1
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Derat E, Masson G, Claraz A. Electrochemically-Driven 1,4-Aryl Migration via Radical Fluoromethylation of N-Allylbenzamides: a Straightforward Access to Functionalized β-Arylethylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406017. [PMID: 38687085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical radical Truce Smiles rearrangement of N-allylbenzamides is documented herein. The selective 1,4-aryl migration was triggered by the radical fluoromethylation of the alkene providing a direct route to fluoro derivatives of the highly privileged β-arylethylamine pharmacophore. This practical transformation utilizes readily available starting materials and employs an electrical current to drive the oxidative process under mild reaction conditions. It accommodates a variety of migratory aryl groups with different electronic properties and substitution patterns. Careful selection of the protecting group on the nitrogen atom of the N-allylbenzamide is crucial to outcompete the undesired 6-endo cyclization and achieve high level of selectivity towards the 1,4-aryl migration. DFT calculations support the reaction mechanism and unveil the origin of selectivity between the two competitive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'lab, 8 rue de Rouen, 78440, Porcheville, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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2
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Le TV, Ramachandru GG, Daugulis O. Trifluoroethylation and Pentafluoropropylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303190. [PMID: 38011542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluorinated substituents often enhance effectiveness, improve the stability within metabolic processes, and boost the lipophilicity of biologically active compounds. However, methods for their introduction into aliphatic carbon chains remain very limited. A potentially general route to integrate the fluorinated scaffolds into organic molecules involves insertion of fluorine-containing carbenes into C(sp3)-H bonds. The electron-withdrawing characteristics of perfluoroalkyl groups enhances the reactivity of these carbenes which should enable the functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Curiously, it appears that use of perfluoroalkyl-containing carbenes in alkane C-H functionalization is exceedingly rare. This concept describes photolysis, enzymatic catalysis, and transition metal catalysis as three primary approaches to C(sp3)-H functionalization by trifluoromethylcarbene and its homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh V Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Girish G Ramachandru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Kawamura S, Sodeoka M. Understanding and Controlling Fluorinated Diacyl Peroxides and Fluoroalkyl Radicals in Alkene Fluoroalkylations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300202. [PMID: 37522613 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for practical methods for the synthesis of novel fluoroalkyl molecules is increasing owing to their diverse applications. Our group has achieved efficient difunctionalizing fluoroalkylations of alkenes using fluorinated carboxylic anhydrides as user-friendly fluoroalkyl sources. Fluorinated diacyl peroxide, prepared in situ from carboxylic anhydrides, enables the development of novel reactions when used as a radical fluoroalkylating reagent. In this account, we aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the structure, bonding, and reactivity of fluorinated diacyl peroxides and radicals as well as their control in fluoroalkylation reactions. In the first part of this account, the physical properties and reactivity of diacyl peroxides and fluoroalkyl radicals are described. In the subsequent part, we categorize the reactions into copper-catalyzed and metal-free methods utilizing the oxidizing properties of fluorinated diacyl peroxides. We also outline examples and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kawamura
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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6
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Hu CC, Tong CL, Zhang YY, Xu XH, Qing FL. Photoredox-Catalyzed and Silane-Mediated Hydrofluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Fluoroiodomethane in Water. Org Lett 2023; 25:1035-1039. [PMID: 36749173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The first hydrofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes with fluoroiodomethane and hydrosilanes is developed by merging photoredox catalysis and silane-mediated deiodination processes. The key to the success of this reaction is the use of water as the solvent to enhance the activity of CH2F radical toward unactivated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao-Lai Tong
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Giri R, Mosiagin I, Franzoni I, Nötel NY, Patra S, Katayev D. Photoredox Activation of Anhydrides for the Solvent-Controlled Switchable Synthesis of gem-Difluoro Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209143. [PMID: 35997088 PMCID: PMC9826529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of the gem-difluoromethylene (CF2 ) group into organic frameworks is highly sought due to the influence of this unit on the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of molecules. Herein we report an operationally simple, mild, and switchable protocol to access various gem-difluoro compounds that employs chlorodifloroacetic anhydride (CDFAA) as a low-cost and versatile fluoroalkylating reagent. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that electron-transfer photocatalysis triggers mesolytic cleavage of a C-Cl bond generating a gem-difluoroalkyl radical. In the presence of alkene, this radical species acts as a unique intermediate that, under solvent-controlled reaction conditions, delivers a wide range of gem-difluorinated γ-lactams, γ-lactones, and promotes oxy-perfluoroalkylation. These protocols are flow- and batch-scalable, possess excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, and can be used for the late-stage diversification of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- NuChem Sciences Inc.2350 Rue Cohen, Suite 201Saint-LaurentQuebecH4R 2N6Canada,Present address: Valence Discovery Inc.6666 Rue St-Urbain, Suite 200MontrealQuebecH2S 3H1Canada
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subrata Patra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
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8
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Recent advances in the synthesis of fluoroalkylated compounds using fluoroalkyl anhydrides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Giri R, Mosiagin I, Franzoni I, Nötel NY, Patra S, Katayev D. Photoredox Activation of Anhydrides for the Solvent‐Controlled Switchable Synthesis of gem‐Difluoro Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Chemistry Department Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
| | - Ivan Mosiagin
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Chemistry Department Chemin du Musée9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- Valence Discovery Inc. Research Department 6666 Rue St-Urbain, Suite 200Montreal H2S 3H1 Quebec CANADA
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zürich SWITZERLAND
| | - Subrata Patra
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Chemistry Department Chemin du Musée9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Department of Chemistry Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
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10
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Lin D, Krishnamurti V, Prakash S. Visible Light Mediated Metal‐free Chlorodifluoromethylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes via a Hypervalent Iodine EDA Complex. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lin
- University of Southern California Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute UNITED STATES
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- University of Southern California Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute UNITED STATES
| | - Surya Prakash
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute 837 Bloom WalkUniversity Park 90089-1661 Los Angeles UNITED STATES
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11
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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12
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Peng Y, Gong H, Wang J, Chen H, Deng H, Hao J, Wan W. Regiospecific C2‐Difluoroalkylation on Chromone via Transition‐Metal‐free Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aryldifluoroacetic acids. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Shanghai University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Haiying Gong
- Shanghai University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Juan Wang
- Shanghai University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Hua Chen
- Shanghai University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Shanghai University laboratory of Microstructures CHINA
| | - Jian Hao
- Shanghai University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen Wan
- Shanghai University of Science and Technology: Shanghai University Deptartment of Chemistry Shangda Road 99 200444 Shanghai CHINA
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13
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Bock L, Schultheiß SK, Maschauer S, Lasch R, Gradl S, Prante O, Zard SZ, Heinrich MR. Synthesis of 2‐(Chlorodifluoromethyl)indoles for Nucleophilic Halogen Exchange with [
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F]Fluoride. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bock
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Stefanie K. Schultheiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Schwabachanlage 12 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Susanne Gradl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Schwabachanlage 12 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS Ecole Polytechnique 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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14
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Zeng X, Xu Y, Liu J, Deng Y. Access to gem-Dibromoenones Enabled by Carbon-Centered Radical Addition to Terminal Alkynes in Water Solution. Org Lett 2021; 23:9058-9062. [PMID: 34766780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a novel and more practical approach to prepare gem-dibromoenones from terminal alkynes, tetrabromomethane (CBr4), and water in a single step. Mechanistic studies reveal that the generation of a tribromomethyl radical with the assistance of a persulfate salt (K2S2O8) is essential to this transformation. The reaction features readily available chemicals, a broad substrate scope, a green solvent, and mild reaction conditions, providing an efficient alternative for construction of halogen-substituted enones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Zeng
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Yuhai Xu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
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15
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Tagami T, Aoki Y, Kawamura S, Sodeoka M. 1,2-Bis-perfluoroalkylations of alkenes and alkynes with perfluorocarboxylic anhydrides via the formation of perfluoroalkylcopper intermediates. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9148-9153. [PMID: 34523640 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, Cu-mediated protocol toward the 1,2-bis-perfluoroalkyaltion of alkenes/alkynes was developed. The method proceeded with perfluorocarboxylic anhydrides as inexpensive and readily available perfluoroalkyl sources. Diacyl peroxide was generated in situ from the perfluorocarboxylic anhydrides and H2O2. The key step in this reaction is the formation of a stable perfluoroalkylcopper intermediate that is achieved with the aid of a bipyridyl ligand. Subsequent reaction of the intermediate with perfluoroalkyl-containing alkyl or vinyl radicals affords the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tagami
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Yuma Aoki
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Kawamura
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. .,Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. .,Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Cheng X, Ma L. Enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8033-8058. [PMID: 34625820 PMCID: PMC8500828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds are widely used in the fields of molecular imaging, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Fluorinated natural products in nature are rare, and the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic compound molecules can give these compounds new functions and make them have better performance. Therefore, the synthesis of fluorides has attracted more and more attention from biologists and chemists. Even so, achieving selective fluorination is still a huge challenge under mild conditions. In this review, the research progress of enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds is summarized since 2015, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, aldolases, fluoroacetyl coenzyme A thioesterases, lipases, transaminases, reductive aminases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases, polyketide synthases, fluoroacetate dehalogenases, tyrosine phenol-lyases, glycosidases, fluorinases, and multienzyme system. Of all enzyme-catalyzed synthesis methods, the direct formation of the C-F bond by fluorinase is the most effective and promising method. The structure and catalytic mechanism of fluorinase are introduced to understand fluorobiochemistry. Furthermore, the distribution, applications, and future development trends of fluorinated compounds are also outlined. Hopefully, this review will help researchers to understand the significance of enzymatic methods for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds and find or create excellent fluoride synthase in future research.Key points• Fluorinated compounds are distributed in plants and microorganisms, and are used in imaging, medicine, materials science.• Enzyme catalysis is essential for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds.• The loop structure of fluorinase is the key to forming the C-F bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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17
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Zhang K, Rombach D, Nötel NY, Jeschke G, Katayev D. Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible-Light-Promoted C-O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22487-22495. [PMID: 34289531 PMCID: PMC8518413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild and operationally simple trifluoroacylation strategy of olefines, that utilizes trifluoroacetic anhydride as a low‐cost and readily available reagent. This light‐mediated process is fundamentally different from conventional methodologies and occurs through a trifluoroacyl radical mechanism promoted by a photocatalyst, which triggers a C−O bond fragmentation. Mechanistic studies (kinetic isotope effects, spectroelectrochemistry, optical spectroscopy, theoretical investigations) highlight the evidence of a fleeting CF3CO radical under photoredox conditions. The trifluoroacyl radical can be stabilized under CO atmosphere, delivering the trifluoroacetylation product with higher chemical efficiency. Furthermore, the method can be turned into a trifluoromethylation protocol by simply changing the reaction parameters. Beyond simple alkenes, this method allows for chemo‐ and regioselective functionalization of small‐molecule drugs and common pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible‐Light‐Promoted C–O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Late-stage C–H functionalization offers new opportunities in drug discovery. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:522-545. [PMID: 37117588 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the landscape of molecular synthesis has gained major impetus by the introduction of late-stage functionalization (LSF) methodologies. C-H functionalization approaches, particularly, set the stage for new retrosynthetic disconnections, while leading to improvements in resource economy. A variety of innovative techniques have been successfully applied to the C-H diversification of pharmaceuticals, and these key developments have enabled medicinal chemists to integrate LSF strategies in their drug discovery programmes. This Review highlights the significant advances achieved in the late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs and drug-like compounds, and showcases how the implementation of these modern strategies allows increased efficiency in the drug discovery process. Representative examples are examined and classified by mechanistic patterns involving directed or innate C-H functionalization, as well as emerging reaction manifolds, such as electrosynthesis and biocatalysis, among others. Structurally complex bioactive entities beyond small molecules are also covered, including diversification in the new modalities sphere. The challenges and limitations of current LSF methods are critically assessed, and avenues for future improvements of this rapidly expanding field are discussed. We, hereby, aim to provide a toolbox for chemists in academia as well as industrial practitioners, and introduce guiding principles for the application of LSF strategies to access new molecules of interest.
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20
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Britton R, Gouverneur V, Lin JH, Meanwell M, Ni C, Pupo G, Xiao JC, Hu J. Contemporary synthetic strategies in organofluorine chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Xiao P, Pannecoucke X, Bouillon JP, Couve-Bonnaire S. Wonderful fusion of organofluorine chemistry and decarboxylation strategy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6094-6151. [PMID: 34027960 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylation strategy has been emerging as a powerful tool for the synthesis of fluorine-containing organic compounds that play important roles in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Considerable progress in decarboxylation has been made over the past decade towards the construction of diverse valuable fluorinated fine chemicals for which the fluorinated part can be brought in two ways. The first way is described as the reaction of non-fluorinated carboxylic acids (and their derivatives) with fluorinating reagents, as well as fluorine-containing building blocks. The second way is dedicated to the exploration and the use of fluorine-containing carboxylic acids (and their derivatives) in decarboxylative transformations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the development and applications of decarboxylative radical, nucleophilic and cross-coupling strategies in organofluorine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiao
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
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22
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Kosloski-Oh SC, Wood ZA, Manjarrez Y, de Los Rios JP, Fieser ME. Catalytic methods for chemical recycling or upcycling of commercial polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1084-1129. [PMID: 34821907 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymers (plastics) have transformed our lives by providing access to inexpensive and versatile materials with a variety of useful properties. While polymers have improved our lives in many ways, their longevity has created some unintended consequences. The extreme stability and durability of most commercial polymers, combined with the lack of equivalent degradable alternatives and ineffective collection and recycling policies, have led to an accumulation of polymers in landfills and oceans. This problem is reaching a critical threat to the environment, creating a demand for immediate action. Chemical recycling and upcycling involve the conversion of polymer materials into their original monomers, fuels or chemical precursors for value-added products. These approaches are the most promising for value-recovery of post-consumer polymer products; however, they are often cost-prohibitive in comparison to current recycling and disposal methods. Catalysts can be used to accelerate and improve product selectivity for chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers. This review aims to not only highlight and describe the tremendous efforts towards the development of improved catalysts for well-known chemical recycling processes, but also identify new promising methods for catalytic recycling or upcycling of the most abundant commercial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Kosloski-Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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23
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Carvalho DR, Christian AH. Modern approaches towards the synthesis of geminal difluoroalkyl groups. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:947-964. [PMID: 33406177 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02374d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review will cover the importance of and most recent approaches toward geminal difluoroalkyl groups. Transition metal-mediated, photochemical, organocatalytic, and other methods as well as their mechanistic implications will be discussed, with special emphasis on applications to biologically-relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne R Carvalho
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Alec H Christian
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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24
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Sheng X, Xu Q, Lin Z, Hu Z, Pan L, Liu Q, Li Y. External Reductant‐free Stepwise [3+2] Cycloaddition/Reductive Cyclization from 2‐Nitrochalcones and Isocyanides: Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,4‐
c
]quinoline
N
‐oxides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Sheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Qi Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Lin
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Hu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ling Pan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Yifei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
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25
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Rössler SL, Jelier BJ, Magnier E, Dagousset G, Carreira EM, Togni A. Pyridinium Salts as Redox‐Active Functional Group Transfer Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9264-9280. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon L. Rössler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benson J. Jelier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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26
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Rössler SL, Jelier BJ, Magnier E, Dagousset G, Carreira EM, Togni A. Pyridiniumsalze als redoxaktive Reagenzien zur Übertragung funktioneller Gruppen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon L. Rössler
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Benson J. Jelier
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex Frankreich
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex Frankreich
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Antonio Togni
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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27
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Petzold D, Giedyk M, Chatterjee A, König B. A Retrosynthetic Approach for Photocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petzold
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Maciej Giedyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01‐224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anamitra Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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28
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Lewis SE, Wilhelmy BE, Leibfarth FA. Organocatalytic C–H fluoroalkylation of commodity polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalytic post-polymerization modification of commodity aromatic polymers diversifies their material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Bradley E. Wilhelmy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
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29
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Koike T, Akita M. Recent progress in photochemical radical di- and mono-fluoromethylation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5413-5419. [PMID: 31086872 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, photoinduced radical difluoromethylation has emerged as a step-economical synthetic method of CHF2-containing compounds. In this article, difluoromethylation of alkenes, isonitriles and aryl bromides promoted by photoredox catalysis is described together with a non-catalytic photoinduced system. Representative reactions will be discussed for each highlighted difluoromethylating reagent. In addition, related monofluoromethylation with their corresponding monofluoromethylating reagents is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koike
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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30
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Barata-Vallejo S, Postigo A. Photocatalytic Difluoromethylation Reactions of Aromatic Compounds and Aliphatic Multiple C-C Bonds. Molecules 2019; 24:E4483. [PMID: 31817797 PMCID: PMC6943576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the realm of visible light photocatalytic transformations, late-stage difluoromethylation reactions (introduction of difluoromethyl groups in the last stages of synthetic protocols) have played relevant roles as the CF2X group substitutions exert positive impacts on the physical properties of organic compounds including solubility, metabolic stability, and lipophilicity, which are tenets of considerable importance in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials science. Visible-light-photocatalyzed difluoromethylation reactions are shown to be accomplished on (hetero)aromatic and carbon-carbon unsaturated aliphatic substrates under mild and environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Al Postigo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 954, Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina;
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31
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Meyer CF, Hell SM, Sap JB, Misale A, Peschiulli A, Oehlrich D, Trabanco AA, Gouverneur V. Hydrochlorofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes with chlorofluoroacetic acid. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Malquin N, Rahgoshay K, Lensen N, Chaume G, Miclet E, Brigaud T. CF 2H as a hydrogen bond donor group for the fine tuning of peptide bond geometry with difluoromethylated pseudoprolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12487-12490. [PMID: 31566647 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CF2H-Pseudoprolines obtained from difluoroacetaldehyde hemiacetal and serine are stable proline surrogates. The consequence of the incorporation of the CF2H group is an important decrease of the trans to cis amide bond isomerization energy and a remarkable stabilisation of the cis conformer by an hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malquin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - K Rahgoshay
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - N Lensen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - G Chaume
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - E Miclet
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Brigaud
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
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33
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He FS, Ye S, Wu J. Recent Advances in Pyridinium Salts as Radical Reservoirs in Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng He
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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34
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Chen H, Liao X. Nickel catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of aryl triflates with anhydrides. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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36
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Kawamura S, Sodeoka M. Fluoroalkylation Methods for Synthesizing Versatile Building Blocks. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kawamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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37
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Lewis SE, Wilhelmy BE, Leibfarth FA. Upcycling aromatic polymers through C-H fluoroalkylation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6270-6277. [PMID: 31341579 PMCID: PMC6601422 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique properties imparted by planar, rigid aromatic rings in synthetic polymers make these macromolecules useful in a range of applications, including disposable packaging, aerospace materials, flexible electronics, separation membranes, and engineering thermoplastics. The thermal and chemical stability of aromatic polymers, however, makes it difficult to alter their bulk and/or surface properties and results in challenges during recycling. In response, we report a platform approach for the C-H functionalization of aromatic polymers by taking advantage of their innate reactivity with electrophilic radical intermediates. The method uses mild reaction conditions to photocatalytically generate electrophilic fluoroalkyl radicals for the functionalization of an array of commercially relevant polyaromatic substrates, including post-industrial and post-consumer plastic waste, without altering their otherwise attractive thermomechanical properties. The density of fluorination, and thus the material properties, is tuned by either increasing the reagent concentration or incorporating longer perfluoroalkyl species. Additionally, the installation of versatile chemical functionality to aromatic polymers is demonstrated through the addition of a bromodifluoromethyl group, which acts as an initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) grafting of vinyl polymers. The method described herein imparts new and versatile chemical functionality to aromatic polymers, enabling an efficient approach to diversify the properties of these otherwise recalcitrant commodity plastics and demonstrating a viable pathway to upcycle post-consumer plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 South Rd , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA .
| | - Bradley E Wilhelmy
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 South Rd , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA .
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 South Rd , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA .
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38
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Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang RK, Arnold FH. Enantiodivergent α-Amino C-H Fluoroalkylation Catalyzed by Engineered Cytochrome P450s. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9798-9802. [PMID: 31187993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluoroalkyl groups into organic compounds can significantly alter pharmacological characteristics. One enabling but underexplored approach for the installation of fluoroalkyl groups is selective C( sp3)-H functionalization due to the ubiquity of C-H bonds in organic molecules. We have engineered heme enzymes that can insert fluoroalkyl carbene intermediates into α-amino C( sp3)-H bonds and enable enantiodivergent synthesis of fluoroalkyl-containing molecules. Using directed evolution, we engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes to catalyze this abiological reaction under mild conditions with total turnovers (TTN) up to 4070 and enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99%. The iron-heme catalyst is fully genetically encoded and configurable by directed evolution so that just a few mutations to the enzyme completely inverted product enantioselectivity. These catalysts provide a powerful method for synthesis of chiral organofluorine molecules that is currently not possible with small-molecule catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juner Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Ruijie K Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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39
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Lemos A, Lemaire C, Luxen A. Progress in Difluoroalkylation of Organic Substrates by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:1500-1537. [PMID: 31680791 PMCID: PMC6813635 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The selective incorporation of fluorinated motifs, in particular CF2FG (FG=a functional group) and CF2H groups, into organic compounds has attrracted increasing attention since organofluorine molecules are of the utmost importance in the areas of nuclear imaging, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. A variety of synthetic approaches has been employed in late-stage difluoroalkylation reactions. Visible light photoredox catalysis for the production of CF2FG and CF2H radicals has provided a more sustainable alternative to other conventional radical-triggered reactions from the viewpoint of safety, cost, availability, and "green" chemistry. A wide range of difluoroalkylating reagents has been successfully implemented in these organic transformations in the presence of transition metal complexes or organic photocatalysts. In most cases, upon excitation via visible light irradiation with fluorescent light bulbs or blue light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, these photocatalysts can act as both reductive and oxidative quenchers, thus enabling the application of electron-donor or electron-acceptor difluoroalkylating reagents for the generation of CF2FG and CF2H radicals. Subsequent radical addition to substrates and additional organic transformations afford the corresponding difluoroalkylated derivatives. The present review describes the distinct strategies for the transition metal- and organic-photocatalyzed difluoroalkylation of a broad range of organic substrates by visible light irradiation reported in the literature since 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Lemos
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeAllée du 6 Août 8,4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeAllée du 6 Août 8,4000LiègeBelgium
| | - André Luxen
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeAllée du 6 Août 8,4000LiègeBelgium
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40
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41
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Sun AC, McAtee RC, McClain EJ, Stephenson CR. Advancements in Visible-Light-Enabled Radical C(sp)2-H Alkylation of (Hetero)arenes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2019; 51:1063-1072. [PMID: 35782790 PMCID: PMC9245688 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1611658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Minisci reaction, which encompasses the radical C-H alkylation of heteroarenes, has undergone revolutionary development in recent years. The application of photoredox catalysis for alkyl radical generation has given rise to a multitude of methods that feature enhanced functional group tolerance, generality, and operational simplicity. The intent of this short review is to bring readers up to date on this rapidly expanding field. Specifically, we will highlight key examples of visible light-driven Minisci alkylation strategies that represent key advancements in this area of research. The scope and limitation of these transformations will be discussed, with a focus on examining the underlying pathways for alkyl radical generation. Our goal is to make this short review a stepping stone for further synthetic research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Sun
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rory C. McAtee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Edward J. McClain
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R.J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Qi XK, Zhang H, Pan ZT, Liang RB, Zhu CM, Li JH, Tong QX, Gao XW, Wu LZ, Zhong JJ. Photoinduced synthesis of fluorinated dibenz[b,e]azepines via radical triggered cyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10848-10851. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04977k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple, mild and efficient approach to access fluorinated dibenz[b,e]azepines via visible-light photoredox catalysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Kuan Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Tong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Rong-Bin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Can-Ming Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ji Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- Guangdong 515063
- P. R. China
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Zhang W, Zou Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liang Y, Wu Z, Zheng Y, Pan Y. Leaving Group Assisted Strategy for Photoinduced Fluoroalkylations Using N
-Hydroxybenzimidoyl Chloride Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhenlei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuanheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhengguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Youxuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
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Zhang W, Zou Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liang Y, Wu Z, Zheng Y, Pan Y. Leaving Group Assisted Strategy for Photoinduced Fluoroalkylations Using N-Hydroxybenzimidoyl Chloride Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:624-627. [PMID: 30444559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active esters (RAEs) as alkyl radical precursors have been extensively developed for C-C bond formations. However, the analogous transformations of fluoroalkyl radicals from the corresponding acid or ester precursors remain challenging because of the high oxidation potential of the fluoroalkyl carboxylate anions. The newly developed N-hydroxybenzimidoylchloride (NHBC) ester provides a general leaving group assisted strategy to generate a portfolio of fluoroalkyl radicals, and can be successfully applied in photoinduced decarboxylative hydrofluoroalkylation and heteroarylation of unactivated olefins. In addition, DFT calculations revealed that the NHBC ester proceeds by the fluorocarbon radical pathway, whereas other well-known RAEs proceed by the nitrogen radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhenlei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhengguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Youxuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Kawamura S, Henderson CJ, Aoki Y, Sekine D, Kobayashi S, Sodeoka M. Reactivity and properties of bis(chlorodifluoroacetyl) peroxide generated in situ from chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride for chlorodifluoromethylation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11276-11279. [PMID: 30238112 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a practical chlorodifluoromethylation reaction mediated by diacyl peroxide generated in situ from chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride. Allylic and amino-chlorodifluoromethylations of alkenes proceeded well with the combination of this reagent, Cu(ii) catalyst and a pyridine additive. Carbo- and aromatic chlorodifluoromethylations proceeded under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kawamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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46
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47
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Zhu SQ, Liu YL, Li H, Xu XH, Qing FL. Direct and Regioselective C–H Oxidative Difluoromethylation of Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11613-11617. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 LinglingLu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 LinglingLu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North RenminLu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 LinglingLu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 LinglingLu, Shanghai 200032, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North RenminLu, Shanghai 201620, China
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