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Zürcher NR, Chen JE, Wey HY. PET-MRI Applications and Future Prospects in Psychiatry. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38838352 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the synergistic application of positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) in neuroscience with relevance for psychiatry, particularly examining neurotransmission, epigenetics, and dynamic imaging methodologies. We begin by discussing the complementary insights that PET and MRI modalities provide into neuroreceptor systems, with a focus on dopamine, opioids, and serotonin receptors, and their implications for understanding and treating psychiatric disorders. We further highlight recent PET-MRI studies using a radioligand that enables the quantification of epigenetic enzymes, specifically histone deacetylases, in the brain in vivo. Imaging epigenetics is used to exemplify the impact the quantification of novel molecular targets may have, including new treatment approaches for psychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss innovative designs involving functional PET using [18F]FDG (fPET-FDG), which provides detailed information regarding dynamic changes in glucose metabolism. Concurrent acquisitions of fPET-FDG and functional MRI provide a time-resolved approach to studying brain function, yielding simultaneous metabolic and hemodynamic information and thereby opening new avenues for psychiatric research. Collectively, the review underscores the potential of a multimodal PET-MRI approach to advance our understanding of brain structure and function in health and disease, which could improve clinical care based on objective neurobiological features and treatment response monitoring. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Zürcher
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingyuan E Chen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Polakkattil BK, Vellichirammal NN, Nair IV, Nair CM, Banerjee M. Methylome-wide and meQTL analysis helps to distinguish treatment response from non-response and pathogenesis markers in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1297760. [PMID: 38516266 PMCID: PMC10954811 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1297760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex condition with entwined genetic and epigenetic risk factors, posing a challenge to disentangle the intermixed pathological and therapeutic epigenetic signatures. To resolve this, we performed 850K methylome-wide and 700K genome-wide studies on the same set of schizophrenia patients by stratifying them into responders, non-responders, and drug-naïve patients. The key genes that signified the response were followed up using real-time gene expression studies to understand the effect of antipsychotics at the gene transcription level. The study primarily implicates hypermethylation in therapeutic response and hypomethylation in the drug-non-responsive state. Several differentially methylated sites and regions colocalized with the schizophrenia genome-wide association study (GWAS) risk genes and variants, supporting the convoluted gene-environment association. Gene ontology and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses revealed distinct patterns that differentiated the treatment response from drug resistance. The study highlights the strong involvement of several processes related to nervous system development, cell adhesion, and signaling in the antipsychotic response. The ability of antipsychotic medications to alter the pathology by modulating gene expression or methylation patterns is evident from the general increase in the gene expression of response markers and histone modifiers and the decrease in class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes following treatment with varying concentrations of medications like clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol. The study indicates a directional overlap of methylation markers between pathogenesis and therapeutic response, thereby suggesting a careful distinction of methylation markers of pathogenesis from treatment response. In addition, there is a need to understand the trade-off between genetic and epigenetic observations. It is suggested that methylomic changes brought about by drugs need careful evaluation for their positive effects on pathogenesis, course of disease progression, symptom severity, side effects, and refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binithamol K. Polakkattil
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Research Center, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Neetha N. Vellichirammal
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Indu V. Nair
- Mental Health Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Moinak Banerjee
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Delphin N, Aust C, Griffiths L, Fernandez F. Epigenetic Regulation in Schizophrenia: Focus on Methylation and Histone Modifications in Human Studies. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:272. [PMID: 38540331 PMCID: PMC10970389 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research over the last few decades, the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) remains unclear. SZ is a pathological disorder that is highly debilitating and deeply affects the lifestyle and minds of those affected. Several factors (one or in combination) have been reported as contributors to SZ pathogenesis, including neurodevelopmental, environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and post-translational modification (PTM) of histone proteins are potentially contributing epigenetic processes involved in transcriptional activity, chromatin folding, cell division and apoptotic processes, and DNA damage and repair. After establishing a summary of epigenetic processes in the context of schizophrenia, this review aims to highlight the current understanding of the role of DNA methylation and histone PTMs in this disorder and their potential roles in schizophrenia pathophysiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Delphin
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia; (N.D.)
| | - Caitlin Aust
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia; (N.D.)
| | - Lyn Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia; (N.D.)
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Martínez-Peula O, Morentin B, Callado LF, Meana JJ, Rivero G, Ramos-Miguel A. Permissive epigenetic regulatory mechanisms at the histone level are enhanced in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2024; 49:E35-E44. [PMID: 38302137 PMCID: PMC10843339 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility to schizophrenia is determined by interactions between genes and environment, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Schizophrenia has been associated with a restrictive epigenome, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been postulated as coadjuvant agents to potentiate the efficacy of current antipsychotic drugs. We aimed to evaluate global histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs) and HDAC expression and activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS We used postmortem DLPFC samples of individuals with schizophrenia and controls matched for sex, age, and postmortem interval. Schizophrenia samples were classified into antipsychotic-treated or antipsychotic-free subgroups according to blood toxicology. Expression of HPTMs and HDAC was quantified by Western blot. HDAC activity was measured with a fluorometric assay. RESULTS H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H3K4me3 were globally enhanced in the DLPFC of individuals with schizophrenia (+24%-42%, p < 0.05). HDAC activity (-17%, p < 0.01) and HDAC4 protein expression (-20%, p < 0.05) were downregulated in individuals with schizophrenia. Analyses of antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic-treated subgroups revealed enhanced H3K4me3 and H3K27ac (+24%-49%, p < 0.05) and reduced HDAC activity in the antipsychotic-treated, but not in the antipsychotic-free subgroup. LIMITATIONS Special care was taken to control the effect of confounding factors: age, sex, postmortem interval, and storage time. However, replication studies in bigger cohorts might strengthen the association between permissive HPTMs and schizophrenia. CONCLUSION We found global HPTM alterations consistent with an aberrantly permissive epigenome in schizophrenia. Further studies to elucidate the significance of enhanced permissive HPTMs in schizophrenia and its association with the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Martínez-Peula
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Martínez-Peula, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain (Morentin); the Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain ( Morentin, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Spain (Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel)
| | - Benito Morentin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Martínez-Peula, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain (Morentin); the Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain ( Morentin, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Spain (Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel)
| | - Luis F Callado
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Martínez-Peula, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain (Morentin); the Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain ( Morentin, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Spain (Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel)
| | - J Javier Meana
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Martínez-Peula, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain (Morentin); the Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain ( Morentin, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Spain (Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel)
| | - Guadalupe Rivero
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Martínez-Peula, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain (Morentin); the Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain ( Morentin, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Spain (Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel)
| | - Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Martínez-Peula, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain (Morentin); the Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain ( Morentin, Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel); and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Spain (Callado, Meana, Rivero, Ramos-Miguel)
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Gene Expression and Epigenetic Regulation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Schizophrenia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020243. [PMID: 36833173 PMCID: PMC9957055 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia pathogenesis remains challenging to define; however, there is strong evidence that the interaction of genetic and environmental factors causes the disorder. This paper focuses on transcriptional abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a key anatomical structure that determines functional outcomes in schizophrenia. This review summarises genetic and epigenetic data from human studies to understand the etiological and clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Gene expression studies using microarray and sequencing technologies reported the aberrant transcription of numerous genes in the PFC in patients with schizophrenia. Altered gene expression in schizophrenia is related to several biological pathways and networks (synaptic function, neurotransmission, signalling, myelination, immune/inflammatory mechanisms, energy production and response to oxidative stress). Studies investigating mechanisms driving these transcriptional abnormalities focused on alternations in transcription factors, gene promoter elements, DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications or posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression mediated by non-coding RNAs.
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Smith RC, Sershen H, Youssef M, Lajtha A, Jin H, Zhang M, Chen A, Guidotti A, Davis JM. Deficits in odor discrimination versus odor identification in patients with schizophrenia and negative correlations with GABAergic and DNA methyltransferase mRNAs in lymphocytes. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1115399. [PMID: 37056402 PMCID: PMC10088370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1115399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction People with schizophrenia have been reported to show deficits in tests of olfactory function. DNA methylation and GABAergic input have been implicated in biochemical processes controlling odor in animal studies, but this has not been investigated in human studies. Methods In a study of measures of DNA methylation and GABAergic mRNAs in lymphocytes, we also measured odor identification and discrimination with the Sniffin' Sticks battery in 58 patients with chronic schizophrenia (CSZ) and 48 controls. mRNAs in lymphocytes were assessed by qPCR using TaqManTM probes. Cognition was assessed by the MATRICS battery (Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) in CSZ and controls, and symptoms in CSZ were assessed by PANSS scale (Positive and Negative Symptom Scale). The relationships of odor deficits with mRNA, cognition, and symptoms were explored by correlation analysis. Variables which significantly differentiated CSZ from controls were explored by logistic regression. Results Overall, CSZ showed significantly (P≤.001) lower scores on odor discrimination compared to controls, with a moderate effect size, but no difference in odor identification. Deficits in odor discrimination, which has not been standardly assessed in many prior studies, strongly differentiated CSZ from controls. In logistic regression analysis, odor discrimination, but not odor identification, was a significant variable predicting schizophrenia versus control class membership. This is the first study to report relationship between odor deficits and DNA methylation and GABAergic mRNAs in blood cells of human subjects. There were negative correlations of odor identification with DNA methylation enzymes mRNAs and significant negative correlations with odor discrimination and GABAergic mRNAs. Lower odor scores were significantly associated with lower cognitive scores on the MATRICS battery in CSZ but not control subjects. In CSZ, lower odor scores were significantly associated with negative symptom scores, while higher odor identification scores were associated with PANNS Excitement factor. Discussion Odor discrimination was a more powerful variable than odor identification in discriminating CSZ from controls and should be used more regularly as an odor measure in studies of schizophrenia. The substantive meaning of the negative correlations of odor discrimination and GABAergic mRNA variables in peripheral lymphocytes of CSZ needs more investigation and comparison with results in neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Smith
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Smith, ;
| | - Henry Sershen
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Youssef
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Abel Lajtha
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Psychiatry and VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mumei Zhang
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anmei Chen
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John M. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Wang Y, Meng W, Liu Z, An Q, Hu X. Cognitive impairment in psychiatric diseases: Biomarkers of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1046692. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1046692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder, place a huge health burden on society. Cognitive impairment is one of the core characteristics of psychiatric disorders and a vital determinant of social function and disease recurrence in patients. This review thus aims to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment in major psychiatric disorders and identify valuable biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of patients.
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8
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Epigenetics of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Histone Deacetylases. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:922-933. [PMID: 35120709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unknown, but gene-environment interactions, mediated through epigenetic mechanisms, are thought to be a key contributing factor. Prenatal environmental factors have been shown to be associated with both increased risk of ASD and altered histone deacetylases (HDACs) or acetylation levels. The relationship between epigenetic changes and gene expression in ASD suggests that alterations in histone acetylation, which lead to changes in gene transcription, may play a key role in ASD. Alterations in the acetylome have been demonstrated for several genes in ASD, including genes involved in synaptic function, neuronal excitability, and immune responses, which are mechanisms previously implicated in ASD. We review preclinical and clinical studies that investigated HDACs and autism-associated behaviors and discuss risk genes for ASD that code for proteins associated with HDACs. HDACs are also implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders with a known genetic etiology, such as 15q11-q13 duplication and Phelan-McDermid syndrome, which share clinical features and diagnostic comorbidities (e.g., epilepsy, anxiety, and intellectual disability) with ASD. Furthermore, we highlight factors that affect the behavioral phenotype of acetylome changes, including sensitive developmental periods and brain region specificity in the context of epigenetic programming.
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9
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Girdhar K, Hoffman GE, Bendl J, Rahman S, Dong P, Liao W, Hauberg ME, Sloofman L, Brown L, Devillers O, Kassim BS, Wiseman JR, Park R, Zharovsky E, Jacobov R, Flatow E, Kozlenkov A, Gilgenast T, Johnson JS, Couto L, Peters MA, Phillips-Cremins JE, Hahn CG, Gur RE, Tamminga CA, Lewis DA, Haroutunian V, Dracheva S, Lipska BK, Marenco S, Kundakovic M, Fullard JF, Jiang Y, Roussos P, Akbarian S. Chromatin domain alterations linked to 3D genome organization in a large cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder brains. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:474-483. [PMID: 35332326 PMCID: PMC8989650 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal organization, scaling from the 147-base pair (bp) nucleosome to megabase-ranging domains encompassing multiple transcriptional units, including heritability loci for psychiatric traits, remains largely unexplored in the human brain. In this study, we constructed promoter- and enhancer-enriched nucleosomal histone modification landscapes for adult prefrontal cortex from H3-lysine 27 acetylation and H3-lysine 4 trimethylation profiles, generated from 388 controls and 351 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) (n = 739). We mapped thousands of cis-regulatory domains (CRDs), revealing fine-grained, 104-106-bp chromosomal organization, firmly integrated into Hi-C topologically associating domain stratification by open/repressive chromosomal environments and nuclear topography. Large clusters of hyper-acetylated CRDs were enriched for SCZ heritability, with prominent representation of regulatory sequences governing fetal development and glutamatergic neuron signaling. Therefore, SCZ and BD brains show coordinated dysregulation of risk-associated regulatory sequences assembled into kilobase- to megabase-scaling chromosomal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Girdhar
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gabriel E Hoffman
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaroslav Bendl
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samir Rahman
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Will Liao
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mads E Hauberg
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Sloofman
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leanne Brown
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Devillers
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bibi S Kassim
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer R Wiseman
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Royce Park
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zharovsky
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rivky Jacobov
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elie Flatow
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexey Kozlenkov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Gilgenast
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lizette Couto
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Phillips-Cremins
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stella Dracheva
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marija Kundakovic
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John F Fullard
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panos Roussos
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Morozova A, Zorkina Y, Abramova O, Pavlova O, Pavlov K, Soloveva K, Volkova M, Alekseeva P, Andryshchenko A, Kostyuk G, Gurina O, Chekhonin V. Neurobiological Highlights of Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1217. [PMID: 35163141 PMCID: PMC8835608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on several psychiatric disorders in which cognitive impairment is a major component of the disease, influencing life quality. There are plenty of data proving that cognitive impairment accompanies and even underlies some psychiatric disorders. In addition, sources provide information on the biological background of cognitive problems associated with mental illness. This scientific review aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia, depression, mild cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease).The review provides data about the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with mental illness and associated biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morozova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Yana Zorkina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Abramova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Pavlova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Konstantin Pavlov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Kristina Soloveva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Volkova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Polina Alekseeva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Alisa Andryshchenko
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgiy Kostyuk
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Brocos-Mosquera I, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Muguruza C, Corzo-Monje V, Morentin B, Meana JJ, Callado LF, Rivero G. Differential brain ADRA2A and ADRA2C gene expression and epigenetic regulation in schizophrenia. Effect of antipsychotic drug treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:643. [PMID: 34930904 PMCID: PMC8688495 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic α2A-adrenoceptor density is enhanced in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects. This alteration might be due to transcriptional activation, and could be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The aim of this study was to evaluate ADRA2A and ADRA2C gene expression (codifying for α2-adrenoceptor subtypes), and permissive and repressive histone PTMs at gene promoter regions in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia and matched controls (n = 24 pairs). We studied the effect of antipsychotic (AP) treatment in AP-free (n = 12) and AP-treated (n = 12) subgroups of schizophrenia subjects and in rats acutely and chronically treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. ADRA2A mRNA expression was selectively upregulated in AP-treated schizophrenia subjects (+93%) whereas ADRA2C mRNA expression was upregulated in all schizophrenia subjects (+53%) regardless of antipsychotic treatment. Acute and chronic clozapine treatment in rats did not alter brain cortex Adra2a mRNA expression but increased Adra2c mRNA expression. Both ADRA2A and ADRA2C promoter regions showed epigenetic modification by histone methylation and acetylation in human DLPFC. The upregulation of ADRA2A expression in AP-treated schizophrenia subjects might be related to observed bivalent chromatin at ADRA2A promoter region in schizophrenia (depicted by increased permissive H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3) and could be triggered by the enhanced H4K16ac at ADRA2A promoter. In conclusion, epigenetic predisposition differentially modulated ADRA2A and ADRA2C mRNA expression in DLPFC of schizophrenia subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carolina Muguruza
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Virginia Corzo-Monje
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Benito Morentin
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain ,grid.452310.1Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
| | - J. Javier Meana
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain ,grid.452310.1Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain ,grid.452310.1Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Guadalupe Rivero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain. .,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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12
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Saxena S, Choudhury S, Maroju PA, Anne A, Kumar L, Mohan KN. Dysregulation of schizophrenia-associated genes and genome-wide hypomethylation in neurons overexpressing DNMT1. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1539-1555. [PMID: 34647491 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study the effects of DNMT1 overexpression on transcript levels of genes dysregulated in schizophrenia and on genome-wide methylation patterns. Materials & methods: Transcriptome and DNA methylome comparisons were made between R1 (wild-type) and Dnmt1tet/tet mouse embryonic stem cells and neurons overexpressing DNMT1. Genes dysregulated in both Dnmt1tet/tet cells and schizophrenia patients were studied further. Results & conclusions: About 50% of dysregulated genes in patients also showed altered transcript levels in Tet/Tet neurons in a DNA methylation-independent manner. These neurons unexpectedly showed genome-wide hypomethylation, increased transcript levels of Tet1 and Apobec 1-3 genes and increased activity and copy number of LINE-1 elements. The observed similarities between Tet/Tet neurons and schizophrenia brain samples reinforce DNMT1 overexpression as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sumana Choudhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India.,Centre for Human Disease Research, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Pranay Amruth Maroju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Anuhya Anne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India.,Centre for Human Disease Research, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Lov Kumar
- Computer Science & Information Systems, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Kommu Naga Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India.,Centre for Human Disease Research, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad, 500078, India
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13
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Abstract
Neuroepigenetics, a new branch of epigenetics, plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Neuroepigenetics is associated with holistic neuronal function and helps in formation and maintenance of memory and learning processes. This includes neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative defects in which histone modification enzymes appear to play a crucial role. These modifications, carried out by acetyltransferases and deacetylases, regulate biologic and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell-cycle progression and oxidative stress. Alterations in acetylation status of histone as well as non-histone substrates lead to transcriptional deregulation. Histone deacetylase decreases acetylation status and causes transcriptional repression of regulatory genes involved in neural plasticity, synaptogenesis, synaptic and neural plasticity, cognition and memory, and neural differentiation. Transcriptional deactivation in the brain results in development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Mounting evidence implicates histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets to combat neurologic disorders. Recent studies have targeted naturally-occurring biomolecules and micro-RNAs to improve cognitive defects and memory. Multi-target drug ligands targeting HDAC have been developed and used in cell-culture and animal-models of neurologic disorders to ameliorate synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we focus on the implications of histone deacetylase enzymes in neuropathology, their regulation of brain function and plausible involvement in the pathogenesis of neurologic defects.
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14
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D'Souza L, Channakkar AS, Muralidharan B. Chromatin remodelling complexes in cerebral cortex development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105055. [PMID: 33964373 PMCID: PMC7611358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diverse number of neurons in the cerebral cortex are generated during development by neural stem cells lining the ventricle, and they continue maturing postnatally. Dynamic chromatin regulation in these neural stem cells is a fundamental determinant of the emerging property of the functional neural network, and the chromatin remodellers are critical determinants of this process. Chromatin remodellers participate in several steps of this process from proliferation, differentiation, migration leading to complex network formation which forms the basis of higher-order functions of cognition and behaviour. Here we review the role of these ATP-dependent chromatin remodellers in cortical development in health and disease and highlight several key mouse mutants of the subunits of the complexes which have revealed how the remodelling mechanisms control the cortical stem cell chromatin landscape for expression of stage-specific transcripts. Consistent with their role in cortical development, several putative risk variants in the subunits of the remodelling complexes have been identified as the underlying causes of several neurodevelopmental disorders. A basic understanding of the detailed molecular mechanism of their action is key to understating how mutations in the same networks lead to disease pathologies and perhaps pave the way for therapeutic development for these complex multifactorial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora D'Souza
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India
| | - Asha S Channakkar
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India.
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15
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Shetty MG, Pai P, Deaver RE, Satyamoorthy K, Babitha KS. Histone deacetylase 2 selective inhibitors: A versatile therapeutic strategy as next generation drug target in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105695. [PMID: 34082029 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation and deacetylation of histone and several non-histone proteins are the two important processes amongst the different modes of epigenetic modulation that are involved in regulating cancer initiation and development. Abnormal expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is often reported in various types of cancers. Few pan HDAC inhibitors have been approved for use as therapeutic interventions for cancer treatment including vorinostat, belinostat and panobinostat. However, not all the HDAC isoforms are abnormally expressed in certain cancers, such as in the case of, ovarian cancer where overexpression of HDAC1-3, lung cancer where overexpression of HDAC 1 and 3 and gastric cancer where overexpression of HDAC2 is seen. Therefore, pan-inhibition of HDAC is not an efficient way to combat cancer via HDAC inhibition. Hence, isoform-selective HDAC inhibition can be one of the best therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer. In this context since aberrant expression of HDAC2 largely contributes to cancer progression by silencing pro-apoptotic protein expressions such as NOXA and APAF1 (caspase 9-activating proteins) and inactivation of tumor suppressor p53, HDAC2 specific inhibitors may help to develop not only the direct targets but also indirect targets that are crucial for tumor development. However, to develop a HDAC2 specific and potent inhibitor, extensive knowledge of its structure and specific functions is essential. The present review updates details on the structural features, physiological functions, and roles of HDAC2 in different types of cancer, emphasizing the challenges and status of the development of HDAC2 selective inhibitors against various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padmini Pai
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Renita Esther Deaver
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
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16
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Richetto J, Meyer U. Epigenetic Modifications in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: Molecular Scars of Environmental Exposures and Source of Phenotypic Variability. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:215-226. [PMID: 32381277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are increasingly recognized to play a role in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders with developmental origins. Here, we summarize clinical and preclinical findings of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia and relevant disease models and discuss their putative origin. Recent findings suggest that certain schizophrenia risk loci can influence stochastic variation in gene expression through epigenetic processes, highlighting the intricate interaction between genetic and epigenetic control of neurodevelopmental trajectories. In addition, a substantial portion of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia and related disorders may be acquired through environmental factors and may be manifested as molecular "scars." Some of these scars can influence brain functions throughout the entire lifespan and may even be transmitted across generations via epigenetic germline inheritance. Epigenetic modifications, whether caused by genetic or environmental factors, are plausible molecular sources of phenotypic heterogeneity and offer a target for therapeutic interventions. The further elucidation of epigenetic modifications thus may increase our knowledge regarding schizophrenia's heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology and, in the long term, may advance personalized treatments through the use of biomarker-guided epigenetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Zelli S, Brancato A, Mattioli F, Pepe M, Alleva E, Carbone C, Cannizzaro C, Adriani W. A new "sudden fright paradigm" to explore the role of (epi)genetic modulations of the DAT gene in fear-induced avoidance behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12709. [PMID: 33070435 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in dopamine (DA) reuptake are involved in several psychiatric disorders whose symptoms can be investigated in knock out rats for the DA transporter (DAT-KO). Recent studies evidenced the role of epigenetic DAT modulation in depressive-like behavior. Accordingly, we used heterozygous (HET) rats born from both HET parents (termed MIX-HET), compared to HET rats born from WT-mother and KO-father (MAT-HET), implementing the role of maternal care on DAT modulation. We developed a "sudden fright" paradigm (based on dark-light test) to study reaction to fearful inputs in the DAT-KO, MAT-HET, MIX-HET, and WT groups. Rats could freely explore the whole 3-chambers apparatus; then, they were gently confined in one room where they experienced the fright; finally, they could freely move again. As expected, after the fearful stimulus only MAT-HET rats showed a different behavior consisting of avoidance towards the fear-associated chamber, compared to WT rats. Furthermore, ex-vivo immuno-fluorescence reveals higher prefrontal DAT levels in MAT-HET compared to MIX-HET and WT rats. Immuno-fluorescence shows also a different histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes concentration. Since HDAC concentration could modulate gene expression, within MAT-HET fore brain, the enhanced expression of DAT could well impair the corticostriatal-thalamic circuit, thus causing aberrant avoidance behavior (observed only in MAT-HET rats). DAT expression seems to be linked to a simply different breeding condition, which points to a reduced care by HET dams for epigenetic regulation. This could imply significant prefronto-cortical influences onto the emotional processes: hence an excessively frightful response, even to mild stressful agents, may draw developmental trajectories toward anxious and depressed-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zelli
- Center Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Brancato
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Mattioli
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pepe
- Center Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Carbone
- Center Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
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18
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Epigenomic Dysregulation in Schizophrenia: In Search of Disease Etiology and Biomarkers. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081837. [PMID: 32764320 PMCID: PMC7463953 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a complex array of signs and symptoms that causes very significant disability in young people. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, with heritability around 80%, there is also a very significant range of environmental exposures and stressors that have been implicated in disease development and neuropathology, such as maternal immune infection, obstetric complications, childhood trauma and cannabis exposure. It is postulated that epigenetic factors, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs, mediate the effects of these environmental stressors. In this review, we explore the most well-known epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and histone modification, along with emerging RNA mediators of epigenomic state, including miRNAs and lncRNAs, and discuss their collective potential for involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia implicated through the postmortem analysis of brain tissue. Given that peripheral tissues, such as blood, saliva, and olfactory epithelium have the same genetic composition and are exposed to many of the same environmental exposures, we also examine some studies supporting the application of peripheral tissues for epigenomic biomarker discovery in schizophrenia. Finally, we provide some perspective on how these biomarkers may be utilized to capture a signature of past events that informs future treatment.
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19
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Abstract
Neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is the most powerful tool for understanding pharmacology, neurochemistry, and pathology in the living human brain. This technology combines high-resolution scanners to measure radioactivity throughout the human body with specific, targeted radioactive molecules, which allow measurements of a myriad of biological processes in vivo. While PET brain imaging has been active for almost 40 years, the pace of development for neuroimaging tools, known as radiotracers, and for quantitative analytical techniques has increased dramatically over the past decade. Accordingly, the fundamental questions that can be addressed with PET have expanded in basic neurobiology, psychiatry, neurology, and related therapeutic development. In this review, we introduce the field of human PET neuroimaging, some of its conceptual underpinnings, and motivating questions. We highlight some of the more recent advances in radiotracer development, quantitative modeling, and applications of PET to the study of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA;
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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20
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Tseng CEJ, Gilbert TM, Catanese MC, Hightower BG, Peters AT, Parmar AJ, Kim M, Wang C, Roffman JL, Brown HE, Perlis RH, Zürcher NR, Hooker JM. In vivo human brain expression of histone deacetylases in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:224. [PMID: 32641695 PMCID: PMC7343804 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is unknown and the neurobiological underpinnings are not fully understood. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of BD, which may be linked through epigenetic mechanisms, including those regulated by histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. This study measures in vivo HDAC expression in individuals with BD for the first time using the HDAC-specific radiotracer [11C]Martinostat. Eleven participants with BD and 11 age- and sex-matched control participants (CON) completed a simultaneous magnetic resonance - positron emission tomography (MR-PET) scan with [11C]Martinostat. Lower [11C]Martinostat uptake was found in the right amygdala of BD compared to CON. We assessed uptake in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to compare previous findings of lower uptake in the DLPFC in schizophrenia and found no group differences in BD. Exploratory whole-brain voxelwise analysis showed lower [11C]Martinostat uptake in the bilateral thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, right hippocampus, and right amygdala in BD compared to CON. Furthermore, regional [11C]Martinostat uptake was associated with emotion regulation in BD in fronto-limbic areas, which aligns with findings from previous structural, functional, and molecular neuroimaging studies in BD. Regional [11C]Martinostat uptake was associated with attention in BD in fronto-parietal and temporal regions. These findings indicate a potential role of HDACs in BD pathophysiology. In particular, HDAC expression levels may modulate attention and emotion regulation, which represent two core clinical features of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-En J. Tseng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Tonya M. Gilbert
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Mary C. Catanese
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Baileigh G. Hightower
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Amy T. Peters
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Anjali J. Parmar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Minhae Kim
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Hannah E. Brown
- grid.475010.70000 0004 0367 5222Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Nicole R. Zürcher
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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Sun X, Wang T, Wang Y, Ai K, Pan G, Li Y, Zhou C, He S, Cong H. Downregulation of lncRNA-11496 in the Brain Contributes to Microglia Apoptosis via Regulation of Mef2c in Chronic T. gondii Infection Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:77. [PMID: 32499679 PMCID: PMC7243434 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Though it is well known that chronic infections of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) can induce mental and behavioral disorders in the host, little is known about the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in this pathological process. In this study, we employed an advanced lncRNAs and mRNAs integration chip (Affymetrix HTA 2.0) to detect the expression of both lncRNAs and mRNAs in T. gondii Chinese 1 strain infected mouse brain. As a result, for the first time, the downregulation of lncRNA-11496 (NONMMUGO11496) was identified as the responsible factor for this pathological process. We showed that dysregulation of lncRNA-11496 affected proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of mouse microglia. Furthermore, we proved that Mef2c (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C), a member of the MEF2 subfamily, is the target gene of lncRNA-11496. In a more detailed study, we confirmed that lncRNA-11496 positively regulated the expression of Mef2c by binding to histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Importantly, Mef2c itself could coordinate neuronal differentiation, survival, as well as synapse formation. Thus, our current study provides the first evidence in terms of the modulatory action of lncRNAs in chronic toxoplasmosis in T. gondii infected mouse brain, providing a solid scientific basis for using lncRNA-11496 as a therapeutic target to treat T. gondii induced neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahui Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kang Ai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ge Pan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxue Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shenyi He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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22
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Shivakumar M, Subbanna S, Joshi V, Basavarajappa BS. Postnatal Ethanol Exposure Activates HDAC-Mediated Histone Deacetylation, Impairs Synaptic Plasticity Gene Expression and Behavior in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:324-338. [PMID: 32170298 PMCID: PMC7251635 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is widespread and contributes to pediatric neurological defects, including hippocampal and neocortex dysfunction, causing cognitive deficits termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. However, the critical mechanisms underlying these brain abnormalities remain poorly described. METHODS Using a postnatal ethanol exposure (PEE) animal model and pharmacological, epigenetic, synaptic plasticity-related and behavioral approaches, we discovered a novel persistent epigenetic mechanism of neurodegeneration in neonatal hippocampus and neocortex brain regions and of cognitive decline in adult animals. RESULTS PEE, which activates caspase-3 (CC3, a neurodegeneration marker), enhanced histone deacetylase (HDAC1-HDAC3) levels and reduced histone 3 (H3) and 4 (H4) acetylation (ac) in mature neurons. PEE repressed the expression of several synaptic plasticity genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, C-Fos, early growth response 1 (Egr1), and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Detailed studies on Egr1 and Arc expression revealed HDAC enrichment at their promoter regions. HDAC inhibition with trichostatin A (TSA) before PEE rescued H3ac/H4ac levels and prevented CC3 formation. Antagonism/null mutation of cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) before PEE to inhibit CC3 production prevented Egr1 and Arc loss via epigenetic events. TSA administration before PEE prevented postnatal ethanol-induced loss of Egr1 and Arc expression and neurobehavioral defects in adult mice via epigenetic remodeling. In adult mice, 3-day TSA administration attenuated PEE-induced behavioral defects. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that CB1R/HDAC-mediated epigenetic remodeling disrupts gene expression and is a critical step in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder-associated cognitive decline but is reversed by restoration of histone acetylation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Shivakumar
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Vikram Joshi
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York,Correspondence: Balapal S. Basavarajappa, PhD, Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962 ()
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Carbone C, Brancato A, Adinolfi A, Lo Russo SLM, Alleva E, Cannizzaro C, Adriani W. Motor Transitions' Peculiarity of Heterozygous DAT Rats When Offspring of an Unconventional KOxWT Mating. Neuroscience 2020; 433:108-120. [PMID: 32171819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Causal factors of psychiatric diseases are unclear, due to gene × environment interactions. Evaluation of consequences, after a dopamine-transporter (DAT) gene knock-out (DAT-KO), has enhanced our understanding into the pathological dynamics of several brain disorders, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Bipolar-Affective disorders. Recently, our attention has shifted to DAT hypo-functional (heterozygous, HET) rodents: HET dams display less maternal care and HET females display marked hypo-locomotion if cared by HET dams (Mariano et al., 2019). We assessed phenotypes of male DAT-heterozygous rats as a function of their parents: we compared "maternal" origin (MAT-HET, obtained by breeding KO-male rats with WT-female dams) to "mixed" origin (MIX-HET, obtained by classical breeding, both heterozygous parents) of the allele. MAT-HET subjects had significantly longer rhythms of daily locomotor activity than MIX-HET and WT-control subjects. Furthermore, acute methylphenidate (MPH: 0, 1, 2 mg/kg) revealed elevated threshold for locomotor stimulation in MAT-HETs, with no response to the lower dose. Finally, by Porsolt-Test, MAT-HETs showed enhanced escape-seeking (diving) with more transitions towards behavioral despair (floating). When comparing both MAT- and MIX-HET to WT-control rats, decreased levels of DAT and HDAC4 were evident in the ventral-striatum; moreover, with respect to MIX-HET subjects, MAT-HET ones displayed increased DAT density in dorsal-striatum. MAT-HET rats displayed region-specific changes in DAT expression, compared to "classical" MIX-HET subjects: greater DAT availability may elevate threshold for dopamine action. Further behavioral and epigenetic characterizations of MAT-HETs, together with deeper characterization of maternal roles, could help to explore parent-of-origin mechanisms for such a peculiar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Brancato
- Dept Sciences of Health Promotion & Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Adinolfi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Dept Sciences of Health Promotion & Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Snyder MA, Gao WJ. NMDA receptor hypofunction for schizophrenia revisited: Perspectives from epigenetic mechanisms. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:60-70. [PMID: 30979669 PMCID: PMC7258307 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive deficits manifesting during early stages of the disease. Evidence suggests that genetic factors in combination with environmental insults lead to complex changes to glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic systems. In particular, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a major glutamate receptor subtype, is implicated in both the disease progression and symptoms of SZ. NMDARs are critical for synaptic plasticity and cortical maturation, as well as learning and memory processes. In fact, any deviation from normal NMDAR expression and function can have devastating consequences. Surprisingly, there is little evidence from human patients that direct mutations of NMDAR genes contribute to SZ. One intriguing hypothesis is that epigenetic changes, which could result from early insults, alter protein expression and contribute to the NMDAR hypofunction found in SZ. Epigenetics is referred to as modifications that alter gene transcription without changing the DNA sequence itself. In this review, we first discuss how epigenetic changes to NMDAR genes could contribute to NMDAR hypofunction. We then explore how NMDAR hypofunction may contribute to epigenetic changes in other proteins or genes that lead to synaptic dysfunction and symptoms in SZ. We argue that NMDAR hypofunction occurs in early stage of the disease, and it may consequentially initiate GABA and dopamine deficits. Therefore, targeting NMDAR dysfunction during the early stages would be a promising avenue for prevention and therapeutic intervention of cognitive and social deficits that remain untreatable. Finally, we discuss potential questions regarding the epigenetic of SZ and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Snyder
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5,Correspondence: Wen-Jun Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, Phone: (215) 991-8907, Fax: (215) 843-9802, ; Melissa A. Snyder, Ph.D.,
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States of America.
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25
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Latusz J, Maćkowiak M. Early-life blockade of NMDA receptors induces epigenetic abnormalities in the adult medial prefrontal cortex: possible involvement in memory impairment in trace fear conditioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:231-248. [PMID: 31654083 PMCID: PMC6952333 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several findings indicate that early-life dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might cause schizophrenia-like abnormalities in adulthood that might be induced by impairments in epigenetic regulation. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated whether postnatal blockade of NMDA receptors (within the first 3 weeks of life) by the competitive antagonist CGP 37849 (CGP) might affect some epigenetic markers in the adult medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS Histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 (H3S10ph), histone H3 acetylation at lysine 9 or 14 (H3K9ac or H3K14ac, respectively), or expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2, HDAC5, myocyte enhancer factor (MEF) 2D and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) were analysed. Moreover, we also evaluated whether the deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (SB; 1.2 mg/kg, ip) could prevent behavioural and neurochemical changes in the mPFC induced by CGP during memory retrieval in the trace fear conditioning paradigm. RESULTS The results showed that CGP administration increased the number of H3S10ph nuclei but did not affect H3K9ac and H3K14ac or HDAC2 protein levels. However, CGP administration altered the HDAC5 mRNA and protein levels and increased the mRNA and protein levels of MEF2D. CGP also increased Arc mRNA, which was correlated with an increase in the amount of Arc DNA bound to MEF2D. SB given 2 h after training prevented impairment of the freezing response and disruption of epigenetic markers (H3S10ph, HDAC5, MEF2D) and Arc expression during memory retrieval induced by CGP administration. CONCLUSIONS The early-life blockade of NMDA receptors impairs some epigenetic regulatory processes in the mPFC that are involved in fear memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Latusz
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Maćkowiak
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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26
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Migdalska-Richards A, Mill J. Epigenetic studies of schizophrenia: current status and future directions. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Getachew B, Aubee JI, Schottenfeld RS, Csoka AB, Thompson KM, Tizabi Y. Ketamine interactions with gut-microbiota in rats: relevance to its antidepressant and anti-inflammatory properties. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:222. [PMID: 30579332 PMCID: PMC6303954 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appreciable evidence suggest that dysbiosis in microbiota, reflected in gut microbial imbalance plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and inflammatory diseases. Recently, the antidepressant properties of ketamine have gained prominence due to its fast and long lasting effects. Additional uses for ketamine in inflammatory disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome have been suggested. However, ketamine's exact mechanism of action and potential effects on microbiome is not known. Here, we examined the effects of low dose ketamine, known to induce antidepressant effects, on stool microbiome profile in adult male Wistar rats. Animals (5/group) were injected intraperitoneally with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) or saline, daily for 7 days and sacrificed on day 8 when intestinal stools were collected and stored at - 80 °C. DNA was extracted from the samples and the 16 S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis was performed using 16S Metagenomics application. RESULTS At genus-level, ketamine strikingly amplified Lactobacillus, Turicibacter and Sarcina by 3.3, 26 and 42 fold, respectively. Conversely, opportunistic pathogens Mucispirillum and Ruminococcus were reduced by approximately 2.6 and 26 fold, respectively, in ketamine group. Low levels of Lactobacillus and Turicibacter are associated with various disorders including depression and administration of certain species of Lactobacillus ameliorates depressive-like behavior in animal models. Hence, some of the antidepressant effects of ketamine might be mediated through its interaction with these gut bacteria. Additionally, high level of Ruminococcus is positively associated with the severity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and some species of Mucispirillum have been associated with intestinal inflammation. Indirect evidence of anti-inflammatory role of Sarcina has been documented. Hence, some of the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine and its usefulness in specific inflammatory diseases including IBS may be mediated through its interaction with these latter bacteria. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that at least some of the antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects of daily ketamine treatment for 7 days may be mediated via its interaction with specific gut bacteria. These findings further validate the usefulness of microbiome as a target for therapeutic intervention and call for more detailed investigation of microbiome interaction with central mediators of mood and/or inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Joseph I. Aubee
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College Medicine, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Richard S. Schottenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College Medicine, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Antonei B. Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College Medicine, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Karl M. Thompson
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College Medicine, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA
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28
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Gilbert TM, Zürcher NR, Wu CJ, Bhanot A, Hightower BG, Kim M, Albrecht DS, Wey HY, Schroeder FA, Rodriguez-Thompson A, Morin TM, Hart KL, Pellegrini AM, Riley MM, Wang C, Stufflebeam SM, Haggarty SJ, Holt DJ, Loggia ML, Perlis RH, Brown HE, Roffman JL, Hooker JM. PET neuroimaging reveals histone deacetylase dysregulation in schizophrenia. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:364-372. [PMID: 30530989 DOI: 10.1172/jci123743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) experience chronic cognitive deficits. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that regulate cognitive circuitry; however, the role of HDACs in cognitive disorders, including SCZ, remains unknown in humans. We previously determined that HDAC2 mRNA levels were lower in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissue from donors with SCZ compared with controls. Here we investigated the relationship between in vivo HDAC expression and cognitive impairment in patients with SCZ and matched healthy controls using [11C]Martinostat positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS In a case-control study, relative [11C]Martinostat uptake was compared between 14 patients with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ/SAD) and 17 controls using hypothesis-driven region-of-interest analysis and unbiased whole brain voxel-wise approaches. Clinical measures, including the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, were administered. RESULTS Relative HDAC expression was lower in the DLPFC of patients with SCZ/SAD compared with controls, and HDAC expression positively correlated with cognitive performance scores across groups. Patients with SCZ/SAD also showed lower relative HDAC expression in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal gyrus, and higher relative HDAC expression in the cerebral white matter, pons, and cerebellum compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide in vivo evidence of HDAC dysregulation in patients with SCZ and suggest that altered HDAC expression may impact cognitive function in humans. FUNDING National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Brain and Behavior Foundation, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH Shared Instrumentation Grant Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya M Gilbert
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole R Zürcher
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine J Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anisha Bhanot
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Baileigh G Hightower
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minhae Kim
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel S Albrecht
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederick A Schroeder
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anais Rodriguez-Thompson
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M Morin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Misha M Riley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven M Stufflebeam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Center for Genomic Medicine.,Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco L Loggia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Genomic Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Rey R, Chauvet-Gelinier JC, Suaud-Chagny MF, Ragot S, Bonin B, d'Amato T, Teyssier JR. Distinct Expression Pattern of Epigenetic Machinery Genes in Blood Leucocytes and Brain Cortex of Depressive Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4697-4707. [PMID: 30377985 PMCID: PMC6647377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In major depressive disorder (MDD), altered gene expression in brain cortex and blood leucocytes may be due to aberrant expression of epigenetic machinery coding genes. Here, we explore the expression of these genes both at the central and peripheral levels. Using real-time quantitative PCR technique, we first measured expression levels of genes encoding DNA and histone modifying enzymes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cingulate cortex (CC) of MDD patients (n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 12). For each brain structure, transcripts levels were compared between subject groups. In an exploratory analysis, we then compared the candidate gene expressions between a subgroup of MDD patients with psychotic characteristics (n = 13) and the group of healthy subjects (n = 12). Finally, we compared transcript levels of the candidate genes in blood leucocytes between separate samples of MDD patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 16). In brain and blood leucocytes of MDD patients, we identified an overexpression of genes encoding enzymes which transfer repressive transcriptional marks: HDAC4-5-6-8 and DNMT3B in the DLPFC, HDAC2 in the CC and blood leucocytes. In the DLPFC of patients with psychotic characteristics, two genes (KAT2A and UBE2A) were additionally overexpressed suggesting a shift to a more transcriptionally permissive conformation of chromatin. Aberrant activation of epigenetic repressive systems may be involved in MDD pathogenesis both in brain tissue and blood leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rey
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, F-69000, Lyon, France. .,University Lyon 1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France. .,Schizophrenia Expert Centre, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France. .,INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Equipe PSYR2; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, Centre Expert Schizophrénie, 95 boulevard Pinel BP 30039, 69678, Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Chauvet-Gelinier
- Psychiatry Unit, Neurosciences Department, Le Bocage University Hospital, Marion Building, Dijon, France.,Laboratory of Psychopathology and Medical Psychology (IFR 100), Bourgogne University, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, F-69000, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France.,Schizophrenia Expert Centre, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Sylviane Ragot
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Bonin
- Psychiatry Unit, Neurosciences Department, Le Bocage University Hospital, Marion Building, Dijon, France.,Laboratory of Psychopathology and Medical Psychology (IFR 100), Bourgogne University, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry d'Amato
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, F-69000, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France.,Schizophrenia Expert Centre, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Raymond Teyssier
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, University Hospital, Dijon, France
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Kim GS, Smith AK, Nievergelt CM, Uddin M. Neuroepigenetics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 158:227-253. [PMID: 30072055 PMCID: PMC6474244 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While diagnosis of PTSD is based on behavioral symptom clusters that are most directly associated with brain function, epigenetic studies of PTSD in humans to date have been limited to peripheral tissues. Animal models of PTSD have been key for understanding the epigenetic alterations in the brain most directly relevant to endophenotypes of PTSD, in particular those pertaining to fear memory and stress response. This chapter provides an overview of neuroepigenetic studies based on animal models of PTSD, with an emphasis on the effect of stress on fear memory. Where relevant, we also describe human-based studies with relevance to neuroepigenetic insights gleaned from animal work and suggest promising directions for future studies of PTSD neuroepigenetics in living humans that combine peripheral epigenetic measures with measures of central nervous system activity, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S Kim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Monica Uddin
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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31
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Javidfar B, Park R, Kassim BS, Bicks LK, Akbarian S. The epigenomics of schizophrenia, in the mouse. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:631-640. [PMID: 28699694 PMCID: PMC5573750 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale consortia including the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, the Common Minds Consortium, BrainSeq and PsychENCODE, and many other studies taken together provide increasingly detailed insights into the genetic and epigenetic risk architectures of schizophrenia (SCZ) and offer vast amounts of molecular information, but with largely unexplored therapeutic potential. Here we discuss how epigenomic studies in human brain could guide animal work to test the impact of disease-associated alterations in chromatin structure and function on cognition and behavior. For example, transcription factors such as MYOCYTE-SPECIFIC ENHANCER FACTOR 2C (MEF2C), or multiple regulators of the open chromatin mark, methyl-histone H3-lysine 4, are associated with the genetic risk architectures of common psychiatric disease and alterations in chromatin structure and function in diseased brain tissue. Importantly, these molecules also affect cognition and behavior in genetically engineered mice, including virus-mediated expression changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and other key nodes in the circuitry underlying psychosis. Therefore, preclinical and small laboratory animal work could target genomic sequences affected by chromatin alterations in SCZ. To this end, in vivo editing of enhancer and other regulatory non-coding DNA by RNA-guided nucleases including CRISPR-Cas, and designer transcription factors, could be expected to deliver pipelines for novel therapeutic approaches aimed at improving cognitive dysfunction and other core symptoms of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucy K. Bicks
- Department of Psychiatry; Friedman Brain Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry; Friedman Brain Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
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Special Issue Introduction: Role of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Brain Function. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070181. [PMID: 28703737 PMCID: PMC5541314 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Rethinking the Epigenetic Framework to Unravel the Molecular Pathology of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040790. [PMID: 28387726 PMCID: PMC5412374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder whose causes are still far from being known. Although researchers have focused on genetic or environmental contributions to the disease, we still lack a scientific framework that joins molecular and clinical findings. Epigenetic can explain how environmental variables may affect gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. In fact, neuroepigenomics represents an effort to unify the research available on the molecular pathology of mental diseases, which has been carried out through several approaches ranging from interrogating single DNA methylation events and hydroxymethylation patterns, to epigenome-wide association studies, as well as studying post-translational modifications of histones, or nucleosomal positioning. The high dependence on tissues with epigenetic marks compels scientists to refine their sampling procedures, and in this review, we will focus on findings obtained from brain tissue. Despite our efforts, we still need to refine our hypothesis generation process to obtain real knowledge from a neuroepigenomic framework, to avoid the creation of more noise on this innovative point of view; this may help us to definitively unravel the molecular pathology of severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia.
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