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Ezzikouri S, Tajudeen R, Majidi H, Redwane S, Aqillouch S, Abdulaziz M, Aragaw M, Papa Fallah M, Sembuche S, Batcho S, Kabwe P, Gonese E, Laazaazia O, Elmessaoudi-Idrissi M, Meziane N, Ainahi A, Sarih M, Ogwell Ouma AE, Maaroufi A. Seroepidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responsiveness and associated factors in the vaccinated community of the Casablanca-Settat Region, Morocco. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7817. [PMID: 38570577 PMCID: PMC10991243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessing the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity through population-based serological surveys is crucial for monitoring COVID-19 vaccination efforts. In this study, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity within a provincial cohort to understand the magnitude of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and to inform evidence-based public health decisions. A community-based cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted, involving 10,669 participants who received various vaccines (two doses for BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm, Covishield vaccine, and Pfizer/BioNTech, and one dose for Johnson & Johnson's Janssen COVID-19 vaccine). The study spanned 16 provinces in the Casablanca-Settat region from February to June 2022, during which comprehensive demographic and comorbidity data were collected. We screened samples for the presence of IgG antibodies using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay, which quantifies antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein, measured on the Abbott Architect i2000SR. The overall crude seroprevalence was 96% (95% CI: 95.6-96.3%), and after adjustment for assay performance, it was estimated as 96.2% (95% CI: 95.7-96.6). The adjusted overall seroprevalences according to vaccine brands showed no significant difference (96% for BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm, 97% for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/Oxford/AstraZeneca, 98.5% for BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech, and 98% for Janssen) (p = 0.099). Participants of older age, female sex, those with a history of previous COVID-19 infection, and those with certain chronic diseases were more likely to be seropositive among ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/Oxford/AstraZeneca and BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm vaccinee groups. Median RBD antibody concentrations were 2355 AU/mL, 3714 AU/mL, 5838 AU/mL, and 2495 AU/mL, respectively, after two doses of BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/Oxford/AstraZeneca, BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech, and after one dose of Janssen (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, we observed that participants vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/Oxford/AstraZeneca and BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm with comorbid chronic diseases exhibited a more pronounced response to vaccination compared to those without comorbidities. In contrast, no significant differences were observed among Pfizer-vaccinated participants (p > 0.05). In conclusion, our serosurvey findings indicate that all four investigated vaccines provide a robust humoral immune response in the majority of participants (more than 96% of participants had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2). The BNT162b2 vaccine was found to be effective in eliciting a strong humoral response compared to the other three vaccines. However, challenges still remain in examining the dynamics and durability of immunoprotection in the Moroccan context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Raji Tajudeen
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hind Majidi
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Soad Redwane
- Direction Régionale de la santé Casablanca-Settat, Observatoire régional de santé, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Safaa Aqillouch
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Abdulaziz
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Merawi Aragaw
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mosoka Papa Fallah
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Senga Sembuche
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Serge Batcho
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Patrick Kabwe
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elizabeth Gonese
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Oumaima Laazaazia
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohcine Elmessaoudi-Idrissi
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nadia Meziane
- Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Ainahi
- Hormonology and Tumor Markers Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahmed E Ogwell Ouma
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abderrahmane Maaroufi
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
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Fung CYJ, Scott M, Lerner-Ellis J, Taher J. Applications of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing: impact of test performance, sample matrices, and patient characteristics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:70-88. [PMID: 37800891 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2254390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory testing has been a key tool in managing the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic. While rapid antigen and PCR testing has proven useful for diagnosing acute SARS-CoV-2 infections, additional testing methods are required to understand the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections on immune response. Serological testing, a well-documented laboratory practice, measures the presence of antibodies in a sample to uncover information about host immunity. Although proposed applications of serological testing for clinical use have previously been limited, current research into SARS-CoV-2 has shown growing utility for serological methods in these settings. To name a few, serological testing has been used to identify patients with past infections and long-term active disease and to monitor vaccine efficacy. Test utility and result interpretation, however, are often complicated by factors that include poor test sensitivity early in infection, lack of immune response in some individuals, overlying infection and vaccination responses, lack of standardization of antibody titers/levels between instruments, unknown titers that confer immune protection, and large between-individual biological variation following infection or vaccination. Thus, the three major components of this review will examine (1) factors that affect serological test utility: test performance, testing matrices, seroprevalence concerns and viral variants, (2) patient factors that affect serological response: timing of sampling, age, sex, body mass index, immunosuppression and vaccination, and (3) informative applications of serological testing: identifying past infection, immune surveillance to guide health practices, and examination of protective immunity. SARS-CoV-2 serological testing should be beneficial for clinical care if it is implemented appropriately. However, as with other laboratory developed tests, use of SARS-CoV-2 serology as a testing modality warrants careful consideration of testing limitations and evaluation of its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yiu Jordan Fung
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Scott
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Lerner-Ellis
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang X, Shao S, Ye H, Li S, Gu B, Tang B. Development of a quantum dot-based lateral flow immunoassay strip for rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22253. [PMID: 38097611 PMCID: PMC10721894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To a certain extent, the development and vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine have reduced the alarming rate of transmission speed and mortality rate. At present, vaccine coverage is quite high in countries around the world. Since individual differences are unavoidable, it is necessary to assess the efficacy of the vaccine in each vaccinated person in order to reflect the protective effect of the vaccine in different populations. In this study, we developed a novel COVID-19 neutralizing antibody detection kit combining lateral flow immunochromatography and novel quantum dot technology with 85.23% sensitivity, 92.50% specificity. The novel QD-ICA could achieve an accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with 10 minutes, two steps, small equipment size, and broad testing application, suggesting its capability to assess vaccine effectiveness on a large scale in areas of world that currently affected by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Wang
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Shulin Shao
- Department of Laboratory, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Huan Ye
- Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Sen Li
- Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210046, China
- Nanjing Vazyme Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210046, China.
- Nanjing Vazyme Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Bailey JM, Wang L, McDonald JM, Gray JS, Petrie JG, Martin ET, Savitz DA, Karrer TA, Fisher KA, Geiger MJ, Wasilevich EA. Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in a population with a history of elevated exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:725-736. [PMID: 37337047 PMCID: PMC10541329 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been linked to lower vaccine-induced antibody concentrations in children, while data from adults remains limited and equivocal. Characteristics of PFAS exposure and age at vaccination may modify such effects. OBJECTIVE We used the mass administration of novel COVID-19 vaccines to test the hypothesis that prior exposure to environmentally-relevant concentrations of PFAS affect antibody response to vaccines in adolescents and adults. METHODS Between April and June 2021, 226 participants aged 12-90 years with a history of exposure to PFAS in drinking water and who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine participated in our prospective cohort study. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies (IgG) were quantified before the first and second vaccine doses and again at two follow-ups in the following months (up to 103 days post dose 1). Serum PFAS concentrations (n = 39 individual PFAS) were measured once for each participant during baseline, before their first vaccination. The association between PFAS exposure and immune response to vaccination was investigated using linear regression and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models with adjustment for covariates that affect antibody response. PFAS mixture effects were assessed using weighted quantile sum and Bayesian kernel machine regression methods. RESULTS The geometric mean (standard deviation) of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid serum concentrations in this population was 10.49 (3.22) and 3.90 (4.90) µg/L, respectively. PFAS concentrations were not associated with peak anti-spike antibody response, the initial increase in anti-spike antibody response following vaccination, or the waning over time of the anti-spike antibody response. Neither individual PFAS concentrations nor their evaluation as a mixture was associated with antibody response to mRNA vaccination against COVID-19. IMPACT STATEMENT Given the importance of understanding vaccine response among populations exposed to environmental contaminants and the current gaps in understanding this relationship outside of early life/childhood vaccinations, our manuscript contributes meaningful data from an adolescent and adult population receiving a novel vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Bailey
- Division of Environmental Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer M McDonald
- Division of Environmental Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer S Gray
- Division of Environmental Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Timothy A Karrer
- Division of Chemistry and Toxicology, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Keri A Fisher
- Division of Chemistry and Toxicology, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Geiger
- Division of Chemistry and Toxicology, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wasilevich
- Division of Environmental Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
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Roslan M, Mohd Nisfu FR, Arzmi MH, Abdul Wahab R, Zainuddin N. Antibody Response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Vaccines in Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:8-24. [PMID: 37655145 PMCID: PMC10467589 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit memory immunity acquired during natural infection. However, a decline in immunity after infection renders these individuals vulnerable to re-infection, in addition to a higher risk of infection with new variants. This systematic review examined related studies to elucidate the antibody response in these infected individuals after messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccination. Hence, the focus of this review was to ascertain differences in the concentration of binding and neutralising antibodies of previously infected individuals in comparison to those of infection-naïve individuals after administration of two doses of mRNA vaccination through available case-control and cohort studies. Positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test or detectable anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies at the baseline in included studies showed categorisation of infected and uninfected individuals. This review utilised three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane with the following keywords: (COVID-19 OR 'Coronavirus Disease 2019' OR SARS-CoV-2) AND Immun* AND (Pfizer OR BioNTech OR BNT162b2 OR Comirnaty OR Moderna OR mRNA-1273) from January 2019 to July 2021. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2020 guidelines and assessment based on the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT), we included 13 related qualified papers of observational studies discerning the binding and neutralising antibody concentrations of infected and uninfected individuals after administration of mRNA vaccines, such as the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine. The mRNA vaccines induced robust binding and neutralising antibody responses in both groups. However, infected individuals showed induction of higher antibody responses in a shorter time compared to uninfected individuals. Hence, a single dose of mRNA vaccination for infected individuals may be sufficient to reach the same level of antibody concentration as that observed in uninfected individuals after receiving two doses of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madihah Roslan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Ratulfazira Mohd Nisfu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norafiza Zainuddin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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Patel RS, Agrawal B. Mucosal immunization with lipopeptides derived from conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 antigens induce robust cellular and cross-variant humoral immune responses in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178523. [PMID: 37334376 PMCID: PMC10272440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has infected >600 million people in the ongoing global pandemic. Several variants of the SARS-CoV-2 have emerged in the last >2 years, challenging the continued efficacy of current COVID vaccines. Therefore, there is a crucial need to investigate a highly cross-protective vaccine effective against variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we examined seven lipopeptides derived from highly conserved, immunodominant epitopes from the S, N, and M proteins of SARS-CoV-2, that are predicted to contain epitopes for clinically protective B cells, helper T cells (TH) and cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Intranasal immunization of mice with most of the lipopeptides led to significantly higher splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production, mucosal and systemic antibody responses, and induction of effector B and T lymphocytes in both lungs and spleen, compared to immunizations with the corresponding peptides without lipid. Immunizations with Spike-derived lipopeptides led to cross-reactive IgG, IgM and IgA responses against Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron Spike proteins as well as neutralizing antibodies. These studies support their potential for development as components of a cross-protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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7
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Stoddard M, Yuan L, Sarkar S, Mangalaganesh S, Nolan RP, Bottino D, Hather G, Hochberg NS, White LF, Chakravarty A. Heterogeneity in Vaccinal Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Can Be Addressed by a Personalized Booster Strategy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:806. [PMID: 37112718 PMCID: PMC10140995 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations were initially shown to substantially reduce risk of severe disease and death. However, pharmacokinetic (PK) waning and rapid viral evolution degrade neutralizing antibody (nAb) binding titers, causing loss of vaccinal protection. Additionally, there is inter-individual heterogeneity in the strength and durability of the vaccinal nAb response. Here, we propose a personalized booster strategy as a potential solution to this problem. Our model-based approach incorporates inter-individual heterogeneity in nAb response to primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination into a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to project population-level heterogeneity in vaccinal protection. We further examine the impact of evolutionary immune evasion on vaccinal protection over time based on variant fold reduction in nAb potency. Our findings suggest viral evolution will decrease the effectiveness of vaccinal protection against severe disease, especially for individuals with a less durable immune response. More frequent boosting may restore vaccinal protection for individuals with a weaker immune response. Our analysis shows that the ECLIA RBD binding assay strongly predicts neutralization of sequence-matched pseudoviruses. This may be a useful tool for rapidly assessing individual immune protection. Our work suggests vaccinal protection against severe disease is not assured and identifies a potential path forward for reducing risk to immunologically vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Yuan
- Fractal Therapeutics, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shruthi Mangalaganesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Dean Bottino
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Natasha S. Hochberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laura F. White
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Fernandes MDCR, Vasconcelos GS, de Melo ACL, Matsui TC, Caetano LF, de Carvalho Araújo FM, Fonseca MHG. Influence of age, gender, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, and pre-existing diseases in antibody response after COVID-19 vaccination: A review. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:148-155. [PMID: 36921489 PMCID: PMC9998295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines induce specific long-term immunological memory against pathogens, preventing the worsening of diseases. The COVID-19 health emergency has caused more than 6 million deaths and started a race for vaccine development. Antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines has been investigated primarily in healthcare workers. The heterogeneity of immune responses and the behavior of this response in particular groups were still very little explored. In this review, we discuss whether antibody responses after vaccination are influenced by age, gender, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, or pre-existing diseases.
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Palumbo GA, Cambria D, La Spina E, Duminuco A, Laneri A, Longo A, Vetro C, Giallongo S, Romano A, Di Raimondo F, Tibullo D, Giallongo C. Ruxolitinib treatment in myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera causes suboptimal humoral immune response following standard and booster vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1117815. [PMID: 36865808 PMCID: PMC9974162 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1117815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by myelofibrosis (MF) or polycythemia vera (PV) and treated with ruxolitinib are at high risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019. Now a vaccine against the virus SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for this disease, is available. However, sensitivity to vaccines is usually lower in these patients. Moreover, fragile patients were not included in large trials investigating the efficacy of vaccines. Thus, little is known about the efficacy of this approach in this group of patients. In this prospective single-center study, we evaluated 43 patients (30 MF patients and 13 with PV) receiving ruxolitinib as a treatment for their myeloproliferative disease. We measured anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG against SARS-CoV2 15-30 days after the second and the third BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster dose. Patients receiving ruxolitinib showed an impaired antibody response to complete vaccination (2 doses), as 32.5% of patients did not develop any response. After the third booster dose with Comirnaty, results slightly improved, as 80% of these patients produced antibodies above the threshold positivity. However, the quantity of produced antibodies was well below that reached than those reported for healthy individuals. PV patients elicited a better response than patients affected by MF. Thus, different strategies should be considered for this high-risk group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A. Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Giuseppe A. Palumbo, ; Daniele Tibullo,
| | - Daniela Cambria
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico La Spina
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Duminuco
- Postgraduate School of Hematology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Laneri
- Servizio Immuno-Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Longo
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Calogero Vetro
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Giuseppe A. Palumbo, ; Daniele Tibullo,
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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10
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Assessment of Reactivity to the Administration of the mRNA Vaccine after Six Months of Observation. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020366. [PMID: 36851244 PMCID: PMC9965775 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fast spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus accelerated efforts to create an effective vaccine, and a novel mRNA vaccine was the first to appear effective. Scientific evidence regarding mRNA vaccination is limited; therefore, understanding how the immune system responds to an mRNA vaccine is critical. Our study was aimed at a long-term analysis of the presence and maintenance of the immune response using the chemiluminescent method by analyzing the level of IgG antibodies in vaccinated people who were and were not infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthcare workers with a history of COVID-19 or who were naïve to the infection were recruited for this study and administered two subsequent doses of the Comirnaty vaccine. IgG SRBD antibody levels were evaluated every month for six consecutive months using the chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). RESULTS A total of 149 individuals were recruited for this study, 68 had evidence of past COVID-19 infection, with 63 exhibiting elevated IgG SRBD antibody levels at initial evaluation. Statistically significant differences were observed between COVID-19 convalescents and non-convalescents at all study time points, with the convalescent group consequently representing higher antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 convalescents showed a stronger immune response to the vaccine after the first dose. This group exhibited higher IgG levels in all examinations during the observation period. The natural waning of antibody levels can be observed within six months. A booster vaccination may be required. No serious side effects were observed.
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11
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Townsend JP, Hassler HB, Dornburg A. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 with alternate frequencies of mRNA vaccine boosting. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28461. [PMID: 36602045 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most consequential unknowns of the COVID-19 pandemic is the frequency at which vaccine boosting provides sufficient protection from infection. We quantified the statistical likelihood of breakthrough infections over time following different boosting schedules with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). We integrated anti-Spike IgG antibody optical densities with profiles of the waning of antibodies and corresponding probabilities of infection associated with coronavirus endemic transmission. Projecting antibody levels over time given boosting every 6 months, 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 years yielded respective probabilities of fending off infection over a 6-year span of >93%, 75%, 55%, 40%, and 24% (mRNA-1273) and >89%, 69%, 49%, 36%, and 23% (BNT162b2). Delaying the administration of updated boosters has bleak repercussions. It increases the probability of individual infection by SARS-CoV-2, and correspondingly, ongoing disease spread, prevalence, morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. Instituting regular, population-wide booster vaccination updated to predominant variants has the potential to substantially forestall-and with global, widespread uptake, eliminate-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hayley B Hassler
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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12
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García-Silva I, Govea-Alonso DO, Rosales-Mendoza S. Current status of mucosal vaccines against SARS-CoV2: a hope for protective immunity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:207-222. [PMID: 36594264 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2156284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current vaccines used to fight against COVID-19 are effective, however the induction of protective immunity is a pending goal required to prevent viral transmission, prevent the generation of new variants, and ultimately eradicate SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal immunization stands as a promising approach to achieve protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2; therefore, it is imperative to innovate the current vaccines by developing mucosal candidates, focusing not only on their ability to prevent severe COVID-19 but to neutralize the virus before invasion of the respiratory system and other mucosal compartments. AREAS COVERED This review covers the current advances on the development of anti-COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. Biomedical literature, including PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov website, was analyzed to identify the state of the art for this field. The achievements in preclinical and clinical evaluations are presented and critically analyzed. EXPERT OPINION There is a significant advance on the development of mucosal vaccines against SARSCoV-2, which is a promise to increase the efficacy of immunization against this pathogen. Both preclinical and clinical evaluation for several candidates have been performed. The challenges in this road (e.g. low immunogenicity, a reduced number of adjuvants available, and inaccurate dosage) are identified and also critical perspectives for the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana García-Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
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13
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Taus E, Hofmann C, Ibarrondo FJ, Gong LS, Hausner MA, Fulcher JA, Krogstad P, Kitchen SG, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Persistent memory despite rapid contraction of circulating T Cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100594. [PMID: 36860850 PMCID: PMC9968837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While antibodies raised by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have had compromised efficacy to prevent breakthrough infections due to both limited durability and spike sequence variation, the vaccines have remained highly protective against severe illness. This protection is mediated through cellular immunity, particularly CD8+ T cells, and lasts at least a few months. Although several studies have documented rapidly waning levels of vaccine-elicited antibodies, the kinetics of T cell responses have not been well defined. Methods Interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) were utilized to assess cellular immune responses (in isolated CD8+ T cells or whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) to pooled peptides spanning spike. ELISA was performed to quantitate serum antibodies against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD). Results In two persons receiving primary vaccination, tightly serially evaluated frequencies of anti-spike CD8+ T cells using ELISpot assays revealed strikingly short-lived responses, peaking after about 10 days and becoming undetectable by about 20 days after each dose. This pattern was also observed in cross-sectional analyses of persons after the first and second doses during primary vaccination with mRNA vaccines. In contrast, cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19-recovered persons using the same assay showed persisting responses in most persons through 45 days after symptom onset. Cross-sectional analysis using IFN-γ ICS of PBMCs from persons 13 to 235 days after mRNA vaccination also demonstrated undetectable CD8+ T cells against spike soon after vaccination, and extended the observation to include CD4+ T cells. However, ICS analyses of the same PBMCs after culturing with the mRNA-1273 vaccine in vitro showed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that were readily detectable in most persons out to 235 days after vaccination. Discussion Overall, we find that detection of spike-targeted responses from mRNA vaccines using typical IFN-γ assays is remarkably transient, which may be a function of the mRNA vaccine platform and an intrinsic property of the spike protein as an immune target. However, robust memory, as demonstrated by capacity for rapid expansion of T cells responding to spike, is maintained at least several months after vaccination. This is consistent with the clinical observation of vaccine protection from severe illness lasting months. The level of such memory responsiveness required for clinical protection remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura S Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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Jenkins MM, Phan Tran D, Flores EA, Kupferwasser D, Pickering H, Zheng Y, Gjertson DW, Ross TM, Schaenman JM, Miller LG, Yeaman MR, Reed EF. Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in the LA-SPARTA cohort reveals increased risk of infection in vaccinated Hispanic participants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139915. [PMID: 37153624 PMCID: PMC10154521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Questions remain regarding correlates of risk and immune protection against COVID-19. Methods We prospectively enrolled 200 participants with a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 occupational exposure at a U.S. medical center between December 2020 and April 2022. Participant exposure risks, vaccination/infection status, and symptoms were followed longitudinally at 3, 6, and 12 months, with blood and saliva collection. Serological response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike holoprotein (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid proteins (NP) were quantified by ELISA assay. Results Based on serology, 40 of 200 (20%) participants were infected. Healthcare and non-healthcare occupations had equivalent infection incidence. Only 79.5% of infected participants seroconverted for NP following infection, and 11.5% were unaware they had been infected. The antibody response to S was greater than to RBD. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with 2-fold greater incidence of infection despite vaccination in this cohort. Discussion Overall, our findings demonstrate: 1) variability in the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection despite similar exposure risk; 2) the concentration of binding antibody to the SARS-CoV-2 S or RBD proteins is not directly correlated with protection against infection in vaccinated individuals; and 3) determinants of infection risk include Hispanic ethnicity despite vaccination and similar occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M. Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Donna Phan Tran
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Evelyn A. Flores
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Deborah Kupferwasser
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Harry Pickering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David W. Gjertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Joanna M. Schaenman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Loren G. Miller
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Elaine F. Reed,
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15
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Feige J, Berek K, Seiberl M, Hilpold P, Hitzl W, Di Pauli F, Hegen H, Deisenhammer F, Trinka E, Harrer A, Wipfler P, Moser T. Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Antigen in Patients Treated with Monoclonal Anti-CD20 Antibodies: It Is Not All about B Cell Recovery. Neurol Int 2022; 14:943-951. [PMID: 36412697 PMCID: PMC9680461 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 therapies decrease the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 immunization. We aimed to determine the extent of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in correlation with peripheral B-cell dynamics among patients with central nervous system inflammatory disorders treated with anti-CD20 medications. We retrospectively included patients receiving anti-CD20 therapy after antigen contact who were divided into responders (>7 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL) and non-responders (<7 BAU/mL). In participants with first antigen contact prior to therapy, we investigated the recall response elicited once under treatment. We included 80 patients (responders n = 34, non-responders n = 37, recall cohort n = 9). The B-cell counts among responders were significantly higher compared to non-responders (mean 1012 cells/µL ± SD 105 vs. mean 17 cells/µL ± SD 47; p < 0.001). Despite very low B-cell counts (mean 9 cells/µL ± SD 20), humoral response was preserved among the recall cohort (mean 1653 BAU/mL ± SD 2250.1) and did not differ significantly from responders (mean 735 BAU/mL ± SD 1529.9; p = 0.14). Our data suggest that peripheral B cells are required to generate antibodies to neo-antigens but not for a recall response during anti-CD20 therapy. Evaluation of B-cell counts and pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies might serve as biomarkers for estimating the immune competence to mount a humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Feige
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus Berek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Seiberl
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Hilpold
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Management (RM): Biostatistics and Publication of Clinical Studies Team, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Franziska Di Pauli
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Deisenhammer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Wipfler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Moser
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0043-57255-30300
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16
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A self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19 with long-term room-temperature stability. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:136. [PMID: 36323666 PMCID: PMC9628444 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines were the first to be authorized for use against SARS-CoV-2 and have since demonstrated high efficacy against serious illness and death. However, limitations in these vaccines have been recognized due to their requirement for cold storage, short durability of protection, and lack of access in low-resource regions. We have developed an easily-manufactured, potent self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 that is stable at room temperature. This saRNA vaccine is formulated with a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), providing stability, ease of manufacturing, and protection against degradation. In preclinical studies, this saRNA/NLC vaccine induced strong humoral immunity, as demonstrated by high pseudovirus neutralization titers to the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants of concern and induction of bone marrow-resident antibody-secreting cells. Robust Th1-biased T-cell responses were also observed after prime or homologous prime-boost in mice. Notably, the saRNA/NLC platform demonstrated thermostability when stored lyophilized at room temperature for at least 6 months and at refrigerated temperatures for at least 10 months. Taken together, this saRNA delivered by NLC represents a potential improvement in RNA technology that could allow wider access to RNA vaccines for the current COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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17
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Govea-Alonso DO, Malla A, Bolaños-Martínez OC, Vimolmangkang S, Rosales-Mendoza S. An Algae-Made RBD from SARS-CoV-2 Is Immunogenic in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101298. [PMID: 36297410 PMCID: PMC9607479 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the current advances in global vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, boosting is still required to sustain immunity in the population, and the induction of sterilizing immunity remains as a pending goal. Low-cost oral immunogens could be used as the basis for the design of affordable and easy-to-administer booster vaccines. Algae stand as promising platforms to produce immunogens at low cost, and it is possible to use them as oral delivery carriers since they are edible (not requiring complex purification and formulation processes). Herein, a Chlamydomonas-made SARS-CoV-2 RBD was evaluated as an oral immunogen in mice to explore the feasibility of developing an oral algae-based vaccine. The test immunogen was stable in freeze-dried algae biomass and able to induce, by the oral route, systemic and mucosal humoral responses against the spike protein at a similar magnitude to those induced by injected antigen plus alum adjuvant. IgG subclass analysis revealed a Th2-bias response which lasted over 4 months after the last immunization. The induced antibodies showed a similar reactivity against either Delta or Omicron variants. This study represents a step forward in the development of oral vaccines that could accelerate massive immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania O. Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosi 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosi 78210, Mexico
| | - Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (S.R.-M.); Tel./Fax: +52-444-826-2440 (S.R.-M.)
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosi 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosi 78210, Mexico
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (S.R.-M.); Tel./Fax: +52-444-826-2440 (S.R.-M.)
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18
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Early SARS-CoV-2 dynamics and immune responses in unvaccinated participants of an intensely sampled longitudinal surveillance study. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:129. [PMID: 36238348 PMCID: PMC9553075 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A comprehensive understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics and the ensuing host immune responses is needed to explain the pathogenesis as it relates to viral transmission. Knowledge gaps exist surrounding SARS-CoV-2 in vivo kinetics, particularly in the earliest stages after exposure. Methods An ongoing, workplace clinical surveillance study was used to intensely sample a small cohort longitudinally. Nine study participants who developed COVID-19 between November, 2020 and March, 2021 were monitored at high temporal resolution for three months in terms of viral loads as well as associated inflammatory biomarker and antibody responses. CD8 + T cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 in blood samples from study participants were evaluated. Results Here we show that the resulting datasets, supported by Bayesian modeling, allowed the underlying kinetic processes to be described, yielding a number of unexpected findings. Early viral replication is rapid (median doubling time, 3.1 h), providing a narrow window between exposure and viral shedding, while the clearance phase is slow and heterogeneous. Host immune responses different widely across participants. Conclusions Results from our small study give a rare insight into the life-cycle of COVID-19 infection and hold a number of important biological, clinical, and public health implications.
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19
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Guerra ENS, de Castro VT, Amorim dos Santos J, Acevedo AC, Chardin H. Saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection after vaccination: A rapid systematic review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006040. [PMID: 36203571 PMCID: PMC9530471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of efficient vaccines anti-SARS-CoV-2, antibody quantification becomes increasingly useful for immunological monitoring and COVID-19 control. In several situations, saliva samples may be an alternative to the serological test. Thus, this rapid systematic review aimed to evaluate if saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 detection after vaccination. For this purpose, search strategies were applied at EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies were selected by two reviewers in a two-phase process. After selection, 15 studies were eligible and included in data synthesis. In total, salivary samples of approximately 1,080 vaccinated and/or convalescent individuals were analyzed. The applied vaccines were mostly mRNA-based (BioNTech 162b2 mRNA/Pfizer and Spikevax mRNA-1273/Moderna), but recombinant viral-vectored vaccines (Ad26. COV2. S Janssen - Johnson & Johnson and Vaxzevria/Oxford AstraZeneca) were also included. Different techniques were applied for saliva evaluation, such as ELISA assay, Multiplex immunoassay, flow cytometry, neutralizing and electrochemical assays. Although antibody titers are lower in saliva than in serum, the results showed that saliva is suitable for antibody detection. The mean of reported correlations for titers in saliva and serum/plasma were moderate for IgG (0.55, 95% CI 0.38-9.73), and weak for IgA (0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.44). Additionally, six out of nine studies reported numerical titers for immunoglobulins detection, from which the level in saliva reached their reference value in four (66%). IgG but not IgA are frequently presented in saliva from vaccinated anti-COVID-19. Four studies reported lower IgA salivary titers in vaccinated compared to previously infected individuals, otherwise, two reported higher titers of IgA in vaccinated. Concerning IgG, two studies reported high antibody titers in the saliva of vaccinated individuals compared to those previously infected and one presented similar results for vaccinated and infected. The detection of antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva is available, which suggests this type of sample is a suitable alternative for monitoring the population. Thus, the results also pointed out the possible lack of mucosal immunity induction after anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. It highlights the importance of new vaccination strategies also focused on mucosal alternatives directly on primary routes of SARS-CoV-2 entrance. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022336968, identifier CRD42022336968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Vitória Tavares de Castro
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Amorim dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Hélène Chardin
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne 12 Rue de l’École de Médecine, Paris, France
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Wisnewski AV, Cantley L, Campillo Luna J, Liu J, Smith RF, Hager K, Redlich CA. Changes Over Time in COVID-19 Incidence, Vaccinations, Serum Spike IgG, and Viral Neutralizing Potential Among Individuals From a North American Gaming Venue: December 2020-August 2021. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:788-796. [PMID: 36054278 PMCID: PMC9426317 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate COVID-19 cases and vaccine responses among workers in the gaming/entertainment industry. METHODS Participants provided detailed information on occupational risk factors, demographics, COVID-19 history, and vaccination status through questionnaire. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure serum antiviral antibodies and neutralizing capacity. RESULTS Five hundred-fifty individuals participated with n = 228 (41.5%) returning for follow-up. At least 71% of participants were fully vaccinated within 8 months of vaccine availability and COVID-19 rates declined concomitantly. Serum anti-spike IgG levels and neutralizing capacity were significantly (P < 0.001) associated COVID-19 history and vaccine type, but not occupational risk factors, and declined (on average 36%) within 5 months. Few vaccine nonresponders (n = 12) and "breakthrough" infections (n = 1) were noted. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a marked decrease in infections; however, individual humoral responses varied and declined significantly over time.
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Chen WC, Lin YP, Cheng CM, Shen CF, Ching A, Chang TC, Shen CJ. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Variants in Pregnant Women and Their Neonates under Antenatal Vaccination with Moderna (mRNA-1273) Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091415. [PMID: 36146492 PMCID: PMC9505142 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain IgG antibody (SRBD IgG) binding ratio (SBR) from Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women and neonates. The impact of antenatal influenza (flu) and pertussis (Tdap) vaccines was also studied. We enrolled pregnant women vaccinated with the Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccine during pregnancy and collected maternal plasma (MP) and neonatal cord blood (CB) during delivery to determine the SBR via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A total of 78 samples were collected from 39 pregnant women. The SBR was higher for Alpha variants compared to Beta/Gamma variants (MP: 63.95% vs. 47.91% vs. 43.48%, p = 0.0001; CB: 72.14% vs. 56.78% vs. 53.66%, p = 0.006). Pregnant women receiving two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated a better SBR against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants than women receiving just a single dose. Women who received the Tdap/flu vaccines demonstrated a better SBR when two COVID-19 vaccine doses were < 6 weeks apart. A better SBR was detected among women who had more recently received their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. Two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine provided recipients with a better SBR for Alpha/Beta/Gamma variants. Although Tdap/flu vaccines may affect the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine, different vaccination timings can improve the SBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Pin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Alex Ching
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15123, USA
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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22
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Evaluation of the Anti-Spike (RDB) IgG Titer among Workers Employed at the University of Pisa Vaccinated with Different Types of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081244. [PMID: 36016132 PMCID: PMC9416074 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, many authors started evaluating the immunization efficacy of the available vaccines mainly through sero-positivity tests or by a quantitative assessment of the IgG against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus in vaccinated subjects. In this work, we compared the titers resulting from vaccination and tried to understand the potential factors affecting the immune response to the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. This study was conducted on 670 volunteers employed at the University of Pisa and undergoing a health surveillance program at the University Hospital of Pisa. For each participant, 10 mL of blood, information about contacts with confirmed cases of COVID-19, age, sex, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms, type of vaccine and the date of administration were collected. In the multivariate analysis, the type of vaccine, the presence of symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, and the distance from the second dose significantly affected the antibody titer; the combined vaccination resulted in a faster decay over time compared with the other types of vaccination. No significant differences were observed between Spikevax and Comirnaty (p > 0.05), while the antibody levels remain more stable in subjects undergoing Vaxzevria vaccination (p < 0.01) compared with mRNA-based ones.
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23
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The durability of natural infection and vaccine-induced immunity against future infection by SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204336119. [PMID: 35858382 PMCID: PMC9351502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204336119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The durability of natural and vaccine-mediated immunity to future SARS-CoV-2 infection and the necessity of booster vaccination are crucial knowledge for pandemic response, yet these factors remain poorly understood. Here, we use comparative evolutionary approaches to estimate the durability of immunity and the likelihood of future infections over time following vaccination by messenger RNA (mRNA) and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines. These findings provide quantitative evidence supporting booster vaccination as a crucial approach toward the curtailment of breakthrough infections and reinfections. The durability of vaccine-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the durations to breakthrough infection, and the optimal timings of booster vaccination are crucial knowledge for pandemic response. Here, we applied comparative evolutionary analyses to estimate the durability of immunity and the likelihood of breakthrough infections over time following vaccination by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen). We evaluated anti-Spike (S) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels elicited by each vaccine relative to natural infection. We estimated typical trajectories of waning and corresponding infection probabilities, providing the distribution of times to breakthrough infection for each vaccine under endemic conditions. Peak antibody levels elicited by messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines mRNA-1273 and BNT1262b2 exceeded that of natural infection and are expected to typically yield more durable protection against breakthrough infections (median 29.6 mo; 5 to 95% quantiles 10.9 mo to 7.9 y) than natural infection (median 21.5 mo; 5 to 95% quantiles 3.5 mo to 7.1 y). Relative to mRNA-1273 and BNT1262b2, viral vector vaccines ChAdOx1 and Ad26.COV2.S exhibit similar peak anti-S IgG antibody responses to that from natural infection and are projected to yield lower, shorter-term protection against breakthrough infection (median 22.4 mo and 5 to 95% quantiles 4.3 mo to 7.2 y; and median 20.5 mo and 5 to 95% quantiles 2.6 mo to 7.0 y; respectively). These results leverage the tools from evolutionary biology to provide a quantitative basis for otherwise unknown parameters that are fundamental to public health policy decision-making.
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Ranking the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to counter COVID-19 in UK universities with vaccinated population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13039. [PMID: 35906452 PMCID: PMC9336164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several universities around the world have resumed in-person teaching after successful vaccination campaigns have covered 70/80% of the population. In this study, we combine a new compartmental model with an optimal control formulation to discover, among different non-pharmaceutical interventions, the best prevention strategy to maximize on-campus activities while keeping spread under control. Composed of two interconnected Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Quarantined-Recovered (SEIQR) structures, the model enables staff-to-staff infections, student-to-staff cross infections, student-to-student infections, and environment-to-individual infections. Then, we model input variables representing the implementation of different non-pharmaceutical interventions and formulate and solve optimal control problems for four desired scenarios: minimum number of cases, minimum intervention, minimum non-quarantine intervention, and minimum quarantine intervention. Our results reveal the particular significance of mask wearing and social distancing in universities with vaccinated population (with proportions according to UK data). The study also reveals that quarantining infected students has a higher importance than quarantining staff. In contrast, other measures such as environmental disinfection seems to be less important.
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25
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Kuechler AS, Weinhold S, Boege F, Adams O, Müller L, Babor F, Bennstein SB, Pham TXU, Hejazi M, Reusing SB, Hermsen D, Uhrberg M, Schulze-Bosse K. A Diagnostic Strategy for Gauging Individual Humoral Ex Vivo Immune Responsiveness Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071044. [PMID: 35891208 PMCID: PMC9322304 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We describe a diagnostic procedure suitable for scheduling (re-)vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) according to individual state of humoral immunization. Methods: To clarify the relation between quantitative antibody measurements and humoral ex vivo immune responsiveness, we monitored 124 individuals before, during and six months after vaccination with Spikevax (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1-AB) and against nucleocapsid antigens were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Roche). Virus-neutralizing activities were determined by surrogate assays (NeutraLISA, Euroimmune; cPass, GenScript). Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture (full virus NT) served as an ex vivo correlate for humoral immune responsiveness. Results: Vaccination responses varied considerably. Six months after the second vaccination, participants still positive for the full virus NT were safely determined by S1-AB levels ≥1000 U/mL. The full virus NT-positive fraction of participants with S1-AB levels <1000 U/mL was identified by virus-neutralizing activities >70% as determined by surrogate assays (NeutraLISA or cPas). Participants that were full virus NT-negative and presumably insufficiently protected could thus be identified by a sensitivity of >83% and a specificity of >95%. Conclusion: The described diagnostic strategy possibly supports individualized (re-)vaccination schedules based on simple and rapid measurement of serum-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Our data apply only to WUHAN-type SARS-CoV-2 virus and the current version of the mRNA vaccine from Moderna (Cambridge, MA, USA). Adaptation to other vaccines and more recent SARS-CoV-2 strains will require modification of cut-offs and re-evaluation of sensitivity/specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sabrina Kuechler
- Central Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (D.H.); (K.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-811-7769; Fax: +49-211-811-8021
| | - Sandra Weinhold
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.W.); (S.B.B.); (T.-X.U.P.); (M.H.); (S.B.R.); (M.U.)
| | - Fritz Boege
- Central Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (D.H.); (K.S.-B.)
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (O.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (O.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Florian Babor
- Institute of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Sabrina B. Bennstein
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.W.); (S.B.B.); (T.-X.U.P.); (M.H.); (S.B.R.); (M.U.)
| | - T.-X. Uyen Pham
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.W.); (S.B.B.); (T.-X.U.P.); (M.H.); (S.B.R.); (M.U.)
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.W.); (S.B.B.); (T.-X.U.P.); (M.H.); (S.B.R.); (M.U.)
| | - Sarah B. Reusing
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.W.); (S.B.B.); (T.-X.U.P.); (M.H.); (S.B.R.); (M.U.)
- Institute of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Derik Hermsen
- Central Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (D.H.); (K.S.-B.)
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.W.); (S.B.B.); (T.-X.U.P.); (M.H.); (S.B.R.); (M.U.)
| | - Karin Schulze-Bosse
- Central Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (D.H.); (K.S.-B.)
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Tabarsi P, Anjidani N, Shahpari R, Roshanzamir K, Fallah N, Andre G, Petrovsky N, Barati S. Immunogenicity and Safety of SpikoGen®, an Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein vaccine as a Homologous and Heterologous Booster Vaccination: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Immunology 2022; 167:340-353. [PMID: 35758850 PMCID: PMC9349507 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SpikoGen® is a subunit recombinant spike protein vaccine combined with Advax-CpG55.2™ adjuvant. This COVID-19 vaccine was shown to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in previous clinical trials. This study aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of SpikoGen® vaccine as a homologous and heterologous booster vaccination. This double-blind and randomized placebo-controlled (5:1) trial was performed on 300 already vaccinated participants. SpikoGen® or saline placebo was administered as a booster dose to participants who had received a full 2-dose COVID-19 vaccination course. Immunogenicity assessments were done 14 days after the booster dose with the primary immunogenicity outcome seroconversion rate of neutralizing antibodies. Safety outcomes included the incidence of solicited adverse events up to seven days after the booster dose. SpikoGen® vaccine induced a robust humoral response both as a homologous and heterologous booster, when compared to the placebo. At day 14, seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies was 76% (95% CI; 69% to 82%) in the SpikoGen® group vs. 3% (95% CI; 0% to 13%) in the placebo group. The most common local and systemic reported adverse events were injection site pain and fatigue and no serious adverse events were reported. The SpikoGen®-booster induced cross-neutralization of other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Irrespective of the primary vaccine course received, SpikoGen® vaccine showed promising effects as both a homologous and heterologous booster dose. This vaccine had also a good safety profile with no vaccine-associated serious adverse events. On the basis of these results, SpikoGen® vaccine has recently been approved as a booster dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Centre, National Research Institute for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ramin Shahpari
- Medical Department, Orchid Pharmed Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khashayar Roshanzamir
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Newsha Fallah
- Medical Department, Orchid Pharmed Company, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Saghar Barati
- Medical Department, Orchid Pharmed Company, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Ogrič M, Žigon P, Podovšovnik E, Lakota K, Sodin-Semrl S, Rotar Ž, Čučnik S. Differences in SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Responses After the First, Second, and Third Doses of BNT162b2 in Naïve and Previously Infected Individuals: A 1-Year Observational Study in Healthcare Professionals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876533. [PMID: 35711413 PMCID: PMC9196038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are critical for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but little is known about the humoral immune response more than 9 months after vaccination. We aimed to assess the humoral immune response after the first, second, and third (booster) doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and previously infected healthcare professionals (HCP) and the humoral immune response after infection in vaccinated HCP. Methods We measured anti-spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies at different time points up to 12 months in the sera of 300 HCP who had received two or three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. Mixed-model analyses were used to assess anti-S antibody dynamics and to determine their predictors (age, sex, BMI, and previous infection). Results Naïve individuals had statistically lower anti-S antibody concentrations after the first dose (median 253 BAU/ml) than previously infected individuals (median 3648 BAU/ml). After the second dose, anti-S antibody concentrations increased in naïve individuals (median 3216 BAU/ml), whereas the second dose did not significantly increase concentrations in previously infected individuals (median 4503 BAU/ml). The third dose resulted in an additional increase in concentrations (median 4844 BAU/ml in naïve and median 5845 BAU/ml in previously infected individuals). Anti-S antibody concentrations steadily decreased after the second dose and after the third dose in naïve and previously infected individuals. In addition, we found that age had an effect on the humoral immune response. Younger individuals had higher anti-S antibody concentrations after the first and second doses. After infection with the new variant Omicron, a further increase in anti-S antibody concentrations to a median value of 4794 BAU/ml was observed in three times vaccinated HCP whose anti-S antibody concentrations were relatively high before infection (median 2141 BAU/ml). Our study also showed that individuals with systemic adverse events achieved higher anti-S antibody concentrations. Conclusion In this study, significant differences in humoral immune responses to BNT162b2 vaccine were observed between naïve and previously infected individuals, with age playing an important role, suggesting that a modified vaccination schedule should be practiced in previously infected individuals. In addition, we showed that the high anti-S antibodies were not protective against new variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manca Ogrič
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Žigon
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Katja Lakota
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Snezna Sodin-Semrl
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Rotar
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Čučnik
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Tong H, Cao C, You M, Han S, Liu Z, Xiao Y, He W, Liu C, Peng P, Xue Z, Gong Y, Yao C, Xu F. Artificial intelligence-assisted colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay for sensitive and quantitative detection of COVID-19 neutralizing antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114449. [PMID: 35696869 PMCID: PMC9174064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, vaccination is the most effective medical measure to improve group immunity and prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Since the individual difference of vaccine effectiveness is inevitable, it is necessary to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness of every vaccinated person to ensure the appearance of herd immunity. Here, we developed an artificial intelligent (AI)-assisted colorimetric polydopamine nanoparticle (PDA)-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform for the sensitive and accurate quantification of neutralizing antibodies produced from vaccinations. The platform integrates PDA-based LFIA and a smartphone-based reader to test the neutralizing antibodies in serum, where an AI algorithm is also developed to accurately and quantitatively analyze the results. The developed platform achieved a quantitative detection with 160 ng/mL of detection limit and 625-10000 ng/mL of detection range. Moreover, it also successfully detected totally 50 clinical serum samples, revealing a great consistency with the commercial ELISA kit. Comparing with commercial gold nanoparticle-based LFIA, our PDA-based LFIA platform showed more accurate quantification ability for the clinical serum. Therefore, we envision that the AI-assisted PDA-based LFIA platform with sensitive and accurate quantification ability is of great significance for large-scale evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and other point-of-care immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chaoyu Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Minli You
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Shuang Han
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology of Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University School Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Wanghong He
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Ping Peng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhenrui Xue
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yan Gong
- Diyinan Biotech Company, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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Lo Sasso B, Agnello L, Giglio RV, Gambino CM, Ciaccio AM, Vidali M, Ciaccio M. Longitudinal analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG antibodies before and after the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8679. [PMID: 35606426 PMCID: PMC9126106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosurveillance by evaluating anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) antibodies represents a useful tool to estimate the long immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of antibody response in vaccine recipients. We measured anti-S-RBD IgG levels by indirect chemiluminescence immunoassay on Maglumi 800 (SNIBE, California) in 1013 healthy individuals naïve to SARS-CoV2 infection after two and three COVID-19 vaccine doses. We found that anti-S-RBD IgG levels are higher in females than males. Antibody levels gradually decrease to a steady state after four months since the peak, and the decay is independent of age, sex, vaccine doses, and baseline antibodies titer. The third dose induces a high anti-S-RBD IgG reactivity in individuals with previous high responses and triggers a moderate-high anti-S-RBD IgG reactivity. The assessment of anti-S-RBD IgG levels is essential for monitoring long-term antibody response. A third SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose is associated with a significant immunological response. Thus, our results support the efficacy of the vaccine programs and the usefulness of the third dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ciaccio
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Vidali
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy.
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30
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Taus E, Hofmann C, Ibarrondo FJ, Hausner MA, Fulcher JA, Krogstad P, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Dominant CD8 + T Cell Nucleocapsid Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Broad Spike Targeting From Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835830. [PMID: 35273611 PMCID: PMC8902813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have key protective roles in many viral infections. While an overall Th1-biased cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, most reports of anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity have evaluated bulk T cells using pools of predicted epitopes, without clear delineation of the CD8+ subset and its magnitude and targeting. In recently infected persons (mean 29.8 days after COVID-19 symptom onset), we confirm a Th1 bias (and a novel IL-4-producing population of unclear significance) by flow cytometry, which does not correlate to antibody responses against the receptor binding domain. Evaluating isolated CD8+ T cells in more detail by IFN-γ ELISpot assays, responses against spike, nucleocapsid, matrix, and envelope proteins average 396, 901, 296, and 0 spot-forming cells (SFC) per million, targeting 1.4, 1.5, 0.59, and 0.0 epitope regions respectively. Nucleocapsid targeting is dominant in terms of magnitude, breadth, and density of targeting. The magnitude of responses drops rapidly post-infection; nucleocapsid targeting is most sustained, and vaccination selectively boosts spike targeting. In SARS-CoV-2-naïve persons, evaluation of the anti-spike CD8+ T cell response soon after vaccination (mean 11.3 days) yields anti-spike CD8+ T cell responses averaging 2,463 SFC/million against 4.2 epitope regions, and targeting mirrors that seen in infected persons. These findings provide greater clarity on CD8+ T cell anti-SARS-CoV-2 targeting, breadth, and persistence, suggesting that nucleocapsid inclusion in vaccines could broaden coverage and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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31
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Ruggiero A, Piubelli C, Calciano L, Accordini S, Valenti MT, Carbonare LD, Siracusano G, Temperton N, Tiberti N, Longoni SS, Pizzato M, Accordini S, Fantoni T, Lopalco L, Beretta A, Bisoffi Z, Zipeto D. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits unconventional IgM specific responses in naïve and previously COVID-19-infected individuals. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103888. [PMID: 35196644 PMCID: PMC8858081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, evaluation of the IgG antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein following vaccination is used worldwide to estimate vaccine response. Limited data are available on vaccine-elicited IgM antibodies and their potential implication in immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Methods We performed a longitudinal study to quantify anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM (IgG-S and IgM-S) in health care worker (HCW) recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Samples were collected before administration (T0), at the second dose (T1) and three weeks after T1 (T2). The cohort included 1584 immunologically naïve to SARS-CoV-2 (IN) and 289 with history of previous infection (PI). Findings IN showed three patterns of responses: (a) IgG positive/IgM negative (36.1%), (b) coordinated IgM-S/IgG-S responses appearing at T1 (37.4%) and (c) IgM appearing after IgG (26.3%). Coordinated IgM-S/IgG-S responses were associated with higher IgG titres. In IgM-S positive PI, 64.5% were IgM-S positive before vaccination, whereas 32% and 3.5% developed IgM-S after the first and second vaccine dose, respectively. IgM-S positive sera had higher pseudovirus neutralization titres compared to the IgM-S negative. Interpretation Coordinated expression of IgG-S and IgM-S after vaccination was associated with a significantly more efficient response in both antibody levels and virus-neutralizing activity. The unconventional IgG-S positive/IgM-S negative responses may suggest a recruitment of cross coronaviruses immunity by vaccination, warranting further investigation. Funding Italian Ministry of Health under “Fondi Ricerca Corrente”- L1P5 and “Progetto Ricerca Finalizzata COVID-2020-12371675”; FUR 2020 Department of Excellence 2018-2022, MIUR, Italy; The Brain Research Foundation Verona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (VR), Italy
| | - Lucia Calciano
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Accordini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, UK
| | - Natalia Tiberti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (VR), Italy
| | - Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (VR), Italy
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Silvia Accordini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy
| | | | - Tobia Fantoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (VR), Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Dulovic A, Strengert M, Ramos GM, Becker M, Griesbaum J, Junker D, Lürken K, Beigel A, Wrenger E, Lonnemann G, Cossmann A, Stankov MV, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Kaiser PD, Traenkle B, Rothbauer U, Krause G, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Behrens GM. Diminishing Immune Responses against Variants of Concern in Dialysis Patients 4 Months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:743-750. [PMID: 35203113 PMCID: PMC8962909 DOI: 10.3201/eid2804.211907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were among the first to receive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations because of their increased risk for severe coronavirus disease and high case-fatality rates. By using a previously reported cohort from Germany of at-risk hemodialysis patients and healthy donors, where antibody responses were examined 3 weeks after the second vaccination, we assessed systemic cellular and humoral immune responses in serum and saliva 4 months after vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine using an interferon-γ release assay and multiplex-based IgG measurements. We further compared neutralization capacity of vaccination-induced IgG against 4 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta) by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor-binding domain competition assay. Sixteen weeks after second vaccination, compared with 3 weeks after, cellular and humoral responses against the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate and variants of concern were substantially reduced. Some dialysis patients even had no detectable B- or T-cell responses.
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Siracusano G, Ruggiero A, Bisoffi Z, Piubelli C, Carbonare LD, Valenti MT, Mayora-Neto M, Temperton N, Lopalco L, Zipeto D. Different decay of antibody response and VOC sensitivity in naïve and previously infected subjects at 15 weeks following vaccination with BNT162b2. J Transl Med 2022; 20:22. [PMID: 34998405 PMCID: PMC8742572 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 mild and severe outcomes. In vaccinated subjects with SARS-CoV-2 history, RBD-specific IgG and pseudovirus neutralization titers were rapidly recalled by a single BTN162b2 vaccine dose to higher levels than those in naïve recipients after the second dose, irrespective of waning immunity. In this study, we inspected the long-term kinetic and neutralizing responses of S-specific IgG induced by two administrations of BTN162b2 vaccine in infection-naïve subjects and in subjects previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Methods Twenty-six naïve and 9 previously SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects during the second wave of the pandemic in Italy were enrolled for this study. The two groups had comparable demographic and clinical characteristics. By means of ELISA and pseudotyped-neutralization assays, we investigated the kinetics of developed IgG-RBD and their neutralizing activity against both the ancestral D614G and the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern emerged later, respectively. The Wilcoxon matched pair signed rank test and the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparison were applied when needed. Results Although after 15 weeks from vaccination IgG-RBD dropped in all participants, naïve subjects experienced a more dramatic decline than those with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neutralizing antibodies remained higher in subjects with SARS-CoV-2 history and conferred broad-spectrum protection. Conclusions These data suggest that hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has a relevant impact on the development of IgG-RBD upon vaccination. However, the rapid decay of vaccination-elicited antibodies highlights that the administration of a third dose is expected to boost the response and acquire high levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03208-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital Negrar, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, ME7, 47B, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, ME7, 47B, UK
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Tobias M, Ferdinand O, Ciara O, Wolfgang H, Georg P, Andrea H, Eugen T, Peter W. Recall response to COVID-19 antigen is preserved in people with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 medications – a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103560. [PMID: 35093840 PMCID: PMC8785406 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are impaired in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) under anti-CD20 therapies. It is however unclear, whether patients who received the basic immunization prior to anti-B cell medication start respond to the COVID-19 booster dose, once B cells are depleted. Aim To investigate the humoral response to recall antigen by COVID-19 booster vaccines in people with MS (pwMS), who recently started an anti-CD20 therapy compared to people with long-term B cell depletion. Methods We enrolled 15 pwMS who had received booster vaccination on anti-CD20 therapy. Of these, 11 had established anti-CD20 medications and were therefore vaccinated during a continuous state of B cell depletion (CD20-vaccine cohort). Four pwMS had received the basic immunization prior to anti-CD20 therapy commencement and only the booster dose (vaccine-CD20-vaccine cohort) under conditions of B cell depletion. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses after booster vaccination among both groups and evaluated accompanying B cell numbers and proportions from the peripheral circulation. Results The booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicited measurable antibody responses in 18% of individuals from the CD20-vaccine cohort compared to 100% from the vaccine-CD20-vaccine cohort. Antibody-levels were significantly higher among patients from the vaccine-CD20-vaccine cohort compared to the CD20-vaccine cohort (mean 951.25 ± 1137.96 BAU/ml, vs mean 12.36 ± 11.94 BAU/ml; mean difference 938 BAU/ml (95% CI: 249–1629 BAU/ml), p <0.0001). Among the vaccine-CD20-vaccine cohort, the booster immunization led to augmentation of spike antibody levels in 75% despite concomitant B cell depletion, and values increased by 3.8 – 9.4-fold compared to basic immunization. We observed no correlation of B cell kinetics and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Conclusion Our study suggests that antibody production to recall COVID-19 antigens is preserved in pwMS despite concomitant anti-CD20 therapy. If corroborated in bigger cohorts, this could have implications in the management of individuals about to start B cell medications.
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López F, Català M, Prats C, Estrada O, Oliva I, Prat N, Isnard M, Vallès R, Vilar M, Clotet B, Argimon JM, Aran A, Ara J. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination in Catalonia. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:59. [PMID: 35062719 PMCID: PMC8780175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In epidemiological terms, it has been possible to calculate the savings in health resources and the reduction in the health effects of COVID vaccines. Conducting an economic evaluation, some studies have estimated its cost-effectiveness; the vaccination shows highly favorable results, cost-saving in some cases. (2) Methods: Cost-benefit analysis of the vaccination campaign in the North Metropolitan Health Region (Catalonia). An epidemiological model based on observational data and before and after comparison is used. The information on the doses used and the assigned resources (conventional hospital beds, ICU, number of tests) was extracted from administrative data from the largest primary care provider in the region (Catalan Institute of Health). A distinction was made between the social perspective and the health system. (3) Results: the costs of vaccination are estimated at 137 million euros (€48.05/dose administered). This figure is significantly lower than the positive impacts of the vaccination campaign, which are estimated at 470 million euros (€164/dose administered). Of these, 18% corresponds to the reduction in ICU discharges, 16% to the reduction in conventional hospital discharges, 5% to the reduction in PCR tests and 1% to the reduction in RAT tests. The monetization of deaths and cases that avoid sequelae account for 53% and 5% of total savings, respectively. The benefit/cost ratio is estimated at 3.4 from a social perspective and 1.4 from a health system perspective. The social benefits of vaccination are estimated at €116.67 per vaccine dose (€19.93 from the perspective of the health system). (4) Conclusions: The mass vaccination campaign against COVID is cost-saving. From a social perspective, most of these savings come from the monetization of the reduction in mortality and cases with sequelae, although the intervention is equally widely cost-effective from the health system perspective thanks to the reduction in the use of resources. It is concluded that, from an economic perspective, the vaccination campaign has high social returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc López
- Directorate for Innovation and Interdisciplinary Cooperation, North Metropolitan Territorial Authority, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (O.E.); (I.O.); (J.A.)
- Centre for Research in Health and Economics, Pompeu Fabra University, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
- Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, 08916 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Martí Català
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Clara Prats
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.); (C.P.)
- BIOCOM-SC, Physics Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Estrada
- Directorate for Innovation and Interdisciplinary Cooperation, North Metropolitan Territorial Authority, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (O.E.); (I.O.); (J.A.)
| | - Irene Oliva
- Directorate for Innovation and Interdisciplinary Cooperation, North Metropolitan Territorial Authority, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (O.E.); (I.O.); (J.A.)
- Centre for Research in Health and Economics, Pompeu Fabra University, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Prat
- North Metropolitan Primary Care Directorate, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (M.I.); (R.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Mar Isnard
- North Metropolitan Primary Care Directorate, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (M.I.); (R.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Roser Vallès
- North Metropolitan Primary Care Directorate, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (M.I.); (R.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Marc Vilar
- North Metropolitan Primary Care Directorate, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (M.I.); (R.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, 08916 Barcelona, Spain;
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Aran
- Catalan Health Service, Ministry of Health, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jordi Ara
- Directorate for Innovation and Interdisciplinary Cooperation, North Metropolitan Territorial Authority, Catalan Institute of Health, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; (O.E.); (I.O.); (J.A.)
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Previous Infection Combined with Vaccination Produces Neutralizing Antibodies with Potency against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. mBio 2021; 12:e0265621. [PMID: 34872349 PMCID: PMC8649753 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02656-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve in humans. Spike protein mutations increase transmission and potentially evade antibodies raised against the original sequence used in current vaccines. Our evaluation of serum neutralizing activity in both persons soon after SARS-CoV-2 infection (in April 2020 or earlier) or vaccination without prior infection confirmed that common spike mutations can reduce antibody antiviral activity. However, when the persons with prior infection were subsequently vaccinated, their antibodies attained an apparent biologic ceiling of neutralizing potency against all tested variants, equivalent to the original spike sequence. These findings indicate that additional antigenic exposure further improves antibody efficacy against variants.
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Chandler M, Johnson B, Khisamutdinov E, Dobrovolskaia MA, Sztuba-Solinska J, Salem AK, Breyne K, Chammas R, Walter NG, Contreras LM, Guo P, Afonin KA. The International Society of RNA Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (ISRNN): The Present and Future of the Burgeoning Field. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16957-16973. [PMID: 34677049 PMCID: PMC9023608 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The International Society of RNA Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (ISRNN) hosts an annual meeting series focused on presenting the latest research achievements involving RNA-based therapeutics and strategies, aiming to expand their current biomedical applications while overcoming the remaining challenges of the burgeoning field of RNA nanotechnology. The most recent online meeting hosted a series of engaging talks and discussions from an international cohort of leading nanotechnologists that focused on RNA modifications and modulation, dynamic RNA structures, overcoming delivery limitations using a variety of innovative platforms and approaches, and addressing the newly explored potential for immunomodulation with programmable nucleic acid nanoparticles. In this Nano Focus, we summarize the main discussion points, conclusions, and future directions identified during this two-day webinar as well as more recent advances to highlight and to accelerate this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Chandler
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Emil Khisamutdinov
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47304, United States
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Avenue, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussets 02114, United States
| | - Roger Chammas
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - FMUSP, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 251, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nils G Walter
- Single Molecule Analysis Group, Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lydia M Contreras
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78714, United States
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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Mahallawi WH, Fakher MH, Alsarani MA, Aljohani RH, Al-Mutabgani SA, Ibrahim NA. A Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Primes a Strong Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19-Recovered Patients. Viral Immunol 2021; 35:122-128. [PMID: 34747643 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has affected hundreds of millions of people globally. The development of safe and effective vaccines represents an urgent demand. A total of 136 participants were recruited in this study, including 75 men and 61 women. The participants were divided into two groups: those who were virus naïve (never infected) and those who had recovered from COVID-19. Each group included individuals who received either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA or the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure anti-S IgG antibody concentrations in sequential serum samples obtained before vaccine administration, after the first vaccine dose, and after the second vaccine dose. We compared the antibody responses of individuals with confirmed prior COVID-19 infection with those of individuals without prior evidence of infection. All participants who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 who received one dose of either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA or the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine showed significant anti-S IgG antibody levels. No sex-related differences were observed when we compared antibody levels between men and women. In infection-naïve participants ≥60 years, a second vaccine dose was necessary to achieve higher levels of antibody when comparing the IgG antibody levels after receiving the first and second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Fakher
- Central Blood Bank and Regional Laboratory, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Nadir A Ibrahim
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Exceptional efforts have been undertaken to shed light into the biology of adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. T cells occupy a central role in adaptive immunity to mediate helper functions to different arms of the immune system and are fundamental to mediate protection, control, and clearance of most viral infections. Even though many questions remain unsolved, there is a growing literature linking specific T cell characteristics to differential COVID-19 severity and vaccine outcome. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in acute and convalescent COVID-19. Further, we discuss the T cell literature coupled to pre-existing immunity and vaccines and highlight the need to look beyond blood to fully understand how T cells function in the tissue space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Update on COVID-19 vaccines and autoimmune-mediated rheumatic diseases. Reumatologia 2021; 59:203-205. [PMID: 34538949 PMCID: PMC8436795 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2021.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Marchesi F, Pimpinelli F, Sperandio E, Papa E, Falcucci P, Pontone M, di Martino S, de Latouliere L, Orlandi G, Morrone A, Ciliberto G, Mengarelli A. The 12-week kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different haematological cancers after vaccination with BNT162b2. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:362-367. [PMID: 34490627 PMCID: PMC8653015 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchesi
- Haematology Unit, Department of Research and Clinical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Pimpinelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Dermatological Clinical and Research Department, IRCCS San Gallicano Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sperandio
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Direction, Clinical Trial Center, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Papa
- Haematology Unit, Department of Research and Clinical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Falcucci
- Haematology Unit, Department of Research and Clinical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pontone
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Dermatological Clinical and Research Department, IRCCS San Gallicano Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona di Martino
- Biological Tissue and Liquid Bank, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa de Latouliere
- SAFU Unit, Department of Research and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Orlandi
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Gallicano Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mengarelli
- Haematology Unit, Department of Research and Clinical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Suresh L. Six‐month longitudinal antibody kinetics of mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines. RHEUMATOLOGY & AUTOIMMUNITY 2021; 1:52-53. [PMID: 35651697 PMCID: PMC8662164 DOI: 10.1002/rai2.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Suresh
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA
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43
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Ying B, Whitener B, VanBlargan LA, Hassan AO, Shrihari S, Liang CY, Karl CE, Mackin S, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Wilks SH, Smith DJ, Carreño JM, Singh G, Krammer F, Carfi A, Elbashir S, Edwards DK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS. Protective activity of mRNA vaccines against ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 strains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.25.457693. [PMID: 34462745 PMCID: PMC8404887 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.25.457693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccines prevent COVID-19, variants jeopardize their efficacy as immunity wanes. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective activity of historical (mRNA-1273, designed for Wuhan-1 spike) or modified (mRNA-1273.351, designed for B.1.351 spike) preclinical Moderna mRNA vaccines in 129S2 and K18-hACE2 mice. Immunization with high or low dose formulations of mRNA vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies in serum against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and several variants, although levels were lower particularly against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) virus. Protection against weight loss and lung pathology was observed with all high-dose vaccines against all viruses. Nonetheless, low-dose formulations of the vaccines, which produced lower magnitude antibody and T cell responses, and serve as a possible model for waning immunity, showed breakthrough lung infection and pneumonia with B.1.617.2. Thus, as levels of immunity induced by mRNA vaccines decline, breakthrough infection and disease likely will occur with some SARS-CoV-2 variants, suggesting a need for additional booster regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
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