1
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Ju J, Hayward RC. Cocontinuous Nanostructures by Microphase Separation of Statistically Cross-Linked Polystyrene/Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49633-49641. [PMID: 37843430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Cocontinuous polymeric nanostructures have drawn considerable attention due to their ability to combine distinct, percolation-dependent properties of two different polymer domains. Randomly end-linked copolymer networks (RECNs) have previously been shown to support the formation of disordered cocontinuous nanostructures across wide composition windows in a robust way. However, achieving highly efficient linking of telechelic polymers with excellent end-group fidelity often requires complex synthetic routes. As an alternative, we study here statistically cross-linked copolymer networks (SCCNs) composed of polystyrene and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS and P2VP) with cross-linkable allyl pendent groups that are conveniently synthesized by controlled radical copolymerization. Via selective extraction of P2VP, coupled with gravimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy, we find disordered cocontinuous phases across wide composition ranges (up to ≈ 35 wt %), approaching values previously determined for RECNs. Remarkably, even for samples that appear to exhibit full percolation, a substantial fraction of P2VP (≈ 20-30 wt %) cannot be removed, which we ascribe to short strands between nearby cross-linkers that are physically embedded within PS domains. The resulting PS porous monoliths with residual surface P2VP layers enable facile surface modification to resist protein adsorption and templating of porous gold nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechul Ju
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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2
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Han Y, Cui Y, Liu X, Wang Y. A Review of Manufacturing Methods for Flexible Devices and Energy Storage Devices. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:896. [PMID: 37754130 PMCID: PMC10526154 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the advancements in modern living standards and technological development, conventional smart devices have proven inadequate in meeting the demands for a high-quality lifestyle. Therefore, a revolution is necessary to overcome this impasse and facilitate the emergence of flexible electronics. Specifically, there is a growing focus on health detection, necessitating advanced flexible preparation technology for biosensor-based smart wearable devices. Nowadays, numerous flexible products are available on the market, such as electronic devices with flexible connections, bendable LED light arrays, and flexible radio frequency electronic tags for storing information. The manufacturing process of these devices is relatively straightforward, and their integration is uncomplicated. However, their functionality remains limited. Further research is necessary for the development of more intricate applications, such as intelligent wearables and energy storage systems. Taking smart wear as an example, it is worth noting that the current mainstream products on the market primarily consist of bracelet-type health testing equipment. They exhibit limited flexibility and can only be worn on the wrist for measurement purposes, which greatly limits their application diversity. Flexible energy storage and flexible display also face the same problem, so there is still a lot of room for development in the field of flexible electronics manufacturing. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the developmental history of flexible devices, systematically summarizing representative preparation methods and typical applications, identifying challenges, proposing solutions, and offering prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yaqun Wang
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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3
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Devi M, Wang H, Moon S, Sharma S, Strauss V. Laser-Carbonization - A Powerful Tool for Micro-Fabrication of Patterned Electronic Carbons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211054. [PMID: 36841955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating electronic devices from natural, renewable resources is a common goal in engineering and materials science. In this regard, carbon is of special significance due to its biocompatibility combined with electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability. In microelectronics, however, carbon's device application is often inhibited by tedious and expensive preparation processes and a lack of control over processing and material parameters. Laser-assisted carbonization is emerging as a tool for the precise and selective synthesis of functional carbon-based materials for flexible device applications. In contrast to conventional carbonization via in-furnace pyrolysis, laser-carbonization is induced photo-thermally and occurs on the time-scale of milliseconds. By careful selection of the precursors and process parameters, the properties of this so-called laser-patterned carbon (LP-C) such as porosity, surface polarity, functional groups, degree of graphitization, charge-carrier structure, etc. can be tuned. In this critical review, a common perspective is generated on laser-carbonization in the context of general carbonization strategies, fundamentals of laser-induced materials processing, and flexible electronic applications, like electrodes for sensors, electrocatalysts, energy storage, or antennas. An attempt is made to have equal emphasis on material processing and application aspects such that this emerging technology can be optimally positioned in the broader context of carbon-based microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Huize Wang
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sanghwa Moon
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Förster C, Lehn R, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Automated Multi- and Block-Copolymer Writing in Mesoporous Films Using Visible-Light PET-RAFT and a Microscope. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207762. [PMID: 36651003 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For high throughput applications, e.g., in the context of sensing especially when being combined with machine learning, large sample numbers in acceptable production time are required. This needs automated synthesis and material functionalization concepts ideally combined with high precision. To automate sensing relevant mesopore polymer functionalization while being highly precise in polymer placement, polymer amount control, and polymer sequence design, a process for polymer writing in mesoporous silica films with pore diameter in the range of 13 nm is developed. Mesoporous films are functionalized with different polymers in adjustable polymer amount including block-copolymer functionalization in an automated process using a visible-light induced, controlled photo electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. While transferring this PET-RAFT to a commercially available microscope, direct, automated laser writing of three different polymers, as well as polymer re-initiation is demonstrated. Using a laser diameter of ≈72 µm, significantly smaller polymer spots of ≈7 µm in diameter are realized. Micrometerscale resolved polymer images including block-copolymers are written into mesoporous layers covering millimeter scale areas requiring a writing time in the range of one second per polymer spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Förster
- Macromolecular Chemistry - Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Lehn
- Macromolecular Chemistry - Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry - Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Hendeniya N, Hillery K, Chang BS. Processive Pathways to Metastability in Block Copolymer Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030498. [PMID: 36771799 PMCID: PMC9920306 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assemble into intricate nanostructures that enhance a multitude of advanced applications in semiconductor processing, membrane science, nanopatterned coatings, nanocomposites, and battery research. Kinetics and thermodynamics of self-assembly are crucial considerations in controlling the nanostructure of BCP thin films. The equilibrium structure is governed by a molecular architecture and the chemistry of its repeat units. An enormous library of materials has been synthesized and they naturally produce a rich equilibrium phase diagram. Non-equilibrium phases could potentially broaden the structural diversity of BCPs and relax the synthetic burden of creating new molecules. Furthermore, the reliance on synthesis could be complicated by the scalability and the materials compatibility. Non-equilibrium phases in BCPs, however, are less explored, likely due to the challenges in stabilizing the metastable structures. Over the past few decades, a variety of processing techniques were introduced that influence the phase transformation of BCPs to achieve a wide range of morphologies. Nonetheless, there is a knowledge gap on how different processive pathways can induce and control the non-equilibrium phases in BCP thin films. In this review, we focus on different solvent-induced and thermally induced processive pathways, and their potential to control the non-equilibrium phases with regards to their unique aspects and advantages. Furthermore, we elucidate the limitations of these pathways and discuss the potential avenues for future investigations.
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6
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Kim JH, Jeong HU, Yeom HI, Han KH, Yang GG, Choi HJ, Kim JM, Park SHK, Jin HM, Kim JU, Kim SO. Atomically Flat, 2D Edge-Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207338. [PMID: 36300610 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale shape engineering is an essential requirement for the practical use of 2D materials, aiming at precisely customizing optimal structures and properties. In this work, sub-10-nm-scale block copolymer (BCP) self-assembled nanopatterns finely aligned along the atomic edge of 2D flakes, including graphene, MoS2 , and h-BN, are exploited for reliable nanopatterning of 2D materials. The underlying mechanism for the alignment of the self-assembled nanodomains is elucidated based on the wetting layer alternation of the BCP film in the presence of intermediate 2D flakes. The resultant highly aligned nanocylinder templates with remarkably low levels of line edge roughness (LER) and line-width roughness (LWR) yield a sub-10-nm-wide graphene nanoribbon (GNR) array with noticeable switching characteristics (on-to-off ratio up to ≈6 × 104 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon U Jeong
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-In Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Ko Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeup U Kim
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Rapid preparation of CuO composite graphene for portable electrochemical sensing of sulfites based on laser etching technique. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Guo M, Brewster Ii JT, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Challenges and Opportunities of Chemiresistors Based on Microelectromechanical Systems for Chemical Olfaction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17778-17801. [PMID: 36355033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based semiconductor gas sensors are considered one of the fastest-growing, interdisciplinary high technologies during the post-Moore era. Modern advancements within this arena include wearable electronics, Internet of Things, and artificial brain-inspired intelligence, among other modalities, thus bringing opportunities to drive MEMS-based gas sensors with higher performance, lower costs, and wider applicability. However, the high demand for miniature and micropower sensors with unified processes on a single chip imposes great challenges. This review focuses on recent developments and pitfalls in MEMS-based micro- and nanoscale gas sensors and details future trends. We also cover the background of the topic, seminal efforts, current applications and challenges, and opportunities for next-generation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - James T Brewster Ii
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Boulder Research & Development, Boulder, Colorado80301, United States
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore637371, Singapore
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore637371, Singapore
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9
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Han KH, Seok JY, Kim IH, Woo K, Kim JH, Yang GG, Choi HJ, Kwon S, Jung EI, Kim SO. A 2D Ultrathin Nanopatterned Interlayer to Suppress Lithium Dendrite Growth in High-Energy Lithium-Metal Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203992. [PMID: 35773228 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for robust and ultrathin (<1 µm) multilayered protective structures to address uncontrolled Lithium (Li) dendrite growth at Li-metal battery anodes is reported. Synergetic interaction among Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films, and self-assembled block-copolymer (BCP) layers enables effective suppression of dendritic Li growth. While Ag NP layer confines the growth of Li metal underneath the rGO layer, BCP layer facilitates the fast and uniformly distributed flux of Li-ion transport and mechanically supports the rGO layer. Notably, highly aligned nanochannels with ≈15 nm diameter and ≈600 nm length scale interpenetrating within the BCP layer offer reversible well-defined pathways for Li-ion transport. Dramatic stress relaxation with the multilayered structure is confirmed via structural simulation considering the mechanical stress induced by filamentary-growth of Li metal. Li-metal anodes modified with the protective layer well-maintain stable reaction interfaces with limited solid-electrolyte interphase formation, yielding outstanding cycling stability and enhanced rate capability, as demonstrated by the full-cells paired with high-loading of LiFePO4 cathodes. The idealized design of multilayer protective layer provides significant insight for advanced Li-metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seok
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoohee Woo
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Kwon
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Ino Jung
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kulkarni AA, Doerk GS. Thin film block copolymer self-assembly for nanophotonics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:292001. [PMID: 35358955 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotonic engineering of light-matter interactions has profoundly changed research behind the design and fabrication of optical materials and devices. Metasurfaces-arrays of subwavelength nanostructures that interact resonantly with electromagnetic radiation-have emerged as an integral nanophotonic platform for a new generation of ultrathin lenses, displays, polarizers and other devices. Their success hinges on advances in lithography and nanofabrication in recent decades. While existing nanolithography techniques are suitable for basic research and prototyping, issues of cost, throughput, scalability, and substrate compatibility may preclude their use for many metasurface applications. Patterning via spontaneous self-assembly of block copolymer thin films offers an enticing alternative for nanophotonic manufacturing that is rapid, inexpensive, and applicable to large areas and diverse substrates. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of block copolymer-based nanopatterning and highlights recent progress in their use for broadband antireflection, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and other nanophotonic applications. Recent advances in diversification of self-assembled block copolymer nanopatterns and improved processes for enhanced scalability of self-assembled nanopatterning using block copolymers are also discussed, with a spotlight on directions for future research that would enable a wider array of nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish A Kulkarni
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
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11
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Yang GG, Choi HJ, Han KH, Kim JH, Lee CW, Jung EI, Jin HM, Kim SO. Block Copolymer Nanopatterning for Nonsemiconductor Device Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12011-12037. [PMID: 35230079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterning has emerged as a versatile nanoscale fabrication tool for semiconductor devices and other applications, because of its ability to organize well-defined, periodic nanostructures with a critical dimension of 5-100 nm. While the most promising application field of BCP nanopatterning has been semiconductor devices, the versatility of BCPs has also led to enormous interest from a broad spectrum of other application areas. In particular, the intrinsically low cost and straightforward processing of BCP nanopatterning have been widely recognized for their large-area parallel formation of dense nanoscale features, which clearly contrasts that of sophisticated processing steps of the typical photolithographic process, including EUV lithography. In this Review, we highlight the recent progress in the field of BCP nanopatterning for various nonsemiconductor applications. Notable examples relying on BCP nanopatterning, including nanocatalysts, sensors, optics, energy devices, membranes, surface modifications and other emerging applications, are summarized. We further discuss the current limitations of BCP nanopatterning and suggest future research directions to open up new potential application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Ino Jung
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jin HM, Lee SE, Kim S, Kim JY, Han Y, Kim BH. Directed high‐χ block copolymer
self‐assembly
by laser writing on silicon substrate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Jin
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Neutron Science Center Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Su Eon Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Reality Devices Research Division Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Soo Han
- Neutron Science Center Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu Republic of Korea
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13
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Giammaria TJ, Laus M, Chiarcos R, Ober CK, Seguini G, Perego M. Influence of spin casting solvent on the self‐assembly of silicon‐containing block copolymer thin films via high temperature thermal treatment. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Universitá del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’ Alessandria Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Universitá del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’ Alessandria Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University New York NY USA
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14
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Tu WH, Seah GL, Li Y, Wang X, Tan KW. Transient Laser-Annealing-Induced Mesophase Transitions of Block Copolymer-Resol Thin Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:42-49. [PMID: 36855749 PMCID: PMC9954231 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymer self-assembly-derived thin films provide direct access to two- and three-dimensional periodically ordered mesostructures as enablers for many nanotechnology applications. This report describes laser-annealing-induced disorder-order mesophase transitions of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide)/resol hybrid thin films over a range of laser temperatures (∼45 to 525 °C) and short dwell times (0.25 to 100 ms), revealing the non-equilibrium ordering and disordering kinetics and behaviors. We found that a combination of transient laser temperature of ∼275 °C and annealing dwell time of 100 ms provided the most optimal kinetic and thermodynamic control of the diffusivities of hybrid mesophases and photothermal-induced resol polymerization, yielding long-range ordered films resembling an in-plane body-centered cubic sphere morphology. A clear understanding of hybrid thin film mesophase self-assembly under non-equilibrium laser annealing could open new avenues to introduce novel chemistries and rapidly achieve nanoscale periodic order suitable for the patterning of complex structures, electronics, sensing, and emerging quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han Tu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Geok Leng Seah
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yun Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinghui Wang
- College
of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices
and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Kwan W. Tan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore,
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15
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Cao Z, Lu G, Gao H, Xue Z, Luo K, Wang K, Cheng J, Guan Q, Liu C, Luo M. Preparation and Laser Marking Properties of Poly(propylene)/Molybdenum Sulfide Composite Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9129-9140. [PMID: 33842782 PMCID: PMC8028170 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, using molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) as laser-sensitive particles and poly(propylene) (PP) as the matrix resin, laser-markable PP/MoS2 composite materials with different MoS2 contents ranging from 0.005 to 0.2% were prepared by melt-blending. A comprehensive analysis of the laser marking performance of PP/MoS2 composites was carried out by controlling the content of laser additives, laser current intensity, and the scanning speed of laser marking. The color difference test shows that the best laser marking performance of the composite can be obtained at the MoS2 content of 0.02 wt %. The surface morphology of the PP/MoS2 composite material was observed after laser marking using a metallographic microscope, an optical microscope, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). During the laser marking process, the laser energy was absorbed and converted into heat energy to cause high-temperature melting, pyrolysis, and carbonization of PP on the surface of the PP/MoS2 composite material. The black marking from carbonized materials was formed in contrast to the white matrix. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, the composite materials before and after laser marking were tested and characterized. The PP/MoS2 composite material was pyrolyzed to form amorphous carbonized materials. The effect of the laser-sensitive MoS2 additive on the mechanical properties of composite materials was investigated. The results show that the PP/MoS2 composite has the best laser marking property when the MoS2 loading content is 0.02 wt %, the laser marking current intensity is 11 A, and the laser marking speed is 800 mm/s, leading to a clear and high-contrast marking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of
Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National
Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering
(Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
- ;
| | - Guangwei Lu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Gao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Xue
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Keming Luo
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of
Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National
Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering
(Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- School
of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute
of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P. R. China
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16
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Lee WK, Robinson JT, Whitener KE. Graphene-enabled block copolymer lithography transfer to arbitrary substrates. NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abefa0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We describe a method for phase separating and transferring block copolymer (BCP) nanoscale patterns to arbitrary substrates for surface-independent nanolithography. The enabling technology is a hydrogenated or oxidized graphene thin film that only weakly adheres to its substrate. BCPs are applied to these graphene-based materials and solvent annealed to effect nanoscale phase separation. Then, taking advantage of the weak interaction of the graphene film and its substrate, the BCP/graphene stack is delaminated easily in water. A target substrate is then used to retrieve the stack, which can then serve as a lithographic mask. The use of water as a lift-off agent allows for chemically mild retrieval of the phase-separated BCP, extending the BCP lithography technique to essentially arbitrary substrates. We demonstrate this graphene-enabled BCP lithography on silicon nitride and polyethylene. We also show that using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a thin film enables the transfer of wafer-scale BCP films and lithography on SiOx and Si. We use an RGO support to produce phase-separated BCP solvent-annealed patterns on polystyrene, a result which is not possible using standard BCP solvent annealing and which shows the utility of this technique. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to create nanopatterns of higher complexity by stacking multiple BCP masks, a capability that is not possible using conventional BCP lithography. This technique may have applications in fabricating nanoporous membranes and photonically active coatings.
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17
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Gu J, Zhang R, Zhang L, Lin J. Epitaxial Assembly of Nanoparticles in a Diblock Copolymer Matrix: Precise Organization of Individual Nanoparticles into Regular Arrays. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runrong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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18
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Shin JY, Oh YT, Kim S, Lim HY, Lee B, Ko YC, Park S, Seon SW, Lee SG, Mun SS, Kim BH. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Thickness-Modulated Block Copolymer Thin Films for Controlling Nanodomain Orientations inside Bare Silicon Trenches. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040553. [PMID: 33668510 PMCID: PMC7918743 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the orientation and ordering of nanodomains of a thickness-modulated lamellar block copolymer (BCP) thin film at each thickness region inside a topological nano/micropattern of bare silicon wafers without chemical pretreatments. With precise control of the thickness gradient of a BCP thin film and the width of a bare silicon trench, we successfully demonstrate (i) perfectly oriented lamellar nanodomains, (ii) pseudocylindrical nanopatterns as periodically aligned defects from the lamellar BCP thin film, and (iii) half-cylindrical nanostructure arrays leveraged by a trench sidewall with the strong preferential wetting of the PMMA block of the BCP. Our strategy is simple, efficient, and has an advantage in fabricating diverse nanopatterns simultaneously compared to conventional BCP lithography utilizing chemical pretreatments, such as a polymer brush or a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The proposed self-assembly nanopatterning process can be used in energy devices and biodevices requiring various nanopatterns on the same device and as next-generation nanofabrication processes with minimized fabrication steps for low-cost manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Shin
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Young Taek Oh
- Department of Smart Wearable Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (Y.T.O.); (S.P.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Hoe Yeon Lim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Bom Lee
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Young Chun Ko
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Shin Park
- Department of Smart Wearable Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (Y.T.O.); (S.P.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Seung Won Seon
- Department of Smart Wearable Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (Y.T.O.); (S.P.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Se Gi Lee
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Seung Soo Mun
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.K.); (H.Y.L.); (B.L.); (Y.C.K.); (S.G.L.); (S.S.M.)
- Department of Smart Wearable Engineering, Soongsil University 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea; (Y.T.O.); (S.P.); (S.W.S.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Selkirk A, Prochukhan N, Lundy R, Cummins C, Gatensby R, Kilbride R, Parnell A, Baez Vasquez J, Morris M, Mokarian-Tabari P. Optimization and Control of Large Block Copolymer Self-Assembly via Precision Solvent Vapor Annealing. Macromolecules 2021; 54:1203-1215. [PMID: 34276069 PMCID: PMC8280752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) block copolymers (BCPs) remains a complex and time-consuming endeavor owing to the high kinetic penalties associated with long polymer chain entanglement. In this work, we report a unique strategy of overcoming these kinetic barriers through precision solvent annealing of an UHMW polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) BCP system (M w: ∼800 kg/mol) by fast swelling to very high levels of solvent concentration (ϕs). Phase separation on timescales of ∼10 min is demonstrated once a thickness-dependent threshold ϕs value of ∼0.80-0.86 is achieved, resulting in lamellar feature spacings of over 190 nm. The threshold ϕs value was found to be greater for films with higher dry thickness (D 0) values. Tunability of the domain morphology is achieved through controlled variation of both D 0 and ϕs, with the kinetically unstable hexagonal perforated lamellar (HPL) phase observed at ϕs values of ∼0.67 and D 0 values of 59-110 nm. This HPL phase can be controllably induced into an order-order transition to a lamellar morphology upon further increase of ϕs to 0.80 or above. As confirmed by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, the lateral ordering of the lamellar domains is shown to improve with increasing ϕs up to a maximum value at which the films transition to a disordered state. Thicker films are shown to possess a higher maximum ϕs value before transitioning to a disordered state. The swelling rate is shown to moderately influence the lateral ordering of the phase-separated structures, while the amount of hold time at a particular value of ϕs does not notably enhance the phase separation process. These large period self-assembled lamellar domains are then employed to facilitate pattern transfer using a liquid-phase infiltration method, followed by plasma etching, generating ordered, high aspect ratio Si nanowall structures with spacings of ∼190 nm and heights of up to ∼500 nm. This work underpins the feasibility of a room-temperature, solvent-based annealing approach for the reliable and scalable fabrication of sub-wavelength nanostructures via BCP lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Selkirk
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nadezda Prochukhan
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ross Lundy
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cian Cummins
- CNRS,
Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 and CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal,
UMR 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Riley Gatensby
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel Kilbride
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Andrew Parnell
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Jhonattan Baez Vasquez
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael Morris
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Parvaneh Mokarian-Tabari
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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20
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Leniart A, Pula P, Tsai EHR, Majewski PW. Large-Grained Cylindrical Block Copolymer Morphologies by One-Step Room-Temperature Casting. Macromolecules 2020; 53:11178-11189. [PMID: 33380751 PMCID: PMC7759006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile method of ordering block copolymer (BCP) morphologies in which the conventional two-step casting and annealing steps are replaced by a single-step process where microphase separation and grain coarsening are seamlessly integrated within the casting protocol. This is achieved by slowing down solvent evaporation during casting by introducing a nonvolatile solvent into the BCP casting solution that effectively prolongs the duration of the grain-growth phase. We demonstrate the utility of this solvent evaporation annealing (SEA) method by producing well-ordered large-molecular-weight BCP thin films in a total processing time shorter than 3 min without resorting to any extra laboratory equipment other than a basic casting device, i.e., spin- or blade-coater. By analyzing the morphologies of the quenched samples, we identify a relatively narrow range of polymer concentration in the wet film, just above the order-disorder concentration, to be critical for obtaining large-grained morphologies. This finding is corroborated by the analysis of the grain-growth kinetics of horizontally oriented cylindrical domains where relatively large growth exponents (1/2) are observed, indicative of a more rapid defect-annihilation mechanism in the concentrated BCP solution than in thermally annealed BCP melts. Furthermore, the analysis of temperature-resolved kinetics data allows us to calculate the Arrhenius activation energy of the grain coarsening in this one-step BCP ordering process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland
| | - Esther H. R. Tsai
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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21
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Kim JM, Kim DJ, Cheon CY, Moon KW, Kim C, Cao Van P, Jeong JR, Hwang C, Lee KJ, Park BG. Observation of Thermal Spin-Orbit Torque in W/CoFeB/MgO Structures. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7803-7810. [PMID: 33054243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of spin and heat currents enables the spin Nernst effect, the thermal generation of spin currents in nonmagnets that have strong spin-orbit interaction. Analogous to the spin Hall effect that electrically generates spin currents and associated electrical spin-orbit torques (SOTs), the spin Nernst effect can exert thermal SOTs on an adjacent magnetic layer and control the magnetization direction. Here, the thermal SOT caused by the spin Nernst effect is experimentally demonstrated in W/CoFeB/MgO structures. It is found that an in-plane temperature gradient across the sample generates a magnetic torque and modulates the switching field of the perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB. The W thickness dependence suggests that the torque originates mainly from thermal spin currents induced in W. Moreover, the thermal SOT reduces the critical current for SOT-induced magnetization switching, demonstrating that it can be utilized to control the magnetization in spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Yeon Cheon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woong Moon
- Center for Nanometrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science 267 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Center for Nanometrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science 267 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuoc Cao Van
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ryul Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyong Hwang
- Center for Nanometrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science 267 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University 145 Anam-ro, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Guk Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Park K, Jin HM, Kwon K, Kim JH, Yun H, Han KH, Yun T, Kim SO, Jung HT. Large-Area Alignment of Supramolecular Columns by Photothermal Laser Writing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002620. [PMID: 32715535 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of highly periodic supramolecular structures of small feature size (<5 nm) is the first step for potential applications in optoelectronics, membranes, and template synthesis. A new method, namely, laser photothermal writing, is introduced to direct the orientation of supramolecular columns over a large area. Supramolecular columns consisting of taper-shaped molecules with long aliphatic tail groups are aligned by a thermal gradient, which is induced by exposing a near-infrared laser beam to a graphene photothermal conversion layer. Intriguingly, the orientation of the supramolecular columns can be controlled in a facile manner by varying the laser scanning velocity and power. In contrast to previous methodologies for aligning supramolecular structures, this laser photothermal mechanism allows the directional and continuous alignment of supramolecular structures over an arbitrary large area with the easy control of laser irradiation. Besides, the laser process also enables area-selective orientation of the supramolecular structures for device-oriented nanopatterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangho Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111 Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-Gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiok Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Green Chemistry and Materials Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeju Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Display R&D Center, Product Research Team, 1 Samsung-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeong Yun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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23
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Shim GW, Hong W, Cha JH, Park JH, Lee KJ, Choi SY. TFT Channel Materials for Display Applications: From Amorphous Silicon to Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907166. [PMID: 32176401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the need for super-high-resolution displays with various form factors has increased, it has become necessary to produce high-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs) that enable faster switching and higher current driving of each pixel in the display. Over the past few decades, hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been widely utilized as a TFT channel material. More recently, to meet the requirement of new types of displays such as organic light-emitting diode displays, and also to overcome the performance and reliability issues of a-Si:H, low-temperature polycrystalline silicon and amorphous oxide semiconductors have partly replaced a-Si:H channel materials. Basic material properties and device structures of TFTs in commercial displays are explored, and then the potential of atomically thin layered transition metal dichalcogenides as next-generation channel materials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Woong Shim
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Center for Advanced Materials Discovery towards 3D Display, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Woonggi Hong
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Center for Advanced Materials Discovery towards 3D Display, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jun-Hwe Cha
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Center for Advanced Materials Discovery towards 3D Display, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Center for Advanced Materials Discovery towards 3D Display, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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24
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Hedegaard CL, Mata A. Integrating self-assembly and biofabrication for the development of structures with enhanced complexity and hierarchical control. Biofabrication 2020; 12:032002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab84cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Leniart A, Pula P, Sitkiewicz A, Majewski PW. Macroscopic Alignment of Block Copolymers on Silicon Substrates by Laser Annealing. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4805-4815. [PMID: 32159943 PMCID: PMC7497666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser annealing is a competitive alternative to conventional oven annealing of block copolymer (BCP) thin films enabling rapid acceleration and precise spatial control of the self-assembly process. Localized heating by a moving laser beam (zone annealing), taking advantage of steep temperature gradients, can additionally yield aligned morphologies. In its original implementation it was limited to specialized germanium-coated glass substrates, which absorb visible light and exhibit low-enough thermal conductivity to facilitate heating at relatively low irradiation power density. Here, we demonstrate a recent advance in laser zone annealing, which utilizes a powerful fiber-coupled near-IR laser source allowing rapid BCP annealing over a large area on conventional silicon wafers. The annealing coupled with photothermal shearing yields macroscopically aligned BCP films, which are used as templates for patterning metallic nanowires. We also report a facile method of transferring laser-annealed BCP films onto arbitrary surfaces. The transfer process allows patterning substrates with a highly corrugated surface and single-step rapid fabrication of multilayered nanomaterials with complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
| | | | - Pawel W. Majewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
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26
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Oh S, Kang S, Cativo MHM, Yang M, Chung SH, Kim J, Bouffard J, Hong S, Park SJ. Long-Range Order Self-Assembly of Conjugated Block Copolymers at Inclined Air-Liquid Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5099-5105. [PMID: 31904932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that long-range order, direction-controlled, ultrathin conjugated polymer films can be formed by the self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers (i.e., poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)) at inclined air-water interfaces. Structure analyses revealed well-aligned nanowire arrays of poly(3-hexylthiophene) with a dramatically increased ordered domain size compared to the polymer films formed on a flat water surface. The improved degree of order was attributed to the flow field created by the enhanced solvent evaporation at the top of the water contact line. Note that it is challenging to prepare such well-ordered and molecularly thin films of conjugated polymers by conventional fabrication methods. The long-range order polymer film showed hole mobility an order of magnitude higher than polymer films formed on a flat interface when implemented as an active layer of field-effect transistor devices. This study demonstrates that a simple interface modification can significantly impact the self-assembly process, structure, and function of polymer films formed at the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Seulki Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Ma Helen M Cativo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Myungjae Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747 , Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Jeongsu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747 , Korea
| | - Jean Bouffard
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747 , Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
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27
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Spiridon MC, Demazy N, Brochon C, Cloutet E, Hadziioannou G, Aissou K, Fleury G. Optical Alignment of Si-Containing Nanodomains Formed by Photoresponsive Amorphous Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Demazy
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Cyril Brochon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Eric Cloutet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | | | - Karim Aissou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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28
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Zhou X, Guo W, Zhu Y, Peng P. The laser writing of highly conductive and anti-oxidative copper structures in liquid. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:563-571. [PMID: 31725146 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible conductive structures are essential for the fabrication of commercial integrated electronic devices. Developing efficient processes for manufacturing these structures with high conductivity and stability is significant. Based on a modifiable cost-effective Cu-based ionic liquid precursor, here we present an in situ laser patterning technique to manufacture flexible electrodes. The fabricated Cu structure has excellent conductivity, approximately comparable to bulk Cu, while its oxidation resistance could be further enhanced through introducing an additional carbon source to form a Cu@C microstructure. The chemical and electrical stabilities are evaluated. This method provides a possible bottom-up route for manufacturing microelectronic devices in one step, as we demonstrated through a flexible heater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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29
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Sunday DF, Chen X, Albrecht TR, Nowak D, Delgadillo PR, Dazai T, Miyagi K, Maehashi T, Yamazaki A, Nealey PF, Kline RJ. The Influence of Additives on the Interfacial Width and Line Edge Roughness in Block Copolymer Lithography. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04833. [PMID: 33100517 PMCID: PMC7580231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The challenges of patterning next generation integrated circuits have driven the semiconductor industry to look outside of traditional lithographic methods in order to continue cost effective size scaling. The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a nanofabrication technique used to reduce the periodicity of patterns prepared with traditional optical methods. BCPs with large interaction parameters (χ eff), provide access to smaller pitches and reduced interface widths. Larger χ eff is also expected to be correlated with reduced line edge roughness (LER), a critical performance parameter in integrated circuits. One approach to increasing χ eff is blending the BCP with a phase selective additive, such as an Ionic liquid (IL). The IL does not impact the etching rates of either phase, and this enables a direct interrogation of whether the change in interface width driven by higher χ eff translates into lower LER. The effect of the IL on the layer thickness and interface width of a BCP are examined, along with the corresponding changes in LER in a DSA patterned sample. The results demonstrate that increased χ eff through additive blending will not necessarily translate to a lower LER, clarifying an important design criterion for future material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Sunday
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Xuanxuan Chen
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | | | | | - Takahiro Dazai
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-Machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Ken Miyagi
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-Machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Takaya Maehashi
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-Machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamazaki
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-Machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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30
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Yang GG, Choi J, Cha SK, Lee GY, Jin HM, Hwang HS, Yun T, Kang J, Han KH, Kim JH, Choi HJ, Im SG, Kim SO. Conformal 3D Nanopatterning by Block Copolymer Lithography with Vapor-Phase Deposited Neutral Adlayer. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13092-13099. [PMID: 31600440 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) lithography is an effective nanopatterning methodology exploiting nanoscale self-assembled periodic patterns in BCP thin films. This approach has a critical limitation for nonplanar substrate geometry arising from the reflow and modification of BCP films upon the thermal or solvent annealing process, which is inevitable to induce the mobility of BCP chains for the self-assembly process. Herein, reflow-free, 3D BCP nanopatterning is demonstrated by introducing a conformally grown adlayer by the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process. A highly cross-linked poly(divinylbenzene) layer was deposited directly onto the BCP thin film surface by iCVD, which effectively prevented the reflow of BCP thin film during an annealing process. BCP nanopatterns could be stabilized on various substrate geometry, including a nonplanar deformed polymer substrate, a pyramid shape substrate, and a graphene fiber surface. A fiber-type hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst is suggested by stabilizing lamellar Pt nanopatterns on severely rough graphene fiber surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwan Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Keun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Yong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) , 111 Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-Gil , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Hwang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeong Yun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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31
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Weller DW, Galuska L, Wang W, Ehlenburg D, Hong K, Gu X. Roll-to-Roll Scalable Production of Ordered Microdomains through Nonvolatile Additive Solvent Annealing of Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Weller
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Chemical Sciences Divisions and Center for Nanophase Material Sciences (CNMS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Dakota Ehlenburg
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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32
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Lee BY, Kim DH, Park J, Park KI, Lee KJ, Jeong CK. Modulation of surface physics and chemistry in triboelectric energy harvesting technologies. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:758-773. [PMID: 31447955 PMCID: PMC6691791 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1631716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical energy harvesting technology converting mechanical energy wasted in our surroundings to electrical energy has been regarded as one of the critical technologies for self-powered sensor network and Internet of Things (IoT). Although triboelectric energy harvesters based on contact electrification have attracted considerable attention due to their various advantages compared to other technologies, a further improvement of the output performance is still required for practical applications in next-generation IoT devices. In recent years, numerous studies have been carried out to enhance the output power of triboelectric energy harvesters. The previous research approaches for enhancing the triboelectric charges can be classified into three categories: i) materials type, ii) device structure, and iii) surface modification. In this review article, we focus on various mechanisms and methods through the surface modification beyond the limitations of structural parameters and materials, such as surficial texturing/patterning, functionalization, dielectric engineering, surface charge doping and 2D material processing. This perspective study is a cornerstone for establishing next-generation energy applications consisting of triboelectric energy harvesters from portable devices to power industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nature-Inspired Nano-convergence System, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseul Park
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwi-Il Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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33
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Kim YC, Shin TJ, Hur SM, Kwon SJ, Kim SY. Shear-solvo defect annihilation of diblock copolymer thin films over a large area. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3974. [PMID: 31214653 PMCID: PMC6570509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Achieving defect-free block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterns with a long-ranged orientation over a large area remains a persistent challenge, impeding the successful and widespread application of BCP self-assembly. Here, we demonstrate a new experimental strategy for defect annihilation while conserving structural order and enhancing uniformity of nanopatterns. Sequential shear alignment and solvent vapor annealing generate perfectly aligned nanopatterns with a low defect density over centimeter-scale areas, outperforming previous single or sequential combinations of annealing. The enhanced order quality and pattern uniformity were characterized in unprecedented detail via scattering analysis and incorporating new mathematical indices using elaborate image processing algorithms. In addition, using an advanced sampling method combined with a coarse-grained molecular simulation, we found that domain swelling is the driving force for enhanced defect annihilation. The superior quality of large-scale nanopatterns was further confirmed with diffraction and optical properties after metallized patterns, suggesting strong potential for application in optoelectrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities and School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Hur
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Kwon
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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34
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Li X, Huang B, Li R, Zhang HP, Qin W, Qiao Z, Liu Y, Yang G. Laser-Ignited Relay-Domino-Like Reactions in Graphene Oxide/CL-20 Films for High-Temperature Pulse Preparation of Bi-Layered Photothermal Membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900338. [PMID: 30942953 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-ignited combustions have been proposed for a variety of industrial and scientific applications. They suffer, however, from ultrahigh light ignition thresholds and poor self-propagating combustion of typical high-energy density materials, e.g., 2,4,6,8,10,12-(hexanitrohexaaza)cyclododecane (CL-20). Here, reported is that both light ignition and combustion performance of CL-20 are greatly enhanced by embedding ε-CL-20 particles in a graphene oxide (GO) matrix. The GO matrix yields a drastic temperature rise that is sufficient to trigger the combustion of GO/CL-20 under low laser irradiation (35.6 mJ) with only 6 wt% of GO. The domino-like reduction-combustion of the GO matrix can serve as a relay and deliver the decomposition-combustion of CL-20 to its neighbor sites, forming a relay-domino-like reaction. In particular, a synergistic reaction between GO and CL-20 occurrs, facilitating more energy release of the GO/CL-20 composite. The novel relay-domino-like reaction coupled with the synergistic reaction of CL-20 and GO results in a deflagration of the material, which generates a high-temperature pulse (HTP) that can be guided to produce advanced functional materials. As a proof of concept, a bi-layered photothermal membrane is prepared by HTP treatment in an extremely simple and fast way, which can serve as a model architecture for efficient interfacial water evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, China
| | - Wenzhi Qin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Yousong Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
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35
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Doise J, Bezik C, Hori M, de Pablo JJ, Gronheid R. Influence of Homopolymer Addition in Templated Assembly of Cylindrical Block Copolymers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4073-4082. [PMID: 30869863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Templated assembly of cylindrical block copolymers provides a promising strategy for patterning holes at the nanoscale. However, remaining challenges include the ability to achieve defect-free patterns and to generate architectures useful for device patterning. The aim of this work is to gain insight into the influence of homopolymer addition on the assembly of a cylindrical block copolymer in confined space. To do so, a concerted examination that relies on experiments and simulations is carried out for different block copolymer/homopolymer blends. It is shown that by adding a majority block homopolymer with low molecular weight (compared to the blocks that make up the block copolymer), the pattern quality is significantly improved and a larger defect-free window is obtained in terms of template dimensions for two-hole features in elliptical confinements. The redistribution of the homopolymer chains effectively enables the assembly of two cylinders, despite the geometrical mismatch between the elliptical shape of the confinement and the natural hexagonal ordering of the unguided block copolymer. Monte Carlo simulations show that the homopolymer segregates to the spaces in the template that are entropically unfavorable for the block copolymer. This work serves to highlight the importance of optimizing block copolymer formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Doise
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) , KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
- imec , Kapeldreef 75 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Cody Bezik
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5747 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Masafumi Hori
- JSR Micro N.V. , Technologielaan 8 , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5747 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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36
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Tan KW, Wiesner U. Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Directed Hierarchically Structured Materials from Nonequilibrium Transient Laser Heating. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Wee Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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37
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Tran H, Bergman HM, Parenti KR, van der Zande AM, Dean CR, Campos LM. Hierarchical patterns with sub-20 nm pattern fidelity via block copolymer self-assembly and soft nanotransfer printing. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of a technique to transfer micrometer patterns of organic thin films with sub-50 nm edge resolution and sub-20 nm pattern fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry
- Columbia University
- New York
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Cory R. Dean
- Department of Physics
- Columbia University
- New York
- USA
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38
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Kielar C, Ramakrishnan S, Fricke S, Grundmeier G, Keller A. Dynamics of DNA Origami Lattice Formation at Solid-Liquid Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44844-44853. [PMID: 30501167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The self-organized formation of regular patterns is not only a fascinating topic encountered in a multitude of natural and artificial systems, but also presents a versatile and powerful route toward large-scale nanostructure assembly and materials synthesis. The hierarchical, interface-assisted assembly of DNA origami nanostructures into regular, 2D lattices represents a particularly promising example, as the resulting lattices may exhibit an astonishing degree of order and can be further utilized as masks in molecular lithography. Here, we thus investigate the development of order in such 2D DNA origami lattices assembled on mica surfaces by employing in situ high-speed atomic force microscopy imaging. DNA origami lattice formation is found to resemble thin-film growth in several aspects. In particular, the Na+/Mg2+ ratio controls DNA origami adsorption, surface diffusion, and desorption, and is thus equivalent in its effects to substrate temperature which controls adatom dynamics in thin-film deposition. Consequently, we observe a pronounced dependence of lattice order on Na+ concentration. At low Na+ concentrations, lattice formation resembles random deposition and results in unordered monolayers, whereas very high Na+ concentrations are accompanied by rapid diffusion and especially DNA origami desorption, which prevent lattice formation. At intermediate Na+ concentrations, highly ordered DNA origami lattices are obtained that display an intricate symmetry, stemming from the complex shape of the employed Rothemund triangle. Nevertheless, even under such optimized conditions, the lattices display a considerable number of defects, including grain boundaries, point and line defects, and screw-like dislocations. By monitoring the dynamics of selected lattice defects, we identify mechanisms that limit the obtainable degree of lattice order. Possible routes toward further increasing lattice order by postassembly annealing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Saminathan Ramakrishnan
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Sebastian Fricke
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
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39
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Böhme S, Arias-Zapata J, Garnier J, Girardot C, Legrain A, Zelsmann M. Annealing treatments of cylindrical siloxane-based block copolymers optimized for nanomanufacturing. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Lu KY, Wang HF, Lin JW, Chuang WT, Georgopanos P, Avgeropoulos A, Shi AC, Ho RM. Self-Alignment of Cylinder-Forming Silicon-Containing Block Copolymer Films. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron
Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
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41
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Yoshida K, Tian L, Miyagi K, Yamazaki A, Mamiya H, Yamamoto T, Tajima K, Isono T, Satoh T. Facile and Efficient Modification of Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) for Achieving Sub-10 nm Feature Size. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yoshida
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 080-8628, Japan
| | - Lin Tian
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 080-8628, Japan
| | - Ken Miyagi
- Next Generation Material Development Division Research & Development Department, Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamazaki
- Next Generation Material Development Division Research & Development Department, Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mamiya
- Quantum Beam Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 080-8628, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 080-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 080-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 080-8628, Japan
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42
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Qu T, Guan S, Zhang C, Zheng X, Zhao Y, Chen A. Liquid crystalline moiety-assisted perpendicular orientation of cylindrical domains within P4VP-b-PMA(Az) films with high aspect ratio. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7107-7112. [PMID: 30175354 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) films with perpendicularly aligned cylindrical domains of high aspect ratio have important applications in diverse fields. However, an aspect ratio of the cylinders as high as 200 has rarely been reported so far. Here we demonstrate an efficient route to the formation of normally aligned P4VP cylinders with high aspect ratio surrounded by a matrix of azobenzene-containing block (PMA(Az)) via hierarchical self-assembly. A crisscross structure, consisting of parallelly aligned liquid crystalline (LC) layers and normally aligned self-assembly domains, is expected to assist the formation of well-defined nanostructures. The LC layers in the cylindrical films self-assemble to form smectic phase after solvent annealing, as confirmed by WAXD and UV-vis spectra. We found that the aspect ratio of the vertical P4VP cylinders is up to 200 and the film thickness reaches 6 μm. P4VP is a functional polymer, making this P4VP-b-PMA(Az) film more suitable for advanced filters, multi-nanochannels, nanolithography, and high-density storage media, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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43
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Jung H, Jun T, Lee W, Ryu DY. Ordering and Orientation of Giant Nanostructures from High-Molecular-Weight Block Copolymer via Solvent Vapor Annealing Process. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2018. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.31.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Taesuk Jun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University
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44
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Delachat F, Gharbi A, Pimenta-Barros P, Fouquet A, Claveau G, Posseme N, Pain L, Nicolet C, Navarro C, Cayrefourcq I, Tiron R. An embedded neutral layer for advanced surface affinity control in grapho-epitaxy directed self-assembly. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10900-10910. [PMID: 29850715 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00123e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced surface affinity control for grapho-epitaxy directed self-assembly (DSA) patterning is essential for providing reliable DSA-based solutions for the development of semiconductor patterning. Independent control of surface affinity between the bottom and the sidewalls of a topographical guiding structure was achieved by embedding an ultrathin layer in the guiding template stack. The implementation of an embedded layer with tunable surface properties for DSA grapho-epitaxy was evaluated and optimized on 300 mm wafers by critical dimension SEM characterization. It was demonstrated that a thin protective layer, placed between the hard mask guiding template and the embedded layer, allows the preservation of the surface properties of the embedded layer during guiding template etching. The DSA performances of this novel grapho-epitaxy integration, using a topographical template patterned with 193 nm immersion lithography, were evaluated by monitoring the success rate and the critical dimension uniformity of the shrunk contacts. FIB-STEM analyses were further carried out to analyze the residual polymer thickness on the resulting contacts. This new integration leads to the control of the polymer residual thickness (a few nanometers) and uniformity (inferior to 1 nm) at the bottom of the guiding template which will facilitate the subsequent DSA pattern transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Delachat
- CEA-LETI MINATEC, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
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45
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Kwon K, Park K, Jung HT. Long-range single domain array of a 5 nm pattern of supramolecules via solvent annealing in a double-sandwich cell. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8459-8470. [PMID: 29691547 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In nanotechnology and microelectronics research, the generation of an ultradense, single-grain nanostructure with a long-range lateral order is challenging. In this paper, we report upon a new solvent-annealing method using a double-sandwich confinement to promote the formation of a large-area, single-domain array (>0.3 × 0.3 mm2) of supramolecular cylinders with a small feature size (4.7 nm). The in situ GISAXS experiment result shows the ordering process during solvent evaporation. The diffusion of the solvent molecules led to the disassembly of the supramolecules confined between the top and bottom surfaces and their subsequent mobilization, thereby producing a highly ordered hexagonal array of supramolecular materials under the double-sandwich confinement upon solvent evaporation. In addition, two key factors were found to be crucial in this process for generating highly-ordered supramolecular building blocks: (i) the presence of a top coat during solvent evaporation to provide a geometric confinement template, and (ii) the control of the solvent evaporation rate during the solvent evaporation step to provide the dendrimer sufficient time to self-assemble into the highly ordered state over a large area. Our developed approach, which can be extended to be used for a large family of supramolecules, is of critical importance in providing a new bottom-up lithographic method based on supramolecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiok Kwon
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus) and KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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46
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Palneedi H, Park JH, Maurya D, Peddigari M, Hwang GT, Annapureddy V, Kim JW, Choi JJ, Hahn BD, Priya S, Lee KJ, Ryu J. Laser Irradiation of Metal Oxide Films and Nanostructures: Applications and Advances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705148. [PMID: 29411432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in developing a diverse range of lasers have opened new avenues in material processing. Laser processing of materials involves their exposure to rapid and localized energy, which creates conditions of electronic and thermodynamic nonequilibrium. The laser-induced heat can be localized in space and time, enabling excellent control over the manipulation of materials. Metal oxides are of significant interest for applications ranging from microelectronics to medicine. Numerous studies have investigated the synthesis, manipulation, and patterning of metal oxide films and nanostructures. Besides providing a brief overview on the principles governing the laser-material interactions, here, the ongoing efforts in laser irradiation of metal oxide films and nanostructures for a variety of applications are reviewed. Latest advances in laser-assisted processing of metal oxides are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haribabu Palneedi
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepam Maurya
- Bio-inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mahesh Peddigari
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Tae Hwang
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong-Woo Kim
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Choi
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dong Hahn
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashank Priya
- Bio-inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Ryu
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
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47
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Yong D, Jin HM, Kim SO, Kim JU. Laser-Directed Self-Assembly of Highly Aligned Lamellar and Cylindrical Block Copolymer Nanostructures: Experiment and Simulation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daeseong Yong
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- National
Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed
Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National
Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed
Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeup U. Kim
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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48
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Kim SJ, Byun J, Jeon T, Jin HM, Hong HR, Kim SO. Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Laser Crystallization: Systematic Investigation on Grain Size Effects for Device Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2490-2495. [PMID: 29285922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to unique potential for high color purity luminance based on low-cost solution processes, organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are attracting a great deal of research attention. For high performance PeLEDs, optimum control of the perovskite film morphology is a critical parameter. Here, we introduce a reliable and well-controllable PeLED crystallization process based on beam-damage-free near-infrared laser (λ = 808 nm) irradiation. Morphology of the CH3NH3PbBr3 films can be precisely controlled by laser irradiation condition parameters: power density and beam scan rate. We systematically investigate the perovskite film morphology and device performance of the PeLEDs under different processing conditions. In the optimum power density and high beam scan rate (30 W cm-2, 0.1 mm s-1), a dense and smooth perovskite film is attained with a small crystal grain size. The critical relationship between the crystal grain size and LED efficiency is established while attaining the device performance of 0.95 cd A-1 efficiency and 1784 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Byun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Jeon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Hong
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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49
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Zhang L, Liu L, Lin J. Well-ordered self-assembled nanostructures of block copolymer films via synergistic integration of chemoepitaxy and zone annealing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:498-508. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The integrated chemical template/zone annealing method has the capability to rapidly fabricate well-aligned and well-oriented nanostructures over a macroscopic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Lingling Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
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50
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Kim JY, Jin HM, Jeong SJ, Chang T, Kim BH, Cha SK, Kim JS, Shin DO, Choi JY, Kim JH, Yang GG, Jeon S, Lee YG, Kim KM, Shin J, Kim SO. Bimodal phase separated block copolymer/homopolymer blends self-assembly for hierarchical porous metal nanomesh electrodes. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:100-108. [PMID: 29210423 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are essential components in various optoelectronic devices. Nanostructured metallic thin film is one of the promising candidates to complement current metal oxide films, such as ITO, where high cost rare earth elements have been a longstanding issue. Herein, we present that multiscale porous metal nanomesh thin films prepared by bimodal self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP)/homopolymer blends may offer a new opportunity for TCE. This hierarchical concurrent self-assembly consists of macrophase separation between BCP and homopolymer as well as microphase separation of BCP, and thus provides a straightforward spontaneous production of a highly porous multiscale pattern over an arbitrary large area. Employing a conventional pattern transfer process, we successfully demonstrated a multiscale highly porous metallic thin film with reasonable optical transparency, electro-conductance, and large-area uniformity, taking advantage of low loss light penetration through microscale pores and significant suppression of light reflection at the nanoporous structures. This well-defined controllable bimodal self-assembly can offer valuable opportunities for many different applications, including optoelectronics, energy harvesting, and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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