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Jiang Y, Zhou D, Jiang Y. Three-dimensional bioprinted GelMA/GO composite hydrogel for stem cell osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. J Biomater Appl 2024; 38:1087-1099. [PMID: 38561006 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241243337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the use of graphene oxide (GO) mixed with methyl methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) for the construction of a microenvironmental implant to repair bone defects in orthopedic surgery. A scaffold containing a GelMA/GO composite with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was constructed using three-dimensional bioprinting. The survival and osteogenic capacity of MSCs in the composite bioink were evaluated using cell viability and proliferation assays, osteogenesis-related gene expression analysis, and implantation under the skin of nude mice. The printing process had little effect on cell viability. We found that GO enhanced cell proliferation but had no significant effect on cell viability. In vitro experiments suggested that GO promoted material-cell interactions and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. In vivo experiments showed that GO decreased the degradation time of the material and increased calcium nodule deposition. In contrast to pure GelMA, the addition of GO created a suitable microenvironment to promote the differentiation of loaded exogenous MSCs in vitro and in vivo, providing a basis for the repair of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerong Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dezhi Zhou
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Madiwal V, Rajwade J. Silver-deposited titanium as a prophylactic 'nano coat' for peri-implantitis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2113-2128. [PMID: 38633042 PMCID: PMC11019494 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Dental implant failures caused by bacterial infections are a significant concern for dental implantologists. We modified the titanium surface by depositing silver (Ti-Ag) using direct current (DC) sputtering and confirmed the formation of a 'nano coat' by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface profilometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the deposition of a uniform nano Ag thin film. A gradual increase in thickness was observed, and the film thickness (530 nm) at 5 min deposition time (Ti-Ag5) resulted in a reduction of the water contact angle (WCA, 15%) and an increase in surface energy (SFE, 22%) in comparison to the uncoated Ti surface. Using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the slow, steady release of Ag from the coating was observed over 21 days. The Ti-Ag5 surface exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which belonged to the yellow, purple, and red complexes, representing specific periodontal pathogens. Furthermore, we observed excellent cytocompatibility of Ag-deposited Ti towards MG-63 osteoblasts with no inhibitory effect on their proliferative potential. Quantitation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization efficiency, and osteogenesis-related gene expression of MG-63 cells over 21 days was suggestive of rapid osseointegration. Overall, the 'nano coat' of Ag on Ti is indeed a prophylactic against peri-implantitis, ensuring increased implant success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Madiwal
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute G. G. Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India +91-020-025325131
- Savitribai Phule Pune University Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411007 India
| | - Jyutika Rajwade
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute G. G. Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India +91-020-025325131
- Savitribai Phule Pune University Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411007 India
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3
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Chen X, He S, Dong Y, Chen M, Xia Z, Cai K, Hu Y. Cobalt-doped layered hydroxide coating on titanium implants promotes vascularization and osteogenesis for accelerated fracture healing. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100912. [PMID: 38226010 PMCID: PMC10788619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis at the fracture site plays crucial roles in the endogenous osteogenesis process and is a prerequisite for the efficient repair of implant fixed bone defects. To improve the peri-implant vascularization of titanium implant for accelerating defect healing, we developed a Co-doped Mg-Al layered hydroxide coating on the surface of titanium using hydrothermal reaction and then modified the surface with gallic acid (Ti-LDH/GA). Gallic acid coating enabled the sustained release of Co2+ and Mg2+ to the defect site over a month. Ti-LDH/GA treatment profoundly stimulated the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells by upregulating the vascularization regulators such as vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), leading to enhanced osteogenic capability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These pro-bone healing benefits were attributed to the synergistic effects of Co ions and Mg ions in promoting angiogenesis and new bone formation. These insights collectively suggested the potent pro-osteogenic effect of Ti-LDH/GA through leveraging peri-implant vascularization, offering a new approach for developing biofunctional titanium implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuohan He
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yilong Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ruian People's Hospital), Wenzhou 325016, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zengzilu Xia
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Ma J, Fan H, Geng H. Distinct and overlapping functions of YAP and TAZ in tooth development and periodontal homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1281250. [PMID: 38259513 PMCID: PMC10800899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1281250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves mechanical-biochemical signal transduction, which results in tissue remodeling of the tooth-periodontium complex and the movement of orthodontic teeth. The dynamic regulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis serves as the biological basis for remodeling of the periodontium, and more importantly, the prerequisite for establishing periodontal homeostasis. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are key effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, which actively respond to mechanical stimuli during tooth movement. Specifically, they participate in translating mechanical into biochemical signals, thereby regulating periodontal homeostasis, periodontal remodeling, and tooth development. YAP and TAZ have widely been considered as key factors to prevent dental dysplasia, accelerate orthodontic tooth movement, and shorten treatment time. In this review, we summarize the functions of YAP and TAZ in regulating tooth development and periodontal remodeling, with the aim to gain a better understanding of their mechanisms of action and provide insights into maintaining proper tooth development and establishing a healthy periodontal and alveolar bone environment. Our findings offer novel perspectives and directions for targeted clinical treatments. Moreover, considering the similarities and differences in the development, structure, and physiology between YAP and TAZ, these molecules may exhibit functional variations in specific regulatory processes. Hence, we pay special attention to their distinct roles in specific regulatory functions to gain a comprehensive and profound understanding of their contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Oral Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Haixia Fan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Haixia Geng
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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5
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Erdogan YK, Uslu E, Aydınol MK, Saglam ASY, Odabas S, Ercan B. Morphology of Nanostructured Tantalum Oxide Controls Stem Cell Differentiation and Improves Corrosion Behavior. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:377-390. [PMID: 38078685 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tantalum is receiving increasing attention in the biomedical field due to its biocompatible nature and superior mechanical properties. However, the bioinert nature of tantalum still poses a challenge and limits its integration into the bone tissue. To address these issues, we fabricated nanotubular (NT), nanocoral (NC), and nanodimple morphologies on tantalum surfaces via anodization. The size of these nanofeatures was engineered to be approximately 30 nm for all anodized samples. Thus, the influence of the anodized nanostructured morphology on the chemical and biological properties of tantalum was evaluated. The NT and NC samples exhibited higher surface roughness, surface energy, and hydrophilicity compared to the nonanodized samples. In addition, the NT samples exhibited the highest corrosion resistance among all of the investigated samples. Biological experiments indicated that NT and NC samples promoted human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hADMSC) spreading and proliferation up to 5 days in vitro. ALP, COL1A1, and OSC gene expressions as well as calcium mineral synthesis were upregulated on the NT and NC samples in the second and third weeks in vitro. These findings highlight the significance of nanostructured feature morphology for anodized tantalum, where the NT morphology was shown to be a potential candidate for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Kemal Erdogan
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Isparta University of Applied Science, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Ece Uslu
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kadri Aydınol
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Atiye Seda Yar Saglam
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Sedat Odabas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Besevler, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory (BteLAB), Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Advanced Materials (INTRAM), Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Batur Ercan
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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6
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Tymetska S, Shymborska Y, Stetsyshyn Y, Budkowski A, Bernasik A, Awsiuk K, Donchak V, Raczkowska J. Thermoresponsive Smart Copolymer Coatings Based on P(NIPAM- co-HEMA) and P(OEGMA- co-HEMA) Brushes for Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6256-6272. [PMID: 37874897 PMCID: PMC10646826 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of multifunctional, thermoresponsive platforms for regenerative medicine based on polymers that can be easily functionalized is one of the most important challenges in modern biomaterials science. In this study, we utilized atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to produce two series of novel smart copolymer brush coatings. These coatings were based on copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with either oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) or N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The chemical compositions of the resulting brush coatings, namely, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(OEGMA-co-HEMA)) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(NIPAM-co-HEMA)), were predicted using reactive ratios of the monomers. These predictions were then verified using time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermoresponsiveness of the coatings was examined through water contact angle (CA) measurements at different temperatures, revealing a transition driven by lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or a vanishing transition. The type of transition observed depended on the chemical composition of the coatings. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the transition temperature of the coatings could be easily adjusted by modifying their composition. The topography of the coatings was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To assess the biocompatibility of the coatings, dermal fibroblast cultures were employed, and the results indicated that none of the coatings exhibited cytotoxicity. However, the shape and arrangement of the cells were significantly influenced by the chemical structure of the coating. Additionally, the viability of the cells was correlated with the wettability and roughness of the coatings, which determined the initial adhesion of the cells. Lastly, the temperature-induced changes in the properties of the fabricated copolymer coatings effectively controlled cell morphology, adhesion, and spontaneous detachment in a noninvasive, enzyme-free manner that was confirmed using optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Tymetska
- Jagiellonian
University, Doctoral School of Exact and
Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Yana Shymborska
- Jagiellonian
University, Doctoral School of Exact and
Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, St. George’s Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, St. George’s Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Faculty
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH - University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-049 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Awsiuk
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Volodymyr Donchak
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, St. George’s Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Chen J. Current advances in anisotropic structures for enhanced osteogenesis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113566. [PMID: 37797464 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects are a challenge to healthcare systems, as the aging population experiences an increase in bone defects. Despite the development of biomaterials for bone fillers and scaffolds, there is still an unmet need for a bone-mimetic material. Cortical bone is highly anisotropic and displays a biological liquid crystalline (LC) arrangement, giving it exceptional mechanical properties and a distinctive microenvironment. However, the biofunctions, cell-tissue interactions, and molecular mechanisms of cortical bone anisotropic structure are not well understood. Incorporating anisotropic structures in bone-facilitated scaffolds has been recognised as essential for better outcomes. Various approaches have been used to create anisotropic micro/nanostructures, but biomimetic bone anisotropic structures are still in the early stages of development. Most scaffolds lack features at the nanoscale, and there is no comprehensive evaluation of molecular mechanisms or characterisation of calcium secretion. This manuscript provides a review of the latest development of anisotropic designs for osteogenesis and discusses current findings on cell-anisotropic structure interactions. It also emphasises the need for further research. Filling knowledge gaps will enable the fabrication of scaffolds for improved and more controllable bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishizhan Chen
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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8
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Zhou JQ, Wan HY, Wang ZX, Jiang N. Stimulating factors for regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:369-384. [PMID: 37342227 PMCID: PMC10277964 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i5.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), distributed in many tissues in the human body, are multipotent cells capable of differentiating in specific directions. It is usually considered that the differentiation process of MSCs depends on specialized external stimulating factors, including cell signaling pathways, cytokines, and other physical stimuli. Recent findings have revealed other underrated roles in the differentiation process of MSCs, such as material morphology and exosomes. Although relevant achievements have substantially advanced the applicability of MSCs, some of these regulatory mechanisms still need to be better understood. Moreover, limitations such as long-term survival in vivo hinder the clinical application of MSCs therapy. This review article summarizes current knowledge regarding the differentiation patterns of MSCs under specific stimulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Zhou
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Yang Wan
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
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Ghafari F, Karbasi S, Eslaminejad MB, Sayahpour FA, Kalantari N. Biological evaluation and osteogenic potential of polyhydroxybutyrate-keratin/Al 2O 3 electrospun nanocomposite scaffold: A novel bone regeneration construct. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124602. [PMID: 37141963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of alumina nanowire on the physical and biological properties of polyhydroxybutyrate-keratin (PHB-K) electrospun scaffold was investigated. First, PHB-K/alumina nanowire nanocomposite scaffolds were made with an optimal concentration of 3 wt% alumina nanowire by using the electrospinning method. The samples were examined in terms of morphology, porosity, tensile strength, contact angle, biodegradability, bioactivity, cell viability, ALP activity, mineralization ability, and gene expression. The nanocomposite scaffold provided a porosity of >80 % and a tensile strength of about 6.72 Mpa, which were noticeable for an electrospun scaffold. AFM images showed an increase in the surface roughness with the presence of alumina nanowires. This led to an improvement in the degradation rate and bioactivity of PHB-K/alumina nanowire scaffolds. The viability of mesenchymal cells, alkaline phosphatase secretion, and mineralization significantly increased with the presence of alumina nanowire compared to PHB and PHB-K scaffolds. In addition, the expression level of collagen I, osteocalcin, and RUNX2 genes in nanocomposite scaffolds increased significantly compared to other groups. In general, this nanocomposite scaffold could be a novel and interesting construct for osteogenic induction in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Ghafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Karbasi
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advance Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Departmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Forough Azam Sayahpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Departmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Kalantari
- Department of Stem Cells and Departmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Hsu SH, Liao HT, Chen RS, Chiu SC, Tsai FY, Lee MS, Hu CY, Tseng WY. The influence on surface characteristic and biocompatibility of nano-SnO 2-modified titanium implant material using atomic layer deposition technique. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:230-238. [PMID: 36372624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To investigate the surface characteristics of titanium (Ti) implant materials, which were coated with different thicknesses of nanoscale tin oxide (SnO2) using the atomic layer deposition technique, and evaluated its biological performance on human embryonic palatal mesenchyme (HEPM) cells. METHODS The thickness of the coating layer on Ti was 0 (Ti0), 20 nm (Ti20), 50 nm (Ti50), and 100 nm (Ti100), respectively. The surface morphology was observed with an SEM and AFM. The root mean square roughness of micron-scale (mRq) and nanoroughness (nRq) of Ti discs' surface were measured. The Alamar blue (AB) assay and F-actin fluorescence staining were used to evaluate the biocompatibility, and the osteocalcin (OCN) was measured to clarify the differentiation of HEPM cells on materials. RESULTS In the coating groups, the mRq was decreased, but the nRq was increased. The spreading and polygonal morphology of HEPMs was apparent in coating groups. On Day 4, the survival rate of HEPM cells on Ti0 was higher than on Ti20 and Ti50. There was no significant difference on Day 7, Day 10, and Day 14. The OCN was significantly higher on Day 14 in all the coating groups than Ti0. CONCLUSION The results showed that the cell growth was intensified with rough surfaces. However, the OCN and morphology change was prominent when the nanoroughness was increased, which meant the increased nanoroughness might enhance OCN production and improve the tendency of osseointegration. The nanoscale SnO2 coating could increase the ability of bone formation but not cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ting Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rung-Shu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chan Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shu Lee
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Hu
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Luo J, Walker M, Xiao Y, Donnelly H, Dalby MJ, Salmeron-Sanchez M. The influence of nanotopography on cell behaviour through interactions with the extracellular matrix – A review. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:145-159. [PMID: 35386337 PMCID: PMC8940943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotopography presents an effective physical approach for biomaterial cell manipulation mediated through material-extracellular matrix interactions. The extracellular matrix that exists in the cellular microenvironment is crucial for guiding cell behaviours, such as determination of integrin ligation and interaction with growth factors. These interactions with the extracellular matrix regulate downstream mechanotransductive pathways, such as rearrangements in the cytoskeleton and activation of signal cascades. Protein adsorption onto nanotopography strongly influences the conformation and distribution density of extracellular matrix and, therefore, subsequent cell responses. In this review, we first discuss the interactive mechanisms of protein physical adsorption on nanotopography. Secondly, we summarise advances in creating nanotopographical features to instruct desired cell behaviours. Lastly, we focus on the cellular mechanotransductive pathways initiated by nanotopography. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art designs of nanotopography aiming to provide better biomedical materials for the future. A comprehensive overview of nanotopography fabrication, and nanotopography regulates various cell behaviours. The interactive physical adsorption between nanotopography and extracellular matrix. Nanotopography initiates the cellular mechanotransductive pathways and downstream signalling cascades.
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12
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Xu Z, Li Y, Li P, Sun Y, Lv S, Wang Y, He X, Xu J, Xu Z, Li L, Li Y. Soft substrates promote direct chemical reprogramming of fibroblasts into neurons. Acta Biomater 2022; 152:255-272. [PMID: 36041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed via a combination of small molecules to generate induced neurons (iNs), bypassing intermediate stages. This method holds great promise for regenerative medicine; however, it remains inefficient. Recently, studies have suggested that physical cues may improve the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into neurons, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored, and the physical factors reported to date do not exhibit the full properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous in vitro studies mainly used rigid polystyrene dishes, while one of the characteristics of the native in-vivo environment of neurons is the soft nature of brain ECM. The reported stiffness of brain tissue is very soft ranging between 100 Pa and 3 kPa, and the effect of substrate stiffness on direct neuronal reprogramming has not been explored. Here, we show for the first time that soft substrates substantially improved the production efficiency and quality of iNs, without needing to co-culture with glial cells during reprogramming, producing more glutamatergic neurons with electrophysiological functions in a shorter time. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that soft substrates might promote glutamatergic neuron reprogramming through integrins, actin cytoskeleton, Hippo signalling pathway, and regulation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and competing endogenous RNA network analysis provided new targets for neuronal reprogramming. We demonstrated that soft substrates may promote neuronal reprogramming by inhibiting microRNA-615-3p-targeting integrin subunit beta 4. Our findings can aid the development of regenerative therapies and help improve our understanding of neuronal reprogramming. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : First, we have shown that low stiffness promotes direct reprogramming on the basis of small molecule combinations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on this type of method, which may greatly promote the progress of neural reprogramming. Second, we found that miR-615-3p may interact with ITGB4, and the soft substrates may promote neural reprogramming by inhibiting microRNA (miR)-615-3p targeting integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4). We are the first to report on this mechanism. Our findings will provide more functional neurons for subsequent basic and clinical research in neurological regenerative medicine, and will help to improve the overall understanding of neural reprogramming. This work also provides new ideas for the design of medical biomaterials for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Orthopedics and Biotechnology, Department for Clinical Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pengdong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingying Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shuang Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xia He
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Pathology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China.
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Burns Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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13
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Gui X, Peng W, Xu X, Su Z, Liu G, Zhou Z, Liu M, Li Z, Song G, Zhou C, Kong Q. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) has been widely studied as a promising biomaterial because of its potential mechanical and biological properties. In this article, different synthesis methods for nano-HA were summarized. Key factors for the synthesis of nano-HA, including reactant concentration, effects of temperature, PH, additives, aging time, and sintering, were separately investigated. The biological performances of the nano-HA depend strongly on its structures, morphology, and crystallite sizes. Nano-HA with different morphologies may cause different biological effects, such as protein adsorption, cell viability and proliferation, angiogenesis, and vascularization. Recent research progress with respect to the biological functions of the nano-HA in some specific biological applications are summarized and the future development of nano-sized hydroxyapatite is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Gui
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Wei Peng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Xiujuan Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Zixuan Su
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041, Chengdu , China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041, Chengdu , China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041, Chengdu , China
| | - Zhao Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Geyang Song
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Qingquan Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041, Chengdu , China
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14
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He S, Pang W, Wu X, Yang Y, Li W, Qi H, Yang K, Duan X, Wang Y. Bidirectional Regulation of Cell Mechanical Motion via a Gold Nanorods-Acoustic Streaming System. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8427-8439. [PMID: 35549089 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell mechanical motion is a key physiological process that relies on the dynamics of actin filaments. Herein, a localized shear-force system based on gigahertz acoustic streaming (AS) is proposed, which can simultaneously realize intracellular delivery and cellular mechanical regulation. The results demonstrate that gold nanorods (AuNRs) can be delivered into the cytoplasm and even the nuclei of cancer and normal cells within a few minutes by AS stimulation. The delivery efficiency of AS stimulation is four times higher than that of endocytosis. Moreover, AS can effectively promote cytoskeleton assembly, regulate cell stiffness and change cell morphology. Since the inhibitory effect of AuNRs on cytoskeleton assembly, this AuNRs-AS system is able to inhibit or promote cell mechanical motion in a controlled manner by regulating the mechanical properties of cells. The bidirectional regulation of cell motion is further verified via scratch experiments, in which AuNRs-treated cells recover their motion ability through AS stimulation. In particular, the results of AuNRs-AS mechanical regulation on cell are related to the intrinsic properties of cell lines, revealing to more obvious effects on the cells with higher motor capacities. In summary, this acoustic technology has shown superiorities in controllable cell-motion manipulation, indicating its potential in building a multifunctional, integrated cytomechanics regulation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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15
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Ma L, Li G, Lei J, Song Y, Feng X, Tan L, Luo R, Liao Z, Shi Y, Zhang W, Liu X, Sheng W, Wu S, Yang C. Nanotopography Sequentially Mediates Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for Enhancing Osteogenesis. ACS NANO 2022; 16:415-430. [PMID: 34935354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are used as tools to enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, such application of sEVs is associated with several issues, including high costs and a high risk of tumorigenesis. Nanotopography has a greater influence on bone-related cell behaviors. However, whether nanotopography specifically mediate sEV content to perform particular biological functions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that selective nanotopography may be used to sequentially mediate human bone mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) sEVs to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hBMSCs-EVs for osteogenesis. We subjected sEVs harvested from hBMSCs cultured on polished titanium plates (Ti) or nanotopographical titanium plates (Ti4) after 7, 14, and 21 d for RNA sequencing, and we found that there was no significant difference in sEV-miRNA expression after 7 d. Differentially expressed osteogenic-related microRNAs were founded after 14 days, and KEGG analysis indicated that the main microRNAs were associated with osteogenesis-related pathways, such as TGF-beta, AMPK, and FoxO. A significant difference was found in sEV-miRNAs expression after 21 d. We loaded sEV secreted from hBMSCs cultured on Ti4 after 21 d on 3D-printed porous PEEK scaffolds with poly dopamine (PDA) and found that such scaffolds showed superior osteogenic ability after 6- and 12-weeks. Here, we demonstrate the alkali- and heat-treated nanotopography with the ability of stimulating osteogenic differentiation of hBMSC can induce the secretion of pro-osteogenesis sEV, and we also found that sEVs meditate osteogenesis through miRNA. Thus, whether nanotopography has the ability to regulate other contents of sEVs such as proteins for enhancing osteogenesis needs further research. These findings may help us use nanotopography to extract sEVs for other biomedical applications, including cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gaocai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaobo Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Rongjin Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yunsong Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weibin Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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16
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Barlian A, Vanya K. Nanotopography in directing osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: potency and future perspective. Future Sci OA 2022; 8:FSO765. [PMID: 34900339 PMCID: PMC8656311 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2021-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bone injuries can result in disabilities and thus affect a person's quality of life. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be an alternative for bone healing by growing them on nanopatterned substrates that provide mechanical signals for differentiation. This review aims to highlight the role of nanopatterns in directing or inducing MSC osteogenic differentiation, especially in bone tissue engineering. Nanopatterns can upregulate the expression of osteogenic markers, which indicates a faster differentiation process. Combined with growth factors, nanopatterns can further upregulate osteogenic markers, but with fewer growth factors needed, thereby reducing the risks and costs involved. Nanopatterns can be applied in scaffolds for tissue engineering for their lasting effects, even in vivo, thus having great potential for future bone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anggraini Barlian
- School of Life Science & Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences & Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Katherine Vanya
- School of Life Science & Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
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17
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Sun Q, Hou Y, Chu Z, Wei Q. Soft overcomes the hard: Flexible materials adapt to cell adhesion to promote cell mechanotransduction. Bioact Mater 2021; 10:397-404. [PMID: 34901555 PMCID: PMC8636665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell behaviors and functions show distinct contrast in different mechanical microenvironment. Numerous materials with varied rigidity have been developed to mimic the interactions between cells and their surroundings. However, the conventional static materials cannot fully capture the dynamic alterations at the bio-interface, especially for the molecular motion and the local mechanical changes in nanoscale. As an alternative, flexible materials have great potential to sense and adapt to mechanical changes in such complex microenvironment. The flexible materials could promote the cellular mechanosensing by dynamically adjusting their local mechanics, topography and ligand presentation to adapt to intracellular force generation. This process enables the cells to exhibit comparable or even higher level of mechanotransduction and the downstream 'hard' phenotypes compared to the conventional stiff or rigid ones. Here, we highlight the relevant studies regarding the development of such adaptive materials to mediate cell behaviors across the rigidity limitation on soft substrates. The concept of 'soft overcomes the hard' will guide the future development and application of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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18
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Hao Z, Xu Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Li H, Chen T, Hu Y, Chen R, Huang K, Chen C, Li J. Biophysical Stimuli as the Fourth Pillar of Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790050. [PMID: 34858997 PMCID: PMC8630705 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of critical bone defects remains challenging worldwide. Three canonical pillars (biomaterial scaffolds, bioactive molecules, and stem cells) of bone tissue engineering have been widely used for bone regeneration in separate or combined strategies, but the delivery of bioactive molecules has several obvious drawbacks. Biophysical stimuli have great potential to become the fourth pillar of bone tissue engineering, which can be categorized into three groups depending on their physical properties: internal structural stimuli, external mechanical stimuli, and electromagnetic stimuli. In this review, distinctive biophysical stimuli coupled with their osteoinductive windows or parameters are initially presented to induce the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Then, osteoinductive mechanisms of biophysical transduction (a combination of mechanotransduction and electrocoupling) are reviewed to direct the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. These mechanisms include biophysical sensing, transmission, and regulation. Furthermore, distinctive application strategies of biophysical stimuli are presented for bone tissue engineering, including predesigned biomaterials, tissue-engineered bone grafts, and postoperative biophysical stimuli loading strategies. Finally, ongoing challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanke Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingkun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renxin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kegang Huang
- Wuhan Institute of Proactive Health Management Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Hefeng Central Hospital, Enshi, China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Li X, Klausen LH, Zhang W, Jahed Z, Tsai CT, Li TL, Cui B. Nanoscale Surface Topography Reduces Focal Adhesions and Cell Stiffness by Enhancing Integrin Endocytosis. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8518-8526. [PMID: 34346220 PMCID: PMC8516714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Both substrate stiffness and surface topography regulate cell behavior through mechanotransduction signaling pathways. Such intertwined effects suggest that engineered surface topographies might substitute or cancel the effects of substrate stiffness in biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms by which cells recognize topographical features are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that the presence of nanotopography drastically alters cell behavior such that neurons and stem cells cultured on rigid glass substrates behave as if they were on soft hydrogels. With atomic force microscopy, we show that rigid nanotopography resembles the effects of soft hydrogels in reducing cell stiffness and membrane tension. Further, we reveal that nanotopography reduces focal adhesions and cell stiffness by enhancing the endocytosis and the subsequent removal of integrin receptors. This mechanistic understanding will support the rational design of nanotopography that directs cells on rigid materials to behave as if they were on soft ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lasse H Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zeinab Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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20
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Li Z, Xiang S, Lin Z, Li EN, Yagi H, Cao G, Yocum L, Li L, Hao T, Bruce KK, Fritch MR, Hu H, Wang B, Alexander PG, Khor KA, Tuan RS, Lin H. Graphene oxide-functionalized nanocomposites promote osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells via enhancement of BMP-SMAD1/5 signaling pathway. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121082. [PMID: 34464823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials that can harness the intrinsic osteogenic potential of stem cells offer a promising strategy to accelerate bone regeneration and repair. Previously, we had used methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-based scaffolds to achieve bone formation from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In this study, we aimed to further enhance hMSC osteogenesis by incorporating graphene oxide (GO)-based nanosheets into GelMA. In vitro results showed high viability and metabolic activities in hMSCs encapsulated in the newly developed nanocomposites. Incorporation of GO markedly increased mineralization within hMSC-laden constructs, which was further increased by replacing GO with silica-coated graphene oxide (SiGO). Mechanistic analysis revealed that the nanosheet enhanced the production, retention, and biological activity of endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), resulting in robust osteogenesis in the absence of exogenous osteoinductive growth factors. Specifically, the osteoinductive effect of the nanosheets was abolished by inhibiting the BMP signaling pathway with LDN-193189 treatment. The bone formation potential of the technology was further tested in vivo using a mouse subcutaneous implantation model, where hMSCs-laden GO/GelMA and SiGO/GelMA samples resulted in bone volumes 108 and 385 times larger, respectively, than the GelMA control group. Taken together, these results demonstrate the biological activity and mechanism of action of GO-based nanosheets in augmenting the osteogenic capability of hMSCs, and highlights the potential of leveraging nanomaterials such as GO and SiGO for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shiqi Xiang
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eileen N Li
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haruyo Yagi
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guorui Cao
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Yocum
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - La Li
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tingjun Hao
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine K Bruce
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madalyn R Fritch
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huanlong Hu
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bing Wang
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khiam Aik Khor
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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21
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Yu D, Wang J, Qian KJ, Yu J, Zhu HY. Effects of nanofibers on mesenchymal stem cells: environmental factors affecting cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation and their mechanisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:871-884. [PMID: 33150771 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibers can mimic natural tissue structure by creating a more suitable environment for cells to grow, prompting a wide application of nanofiber materials. In this review, we include relevant studies and characterize the effect of nanofibers on mesenchymal stem cells, as well as factors that affect cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. We hypothesize that the process of bone regeneration in vitro is similar to bone formation and healing in vivo, and the closer nanofibers or nanofibrous scaffolds are to natural bone tissue, the better the bone regeneration process will be. In general, cells cultured on nanofibers have a similar gene expression pattern and osteogenic behavior as cells induced by osteogenic supplements in vitro. Genes involved in cell adhesion (focal adhesion kinase (FAK)), cytoskeletal organization, and osteogenic pathways (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Wnt) are upregulated successively. Cell adhesion and osteogenesis may be influenced by several factors. Nanofibers possess certain physical properties including favorable hydrophilicity, porosity, and swelling properties that promote cell adhesion and growth. Moreover, nanofiber stiffness plays a vital role in cell fate, as cell recruitment for osteogenesis tends to be better on stiffer scaffolds, with associated signaling pathways of integrin and Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Also, hierarchically aligned nanofibers, as well as their combination with functional additives (growth factors, HA particles, etc.), contribute to osteogenesis and bone regeneration. In summary, previous studies have indicated that upon sensing the stiffness of the nanofibrous environment as well as its other characteristics, stem cells change their shape and tension accordingly, regulating downstream pathways followed by adhesion to nanofibers to contribute to osteogenesis. However, additional experiments are needed to identify major signaling pathways in the bone regeneration process, and also to fully investigate its supportive role in fabricating or designing the optimum tissue-mimicking nanofibrous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke-Jia Qian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui-Yong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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22
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Collagen type I promotes osteogenic differentiation of amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in basal and induction media. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:227060. [PMID: 33245097 PMCID: PMC7736623 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen has been widely shown to promote osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). Due to the invasive procedure of obtaining BM-MSCs, MSCs from other tissues have emerged as a promising alternative for regenerative therapy. MSCs originated from different sources, exhibiting different differentiation potentials. Therefore, the applicability of collagen type I (COL), combining with amniotic membrane (AM)-MSCs was examined through proliferation and differentiation assays together with the expression of surface markers and genes associated with stemness and differentiation under basal or induction conditions. No increase in cell growth was observed because AM-MSCs might be directed toward spontaneous osteogenesis. This was evidenced by the calcium deposition and elevated expression of osteogenic genes when AM-MSCs were cultured in collagen plate with basal media. Under the osteogenic condition, reciprocal expression of OCN and CEBPA suggested a shift toward adipogenesis. Surprisingly, adipogenic genes were not elevated upon adipogenic induction, although oil droplets deposition was observed. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that collagen causes spontaneous osteogenesis in AM-MSCs. However, the presence of exogenous inductors could shift the direction of adipo-osteogenic gene regulatory network modulated by collagen.
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23
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Kyriakides TR, Raj A, Tseng TH, Xiao H, Nguyen R, Mohammed FS, Halder S, Xu M, Wu MJ, Bao S, Sheu WC. Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:10.1088/1748-605X/abe5fa. [PMID: 33578402 PMCID: PMC8357854 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe5fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have revolutionized multiple aspects of medicine by enabling novel sensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Advancements in processing and fabrication have also allowed significant expansion in the applications of the major classes of NMs based on polymer, metal/metal oxide, carbon, liposome, or multi-scale macro-nano bulk materials. Concomitantly, concerns regarding the nanotoxicity and overall biocompatibility of NMs have been raised. These involve putative negative effects on both patients and those subjected to occupational exposure during manufacturing. In this review, we describe the current state of testing of NMs including those that are in clinical use, in clinical trials, or under development. We also discuss the cellular and molecular interactions that dictate their toxicity and biocompatibility. Specifically, we focus on the reciprocal interactions between NMs and host proteins, lipids, and sugars and how these induce responses in immune and other cell types leading to topical and/or systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis R Kyriakides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Arindam Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Tiffany H Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Hugh Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Ryan Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Farrah S Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Saiti Halder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Mengqing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Michelle J Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Shuozhen Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Wendy C Sheu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
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24
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YAP and TAZ Mediators at the Crossroad between Metabolic and Cellular Reprogramming. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030154. [PMID: 33800464 PMCID: PMC7999074 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell reprogramming can either refer to a direct conversion of a specialized cell into another or to a reversal of a somatic cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). It implies a peculiar modification of the epigenetic asset and gene regulatory networks needed for a new cell, to better fit the new phenotype of the incoming cell type. Cellular reprogramming also implies a metabolic rearrangement, similar to that observed upon tumorigenesis, with a transition from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. The induction of a reprogramming process requires a nexus of signaling pathways, mixing a range of local and systemic information, and accumulating evidence points to the crucial role exerted by the Hippo pathway components Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and Transcriptional Co-activator with PDZ-binding Motif (TAZ). In this review, we will first provide a synopsis of the Hippo pathway and its function during reprogramming and tissue regeneration, then we introduce the latest knowledge on the interplay between YAP/TAZ and metabolism and, finally, we discuss the possible role of YAP/TAZ in the orchestration of the metabolic switch upon cellular reprogramming.
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25
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Zhang W, Yang Y, Cui B. New perspectives on the roles of nanoscale surface topography in modulating intracellular signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 25:100873. [PMID: 33364912 PMCID: PMC7751896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of biomaterials, such as elasticity, stiffness, and surface nanotopography, are mechanical cues that regulate a broad spectrum of cell behaviors, including migration, differentiation, proliferation, and reprogramming. Among them, nanoscale surface topography, i.e. nanotopography, defines the nanoscale shape and spatial arrangement of surface elements, which directly interact with the cell membranes and stimulate changes in the cell signaling pathways. In biological systems, the effects of nanotopography are often entangled with those of other mechanical and biochemical factors. Precise engineering of 2D nanopatterns and 3D nanostructures with well-defined features has provided a powerful means to study the cellular responses to specific topographic features. In this Review, we discuss efforts in the last three years to understand how nanotopography affects membrane receptor activation, curvature-induced cell signaling, and stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, ChEM-H/Wu Tsai Neuroscience Research Complex, S285, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
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26
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Heng BC, Zhang X, Aubel D, Bai Y, Li X, Wei Y, Fussenegger M, Deng X. An overview of signaling pathways regulating YAP/TAZ activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:497-512. [PMID: 32748155 PMCID: PMC11071991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are ubiquitously expressed homologous proteins originally identified as penultimate effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a key role in maintaining mammalian tissue/organ size. Presently, it is known that YAP/TAZ also interact with various non-Hippo signaling pathways, and have diverse roles in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, tissue regeneration, cell lineage fate determination, tumorigenesis, and mechanosensing. In this review, we first examine the various microenvironmental cues and signaling pathways that regulate YAP/TAZ activation, through the Hippo and non-Hippo signaling pathways. This is followed by a brief summary of the interactions of YAP/TAZ with TEAD1-4 and a diverse array of other non-TEAD transcription factors. Finally, we offer a critical perspective on how increasing knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of YAP/TAZ signaling might open the door to novel therapeutic applications in the interrelated fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dominique Aubel
- IUTA, Departement Genie Biologique, Universite, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Yunyang Bai
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochan Li
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland.
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Shi SW, Yin HM, Zheng GS, Su K, Gao SY, Liao GQ, Liu W, Zheng ZL, Xu JZ, Li X. Promoted Bone Regeneration by 3D-Printed Porous Scaffolds with the Synergy of a Nanotopological Morphology and Amino Modification. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8627-8639. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Wei Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Hua-Mo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guang-Sen Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Kai Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Si-Yong Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Gui-Qing Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zi-Li Zheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
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28
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Effect of TiO 2 Nanotube Pore Diameter on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Osteoblasts. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112117. [PMID: 33113757 PMCID: PMC7692029 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pore diameter of uniformly structured nanotubes can significantly change the behaviour of cells. Recent studies demonstrated that the activation of integrins is affected not by only the surface chemistry between the cell-material interfaces, but also by the features of surface nanotopography, including nanotube diameter. While research has been carried out in this area, there has yet to be a single systemic study to date that succinctly compares the response of both human stem cells and osteoblasts to a range of TiO2 nanotube pore diameters using controlled experiments in a single laboratory. In this paper, we investigate the influence of surface nanotopography on cellular behaviour and osseointegrative properties through a systemic study involving human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human osteoblasts (HOBs) on TiO2 nanotubes of 20 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm pore diameters using in-vitro assessments. This detailed study demonstrates the interrelationship between cellular behaviour and nanotopography, revealing that a 20 nm nanotube pore diameter is preferred by hMSCs for the induction of osteogenic differentiation, while 50 nm nanotubular structures are favourable by HOBs for osteoblastic maturation.
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29
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Kegelman CD, Collins JM, Nijsure MP, Eastburn EA, Boerckel JD. Gone Caving: Roles of the Transcriptional Regulators YAP and TAZ in Skeletal Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:526-540. [PMID: 32712794 PMCID: PMC8040027 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of the skeleton is controlled by cellular decisions determined by the coordinated activation of multiple transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that the transcriptional regulator proteins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), could have important roles in directing the activity of these transcriptional programs. However, in vitro evidence for the roles of YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells has been hopelessly contradictory. The goals of this review are to provide a cross-sectional view on the state of the field and to synthesize the available data toward a unified perspective. RECENT FINDINGS YAP and TAZ are regulated by diverse upstream signals and interact downstream with multiple transcription factors involved in skeletal development, positioning YAP and TAZ as important signal integration nodes in an hourglass-shaped signaling pathway. Here, we provide a survey of putative transcriptional co-effectors for YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells. Synthesizing the in vitro data, we conclude that TAZ is consistently pro-osteogenic in function, while YAP can exhibit either pro- or anti-osteogenic activity depending on cell type and context. Synthesizing the in vivo data, we conclude that YAP and TAZ combinatorially promote developmental bone formation, bone matrix homeostasis, and endochondral fracture repair by regulating a variety of transcriptional programs depending on developmental stage. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of the transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ in skeletal development, and provide recommendations for continued study of molecular mechanisms, mechanotransduction, and therapeutic implications for skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kegelman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Collins
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhura P Nijsure
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily A Eastburn
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Xia Y, Fan X, Yang H, Li L, He C, Cheng C, Haag R. ZnO/Nanocarbons-Modified Fibrous Scaffolds for Stem Cell-Based Osteogenic Differentiation. SMALL 2020; 16:e2003010. [PMID: 32815251 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapies for bone regeneration and treatments have gained significant attention in clinical research. Though many chemical and physical cues which influence the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs have been explored, scaffolds combining the benefits of Zn2+ ions and unique nanostructures may become an ideal interface to enhance osteogenic and anti-infective capabilities simultaneously. In this work, motivated by the enormous advantages of Zn-based metal-organic framework-derived nanocarbons, C-ZnO nanocarbons-modified fibrous scaffolds for stem cell-based osteogenic differentiation are constructed. The modified scaffolds show enhanced expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, vinculin, and a larger cell spreading area. Meanwhile, the caging of ZnO nanoparticles can allow the slow release of Zn2+ ions, which not only activate various signaling pathways to guide osteogenic differentiation but also prevent the potential bacterial infection of implantable scaffolds. Overall, this study may provide new insight for designing stem cell-based nanostructured fibrous scaffolds with simultaneously enhanced osteogenic and anti-infective capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Xin Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Mechanics, Chair of Continuum Mechanics and Constitutive Theory, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| | - Ling Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chao He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rainer Haag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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31
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Heng BC, Zhang X, Aubel D, Bai Y, Li X, Wei Y, Fussenegger M, Deng X. Role of YAP/TAZ in Cell Lineage Fate Determination and Related Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:735. [PMID: 32850847 PMCID: PMC7406690 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The penultimate effectors of the Hippo signaling pathways YAP and TAZ, are transcriptional co-activator proteins that play key roles in many diverse biological processes, ranging from cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, mechanosensing and cell lineage fate determination, to wound healing and regeneration. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms by which YAP/TAZ control stem/progenitor cell differentiation into the various major lineages that are of interest to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Of particular interest is the key role of YAP/TAZ in maintaining the delicate balance between quiescence, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation of endogenous adult stem cells within various tissues/organs during early development, normal homeostasis and regeneration/healing. Finally, we will consider how increasing knowledge of YAP/TAZ signaling might influence the trajectory of future progress in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon C. Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dominique Aubel
- IUTA Department Genie Biologique, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yunyang Bai
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochan Li
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH-Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuliang Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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32
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Wang Z, Xia F, Labib M, Ahmadi M, Chen H, Das J, Ahmed SU, Angers S, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Nanostructured Architectures Promote the Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition for Invasive Cells. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5324-5336. [PMID: 32369335 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic modulation of cellular phenotypes between the epithelial and mesenchymal states-the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)-plays an important role in cancer progression. Nanoscale topography of culture substrates is known to affect the migration and EMT of cancer cells. However, existing platforms heavily rely on simple geometries such as grooved lines or cylindrical post arrays, which may oversimplify the complex interaction between cells and nanotopography in vivo. Here, we use electrodeposition to construct finely controlled surfaces with biomimetic fractal nanostructures as a means of examining the roles of nanotopography during the EMT/MET process. We found that nanostructures in the size range of 100 to 500 nm significantly promote MET for invasive breast and prostate cancer cells. The "METed" cells acquired distinct expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, displayed perturbed morphologies, and exhibited diminished migration and invasion, even after the removal of a nanotopographical stimulus. The phosphorylation of GSK-3 was decreased, which further tuned the expression of Snail and modulated the EMT/MET process. Our findings suggest that invasive cancer cells respond to the geometries and dimensions of complex nanostructured architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Moloud Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Haijie Chen
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sharif U Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Lee JH, Luo J, Choi HK, Chueng STD, Lee KB, Choi JW. Functional nanoarrays for investigating stem cell fate and function. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9306-9326. [PMID: 32090229 PMCID: PMC7671654 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10963c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells show excellent potential in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine based on their excellent capability to not only self-renew but also differentiate into a specialized cell type of interest. However, the lack of a non-destructive monitoring system makes it challenging to identify and characterize differentiated cells before their transplantation without compromising cell viability. Thus, the development of a non-destructive monitoring method for analyzing cell function is highly desired and can significantly benefit stem cell-based therapies. Recently, nanomaterial-based scaffolds (e.g., nanoarrays) have made possible considerable advances in controlling the differentiation of stem cells and characterization of the differentiation status sensitively in real time. This review provides a selective overview of the recent progress in the synthesis methods of nanoarrays and their applications in controlling stem cell fate and monitoring live cell functions electrochemically. We believe that the topics discussed in this review can provide brief and concise guidelines for the development of novel nanoarrays and promote the interest in live cell study applications. A method which can not only control but also monitor stem cell fate and function will be a promising technology that can accelerate stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Wang L, Li Y, Zhang M, Huang K, Peng S, Xiao J. Application of Nanomaterials in Regulating the Fate of Adipose-derived Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:3-13. [PMID: 32357820 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200502000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells are adult stem cells which are easy to obtain and multi-potent. Stem-cell therapy has become a promising new treatment for many diseases, and plays an increasingly important role in the field of tissue repair, regeneration and reconstruction. The physicochemical properties of the extracellular microenvironment contribute to the regulation of the fate of stem cells. Nanomaterials have stable particle size, large specific surface area and good biocompatibility, which has led them being recognized as having broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine. In this paper, we review recent developments of nanomaterials in adipose-derived stem cell research. Taken together, the current literature indicates that nanomaterials can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. However, the properties and regulatory effects of nanomaterials can vary widely depending on their composition. This review aims to provide a comprehensive guide for future stem-cell research on the use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Maorui Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Kui Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Shuanglin Peng
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jingang Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Newby SD, Masi T, Griffin CD, King WJ, Chipman A, Stephenson S, Anderson DE, Biris AS, Bourdo SE, Dhar M. Functionalized Graphene Nanoparticles Induce Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Express Distinct Extracellular Matrix Proteins Mediating Osteogenesis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2501-2513. [PMID: 32368037 PMCID: PMC7171876 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s245801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The extracellular matrix (ECM) labyrinthine network secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provides a microenvironment that enhances cell adherence, proliferation, viability, and differentiation. The potential of graphene-based nanomaterials to mimic a tissue-specific ECM has been recognized in designing bone tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, we investigated the expression of specific ECM proteins when human fat-derived adult MSCs adhered and underwent osteogenic differentiation in the presence of functionalized graphene nanoparticles. METHODS Graphene nanoparticles with 6-10% oxygen content were prepared and characterized by XPS, FTIR, AFM and Raman spectroscopy. Calcein-am and crystal violet staining were performed to evaluate viability and proliferation of human fat-derived MSCs on graphene nanoparticles. Alizarin red staining and quantitation were used to determine the effect of graphene nanoparticles on osteogenic differentiation. Finally, immunofluorescence assays were used to investigate the expression of ECM proteins during cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS Our data show that in the presence of graphene, MSCs express specific integrin heterodimers and exhibit a distinct pattern of the corresponding bone-specific ECM proteins, primarily fibronectin, collagen I and vitronectin. Furthermore, MSCs undergo osteogenic differentiation spontaneously without any chemical induction, suggesting that the physicochemical properties of graphene nanoparticles might trigger the expression of bone-specific ECM. CONCLUSION Understanding the cell-graphene interactions resulting in an osteogenic niche for MSCs will significantly improve the application of graphene nanoparticles in bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Newby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Tom Masi
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Christopher D Griffin
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR72204, USA
| | - William J King
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR72204, USA
| | - Anna Chipman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Stacy Stephenson
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - David E Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Alexandru S Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR72204, USA
| | - Shawn E Bourdo
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR72204, USA
| | - Madhu Dhar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
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Wu RX, Ma C, Liang Y, Chen FM, Liu X. ECM-mimicking nanofibrous matrix coaxes macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype: Cellular behaviors and transcriptome analysis. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2020; 18:100508. [PMID: 32864422 PMCID: PMC7450828 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of biomaterial cues to selectively polarize macrophages is beneficial in the design of "immuno-informed" biomaterials that positively interact with the immune system to dictate a favorable macrophage response following implantation. Given the promising future of ECM-mimicking nanofibrous biomaterials in biomedical application, it is essential to elucidate how their intrinsic cues, especially the nanofibrous architecture, affect macrophages. In the present study, we evaluated how the nanofibrous architecture of a gelatin matrix modulated macrophage responses from the perspectives of cellular behaviors and a transcriptome analysis. In our results, the nanofibrous surface attenuated M1 polarization and down-regulated the inflammatory responses of macrophages compared with a smooth surface. Besides, the cell-material interaction was up-regulated and the adhered macrophages tended to maintain an original, non-polarized state on the nanofibrous matrix. Accordingly, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that nanofibrous architecture up-regulated the pathways related to ECM-receptor interaction and down-regulated pathways related to pro-inflammation. This study provides a panoramic view of the interaction between macrophages and nanofibers, and offers valuable information for the design of immunomodulatory ECM-mimicking biomaterials for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yongxi Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Hou Y, Yu L, Xie W, Camacho LC, Zhang M, Chu Z, Wei Q, Haag R. Surface Roughness and Substrate Stiffness Synergize To Drive Cellular Mechanoresponse. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:748-757. [PMID: 31820645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Material surface topographic features have been shown to be crucial for tissue regeneration and surface treatment of implanted devices. Many biomaterials were investigated with respect to the response of cells on surface roughness. However, some conclusions even conflicted with each other due to the unclear interplay of surface topographic features and substrate elastic features as well as the lack of mechanistic studies. Herein, wide-scale surface roughness gradient hydrogels, integrating the surface roughness from nanoscale to microscale with controllable stiffness, were developed via soft lithography with precise surface morphology. Based on this promising platform, we systematically studied the mechanosensitive response of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to a broad range of roughnesses (200 nm to 1.2 μm for Rq) and different substrate stiffnesses. We observed that MSCs responded to surface roughness in a stiffness-dependent manner by reorganizing the surface hierarchical structure. Surprisingly, the cellular mechanoresponse and osteogenesis were obviously enhanced on very soft hydrogels (3.8 kPa) with high surface roughness, which was comparable to or even better than that on smooth stiff substrates. These findings extend our understanding of the interactions between cells and biomaterials, highlighting an effective noninvasive approach to regulate stem cell fate via synergetic physical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Leixiao Yu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Wenyan Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Luis Cuellar Camacho
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering , Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu , China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering , Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu , China
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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Altuntas S, Dhaliwal HK, Bassous NJ, Radwan AE, Alpaslan P, Webster T, Buyukserin F, Amiji M. Nanopillared Chitosan/Gelatin Films: A Biomimetic Approach for Improved Osteogenesis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4311-4322. [PMID: 33417787 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicry strategies, inspired from natural organization of living organisms, are being widely used in the design of nanobiomaterials. Particularly, nonlithographic techniques have shown immense potential in the facile fabrication of nanostructured surfaces at large-scale production. Orthopedic biomaterials or coatings possessing extracellular matrix-like nanoscale features induce desirable interactions between the bone tissue and implant surface, also known as osseointegration. In this study, nanopillared chitosan/gelatin (C/G) films were fabricated using nanoporous anodic alumina molds, and their antibacterial properties as well as osteogenesis potential were analyzed by comparing to the flat C/G films and tissue culture polystyrene as controls. In vitro analysis of the expression of RUNX2, osteopontion, and osteocalcin genes for mesenchymal stem cells as well as osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells was found to be increased for the cells grown on nano C/G films, indicating early-stage osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, the mineralization tests (quantitative calcium analysis and alizarin red staining) showed that nanotopography significantly enhanced the mineralization capacity of both cell lines. This work may provide a new perspective of biomimetic surface topography fabrication for orthopedic implant coatings with superior osteogenic differentiation capacity and fast bone regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevde Altuntas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 43 Sogutozu Street, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Renal Division, 4 Blackfan Circle Street, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | | | - Ahmed E Radwan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 72 Francis Street, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Chemistry and Physics Department, Simmons University, 300 The Fenway, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pinar Alpaslan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 43 Sogutozu Street, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Buyukserin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 43 Sogutozu Street, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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Zhang J, Yang H, Abali BE, Li M, Xia Y, Haag R. Dynamic Mechanics-Modulated Hydrogels to Regulate the Differentiation of Stem-Cell Spheroids in Soft Microniches and Modeling of the Nonlinear Behavior. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901920. [PMID: 31183958 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although mechanisms of how physical forces convert into biochemical signals are increasingly understood, it is still unknown how soft cues guide cell behavior. Herein, it is shown that the commitment and differentiation of encapsulating human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) spheroids in thermosensitive 3D hydrogels are simply altered by interpenetrating poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (NIPAM-HEMA) nanogel to a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) network. This cell-laden hydrogel provides dynamic mechanics with covalent crosslinking coordinated reversible physical networks, which can regulate hMSCs in situ by reversibly stiffening soft niches via multicyclic temperature changes from 25 to 37 °C. The spreading of hMSC spheroids in the hydrogel is strongly dependent on myosin-dependent traction stress with dynamic mechanical stimuli through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Notably, the dynamic microenvironment gradually influences the expression and distribution from the basal to apical side of nuclear lamin A/C and increases the Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization with cycles, which ultimately favors hMSCs undergoing osteogenesis (but not adipogenesis) in the soft microniche. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the viscoelastic behavior of the soft microniche can be guided by temperature through a nonlinear model. These findings highlight the central roles of the dynamic relationship between the biomechanical signals and mechanosensitive transcriptional regulators in cellular mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Zhang
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Mechanics, Chair of Continuum Mechanics and Constitutive Theory, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bilen Emek Abali
- Institute of Mechanics, Chair of Continuum Mechanics and Constitutive Theory, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingjun Li
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi Xia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Qian W, Chen W. Probing Single-Cell Mechanical Allostasis Using Ultrasound Tweezers. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:415-427. [PMID: 31719924 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to external stress, cells alter their morphology, metabolic activity, and functions to mechanically adapt to the dynamic, local environment through cell allostasis. To explore mechanotransduction in cellular allostasis, we applied an integrated micromechanical system that combines an 'ultrasound tweezers'-based mechanical stressor and a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular force biosensor, termed "actinin-sstFRET," to monitor in situ single-cell allostasis in response to transient stimulation in real time. Methods The ultrasound tweezers utilize 1 Hz, 10-s transient ultrasound pulses to acoustically excite a lipid-encapsulated microbubble, which is bound to the cell membrane, and apply a pico- to nano-Newton range of forces to cells through an RGD-integrin linkage. The actinin-sstFRET molecular sensor, which engages the actin stress fibers in live cells, is used to map real-time actomyosin force dynamics over time. Then, the mechanosensitive behaviors were examined by profiling the dynamics in Ca2+ influx, actomyosin cytoskeleton (CSK) activity, and GTPase RhoA signaling to define a single-cell mechanical allostasis. Results By subjecting a 1 Hz, 10-s physical stress, single vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were observed to remodeled themselves in a biphasic mechanical allostatic manner within 30 min that caused them to adjust their contractility and actomyosin activities. The cellular machinery that underscores the vital role of CSK equilibrium in cellular mechanical allostasis, includes Ca2+ influx, remodeling of actomyosin CSK and contraction, and GTPase RhoA signaling. Mechanical allostasis was observed to be compromised in VSMCs from patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which could potentiate an allostatic maladaptation. Conclusions By integrating tools that simultaneously permit localized mechanical perturbation and map actomyosin forces, we revealed distinct cellular mechanical allostasis profiles in our micromechanical system. Our findings of cell mechanical allostasis and maladaptation provide the potential for mechanophenotyping cells to reveal their pathogenic contexts and their biophysical mediators that underlie multi-etiological diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
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Oliver-De La Cruz J, Nardone G, Vrbsky J, Pompeiano A, Perestrelo AR, Capradossi F, Melajová K, Filipensky P, Forte G. Substrate mechanics controls adipogenesis through YAP phosphorylation by dictating cell spreading. Biomaterials 2019; 205:64-80. [PMID: 30904599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanoregulated proteins YAP/TAZ are involved in the adipogenic/osteogenic switch of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSC fate decision can be unbalanced by controlling substrate mechanics, in turn altering the transmission of tension through cell cytoskeleton. MSCs have been proposed for orthopedic and reconstructive surgery applications. Thus, a tight control of their adipogenic potential is required in order to avoid their drifting towards fat tissue. Substrate mechanics has been shown to drive MSC commitment and to regulate YAP/TAZ protein shuttling and turnover. The mechanism by which YAP/TAZ co-transcriptional activity is mechanically regulated during MSC fate acquisition is still debated. Here, we design few bioengineering tools suited to disentangle the contribution of mechanical from biological stimuli to MSC adipogenesis. We demonstrate that the mechanical repression of YAP happens through its phosphorylation, is purely mediated by cell spreading downstream of substrate mechanics as dictated by dimensionality. YAP repression is sufficient to prompt MSC adipogenesis, regardless of a permissive biological environment, TEAD nuclear presence or focal adhesion stabilization. Finally, by harnessing the potential of YAP mechanical regulation, we propose a practical example of the exploitation of adipogenic transdifferentiation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Oliver-De La Cruz
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giorgia Nardone
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrbsky
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Rubina Perestrelo
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Capradossi
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Melajová
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Giancarlo Forte
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Kim DH, Cui LH, Seo HR, Joo HJ, Choi SC, Lim DS, Lee KB. Fabrication of Gradient Nanopattern by Thermal Nanoimprinting Technique and Screening of the Response of Human Endothelial Colony-forming Cells. J Vis Exp 2018:57661. [PMID: 30010660 PMCID: PMC6102024 DOI: 10.3791/57661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotopography can be found in various extracellular matrices (ECMs) around the body and is known to have important regulatory actions upon cellular reactions. However, it is difficult to determine the relation between the size of a nanostructure and the responses of cells owing to the lack of proper screening tools. Here, we show the development of reproducible and cost-effective gradient nanopattern plates for the manipulation of cellular responses. Using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a master mold, gradient nanopattern plates with nanopillars of increasing diameter ranges [120-200 nm (GP 120/200), 200-280 nm (GP 200/280), and 280-360 nm (GP 280/360)] were fabricated by a thermal imprinting technique. These gradient nanopattern plates were designed to mimic the various sizes of nanotopography in the ECM and were used to screen the responses of human endothelial colony-forming cells (hECFCs). In this protocol, we describe the step-by-step procedure of fabricating gradient nanopattern plates for cell engineering, techniques of cultivating hECFCs from human peripheral blood, and culturing hECFCs on nanopattern plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hwan Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University
| | - Long-Hui Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Korea University Anam Hospital
| | - Ha-Rim Seo
- Department of Cardiology, Korea University Anam Hospital
| | - Hyung Joon Joo
- Department of Cardiology, Korea University Anam Hospital
| | | | - Do-Sun Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Korea University Anam Hospital;
| | - Kyu Back Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University;
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Goriainov V, Hulsart-Billstrom G, Sjostrom T, Dunlop DG, Su B, Oreffo ROC. Harnessing Nanotopography to Enhance Osseointegration of Clinical Orthopedic Titanium Implants-An in Vitro and in Vivo Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:44. [PMID: 29696140 PMCID: PMC5905351 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite technological advancements, further innovations in the field of orthopedics and bone regeneration are essential to meet the rising demands of an increasing aging population and associated issues of disease, injury and trauma. Nanotopography provides new opportunities for novel implant surface modifications and promises to deliver further improvements in implant performance. However, the technical complexities of nanotopography fabrication and surface analysis have precluded identification of the optimal surface features to trigger osteogenesis. We herein detail the osteoinductive potential of discrete nanodot and nanowire nanotopographies. We have examined the ability of modified titanium and titanium alloy (Ti64) surfaces to induce bone-specific gene activation and extracellular matrix protein expression in human skeletal stem cells (SSCs) in vitro, and de novo osteogenic response within a murine calvarial model in vivo. This study provides evidence of enhanced osteogenic response to nanowires 300 surface modifications, with important implications for clinical orthopedic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Goriainov
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billstrom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Terje Sjostrom
- Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas G Dunlop
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Su
- Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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