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Yin C, Yu L, Feng L, Zhou JT, Du C, Shao X, Cheng Y. Nanotoxicity of two-dimensional nanomaterials on human skin and the structural evolution of keratin protein. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:225101. [PMID: 38387099 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2c58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been increasingly widely used in biomedical and cosmetical products nowadays, yet their safe usage in human body and environment necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their nanotoxicity. In this work, the effect of pristine graphene and graphene oxide (GO) on the adsorption and conformational changes of skin keratin using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that skin keratin can be absorbed through various noncovalent driving forces, such as van der Waals (vdW) and electrostatics. In the case of GO, the oxygen-containing groups prevent tighter contact between skin keratin and the graphene basal plane through steric effects and electrostatic repulsion. On the other hand, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding enhance their binding affinity to positively charged residues such as lysine and arginine. The secondary structure of skin keratin is better preserved in GO system, suggesting that GO has good biocompatibility. The charged groups on GO surface perform as the hydrogen bond acceptors, which is like to the natural receptors of keratin in this physiological environment. This work contributes to a better knowledge of the nanotoxicity of cutting-edge 2D materials on human health, thereby advancing their potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changji Yin
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Monash University, SIP, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Yu
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Monash University, SIP, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Joey Tianyi Zhou
- Centre for Frontier AI Research (CFAR), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chunbao Du
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Monash University, SIP, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Shao
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Monash University, SIP, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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2
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Zorman M, Phillips C, Shi C, Zhang S, De Yoreo J, Pfaendtner J. Thermodynamic Analysis of Silk Fibroin-Graphite Hybrid Materials and Their Morphology. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2371-2380. [PMID: 38421229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a β-sheet-rich protein that is responsible for the remarkable tensile strength of silk. In addition to its mechanical properties, SF is biocompatible and biodegradable, making it an attractive candidate for use in biotic/abiotic hybrid materials. A pairing of particular interest is the use of SF with graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs). The properties of this interface drive the formation of well-ordered nanostructures and can improve the electronic properties of the resulting hybrid. It was previously demonstrated that SF can form lamellar nanostructures in the presence of graphite; however, the equilibrium morphology and associated driving interactions are not fully understood. In this study, we characterize these interactions between SF and SF lamellar with graphite using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and umbrella sampling (US). We find that SF lamellar nanostructures have strong orientational and spatial preferences on graphite that are driven by the hydrophobic effect, destabilizing solvent-protein interactions and stabilizing protein-protein and protein-graphite interactions. Finally, we show how careful consideration of these underlying interactions can be applied to rationally modify the nanostructure morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo Zorman
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christian Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chenyang Shi
- Physical Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Physical Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - James De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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3
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Li J, Yang F, Liu D, Han S, Li J, Sui G. Graphene composite paper synergized with micro/nanocellulose-fiber and silk fibroin for flexible strain sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124439. [PMID: 37062378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of uniform and strong graphene-based conductive paper is challenging due to easy aggregation and poor film formability of graphene. Herein, on the basis of good dispersing effect of nanocellulose, high content graphene (50 wt%) composite paper with micro/nanocellulose fibers and silk fibroin (SF) was manufactured via simple casting method. The synergistic effects of cellulose microfibers (CMFs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and SF result in the paper with ideal combination of flexibility, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, where CNFs, CMFs and SF act as dispersing and film forming for GNPs, dimensional stability, and interfacial binding agents, respectively. Extraordinarily, by adding SF, graphene nanosheets are tightly coated on the surface of CMFs. The composite paper shows a tensile strength of 49.29 MPa, surface resistance of 39.0-42.1 Ω and good joints bend sensing performance. Additionally, it is found that CMFs can hinder the micro-cracks from propagating during the cyclic elbow bending test. The graphene-based conductive paper is helpful for the development of smart clothing wearable biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Sensen Han
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- Engineering Center of National New Raw Material Base Construction of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Guoxin Sui
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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4
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López Barreiro D, Martín-Moldes Z, Blanco Fernández A, Fitzpatrick V, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ. Molecular simulations of the interfacial properties in silk-hydroxyapatite composites. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10929-10939. [PMID: 35852800 PMCID: PMC9351605 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01989b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a common strategy used in Nature to improve the mechanical strength and toughness of biological materials. This strategy, applied in materials like bone or nacre, serves as inspiration for materials scientists and engineers to design new materials for applications in healthcare, soft robotics or the environment. In this regard, composites consisting of silk and hydroxyapatite have been extensively researched for bone regeneration applications, due to their reported cytocompatibility and osteoinduction capacity that supports bone formation in vivo. Thus, it becomes relevant to understand how silk and hydroxyapatite interact at their interface, and how this affects the overall mechanical properties of these composites. This theoretical-experimental work investigates the interfacial dynamic and structural properties of silk in contact with hydroxyapatite, combining molecular dynamics simulations with analytical characterization. Our data indicate that hydroxyapatite decreases the β-sheets in silk, which are a key load-bearing element of silk. The β-sheets content can usually be increased in silk biomaterials via post-processing methods, such as water vapor annealing. However, the presence of hydroxyapatite appears to reduce also for the formation of β-sheets via water vapor annealing. This work sheds light into the interfacial properties of silk-hydroxyapatite composite and their relevance for the design of composite biomaterials for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López Barreiro
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-165, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Zaira Martín-Moldes
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-165, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Adrián Blanco Fernández
- Instituto de Cerámica de Galicia (ICG), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. do Mestre Mateo, 25, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-165, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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On the interface between biomaterials and two-dimensional materials for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114314. [PMID: 35568105 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have garnered significant attention due to their ultrathin 2D structures with a high degree of anisotropy and functionality. Reliable manipulation of interfaces between 2D materials and biomaterials is a new frontier for biomedical nanoscience and combining biomaterials with 2D materials offers a promising way to fabricate innovative 2D biomaterials composites with distinct functionality for biomedical applications. Here, we focus exclusively on a summary of the current work in the interface investigation of 2D biomaterials. Specifically, we highlight extraordinary features that make 2D materials so desirable, as well as the molecular level interactions between 2D materials and biomaterials that have been studied thus far. Furthermore, the approaches for investigating the interface characteristics of 2D biomaterials are presented and described in depth. To capture the emerging trend in mass manufacturing of 2D materials, we review the research progress on biomaterial-assisted exfoliation. Finally, we present a critical assessment of newly developed 2D biomaterials in biomedical applications.
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6
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Enhanced Stability and Mechanical Properties of a Graphene–Protein Nanocomposite Film by a Facile Non-Covalent Self-Assembly Approach. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071181. [PMID: 35407299 PMCID: PMC9000757 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanocomposite films (NCFs) are in high demand due to their superior photoelectric and thermal properties, but their stability and mechanical properties form a bottleneck. Herein, a facile approach was used to prepare nacre-mimetic NCFs through the non-covalent self-assembly of graphene oxide (GO) and biocompatible proteins. Various characterization techniques were employed to characterize the as-prepared NCFs and to track the interactions between GO and proteins. The conformational changes of various proteins induced by GO determined the film-forming ability of NCFs, and the binding of bull serum albumin (BSA)/hemoglobin (HB) on GO’s surface was beneficial for improving the stability of as-prepared NCFs. Compared with the GO film without any additive, the indentation hardness and equivalent elastic modulus could be improved by 50.0% and 68.6% for GO–BSA NCF; and 100% and 87.5% for GO–HB NCF. Our strategy should be facile and effective for fabricating well-designed bio-nanocomposites for universal functional applications.
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7
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Non-covalent interactions of graphene surface: Mechanisms and applications. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Zhou Q, Wu W, Xing T. Study on the mechanism of laccase-catalyzed polydopamine rapid dyeing and modification of silk. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3763-3773. [PMID: 35425371 PMCID: PMC8979264 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08807f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the polymerization of dopamine and its modification on the surface of materials has received extensive attention. In this work, the process of laccase catalyzing the rapid polymerization of dopamine and in situ dyeing of silk fabric were studied. The results showed that laccase catalyzed dyeing for 3 h under acidic conditions could achieve the dyeing effect of 24 h under an alkaline environment, and the enzyme catalyzed polydopamine showed better deposition uniformity on the substrate surface. According to molecular simulation analysis, dopamine oligomers were easily combined with the amorphous regions of silk fibroin, and dopamine oligomers and amino acids of silk fibroin could form hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. Dopamine oligomers could form intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds through amino groups and hydroxyl groups. In addition, dopamine oligomers would aggregate in the process of binding to silk fibroin and adsorbed to the surface of silk fibroin in the form of aggregates, and Michael addition reaction would also occur between dopamine oligomers and silk fibroin. Finally, the silk fabrics loaded with polydopamine were reacted with different kinds of metal salt solutions to form particles with different morphologies and crystal structures on the surface of the silk fibers, and the modified silk fabrics showed good hydrophobicity. Dopamine oligomers are easily combined with amorphous regions of silk fibroin, they can form hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions, and undergo Michael addition reactions. The oligomers will aggregate in the process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Tieling Xing
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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9
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Benková Z, Cordeiro MNDS. Structural behavior of monomer of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein during initial stage of adsorption on graphene. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2021; 22:100572. [PMID: 34485782 PMCID: PMC8405511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spike glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its structure play a crucial role in the infections of cells containing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as in the interactions of this virus with surfaces. Protection against viruses and often even their deactivation is one of the great varieties of graphene applications. The structural changes of the non-glycosylated monomer of the spike glycoprotein trimer (denoted as S-protein in this work) triggered by its adsorption onto graphene at the initial stage are investigated by means of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The adsorption of the S-protein happens readily during the first 10 ns. The shape of the S-protein becomes more prolate during the adsorption, but this trend, albeit less pronounced, is observed also for the freely relaxing S-protein in water. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the free and adsorbed S-protein manifests itself as the most rigid fragment of the whole S-protein. The adsorption even enhances the rigidity of the whole S-protein as well as its subunits. Only one residue of the RBD involved in the specific interactions with ACE2 during the cell infection is involved in the direct contact of the adsorbed S-protein with the graphene. The new intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed during the S-protein adsorption replace the S-protein-water hydrogen bonds; this trend, although less apparent, is observed also during the relaxation of the free S-protein in water. In the initial phase, the secondary structure of the RBD fragment specifically interacting with ACE2 receptor is not affected during the S-protein adsorption onto the graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Benková
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M N D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre 687, 4168-007 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Qadir A, Le TK, Malik M, Amedome Min-Dianey KA, Saeed I, Yu Y, Choi JR, Pham PV. Representative 2D-material-based nanocomposites and their emerging applications: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23860-23880. [PMID: 35479005 PMCID: PMC9036868 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites (or complex materials) are formed from two or many constituent materials with novel physical or chemical characteristics when integrated. The individual components can be combined to create a unique composite material through mechanical transfer, physical stacking, exfoliation, derivative chemical mixtures, mixtures of solid solutions, or complex synthesis processes. The development of new composites based on emerging 2D nanomaterials has allowed for outstanding achievements with novel applications that were previously unknown. These new composite materials show massive potential in emerging applications due to their exceptional properties, such as being strong, light, cheap, and highly photodegradable, and their ability to be used for water splitting and energy storage compared to traditional materials. The blend of existing polymers and 2D materials with their nanocomposites has proven to be immediate solutions to energy and food scarcity in the world. Although much literature has been reported in the said context, we tried to provide an understanding about the relationship of their mechanisms and scope for future application in a comprehensive way. In this review, we briefly summarize the basic characteristics, novel physical and chemical behaviors, and new applications in the industry of the emerging 2D-material-based composites. Composites (or complex materials) are formed from two or many constituent materials with novel physical or chemical characteristics when integrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeel Qadir
- Research Center of Smart Sensing Chips, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University Ningbo 315103 China.,Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Top Khac Le
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan Ulsan 44610 South Korea
| | - Muhammad Malik
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | | | - Imran Saeed
- Institute of Aviation Studies, University of Management and Technology Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Yiting Yu
- Research Center of Smart Sensing Chips, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University Ningbo 315103 China.,Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Jeong Ryeol Choi
- Department of Nanoengineering, Kyonggi University Suwon 16227 South Korea
| | - Phuong V Pham
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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11
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Li D, Wang Q, Xu C, Cheng Y, Zhang YW, Ji B. How Does Nature Evade the "Larger is Weaker" Fate of Ultralong Silk β-Sheet Nanocrystallites. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8516-8523. [PMID: 33054228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silk protein builds up one of the strongest fibers superior to most synthetic and natural polymers. However, the strengthening mechanisms of the silk proteins remain largely elusive because of their complex nanocomposite structures. Here, we report an unusual behavior of this kind of material that is distinctively different from those of metals and other polymers. We find that there are multiple interface microcracks nucleating and stacking under the shear loading, dividing the interchain interface into small segments, by which the silk protein can achieve a high strength even with the ultralong chains. This is a new strategy of microstructure design of soft matter that could avoid the "larger is weaker" fate due to the increase of the chain length. This novel mechanism is crucial for building strong polymer materials with long chain molecules and at the same time retaining their complex functional and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechang Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qianchun Wang
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changjian Xu
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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12
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Guo K, Zhang X, Dong Z, Ni Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Xia Q, Zhao P. Ultrafine and High-Strength Silk Fibers Secreted by Bimolter Silkworms. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2537. [PMID: 33143336 PMCID: PMC7693878 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafine fibers are widely employed because of their lightness, softness, and warmth retention. Although silkworm silk is one of the most applied natural silks, it is coarse and difficult to transform into ultrafine fibers. Thus, to obtain ultrafine high-performance silk fibers, we employed anti-juvenile hormones in this study to induce bimolter silkworms. We found that the bimolter cocoons were composed of densely packed thin fibers and small apertures, wherein the silk diameter was 54.9% less than that of trimolter silk. Further analysis revealed that the bimolter silk was cleaner and lighter than the control silk. In addition, it was stronger (739 MPa versus 497 MPa) and more stiffness (i.e., a higher Young's modulus) than the trimolter silk. FTIR and X-ray diffraction results revealed that the excellent mechanical properties of bimolter silk can be attributed to the higher β-sheet content and crystallinity. Chitin staining of the anterior silk gland suggested that the lumen is narrower in bimolters, which may lead to the formation of greater numbers of β-sheet structures in the silk. Therefore, this study reveals the relationship between the structures and mechanical properties of bimolter silk and provides a valuable reference for producing high-strength and ultrafine silk fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuhui Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Haoyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
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13
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Wang T, Li Y, Zhang J, Yan K, Jaumaux P, Yang J, Wang C, Shanmukaraj D, Sun B, Armand M, Cui Y, Wang G. Immunizing lithium metal anodes against dendrite growth using protein molecules to achieve high energy batteries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5429. [PMID: 33110084 PMCID: PMC7591880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The practical applications of lithium metal anodes in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries have been hindered by their formation and growth of lithium dendrites. Herein, we discover that certain protein could efficiently prevent and eliminate the growth of wispy lithium dendrites, leading to long cycle life and high Coulombic efficiency of lithium metal anodes. We contend that the protein molecules function as a “self-defense” agent, mitigating the formation of lithium embryos, thus mimicking natural, pathological immunization mechanisms. When added into the electrolyte, protein molecules are automatically adsorbed on the surface of lithium metal anodes, particularly on the tips of lithium buds, through spatial conformation and secondary structure transformation from α-helix to β-sheets. This effectively changes the electric field distribution around the tips of lithium buds and results in homogeneous plating and stripping of lithium metal anodes. Furthermore, we develop a slow sustained-release strategy to overcome the limited dispersibility of protein in the ether-based electrolyte and achieve a remarkably enhanced cycling performance of more than 2000 cycles for lithium metal batteries. The practical application of lithium metal anodes in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries is hindered by the formation and growth of lithium dendrites. Here, authors report fibroin protein as an electrolyte additive to prevent and eliminate the growth of wispy lithium dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Kang Yan
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Pauline Jaumaux
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225000, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengyin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225000, Yangzhou, China
| | - Devaraj Shanmukaraj
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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14
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Pan L, Wang F, Cheng Y, Leow WR, Zhang YW, Wang M, Cai P, Ji B, Li D, Chen X. A supertough electro-tendon based on spider silk composites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1332. [PMID: 32165612 PMCID: PMC7067870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to transmission systems based on shafts and gears, tendon-driven systems offer a simpler and more dexterous way to transmit actuation force in robotic hands. However, current tendon fibers have low toughness and suffer from large friction, limiting the further development of tendon-driven robotic hands. Here, we report a super tough electro-tendon based on spider silk which has a toughness of 420 MJ/m3 and conductivity of 1,077 S/cm. The electro-tendon, mechanically toughened by single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and electrically enhanced by PEDOT:PSS, can withstand more than 40,000 bending-stretching cycles without changes in conductivity. Because the electro-tendon can simultaneously transmit signals and force from the sensing and actuating systems, we use it to replace the single functional tendon in humanoid robotic hand to perform grasping functions without additional wiring and circuit components. This material is expected to pave the way for the development of robots and various applications in advanced manufacturing and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fan Wang
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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15
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Patel M, Dubey DK, Singh SP. Phenomenological models of Bombyx mori silk fibroin and their mechanical behavior using molecular dynamics simulations. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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17
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Zhai C, Li T, Shi H, Yeo J. Discovery and design of soft polymeric bio-inspired materials with multiscale simulations and artificial intelligence. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6562-6587. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the “Materials 4.0” paradigm requires intimate knowledge of the virtual space in materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhai
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Tianjiao Li
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Haoyuan Shi
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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18
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Sha J, Chen X, Ma L. Concentration‐dependent conformation transition of regenerated silk fibroin induced by graphene oxide nanosheets incorporation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sha
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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19
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Li D, Ji B. Protein conformational transitions coupling with ligand interactions: Simulations from molecules to medicine. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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20
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Silk: A Promising Biomaterial Opening New Vistas Towards Affordable Healthcare Solutions. J Indian Inst Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-019-00114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Wongpinyochit T, Vassileiou AD, Gupta S, Mushrif SH, Johnston BF, Seib FP. Unraveling the Impact of High-Order Silk Structures on Molecular Drug Binding and Release Behaviors. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4278-4284. [PMID: 31318218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silk continues to amaze: over the past decade, new research threads have emerged that include the use of silk fibroin for advanced pharmaceutics, including its suitability for drug delivery. Despite this ongoing interest, the details of silk fibroin structures and their subsequent drug interactions at the molecular level remain elusive, primarily because of the difficulties encountered in modeling the silk fibroin molecule. Here, we generated an atomistic silk model containing amorphous and crystalline regions. We then exploited advanced well-tempered metadynamics simulations to generate molecular conformations that we subsequently exposed to classical molecular dynamics simulations to monitor both drug binding and release. Overall, this study demonstrated the importance of the silk fibroin primary sequence, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and higher-order conformation in the processes of drug binding and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidarat Wongpinyochit
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Strathclyde , 161 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G4 0RE , United Kingdom
| | - Antony D Vassileiou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Strathclyde , 161 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G4 0RE , United Kingdom
| | - Sukriti Gupta
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637553
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637459
| | - Samir H Mushrif
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637459
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , 9211-116 Street Northwest , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Blair F Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Strathclyde , 161 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G4 0RE , United Kingdom
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - F Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Strathclyde , 161 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G4 0RE , United Kingdom
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
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22
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Disruption of the Metal Ion Environment by EDTA for Silk Formation Affects the Mechanical Properties of Silkworm Silk. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123026. [PMID: 31234286 PMCID: PMC6627089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fiber has become a research focus because of its comprehensive mechanical properties. Metal ions can influence the conformational transition of silk fibroin. Current research is mainly focused on the role of a single ion, rather than the whole metal ion environment. Here, we report the effects of the overall metal ion environment on the secondary structure and mechanical properties of silk fibers after direct injection and feeding of silkworms with EDTA. The metal composition of the hemolymph, silk gland, and silk fiber changed significantly post EDTA treatment. Synchrotron FTIR analysis indicated that the secondary structure of silk fiber after EDTA treatment changed dramatically; particularly, the β-sheets decreased and the β-turns increased. Post EDTA treatment, the silk fiber had significantly decreased strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness as compared with the control groups, while the strain exhibited no obvious change. These changes can be attributed to the change in the metal ion environment in the silk fibroin and sericin in the silk gland. Our investigation provides a new theoretical basis for the natural silk spinning process, and our findings could help develop a method to modify the mechanical properties of silk fiber using metal ions.
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23
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Sun J, Shakya S, Gong M, Liu G, Wu S, Xiang Z. Combined Application of Graphene‐Family Materials and Silk Fibroin in Biomedicine. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201804034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Sujan Shakya
- Department of OrthopedicsWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Min Gong
- Department of OrthopedicsWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Guoming Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of OrthopedicsWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
- Division of Stem Cell and Tissue EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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24
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Gong C, Sun S, Zhang Y, Sun L, Su Z, Wu A, Wei G. Hierarchical nanomaterials via biomolecular self-assembly and bioinspiration for energy and environmental applications. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4147-4182. [PMID: 30806426 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired synthesis offers potential green strategies to build highly complex nanomaterials by utilizing the unique nanostructures, functions, and properties of biomolecules, in which the biomolecular recognition and self-assembly processes play important roles in tailoring the structures and functions of bioinspired materials. Further understanding of biomolecular self-assembly for inspiring the formation and assembly of nanoparticles would promote the design and fabrication of functional nanomaterials for various applications. In this review, we focus on recent advances in bioinspired synthesis and applications of hierarchical nanomaterials based on biomolecular self-assembly. We first discuss biomolecular self-assembly towards biological nanomaterials, in which the mechanisms and ways of biomolecular self-assembly as well as various self-assembled biomolecular nanostructures are demonstrated. Secondly, the bioinspired synthesis strategies including molecule-molecule interaction, molecule-material recognition, molecule-mediated nucleation and growth, and molecule-mediated reduction/oxidation are introduced and discussed. Meanwhile, typical examples and discussions on how biomolecular self-assembly inspires the formation of hierarchical hybrid nanomaterials are presented. Finally, the applications of bioinspired nanomaterials in biofuel cells, light-harvesting systems, batteries, supercapacitors, catalysis, water/air purification, and environmental monitoring are presented and discussed. We believe that this review will be very helpful for readers to understand the self-assembly of biomolecules and the biomimetic/bioinspired strategies for synthesizing hierarchical nanomaterials on the one hand, and on the other hand to design novel materials for extended applications in nanotechnology, materials science, analytical science, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coucong Gong
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable technology (UFT), University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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25
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Chakraborty S, Jana B. Ordered hydration layer mediated ice adsorption of a globular antifreeze protein: mechanistic insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19298-19310. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03135a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ice binding surface of a type III AFP induces water ordering at lower temperature, which mediates its adsorption on the ice surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Biman Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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26
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Li K, Li P, Fan Y. The assembly of silk fibroin and graphene-based nanomaterials with enhanced mechanical/conductive properties and their biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6890-6913. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of silk fibroin and graphene-based nanomaterials would present fantastic properties and functions via optimizing the interaction between each other, and can be processed into various formats to tailor specific biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100083
- China
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27
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Jia X, Hu X, Wang W, Du C. Non-covalent loading of ionic liquid-functionalized nanoparticles for bovine serum albumin: experiments and theoretical analysis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19114-19120. [PMID: 35516866 PMCID: PMC9065314 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomacromolecule-based nanomaterials have attracted much attention due to their excellent function in sensing, catalysis, medicine, biology and recognition. In this work, a silane-coupling ionic liquid, 1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([TMIM]Cl), was synthesized and applied to prepare ionic liquid-functionalized nanoparticles (SiO2@IL) using surface grafting technology. By employing multiple non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking, the obtained functional nanoparticles were able to bind bovine serum albumin (BSA) with strong binding affinity, which has been illustrated through experiments and theoretical calculations. Moreover, the stability of SiO2@IL further demonstrated that it is promising in applications for biomacromolecule immobilization. Non-covalent binding between nanosilica and bovine serum albumin has been illustrated by experiments and theoretical calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Jia
- School of Natural and Applied Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- School of Natural and Applied Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R China
| | - Wenzhen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- P. R. China
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28
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López Barreiro D, Yeo J, Tarakanova A, Martin-Martinez FJ, Buehler MJ. Multiscale Modeling of Silk and Silk-Based Biomaterials-A Review. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800253. [PMID: 30375164 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silk embodies outstanding material properties and biologically relevant functions achieved through a delicate hierarchical structure. It can be used to create high-performance, multifunctional, and biocompatible materials through mild processes and careful rational material designs. To achieve this goal, computational modeling has proven to be a powerful platform to unravel the causes of the excellent mechanical properties of silk, to predict the properties of the biomaterials derived thereof, and to assist in devising new manufacturing strategies. Fine-scale modeling has been done mainly through all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, which offer a bottom-up description of silk. In this work, a selection of relevant contributions of computational modeling is reviewed to understand the properties of natural silk, and to the design of silk-based materials, especially combined with experimental methods. Future research directions are also pointed out, including approaches such as 3D printing and machine learning, that may enable a high throughput design and manufacturing of silk-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López Barreiro
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-290, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-290, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138632, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-290, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Francisco J Martin-Martinez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-290, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 1-290, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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29
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Tran DP, Lam VT, Tran TL, Nguyen TNS, Thi Tran HT. In silico study of Bombyx mori fibroin enhancement by graphene in acidic environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19240-19249. [PMID: 29989136 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori fibroin has been widely used since a long time ago and has become a popular material. Here, we carry out a molecular dynamics simulation-based docking simulation of a small fragment of graphene in order to seek the best binding position on the N-termini domain of Bombyx mori fibroin. We report the best binding position, of which binding free energy falls at -54.8 kJ mol-1, indicating the strong binding. The further analysis of the binding pathway shows that this position is selective for single layered graphene rather than multi-layered graphene within our limited simulation times. Via comparing the RAMAN spectra of the corresponding binding pose of atomic clusters, we report the change in the bands compared with free standing graphene fragments, implying the change in molecular orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Phuoc Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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30
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Koh LD, Yeo J, Lee YY, Ong Q, Han M, Tee BCK. Advancing the frontiers of silk fibroin protein-based materials for futuristic electronics and clinical wound-healing (Invited review). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Bramini M, Alberini G, Colombo E, Chiacchiaretta M, DiFrancesco ML, Maya-Vetencourt JF, Maragliano L, Benfenati F, Cesca F. Interfacing Graphene-Based Materials With Neural Cells. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:12. [PMID: 29695956 PMCID: PMC5904258 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has witnessed an exponential increase in the applications of graphene and graphene-based materials in a wide range of fields, from engineering to electronics to biotechnologies and biomedical applications. For what concerns neuroscience, the interest raised by these materials is two-fold. On one side, nanosheets made of graphene or graphene derivatives (graphene oxide, or its reduced form) can be used as carriers for drug delivery. Here, an important aspect is to evaluate their toxicity, which strongly depends on flake composition, chemical functionalization and dimensions. On the other side, graphene can be exploited as a substrate for tissue engineering. In this case, conductivity is probably the most relevant amongst the various properties of the different graphene materials, as it may allow to instruct and interrogate neural networks, as well as to drive neural growth and differentiation, which holds a great potential in regenerative medicine. In this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the accomplishments and new challenges of the field, as well as which in our view are the most exciting directions to take in the immediate future. These include the need to engineer multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) able to cross the blood-brain-barrier to reach neural cells, and to achieve on-demand delivery of specific drugs. We describe the state-of-the-art in the use of graphene materials to engineer three-dimensional scaffolds to drive neuronal growth and regeneration in vivo, and the possibility of using graphene as a component of hybrid composites/multi-layer organic electronics devices. Last but not least, we address the need of an accurate theoretical modeling of the interface between graphene and biological material, by modeling the interaction of graphene with proteins and cell membranes at the nanoscale, and describing the physical mechanism(s) of charge transfer by which the various graphene materials can influence the excitability and physiology of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bramini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Chiacchiaretta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia L DiFrancesco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - José F Maya-Vetencourt
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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Guo K, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Wang D, Tang M, Zhang X, Xia Q, Zhao P. Improved strength of silk fibers in Bombyx mori trimolters induced by an anti-juvenile hormone compound. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1148-1156. [PMID: 29452235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bombyx mori silk fibers with thin diameters have advantages of lightness and crease-resistance. Many studies have used anti-juvenile hormones to induce trimolters in order to generate thin silk; however, there has been comparatively little analysis of the morphology, structure and mechanical properties of trimolter silk. METHODS This study induced two kinds of trimolters by appling topically anti-juvenile hormones and obtained thin diameter silk. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR analysis, tensile mechanical testing, chitin staining were used to reveal that the morphology, conformation and mechanical property of the trimolter silk. RESULTS Cocoon of trimolters were highly densely packed by thinner fibers and thus had small apertures. We found that the conformation of trimolter silk fibroin changed and formed more β-sheet structures. In addition, analysis of mechanical parameters yielded a higher Young's modulus and strength in trimolter silk than in the control. By chitin staining of silk gland, we postulated that the mechanical properties of trimolters' silk was enhanced greatly during to the structural changes of silk gland. CONCLUSION We induced trimolters by anti-juvenile hormones and the resulting cocoons were more closely packed and had smaller silk fiber diameters. We found that the conformation of trimolters silk fibroin had a higher content of β-sheet structures and better mechanical properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study revealed the structures and mechanical properties of trimolter silk, and provided a valuable reference to improve silk quality by influencing molting in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Muya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Du C, Hu X, Cheng Y, Gao J, Zhang YW, Su K, Li Z, Zhang N, Chang N, Zeng K. Synergetically understanding the interaction between nano/microspheres and peptide for controllable drug loading via experimental and theoretical approaches. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 83:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Verma A, Parashar A, Packirisamy M. Atomistic modeling of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride polymer nanocomposites: a review. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akarsh Verma
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
| | - Avinash Parashar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
| | - M. Packirisamy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Concordia University Montreal Canada
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Wang F, Jyothirmayee Aravind S, Wu H, Forys J, Venkataraman V, Ramanujachary K, Hu X. Tunable green graphene-silk biomaterials: Mechanism of protein-based nanocomposites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yu Y, Sun H, Gilmore K, Hou T, Wang S, Li Y. Aggregated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Absorb and Deform Dopamine-Related Proteins Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32452-32462. [PMID: 28859474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their applications in various fields such as biotechnology and biomedicine. Recently, aggregated SWCNTs have shown more significant effects on the treatment of methamphetamine addiction (Nat. Nanotech. 2016, 11, 613). However, the mechanisms underlying these actions are unclear. By using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the effects of single and aggregated SWCNTs (single-(10,10)CNT, aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs, and single-(35,35)CNT with the same diameter as that of the aggregated one) on the activity of dopamine-related proteins [tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and dopamine transporter (DAT), which are related to the synthesis and transport of dopamine, respectively]. We find that both TyrOH and DAT can adsorb onto these SWCNTs. For TyrOH, the aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs mainly affect the conformation of the active site of the protein, and hence, they are more effective in inhibiting the expression of TyrOH. For DAT, our results suggest that the aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs allow DAT to maintain an outward-facing conformation and hence are favorable to the reuptake of dopamine. The binding of a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, [3H]-WIN35,428, to DAT is significantly disrupted by aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs and hence improve the ability to transport dopamine. Our results provide the dynamic interactions of proteins with single/aggregated SWCNTs, which illustrate the mechanism of aggregated SWCNTs for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Keith Gilmore
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Suidong Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
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Li D, Zhang W, Yu X, Wang Z, Su Z, Wei G. When biomolecules meet graphene: from molecular level interactions to material design and applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19491-19509. [PMID: 27878179 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials have attracted increasing attention due to their atomically-thick two-dimensional structures, high conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and large specific surface areas. The combination of biomolecules with graphene-based materials offers a promising method to fabricate novel graphene-biomolecule hybrid nanomaterials with unique functions in biology, medicine, nanotechnology, and materials science. In this review, we focus on a summarization of the recent studies in functionalizing graphene-based materials using different biomolecules, such as DNA, peptides, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and viruses. The different interactions between graphene and biomolecules at the molecular level are demonstrated and discussed in detail. In addition, the potential applications of the created graphene-biomolecule nanohybrids in drug delivery, cancer treatment, tissue engineering, biosensors, bioimaging, energy materials, and other nanotechnological applications are presented. This review will be helpful to know the modification of graphene with biomolecules, understand the interactions between graphene and biomolecules at the molecular level, and design functional graphene-based nanomaterials with unique properties for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Wensi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Gang Wei
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Wang Y, Ma R, Hu K, Kim S, Fang G, Shao Z, Tsukruk VV. Dramatic Enhancement of Graphene Oxide/Silk Nanocomposite Membranes: Increasing Toughness, Strength, and Young's modulus via Annealing of Interfacial Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24962-24973. [PMID: 27580039 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that stronger and more robust nacre-like laminated GO (graphene oxide)/SF (silk fibroin) nanocomposite membranes can be obtained by selectively tailoring the interfacial interactions between "bricks"-GO sheets and "mortar"-silk interlayers via controlled water vapor annealing. This facial annealing process relaxes the secondary structure of silk backbones confined between flexible GO sheets. The increased mobility leads to a significant increase in ultimate strength (by up to 41%), Young's modulus (up to 75%) and toughness (up to 45%). We suggest that local silk recrystallization is initiated in the proximity to GO surface by the hydrophobic surface regions serving as nucleation sites for β-sheet domains formation and followed by SF assembly into nanofibrils. Strong hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between GO layers with SF nanofibrils result in enhanced shear strength of layered packing. This work presented here not only gives a better understanding of SF and GO interfacial interactions, but also provides insight on how to enhance the mechanical properties for the nacre-mimic nanocomposites by focusing on adjusting the delicate interactions between heterogeneous "brick" and adaptive "mortar" components with water/temperature annealing routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Ruilong Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Kesong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Guangqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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