4.45 (for pristine nanotubes) to 5.46 eV, controllably varying the sheet resistance of the films from 79 to 3.2 Ω/□ for the SWCNT films with 50% transmittance (at 550 nm). This opens a new avenue for traditional and flexible optoelectronics, both to replace existing indium-tin oxide electrodes and to develop novel applications of the highly conductive transparent films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P Tsapenko
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Aalto University , 00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Stepan A Romanov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Daria A Satco
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Krasnikov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Pramod M Rajanna
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Aalto University , 00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Mati Danilson
- Tallinn University of Technology , Ehitajate tee 5 , 12616 Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Olga Volobujeva
- Tallinn University of Technology , Ehitajate tee 5 , 12616 Tallinn , Estonia
| | | | - Anastasia E Goldt
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Str. 3 , 121205 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Aalto University , 00076 Espoo , Finland
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25
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Siraji AA, Zhao Y. Design and analysis of thin optical lens composed of low-index subwavelength structures. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:4654-4664. [PMID: 31251285 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We design a polarization-insensitive subwavelength optical lens capable of focusing plane waves of visible wavelength using traditional optical materials such as glass. Using analytical effective medium theory and finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, the phase of transmission of arrayed subwavelength inclusions is studied with respect to their size and shape. It is shown that the phase relations can be accurately predicted using an analytical method, simplifying the design process. A guideline is established for selecting a set of subwavelength inclusions so that complete phase coverage can be achieved. Analytical calculation of focal length using diffraction equations (Fresnel or Rayleigh-Sommerfeld) along with effective medium approximation is done and compared with FDTD and experimental results, showing high accuracy. Large-scale optical lenses with subwavelength thickness are designed and their performance analyzed using an analytical approach. The optical lenses show high focusing efficiency at small numerical apertures, insensitivity to polarization angle, and robustness to uncertainty in their structural parameters. This work shows that using an analytical method, thin optical lenses with subwavelength structure can be designed and studied.
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26
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Cheng F, Qiu L, Nikolov D, Bauer A, Rolland JP, Vamivakas AN. Mechanically tunable focusing metamirror in the visible. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15194-15204. [PMID: 31163719 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A compact, flat lens with dynamically tunable focal length will be an essential component in advanced reconfigurable optical systems. One approach to realize a flat tunable lens is by utilizing metasurfaces, which are two-dimensional nanostructures capable of tailoring the wavefront of incident light. When a metasurface with a hyperboloidal phase profile, i.e., a metalens, is fabricated on a substrate that can be actuated, its focal length can be adjusted dynamically. Here, we design and realize the first reflection type, tunable metalens (i.e., metamirror) operating in the visible regime (670 nm). It is shown that the focal length can be continuously adjusted by up to 45% with a 0% to 20% lateral stretching of the substrate, while maintaining diffraction-limited focusing and high focusing efficiency. Our design as a flat optics element has potential in widespread applications, such as wearable mixed reality systems, biomedical instruments and integrated optics devices.
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