1
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Wang WW, Yan H, Gu Y, Yan J, Mao BW. In Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy: From Interfaces to Interphases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:103-126. [PMID: 38603469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061422-020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface formed between an electrode and an electrolyte significantly affects the rate and mechanism of the electrode reaction through its structure and properties, which vary across the interface. The scope of the interface has been expanded, along with the development of energy electrochemistry, where a solid-electrolyte interphase may form on the electrode and the active materials change properties near the surface region. Developing a comprehensive understanding of electrochemical interfaces and interphases necessitates three-dimensional spatial resolution characterization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers advantages of imaging and long-range force measurements. Here we assess the capabilities of AFM by comparing the force curves of different regimes and various imaging modes for in situ characterizing of electrochemical interfaces and interphases. Selected examples of progress on work related to the structures and processes of electrode surfaces, electrical double layers, and lithium battery systems are subsequently illustrated. Finally, this review provides perspectives on the future development of electrochemical AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Gu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
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2
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Zhang Z, Said S, Lovett AJ, Jervis R, Shearing PR, Brett DJL, Miller TS. The Influence of Cathode Degradation Products on the Anode Interface in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9389-9402. [PMID: 38507591 PMCID: PMC10993644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Degradation of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries results in the presence of transition metal ions in the electrolyte, and these ions are known to play a major role in capacity fade and cell failure. Yet, while it is known that transition metal ions migrate from the metal oxide cathode and deposit on the graphite anode, their specific influence on anode reactions and structures, such as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), is still quite poorly understood due to the complexity in studying this interface in operational cells. In this work we combine operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements to probe the influence of a range of transition metal ions on the morphological, mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of the SEI. By adding representative concentrations of Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ ions into a commercially relevant battery electrolyte, the impacts of each on the formation and stability of the anode interface layer is revealed; all are shown to pose a threat to battery performance and stability. Mn2+, in particular, is shown to induce a thick, soft, and unstable SEI layer, which is known to cause severe degradation of batteries, while Co2+ and Ni2+ significantly impact interfacial conductivity. When transition metal ions are mixed, SEI degradation is amplified, suggesting a synergistic effect on the cell stability. Hence, by uncovering the roles these cathode degradation products play in operational batteries, we have provided a foundation upon which strategies to mitigate or eliminate these degradation products can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Renewable
Energy Group, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science
and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Samia Said
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Adam J. Lovett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Daniel J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
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3
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Wang Y, Yang X, Meng Y, Wen Z, Han R, Hu X, Sun B, Kang F, Li B, Zhou D, Wang C, Wang G. Fluorine Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3494-3589. [PMID: 38478597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The renewable energy industry demands rechargeable batteries that can be manufactured at low cost using abundant resources while offering high energy density, good safety, wide operating temperature windows, and long lifespans. Utilizing fluorine chemistry to redesign battery configurations/components is considered a critical strategy to fulfill these requirements due to the natural abundance, robust bond strength, and extraordinary electronegativity of fluorine and the high free energy of fluoride formation, which enables the fluorinated components with cost effectiveness, nonflammability, and intrinsic stability. In particular, fluorinated materials and electrode|electrolyte interphases have been demonstrated to significantly affect reaction reversibility/kinetics, safety, and temperature tolerance of rechargeable batteries. However, the underlining principles governing material design and the mechanistic insights of interphases at the atomic level have been largely overlooked. This review covers a wide range of topics from the exploration of fluorine-containing electrodes, fluorinated electrolyte constituents, and other fluorinated battery components for metal-ion shuttle batteries to constructing fluoride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, and other new chemistries. In doing so, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property interactions, the features of fluorinated interphases, and cutting-edge techniques for elucidating the role of fluorine chemistry in rechargeable batteries. Further, we present current challenges and promising strategies for employing fluorine chemistry, aiming to advance the electrochemical performance, wide temperature operation, and safety attributes of rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zuxin Wen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ran Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xia Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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4
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Dachraoui W, Pauer R, Battaglia C, Erni R. Operando Electrochemical Liquid Cell Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Growth and Evolution of the Mosaic Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20434-20444. [PMID: 37831942 PMCID: PMC10604081 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a key component of a lithium-ion battery forming during the first few dischage/charge cycles at the interface between the anode and the electrolyte. The SEI passivates the anode-electrolyte interface by inhibiting further electrolyte decomposition, extending the battery's cycle life. Insights into SEI growth and evolution in terms of structure and composition remain difficult to access. To unravel the formation of the SEI layer during the first cycles, operando electrochemical liquid cell scanning transmission electron microscopy (ec-LC-STEM) is employed to monitor in real time the nanoscale processes that occur at the anode-electrolyte interface in their native electrolyte environment. The results show that the formation of the SEI layer is not a one-step process but comprises multiple steps. The growth of the SEI is initiated at low potential during the first charge by decomposition of the electrolyte leading to the nucleation of inorganic nanoparticles. Thereafter, the growth continues during subsequent cycles by forming an island-like layer. Eventually, a dense layer is formed with a mosaic structure composed of larger inorganic patches embedded in a matrix of organic compounds. While the mosaic model for the structure of the SEI is generally accepted, our observations document in detail how the complex structure of the SEI is built up during discharge/charge cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Dachraoui
- Electron
Microscopy Center, Empa—Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Materials
for Energy Conversion, Empa—Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Robin Pauer
- Electron
Microscopy Center, Empa—Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Corsin Battaglia
- Materials
for Energy Conversion, Empa—Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Departement
of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering—ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse
35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials−EPFL, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron
Microscopy Center, Empa—Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Departement
of Materials—ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Lodico JJ, Mecklenburg M, Chan HL, Chen Y, Ling XY, Regan BC. Operando spectral imaging of the lithium ion battery's solid-electrolyte interphase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5135. [PMID: 37436993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-ion battery is currently the preferred power source for applications ranging from smart phones to electric vehicles. Imaging the chemical reactions governing its function as they happen, with nanoscale spatial resolution and chemical specificity, is a long-standing open problem. Here, we demonstrate operando spectrum imaging of a Li-ion battery anode over multiple charge-discharge cycles using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using ultrathin Li-ion cells, we acquire reference EELS spectra for the various constituents of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and then apply these "chemical fingerprints" to high-resolution, real-space mapping of the corresponding physical structures. We observe the growth of Li and LiH dendrites in the SEI and fingerprint the SEI itself. High spatial- and spectral-resolution operando imaging of the air-sensitive liquid chemistries of the Li-ion cell opens a direct route to understanding the complex, dynamic mechanisms that affect battery safety, capacity, and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Lodico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Mecklenburg
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Core Center of Excellence in Nano Imaging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ho Leung Chan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yueyun Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Yi Ling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B C Regan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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6
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Westhead O, Spry M, Bagger A, Shen Z, Yadegari H, Favero S, Tort R, Titirici M, Ryan MP, Jervis R, Katayama Y, Aguadero A, Regoutz A, Grimaud A, Stephens IEL. The role of ion solvation in lithium mediated nitrogen reduction. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:12746-12758. [PMID: 37346742 PMCID: PMC10281334 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its verification in 2019, there have been numerous high-profile papers reporting improved efficiency of lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction to make ammonia. However, the literature lacks any coherent investigation systematically linking bulk electrolyte properties to electrochemical performance and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) properties. In this study, we discover that the salt concentration has a remarkable effect on electrolyte stability: at concentrations of 0.6 M LiClO4 and above the electrode potential is stable for at least 12 hours at an applied current density of -2 mA cm-2 at ambient temperature and pressure. Conversely, at the lower concentrations explored in prior studies, the potential required to maintain a given N2 reduction current increased by 8 V within a period of 1 hour under the same conditions. The behaviour is linked more coordination of the salt anion and cation with increasing salt concentration in the electrolyte observed via Raman spectroscopy. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a more inorganic, and therefore more stable, SEI layer is formed with increasing salt concentration. A drop in faradaic efficiency for nitrogen reduction is seen at concentrations higher than 0.6 M LiClO4, which is attributed to a combination of a decrease in nitrogen solubility and diffusivity as well as increased SEI conductivity as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Westhead
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
| | - M Spry
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - A Bagger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - Z Shen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - H Yadegari
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - S Favero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - R Tort
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - M Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - M P Ryan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - R Jervis
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Eletrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London UK
| | | | - A Aguadero
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC Spain
| | - A Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London UK
| | - A Grimaud
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459 80039 Amiens Cedex 1 France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College Chestnut Hill MA USA
| | - I E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
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7
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Mishra A, Sarbapalli D, Rodríguez O, Rodríguez-López J. Electrochemical Imaging of Interfaces in Energy Storage via Scanning Probe Methods: Techniques, Applications, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:93-115. [PMID: 37068746 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091422-110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing a deeper understanding of dynamic chemical, electronic, and morphological changes at interfaces is key to solving practical issues in electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs). To unravel this complexity, an assortment of tools with distinct capabilities and spatiotemporal resolutions have been used to creatively visualize interfacial processes as they occur. This review highlights how electrochemical scanning probe techniques (ESPTs) such as electrochemical atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy are uniquely positioned to address these challenges in EESSs. We describe the operating principles of ESPTs, focusing on the inspection of interfacial structure and chemical processes involved in Li-ion batteries and beyond. We discuss current examples, performance limitations, and complementary ESPTs. Finally, we discuss prospects for imaging improvements and deep learning for automation. We foresee that ESPTs will play an enabling role in advancing EESSs as we transition to renewable energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiroop Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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8
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Karg A, Gödrich S, Dennstedt P, Helfricht N, Retsch M, Papastavrou G. An Integrated, Exchangeable Three-Electrode Electrochemical Setup for AFM-Based Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115228. [PMID: 37299955 DOI: 10.3390/s23115228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a versatile scanning probe technique that allows monitoring of a plethora of electrochemical reactions on a highly resolved local scale. SECM in combination with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is particularly well suited to acquire electrochemical data correlated to sample topography, elasticity, and adhesion, respectively. The resolution achievable in SECM depends critically on the properties of the probe acting as an electrochemical sensor, i.e., the working electrode, which is scanned over the sample. Hence, the development of SECM probes received much attention in recent years. However, for the operation and performance of SECM, the fluid cell and the three-electrode setup are also of paramount importance. These two aspects received much less attention so far. Here, we present a novel approach to the universal implementation of a three-electrode setup for SECM in practically any fluid cell. The integration of all three electrodes (working, counter, and reference) near the cantilever provides many advantages, such as the usage of conventional AFM fluid cells also for SECM or enables the measurement in liquid drops. Moreover, the other electrodes become easily exchangeable as they are combined with the cantilever substrate. Thereby, the handling is improved significantly. We demonstrated that high-resolution SECM, i.e., resolving features smaller than 250 nm in the electrochemical signal, could be achieved with the new setup and that the electrochemical performance was equivalent to the one obtained with macroscopic electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Karg
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gödrich
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Philipp Dennstedt
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicolas Helfricht
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Retsch
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
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9
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Gao Y, Zhang B. Probing the Mechanically Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase and the Implications in Design Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205421. [PMID: 36281818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable volume expansion of secondary battery anodes during cycling imposes forces on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The battery performance is closely related to the capability of SEI to maintain intact under the cyclic loading conditions, which basically boils down to the mechanical properties of SEI. The volatile and complex nature of SEI as well as its nanoscale thickness and environmental sensitivity make the interpretation of its mechanical behavior many roadblocks. Widely varied approaches are adopted to investigate the mechanical properties of SEI, and diverse opinions are generated. The lack of consensus at both technical and theoretical levels has hindered the development of effective design strategies to maximize the mechanical stability of SEIs. Here, the essential and desirable mechanical properties of SEI, the available mechanical characterization methods, and important issues meriting attention for higher test accuracy are outlined. Previous attempts to optimize battery performance by tuning SEI mechanical properties are also scrutinized, inconsistencies in these efforts are elucidated, and the underlying causes are explored. Finally, a set of research protocols is proposed to accelerate the achievement of superior battery cycling performance by improving the mechanical stability of SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Takahashi Y, Takamatsu D, Korchev Y, Fukuma T. Correlative Analysis of Ion-Concentration Profile and Surface Nanoscale Topography Changes Using Operando Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. JACS AU 2023; 3:1089-1099. [PMID: 37124299 PMCID: PMC10131198 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although various spectroscopic methods have been developed to capture ion-concentration profile changes, it is still difficult to visualize the ion-concentration profile and surface topographical changes simultaneously during the charging/discharging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To tackle this issue, we have developed an operando scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) method that can directly visualize an ion-concentration profile and surface topography using a SICM nanopipette while controlling the sample potential or current with a potentiostat for characterizing the polarization state during charging/discharging. Using operando SICM on the negative electrode (anode) of LIBs, we have characterized ion-concentration profile changes and the reversible volume changes related to the phase transition during cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge/discharge of the graphite anode. Operando SICM is a versatile technique that is likely to be of major value for evaluating the correlation between the electrolyte concentration profile and nanoscale surface topography changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Department
of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daiko Takamatsu
- Center
for Exploratory Research, Research &
Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama-machi, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Yuri Korchev
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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11
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Said S, Zhang Z, Shutt RRC, Lancaster HJ, Brett DJL, Howard CA, Miller TS. Black Phosphorus Degradation during Intercalation and Alloying in Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6220-6233. [PMID: 36972510 PMCID: PMC10100570 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous layered materials are being recognized as promising candidates for high-performance alkali-ion battery anodes, but black phosphorus (BP) has received particular attention. This is due to its high specific capacity, due to a mixed alkali-ion storage mechanism (intercalation-alloying), and fast alkali-ion transport within its layers. Unfortunately, BP based batteries are also commonly associated with serious irreversible losses and poor cycling stability. This is known to be linked to alloying, but there is little experimental evidence of the morphological, mechanical, or chemical changes that BP undergoes in operational cells and thus little understanding of the factors that must be mitigated to optimize performance. Here the degradation mechanisms of BP alkali-ion battery anodes are revealed through operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) and ex situ spectroscopy. Among other phenomena, BP is observed to wrinkle and deform during intercalation but suffers from complete structural breakdown upon alloying. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is also found to be unstable, nucleating at defects before spreading across the basal planes but then disintegrating upon desodiation, even above alloying potentials. By directly linking these localized phenomena with the whole-cell performance, we can now engineer stabilizing protocols for next-generation high-capacity alkali-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Said
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Rebecca R. C. Shutt
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hector J. Lancaster
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
| | - Christopher A. Howard
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 ORA, U.K.
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12
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Cai C, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Chen K, Hua W, Peng C, Xue D. Origin of oxygen-redox and transition metals dissolution in Ni-rich Li xNi 0.8Co 0.1Mn 0.1O 2 cathode. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114703. [PMID: 36948826 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Ni-rich LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (x ≥ 0.8) draw significant research attention as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries due to their superiority in energy density. However, the oxygen release and the transition metals (TMs) dissolution during the (dis)charging process lead to serious safety issues and capacity loss, which highly prevent its application. In this work, we systematically explored the stability of lattice oxygen and TM sites in LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811) cathode via investigating various vacancy formations during lithiation/delithiation, and properties such as the number of unpaired spins (NUS), net charges, and d band center were comprehensively studied. In the process of delithiation (x = 1 → 0.75 → 0), the vacancy formation energy of lattice oxygen [Evac(O)] has been identified to follow the order of Evac(O-Mn) > Evac(O-Co) > Evac(O-Ni), and Evac(TMs) shows a consistent trend with the sequence of Evac(Mn) > Evac(Co) > Evac(Ni), demonstrating the importance of Mn to stabilize the structural skeleton. Furthermore, the |NUS| and net charge are proved to be good descriptors for measuring Evac(O/TMs), which show linear correlations with Evac(O) and Evac(TMs), respectively. Li vacancy plays a pivotal role on Evac(O/TMs). Evac(O/TMs) at x = 0.75 vary extremely between the NiCoMnO layer (NCM layer) and the NiO layer (Ni layer), which correlates well with |NUS| and net charge in the NCM layer but aggregates in a small region in the Ni layer due to the effect of Li vacancies. In general, this work provides an in-depth understanding of the instability of lattice oxygen and transition metal sites on the (104) surface of Ni-rich NCM811, which might give new insights into oxygen release and transition metal dissolution in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Cai
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dantong Zhang
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kunfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Novel Semiconductors, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenchao Hua
- GEM Super Green Technology Research Institute, Taohuayuan Science and Technology Innovation Park, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongfeng Xue
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Nanoarchitecture factors of solid electrolyte interphase formation via 3D nano-rheology microscopy and surface force-distance spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1321. [PMID: 36898996 PMCID: PMC10006426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, its dynamics and, significantly, its nanoscale structure and composition, hold clues to high-performing and safe energy storage. Unfortunately, knowledge of solid electrolyte interphase formation is limited due to the lack of in situ nano-characterization tools for probing solid-liquid interfaces. Here, we link electrochemical atomic force microscopy, three-dimensional nano-rheology microscopy and surface force-distance spectroscopy, to study, in situ and operando, the dynamic formation of the solid electrolyte interphase starting from a few 0.1 nm thick electrical double layer to the full three-dimensional nanostructured solid electrolyte interphase on the typical graphite basal and edge planes in a Li-ion battery negative electrode. By probing the arrangement of solvent molecules and ions within the electric double layer and quantifying the three-dimensional mechanical property distribution of organic and inorganic components in the as-formed solid electrolyte interphase layer, we reveal the nanoarchitecture factors and atomistic picture of initial solid electrolyte interphase formation on graphite-based negative electrodes in strongly and weakly solvating electrolytes.
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14
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Guo Z, Cheng G, Xu Z, Xie F, Hu Y, Mattevi C, Titirici M, Crespo Ribadeneyra M. Sodium Dual-Ion Batteries with Concentrated Electrolytes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201583. [PMID: 36093930 PMCID: PMC10947385 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Na-based dual-ion batteries (DIBs) are a class of post-lithium technology with advantages including extremely fast charging, cost-effectiveness, and high natural abundance of raw materials. Operating up to high voltages (≈5.0 V), the decomposition of classic carbonate-based electrolyte formulations and the subsequent fade of capacity continues to be a major drawback in the development of these systems. Here, the performance of a Na-DIB was investigated in different commonly employed electrolyte system, and a highly concentrated (3 m NaPF6 ) and fluorine-rich carbonate-based formulation was optimized to achieve a good performance when compared with literature (based on energy and power density, calculated at coin cell and only using the active mass of active materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Guo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUnited Kingdom
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUnited Kingdom
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUnited Kingdom
| | - Fei Xie
- Key Laboratory for Renewable EnergyBeijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and DevicesBeijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Sheng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable EnergyBeijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and DevicesBeijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUnited Kingdom
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15
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Near ambient N2 fixation on solid electrodes versus enzymes and homogeneous catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:184-201. [PMID: 37117902 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mo/Fe nitrogenase enzyme is unique in its ability to efficiently reduce dinitrogen to ammonia at atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Should an artificial electrolytic device achieve the same feat, it would revolutionize fertilizer production and even provide an energy-dense, truly carbon-free fuel. This Review provides a coherent comparison of recent progress made in dinitrogen fixation on solid electrodes, homogeneous catalysts and nitrogenases. Specific emphasis is placed on systems for which there is unequivocal evidence that dinitrogen reduction has taken place. By establishing the cross-cutting themes and synergies between these systems, we identify viable avenues for future research.
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16
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Park G, Choi Y, Shin S, Lee Y, Hong S. Nanoscale Visualization of the Electron Conduction Channel in the SiO/Graphite Composite Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30639-30648. [PMID: 35731963 PMCID: PMC9285628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) is widely used to determine the electronic conductivity of a sample surface with nanoscale spatial resolution. However, the origin of possible artifacts has not been widely researched, hindering the accurate and reliable interpretation of C-AFM imaging results. Herein, artifact-free C-AFM is used to observe the electron conduction channels in Si-based composite anodes. The origin of a typical C-AFM artifact induced by surface morphology is investigated using a relevant statistical method that enables visualization of the contribution of artifacts in each C-AFM image. The artifact is suppressed by polishing the sample surface using a cooling cross-section polisher, which is confirmed by Pearson correlation analysis. The artifact-free C-AFM image was used to compare the current signals (before and after cycling) from two different composite anodes comprising single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and carbon black as conductive additives. The relationship between the electrical degradation and morphological evolution of the active materials depending on the conductive additive is discussed to explain the improved electrical and electrochemical properties of the electrode containing SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Shin
- LG
Energy Solution, 188, Moonji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Lee
- LG
Energy Solution, 188, Moonji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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17
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Yang S, Liang Q, Wu H, Pi J, Wang Z, Luo Y, Liu Y, Long Z, Zhou D, Wen Y, Wang Q, Guo J, Qiu J. Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs 2NaErCl 6: Li + as High-Stability Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4981-4987. [PMID: 35647795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskite materials have been used in the field of lithium-ion batteries because of their excellent ion migration characteristics and defect tolerance. However, the current lead-based perovskites used for lithium-ion batteries are highly toxic, which may hinder the pace of further commercialization. Therefore, it is still necessary to develop a new type of stable and pollution-free perovskite anode material. Herein, we for the first time use a high-concentration lithium-ion doped rare-earth-based double perovskite Cs2NaErCl6:Li+ as the negative electrode material for a lithium-ion battery. Thanks to its excellent structure stability, the assembled battery also has high cycle stability, with a specific capacity of 120 mAh g-1 at 300 mA g-1 after 500 cycles with a Coulomb efficiency of nearly 100%. The introduction of a rare earth element in a lead-free double perovskite paves a new way for the development of novel promising anode materials in the field of lithium storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Qimei Liang
- Key Lab Comprehens Utilizat Mineral Resources Eth, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R.China
| | - Hao Wu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Pi
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Wang
- Key Lab Comprehens Utilizat Mineral Resources Eth, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R.China
| | - Yuxu Luo
- Key Lab Comprehens Utilizat Mineral Resources Eth, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R.China
| | - Ying Liu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Zhangwen Long
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Dacheng Zhou
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Yugeng Wen
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Junming Guo
- Key Lab Comprehens Utilizat Mineral Resources Eth, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R.China
| | - Jianbei Qiu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
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18
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Saunders L, Wang J, Stimming U. Evaluating single-crystal and polycrystalline NMC811 electrodes in lithium-ion cells via non-destructive EIS alone. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Hao F, Vishnugopi BS, Wang H, Mukherjee PP. Chemomechanical Interactions Dictate Lithium Surface Diffusion Kinetics in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5472-5480. [PMID: 35465678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a pivotal role in enabling fast ionic transport and preserving the battery electrodes from parasitic reactions with solvents. However, due to large volume changes of lithium (Li) electrodes, the SEI layer can potentially undergo mechanical failure, resulting in electrolyte degradation. The mechanical stability of the SEI is a critical aspect that needs to be modulated for designing rechargeable metal batteries with optimal performance. In this work, we perform density functional theory calculations to investigate the mechanical properties of lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium oxide (Li2O) nanofilms and quantify the Li surface diffusion kinetics over these two SEI materials. Based on our analysis, it is identified that Young's modulus and the ideal strength of the SEI are strong functions of the nanofilm thickness and crystallographic direction. Interestingly, we find that mechanical strain substantially alters the Li surface diffusion behavior on the SEI. For a strain of 4%, while the Li surface diffusion rate decreases by two orders of magnitude on the stretched Li2O film, it increases two times on the stretched LiF film, indicating critical implications on the morphological stability of the metal anode. A fundamental correlation between inherent SEI properties and Li plating behavior is revealed, suggesting a potential pathway to achieve dendrite-free electrodeposition via SEI modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bairav S Vishnugopi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Partha P Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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20
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Insights into the efficient roles of solid electrolyte interphase derived from vinylene carbonate additive in rechargeable batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Wang WW, Gu Y, Yan H, Li KX, Chen ZB, Wu QH, Kranz C, Yan JW, Mao BW. Formation sequence of solid electrolyte interphases and impacts on lithium deposition and dissolution on copper: an in situ atomic force microscopic study. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:190-205. [PMID: 34889342 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper is the most widely used substrate for Li deposition and dissolution in lithium metal anodes, which is complicated by the formation of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), whose physical and chemical properties can affect Li deposition and dissolution significantly. However, initial Li nucleation and growth on bare Cu creates Li nuclei that only partially cover the Cu surface so that SEI formation could proceed not only on Li nuclei but also on the bare region of the Cu surface with different kinetics, which may affect the follow-up processes distinctively. In this paper, we employ in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), together with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to investigate how SEIs formed on a Cu surface, without Li participation, and on the surface of growing Li nuclei, with Li participation, affect the components and structures of the SEIs, and how the formation sequence of the two kinds of SEIs, along with Li deposition, affect subsequent dissolution and re-deposition processes in a pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid electrolyte containing a small amount of water. Nanoscale in situ AFM observations show that sphere-like Li deposits may have differently conditioned SEI-shells, depending on whether Li nucleation is preceded by the formation of the SEI on Cu. Models of integrated-SEI shells and segmented-SEI shells are proposed to describe SEI shells formed on Li nuclei and SEI shells sequentially formed on Cu and then on Li nuclei, respectively. "Top-dissolution" is observed for both types of shelled Li deposits, but the integrated-SEI shells only show wrinkles, which can be recovered upon Li re-deposition, while the segmented-SEI shells are apparently top-opened due to mechanical stresses introduced at the junctions of the top regions and become "dead" SEIs, which forces subsequent Li nucleation and growth in the interstice of the dead SEIs. Our work provides insights into the impact mechanism of SEIs on the initial stage Li deposition and dissolution on foreign substrates, revealing that SEIs could be more influential on Li dissolution and that the spatial integration of SEI shells on Li deposits is important to improving the reversibility of deposition and dissolution cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Kai-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zhao-Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qi-Hui Wu
- College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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22
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Zhu H, Russell JA, Fang Z, Barnes P, Li L, Efaw C, Muenzer A, May J, Hamal K, Cheng IF, Davis PH, Dufek E, Xiong H. A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2105292. [PMID: 34716757 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence and stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphitic electrodes is vital to the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the formation and evolution of SEI remain the least understood area in LIBs due to its dynamic nature, complexity in chemical composition, heterogeneity in morphology, as well as lack of reliable in situ/operando techniques for accurate characterization. In addition, chemical composition and morphology of SEI are not only affected by the choice of electrolyte, but also by the nature of the electrode surface. While introduction of defects into graphitic electrodes has promoted their electrochemical properties, how such structural defects influence SEI formation and evolution remains an open question. Here, utilizing nondestructive operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EChem-AFM) the dynamic SEI formation and evolution on a pair of representative graphitic materials with and without defects, namely, highly oriented pyrolytic and disordered graphite electrodes, are systematically monitored and compared. Complementary to the characterization of SEI topographical and mechanical changes during electrochemical cycling by EChem-AFM, chemical analysis and theoretical calculations are conducted to provide mechanistic insights underlying SEI formation and evolution. The results provide guidance to engineer functional SEIs through design of carbon materials with defects for LIBs and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhu
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Joshua A Russell
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Zongtang Fang
- Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Pete Barnes
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| | - CoreyM Efaw
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Allison Muenzer
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Jeremy May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Kailash Hamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - I Francis Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Paul H Davis
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - EricJ Dufek
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
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23
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Martín‐Yerga D, Kang M, Unwin PR. Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy in a Glovebox: Structure‐Activity Correlations in the Early Stages of Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín‐Yerga
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV47AL United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV47AL United Kingdom
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV47AL United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA United Kingdom
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24
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Effects of Structural Substituents on the Electrochemical Decomposition of Carbonyl Derivatives and Formation of the Solid–Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI), the passivation layer formed on anode particles during the initial cycles, affects the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of capacity, power output, and cycle life. SEI features are dependent on the electrolyte content, as this complex layer originates from electrolyte decomposition products. Despite a variety of studies devoted to understanding SEI formation, the complexity of this process has caused uncertainty in its chemistry. In order to clarify the role of the substituted functional groups of the SEI-forming compounds in their efficiency and the features of the resulting interphase, the performance of six different carbonyl-based molecules has been investigated by computational modeling and electrochemical experiments with a comparative approach. The performance of the electrolytes and stability of the generated SEI are evaluated in both half-cell and full-cell configurations. Added to the room-temperature studies, the cyclability of the NMC/graphite cells is assessed at elevated temperatures as an intensified aging condition. The results show that structural adjustments within the SEI-forming molecule can ameliorate the cyclability of the electrolyte, leading to a higher capacity retention of the LIB cell, where cinnamoyl chloride is introduced as a novel and more sustainable SEI forming agent with the potential of improving the LIB capacity retention.
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Wang B, Le Fevre LW, Brookfield A, McInnes EJL, Dryfe RAW. Resolution of Lithium Deposition versus Intercalation of Graphite Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries: An In Situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The Faraday Institution Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Quad One Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Lewis W. Le Fevre
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- National Graphene Institute The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Adam Brookfield
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Photon Science Institute University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Eric J. L. McInnes
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The Faraday Institution Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Quad One Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Photon Science Institute University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- The Faraday Institution Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Quad One Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- National Graphene Institute The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Wang B, Le Fevre LW, Brookfield A, McInnes EJL, Dryfe RAW. Resolution of Lithium Deposition versus Intercalation of Graphite Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries: An In Situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21860-21867. [PMID: 34297479 PMCID: PMC8518894 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In situ electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is used to understand the mixed lithiation/deposition behavior on graphite anodes during the charging process. The conductivity, degree of lithiation, and the deposition process of the graphite are reflected by the EPR spectroscopic quality factor, the spin density, and the EPR spectral change, respectively. Classical over‐charging (normally associated with potentials ≤0 V vs. Li+/Li) are not required for Li metal deposition onto the graphite anode: Li deposition initiates at ca. +0.04 V (vs. Li+/Li) when the scan rate is lowered to 0.04 mV s−1. The inhibition of Li deposition by vinylene carbonate (VC) additive is highlighted by the EPR results during cycling, attributed to a more mechanically flexible and polymeric SEI layer with higher ionic conductivity. A safe cut‐off potential limit of +0.05 V for the anode is suggested for high rate cycling, confirmed by the EPR response over prolonged cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Lewis W Le Fevre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adam Brookfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eric J L McInnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK.,Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert A W Dryfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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27
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Gao Q, Tsai W, Balke N. In situ and operando force‐based atomic force microscopy for probing local functionality in energy storage materials. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Wan‐Yu Tsai
- Chemical Science Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
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Legerstee WJ, Boekel M, Boonstra S, Kelder EM. Scanning Probe Microscopy Facility for Operando Study of Redox Processes on Lithium ion Battery Electrodes. Front Chem 2021; 9:505876. [PMID: 33937182 PMCID: PMC8082686 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.505876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is combined with a special designed glovebox system and coupled to a Galvanostat/Potentiostat to allow measurements on electrochemical properties for battery research. An open cell design with electrical contacts makes it possible to reach the electrode surface with the cantilever so as to perform measurements during battery operation. A combined AFM-Scanning Electro-Chemical Microscopy (AFM-SECM) approach makes it possible to simultaneously obtain topological information and electrochemical activity. Several methods have been explored to provide the probe tip with an amount of lithium so that it can be used as an active element in a measurement. The “wet methods” that use liquid electrolyte appear to have significant drawbacks compared to dry methods, in which no electrolyte is used. Two dry methods were found to be best applicable, with one method applying metallic lithium to the tip and the second method forming an alloy with the silicon of the tip. The amount of lithium applied to the tip was measured by determining the shift of the resonance frequency which makes it possible to follow the lithiation process. A FEM-based probe model has been used to simulate this shift due to mass change. The AFM-Galvanostat/Potentiostat set-up is used to perform electrochemical measurements. Initial measurements with lithiated probes show that we are able to follow ion currents between tip and sample and perform an electrochemical impedance analysis in absence of an interfering Redox-probe. The active probe method developed in this way can be extended to techniques in which AFM measurements can be combined with mapping electrochemical processes with a spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Legerstee
- Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,Automotive Engineering, Engineering and Applied Sciences, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Boekel
- Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - S Boonstra
- Automotive Engineering, Engineering and Applied Sciences, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - E M Kelder
- Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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Weber I, Wang B, Bodirsky C, Chakraborty M, Wachtler M, Diemant T, Schnaidt J, Behm RJ. Model Studies on Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Electrodes in Ethylene Carbonate and Dimethyl Carbonate II: Graphite Powder Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Weber
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstraße 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Carina Bodirsky
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Monalisa Chakraborty
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Mario Wachtler
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW Helmholtzstraße 8 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Johannes Schnaidt
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstraße 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstraße 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
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