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Ferreira DCM, Inoque NIG, Tanaka AA, Dantas LMF, Muñoz RAA, da Silva IS. Lab-made CO 2 laser-engraved electrochemical sensors for ivermectin determination. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4136-4142. [PMID: 38860551 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The ivermectin (IVM), as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug, was widely prescribed to treat COVID-19 during the pandemic, despite lacking proven efficacy in combating this disease. Therefore, it is important to establish affordable devices in laboratories with minimal infrastructure. The laser engraving technology has been revolutionary in sensor manufacturing, primarily attributed to the diversity of substrates that can be employed and the freedom it provides in creating sensor models. In this work, electrochemical sensors based on graphene were developed using the laser engraving technology for IVM sensing. Through, the studies that used the techniques of cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, following parameter optimization, for the laser-induced graphene electrode demonstrated a mass transport governed by adsorption of the species and exhibited a linear working range of 10-100 (μmol L-1), a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.6 × 10-6 (mol L-1), a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4.8 × 10-6 (mol L-1), and a sensitivity of 0.139 (μA μmol L-1). The developed method was successfully applied to direct analysis of pharmaceutical tablets, tap water (recovery of 94%) and synthetic urine samples (recovery between 97% and 113%). These results demonstrate the feasibility of the method for routine analyses involving environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianderson C M Ferreira
- Chemistry Technology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Nélio I G Inoque
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Auro Atsushi Tanaka
- Chemistry Technology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Luiza M F Dantas
- Chemistry Technology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Iranaldo S da Silva
- Chemistry Technology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
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2
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Behrent A, Borggraefe V, Baeumner AJ. Laser-induced graphene trending in biosensors: understanding electrode shelf-life of this highly porous material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2097-2106. [PMID: 38082134 PMCID: PMC10950954 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has received much attention in recent years as a possible transducer material for electroanalytical sensors. Its simplicity of fabrication and good electrochemical performance are typically highlighted. However, we found that unmodified and untreated LIG electrodes had a limited shelf-life for certain electroanalytical applications, likely due to the adsorption of adventitious hydrocarbons from the storage environment. Electrode responses did not change immediately after exposure to ambient conditions but over longer periods of time, probably due to the immense specific surface area of the LIG material. LIG shelf-life is seldomly discussed prominently in the literature, yet overall trends for solutions to this challenge can be identified. Such findings from the literature regarding the long-term storage stability of LIG electrodes, pure and modified, are discussed here along with explanations for likely protective mechanisms. Specifically, applying a protective coating on LIG electrodes after manufacture is possibly the easiest method to preserve electrode functionality and should be identified as a trend for well-performing LIG electrodes in the future. Furthermore, suggested influences of the accompanying LIG microstructure/morphology on electrode characteristics are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Behrent
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Borggraefe
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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3
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Ganesh PS, Elugoke SE, Lee SH, Kim SY, Ebenso EE. Smart and emerging point of care electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection: Towards designing a future rapid diagnostic tool. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141269. [PMID: 38307334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In the recent years, researchers from all over the world have become interested in the fabrication of advanced and innovative electrochemical and/or biosensors for respiratory virus detection with the use of nanotechnology. These fabricated sensors demonstrated a number of benefits, including precision, affordability, accessibility, and miniaturization which makes them a promising test method for point-of-care (PoC) screening for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. In order to comprehend the principles of electrochemical sensing and the role of various types of sensing interfaces, we comprehensively explored the underlying principles of electroanalytical methods and terminologies related to it in this review. In addition, it is addressed how to fabricate electrochemical sensing devices incorporating nanomaterials as graphene, metal/metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, quantum dots, and polymers. We took an effort to carefully compile current developments, advantages, drawbacks, possible solutions in nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattan Siddappa Ganesh
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saheed Eluwale Elugoke
- Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Seok-Han Lee
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
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4
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Abyzova E, Petrov I, Bril’ I, Cheshev D, Ivanov A, Khomenko M, Averkiev A, Fatkullin M, Kogolev D, Bolbasov E, Matkovic A, Chen JJ, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Universal Approach to Integrating Reduced Graphene Oxide into Polymer Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4622. [PMID: 38139874 PMCID: PMC10747855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronics have sparked significant interest in the development of electrically conductive polymer-based composite materials. While efforts are being made to fabricate these composites through laser integration techniques, a versatile methodology applicable to a broad range of thermoplastic polymers remains elusive. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms driving the formation of such composites are not thoroughly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap, our research focuses on the core processes determining the integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polymers to engineer coatings that are not only flexible and robust but also exhibit electrical conductivity. Notably, we have identified a particular range of laser power densities (between 0.8 and 1.83 kW/cm2), which enables obtaining graphene polymer composite coatings for a large set of thermoplastic polymers. These laser parameters are primarily defined by the thermal properties of the polymers as confirmed by thermal analysis as well as numerical simulations. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that conductivity can be achieved by two mechanisms-rGO integration and polymer carbonization. Additionally, high-speed videos allowed us to capture the graphene oxide (GO) modification and melt pool formation during laser processing. The cross-sectional analysis of the laser-processed samples showed that the convective flows are present in the polymer substrate explaining the observed behavior. Moreover, the practical application of our research is exemplified through the successful assembly of a conductive wristband for wearable devices. Our study not only fills a critical knowledge gap but also offers a tangible illustration of the potential impact of laser-induced rGO-polymer integration in materials science and engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abyzova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Petrov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Bril’
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Cheshev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Alexey Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Khomenko
- ILIT RAS−Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 140700 Shatura, Russia
| | - Andrey Averkiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Fatkullin
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Kogolev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniy Bolbasov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jin-Ju Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Raul D. Rodriguez
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Sheremet
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
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5
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Bressi AC, Dallinger A, Steksova Y, Greco F. Bioderived Laser-Induced Graphene for Sensors and Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37471123 PMCID: PMC10401514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The maskless and chemical-free conversion and patterning of synthetic polymer precursors into laser-induced graphene (LIG) via laser-induced pyrolysis is a relatively new but growing field. Bioderived precursors from lignocellulosic materials can also be converted to LIG, opening a path to sustainable and environmentally friendly applications. This review is designed as a starting point for researchers who are not familiar with LIG and/or who wish to switch to sustainable bioderived precursors for their applications. Bioderived precursors are described, and their performances (mainly crystallinity and sheet resistance of the obtained LIG) are compared. The three main fields of application are reviewed: supercapacitors and electrochemical and physical sensors. The key advantages and disadvantages of each precursor for each application are discussed and compared to those of a benchmark of polymer-derived LIG. LIG from bioderived precursors can match, or even outperform, its synthetic analogue and represents a viable and sometimes better alternative, also considering its low cost and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Bressi
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander Dallinger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Yulia Steksova
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
- Interdisciplinary Center on Sustainability and Climate, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Yang L, Wang H, Abdullah AM, Meng C, Chen X, Feng A, Cheng H. Direct Laser Writing of the Porous Graphene Foam for Multiplexed Electrochemical Sweat Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37433119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electrochemical sensors provide means to detect molecular-level information from the biochemical markers in biofluids for physiological health evaluation. However, a high-density array is often required for multiplexed detection of multiple markers in complex biofluids, which is challenging with low-cost fabrication methods. This work reports the low-cost direct laser writing of porous graphene foam as a flexible electrochemical sensor to detect biomarkers and electrolytes in sweat. The resulting electrochemical sensor exhibits high sensitivity and low limit of detection for various biomarkers (e.g., the sensitivity of 6.49/6.87/0.94/0.16 μA μM-1 cm-2 and detection limit of 0.28/0.26/1.43/11.3 μM to uric acid/dopamine/tyrosine/ascorbic acid) in sweat. The results from this work open up opportunities for noninvasive continuous monitoring of gout, hydration status, and drug intake/overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Abu Musa Abdullah
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Anqi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Wanjari VP, Reddy AS, Duttagupta SP, Singh SP. Laser-induced graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications: a perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:42643-42657. [PMID: 35622288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are miniaturized devices that provide the advantage of in situ and point-of-care monitoring of analytes of interest. Electrochemical biosensors use the mechanism of oxidation-reduction reactions and measurement of corresponding electron transfer as changes in current, voltage, or other parameters using different electrochemical techniques. The use of electrochemically active materials is critical for the effective functioning of electrochemical biosensors. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has garnered increasing interest in biosensor development and improvement due to its high electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and simple and scalable fabrication process. The effort of this perspective is to understand the existing classes of analytes and the mechanisms of their detection using LIG-based biosensors. The manuscript has highlighted the potential use of LIG, its modifications, and its use with various receptors for sensing various environmental pollutants. Although the conventional graphene-based sensors effectively detect trace levels for many analytes in different applications, the chemical and energy-intensive fabrication and time-consuming processes make it imperative to explore a low-cost and scalable option such as LIG for biosensors production. The focus of these potential biosensors has been kept on detection analytes of environmental significance such as heavy metals ions, organic and inorganic compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, pathogens, and antibiotics. The use of LIG directly as an electrode, its modifications with nanomaterials and polymers, and its combination with bioreceptors such as aptamers and polymers has been summarized. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis has also been done to understand the viability of incorporating LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram P Wanjari
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - A Sudharshan Reddy
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhartha P Duttagupta
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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8
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Mediate neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells using polypyrrole-assisted laser-induced graphene flexible composite electrodes combined with electrical stimulation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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de Lima LF, de Araujo WR. Laser-scribed graphene on polyetherimide substrate: an electrochemical sensor platform for forensic determination of xylazine in urine and beverage samples. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:465. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Polyimide adhesive tapes as a versatile and disposable substrate to produce CO2 laser-induced carbon sensors for batch and microfluidic analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Shao Z, Chang Y, Venton BJ. Carbon microelectrodes with customized shapes for neurotransmitter detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1223:340165. [PMID: 35998998 PMCID: PMC9867599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon is a popular electrode material for neurotransmitter detection due to its good electrochemical properties, high biocompatibility, and inert chemistry. Traditional carbon electrodes, such as carbon fibers, have smooth surfaces and fixed shapes. However, newer studies customize the shape and nanostructure the surface to enhance electrochemistry for different applications. In this review, we show how changing the structure of carbon electrodes with methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), wet-etching, direct laser writing (DLW), and 3D printing leads to different electrochemical properties. The customized shapes include nanotips, complex 3D structures, porous structures, arrays, and flexible sensors with patterns. Nanostructuring enhances sensitivity and selectivity, depending on the carbon nanomaterial used. Carbon nanoparticle modifications enhance electron transfer kinetics and prevent fouling for neurochemicals that are easily polymerized. Porous electrodes trap analyte momentarily on the scale of an electrochemistry experiment, leading to thin layer electrochemical behavior that enhances secondary peaks from chemical reactions. Similar thin layer cell behavior is observed at cavity carbon nanopipette electrodes. Nanotip electrodes facilitate implantation closer to the synapse with reduced tissue damage. Carbon electrode arrays are used to measure from multiple neurotransmitter release sites simultaneously. Custom-shaped carbon electrodes are enabling new applications in neuroscience, such as distinguishing different catecholamines by secondary peaks, detection of vesicular release in single cells, and multi-region measurements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Shao
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Yuanyu Chang
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA.
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Nam KH, Abdulhafez M, Castagnola E, Tomaraei GN, Cui XT, Bedewy M. Laser direct write of heteroatom-doped graphene on molecularly controlled polyimides for electrochemical biosensors with nanomolar sensitivity. CARBON 2022; 188:209-219. [PMID: 36101831 PMCID: PMC9467290 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of heteroatom-doped graphene electrodes remains a challenging endeavor, especially on flexible substrates. Precise chemical and morphological control is even more challenging for patterned microelectrodes. We herein demonstrate a scalable process for directly generating micropatterns of heteroatom-doped porous graphene on polyimide with different backbones using a continuous-wave infrared laser. Conventional two-step polycondensation of 4,4'-oxydianiline with three different tetracarboxylic dianhydrides enabled the fabrication of fully aromatic polyimides with various internal linkages such as phenylene, trifluoromethyl or sulfone groups. Accordingly, we leverage this laser-induced polymer-to-doped-graphene conversion for fabricating electrically conductive microelectrodes with efficient utilization of heteroatoms (N-doped, F-doped, and S-doped). Tuning laser fluence enabled achieving electrical resistivity lower than ~13 Ω sq-1 for F-doped and N-doped graphene. Finally, our microelectrodes exhibit superior performance for electrochemical sensing of dopamine, one of the important neurotransmitters in the brain. Compared with carbon fiber microelectrodes, the gold standard in electrochemical dopamine sensing, our F-doped high surface area graphene microelectrodes demonstrated 3 order of magnitude higher sensitivity per unit area, detecting dopamine concentrations as low as 10 nM with excellent reproducibility. Hence, our approach is promising for facile fabrication of microelectrodes with superior capabilities for various electrochemical and sensing applications including early diagnosis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ho Nam
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Moataz Abdulhafez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Golnaz Najaf Tomaraei
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Mostafa Bedewy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. (M. Bedewy)
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13
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Development of an Efficient Voltammetric Sensor for the Monitoring of 4-Aminophenol Based on Flexible Laser Induced Graphene Electrodes Modified with MWCNT-PANI. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030833. [PMID: 35161578 PMCID: PMC8840637 DOI: 10.3390/s22030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive electrodes are of a great importance for the realization of highly performant electrochemical sensors for field application. In the present work, a laser-induced carbon (LIC) electrode is proposed for 4-Aminophenol (4-AP) electrochemical sensors. The electrode is patterned on a commercial low-cost polyimide (Kapton) sheet and functionalized with a multi-walled carbon nanotubes polyaniline (MWCNT-PANI) composite, realized by an in-situ-polymerization in an acidic medium. The LIC electrode modified with MWCNT-PAPNI nanocomposite was investigated by SEM, AFM, and electrochemically in the presence of ferri-ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The results show a significant improvement of the electron transfer rate after the electrode functionalization in the presence of the redox mediators [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, related directly to the active surface, which itself increased by about 18.13% compared with the bare LIG. The novel electrode shows a good reproducibility and a stability for 20 cycles and more. It has a significantly enhanced electro-catalytic activity towards electrooxidation reaction of 4-AP inferring positive synergistic effects between carbon nanotubes and polyaniline PANI. The presented electrode combination LIC/MWCNT-PANI exhibits a detection limit of 0.006 μM for the determination of 4-AP at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 55 μM and was successfully applied for the monitoring in real samples with good recoveries.
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Muzyka K, Xu G. Laser‐induced Graphene in Facts, Numbers, and Notes in View of Electroanalytical Applications: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Muzyka
- Laboratory of Analytical Optochemotronics Department of Biomedical Engineering Kharkiv National University of RadioElectronics Kharkiv 61166 Ukraine
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 PR China
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Liendo F, de la Vega AP, Jesus Aguirre M, Godoy F, Martí AA, Flores E, Pizarro J, Segura R. A simple graphene modified electrode for the determination of antimony(III) in edible plants and beverage. Food Chem 2021; 367:130676. [PMID: 34365250 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimony(III) is a rare electroactive specie present on Earth, whose concentration is not typically determined. The presence of high concentrations of antimony is responsible for a variety of diseases, which makes it desirable to find convenient and reliable methods for its determination. We have developed a convenient glassy carbon modified electrode with electroreduced graphene oxide GC/rGO for the first time determination of Sb(III) in commercial lettuce, celery, and beverages. The surface of the electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry, indicating a heterogeneous and rough surface with a real area of 0.28 cm2, which is ~2.5 times the area of GC. The optimal chemical and electrochemical parameters used were: sodium acetate buffer (pH = 4.3), an accumulation potential of -1.0 V and an accumulation time of 150 s. The analytical validation was developed evaluating the linear range (10-60 µg L-1), limit of detection (2.5 µg L-1), accuracy, repetibility and reproducibility with satisfactory results (relative standard deviation (RSD) values lower than 10%). All the analyzes performed in real samples by stripping voltammetry were compared with GF-AAS, showing statistically similar values, demonstrating that GC/rGO could be effectively applied in the analysis of food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Liendo
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Amaya Paz de la Vega
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Jesus Aguirre
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Godoy
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Angel A Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Bioengineering, Smalley-Curl Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Erick Flores
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jaime Pizarro
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Segura
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
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Gao J, He S, Nag A. Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Molecules Using Laser-Induced Graphene Sensors: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2818. [PMID: 33923790 PMCID: PMC8073164 DOI: 10.3390/s21082818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with recent progress in the use of laser-induced graphene sensors for the electrochemical detection of glucose molecules. The exponential increase in the exploitation of the laser induction technique to generate porous graphene from polymeric and other naturally occurring materials has provided a podium for researchers to fabricate flexible sensors with high dynamicity. These sensors have been employed largely for electrochemical applications due to their distinct advantages like high customization in their structural dimensions, enhanced characteristics and easy roll-to-roll production. These laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based sensors have been employed for a wide range of sensorial applications, including detection of ions at varying concentrations. Among the many pivotal electrochemical uses in the biomedical sector, the use of these prototypes to monitor the concentration of glucose molecules is constantly increasing due to the essentiality of the presence of these molecules at specific concentrations in the human body. This paper shows a categorical classification of the various uses of these sensors based on the type of materials involved in the fabrication of sensors. The first category constitutes examples where the electrodes have been functionalized with various forms of copper and other types of metallic nanomaterials. The second category includes other miscellaneous forms where the use of both pure and composite forms of LIG-based sensors has been shown. Finally, the paper concludes with some of the possible measures that can be taken to enhance the use of this technique to generate optimized sensing prototypes for a wider range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Shan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, 5042 Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Anindya Nag
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 251600, China
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Xu Y, Fei Q, Page M, Zhao G, Ling Y, Chen D, Yan Z. Laser-induced graphene for bioelectronics and soft actuators. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 14:3033-3050. [PMID: 33841746 PMCID: PMC8023525 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser-assisted process can enable facile, mask-free, large-area, inexpensive, customizable, and miniaturized patterning of laser-induced porous graphene (LIG) on versatile carbonaceous substrates (e.g., polymers, wood, food, textiles) in a programmed manner at ambient conditions. Together with high tailorability of its porosity, morphology, composition, and electrical conductivity, LIG can find wide applications in emerging bioelectronics (e.g., biophysical and biochemical sensing) and soft robots (e.g., soft actuators). In this review paper, we first introduce the methods to make LIG on various carbonaceous substrates and then discuss its electrical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties and biocompatibility that are critical for applications in bioelectronics and soft robots. Next, we overview the recent studies of LIG-based biophysical (e.g., strain, pressure, temperature, hydration, humidity, electrophysiological) sensors and biochemical (e.g., gases, electrolytes, metabolites, pathogens, nucleic acids, immunology) sensors. The applications of LIG in flexible energy generators and photodetectors are also introduced. In addition, LIG-enabled soft actuators that can respond to chemicals, electricity, and light stimulus are overviewed. Finally, we briefly discuss the future challenges and opportunities of LIG fabrications and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Xu
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Qihui Fei
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Margaret Page
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Dick Chen
- Rock Bridge High School, Columbia, Missouri 65203 USA
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
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