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Thijssen VLJL. Vascular galectins in tumor angiogenesis and cancer immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38990363 PMCID: PMC11239785 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustained tumor angiogenesis, i.e., the induction and maintenance of blood vessel growth by tumor cells, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The vascularization of malignant tissues not only facilitates tumor growth and metastasis, but also contributes to immune evasion. Important players in all these processes are the endothelial cells which line the luminal side of blood vessel. In the tumor vasculature, these cells are actively involved in angiogenesis as well in the hampered recruitment of immune cells. This is the result of the abnormal tumor microenvironment which triggers both angiostimulatory and immune inhibitory gene expression profiles in endothelial cells. In recent years, it has become evident that galectins constitute a protein family that is expressed in the tumor endothelium. Moreover, several members of this glycan-binding protein family have been found to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and stimulate immune suppression. All this has identified galectins as potential therapeutic targets to simultaneously hamper tumor angiogenesis and alleviate immune suppression. The current review provides a brief introduction in the human galectin protein family. The current knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of galectins in endothelial cells is summarized. Furthermore, an overview of the role that endothelial galectins play in tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunomodulation is provided. Finally, some outstanding questions are discussed that should be addressed by future research efforts. This will help to fully understand the contribution of endothelial galectins to tumor progression and to exploit endothelial galectins for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L J L Thijssen
- Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dings RPM, Kumar N, Mikkelson S, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Simulating cellular galectin networks by mixing galectins in vitro reveals synergistic activity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101116. [PMID: 34485713 PMCID: PMC8408429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though members of the family of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins are increasingly detected to be co-expressed, they are still being routinely tested separately. The recent discovery of heterodimer formation among galectins-1, -3, and -7 in mixtures prompts further study of their functional activities in mixtures. Methods Cell agglutination, galectin binding to cells, as well as effects on cell proliferation, onset of apoptosis and migration were determined in assays using various cell types and mixtures of galectins-1, -3, and -7. Results Evidence for a more than additive increases of experimental parameters was consistently obtained. Conclusion Testing galectins in mixtures simulates the situation of co-expression in situ and reveals unsuspected over-additive activities. This new insight is relevant for analyzing galectin functionality in (patho)physiological conditions. Galectins-1, -3, and -7 form heterodimers in solution. Mixtures of galectins simulates galectin co-expression in situ. Mixtures display synergistic activities in vitro. Cell agglutination, apoptosis, proliferation, migration affected. Findings are relevant for galectin functionality in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nigam Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sterling Mikkelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinarstr. 13, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Targeting galectins in T cell-based immunotherapy within tumor microenvironment. Life Sci 2021; 277:119426. [PMID: 33785342 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, tumor immunotherapy has emerged as an innovative tumor treatment and owned incomparable advantages over other tumor therapy. With unique complexity and uncertainty, immunotherapy still need helper to apply in the clinic. Galectins, modulated in tumor microenvironment, can regulate the disorders of innate and adaptive immune system resisting tumor growth. Considering the role of galectins in tumor immunosuppression, combination therapy of targeted anti-galectins and immunotherapy may be a promising tumor treatment. This brief review summarizes the expression and immune functions of different galectins in tumor microenvironment and discusses the potential value of anti-galectins in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in tumor immunotherapy.
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Pasmatzi E, Monastirli A, Badavanis G, Tsambaos D. Galectin 1 in dermatology: current knowledge and perspectives. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2019. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2019.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dings RPM, Miller MC, Griffin RJ, Mayo KH. Galectins as Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030905. [PMID: 29562695 PMCID: PMC5877766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of small, highly conserved, molecular effectors that mediate various biological processes, including chemotaxis and angiogenesis, and that function by interacting with various cell surface glycoconjugates, usually targeting β-galactoside epitopes. Because of their significant involvement in various biological functions and pathologies, galectins have become a focus of therapeutic discovery for clinical intervention against cancer, among other pathological disorders. In this review, we focus on understanding galectin structure-function relationships, their mechanisms of action on the molecular level, and targeting them for therapeutic intervention against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Lai J, Lu D, Zhang C, Zhu H, Gao L, Wang Y, Bao R, Zhao Y, Jia B, Wang F, Yang Z, Liu Z. Noninvasive small-animal imaging of galectin-1 upregulation for predicting tumor resistance to radiotherapy. Biomaterials 2018; 158:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Huang EY, Peng CT, Wang CC. Effects of radiation response modifiers given after lethal whole-abdominal irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:289-294. [PMID: 29355463 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1431698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although radiation is used to treat cancer and generate electricity, radiotherapy-induced complications and nuclear disasters are issues of great concern. The small bowel and bone marrow are the two major organs injured by radiation, especially that from nuclear disasters. The development of effective drugs to alleviate radiation injuries is very important. We tested potential radiation response modifiers given after irradiation to alleviate radiation injuries and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Xenografts of C33A tumor cells with or without galectin-1 expression were implanted in SCID mice. Local tumor irradiation (6 Gy) was used to study radiosensitivity. The rate and time of tumor growth to 2 cm were observed using the Kaplan-Meier method. C57BL/6N mice were used to study the effects of whole-abdominal or whole-body irradiation. Drug administration was as follows: (1) vehicle; (2) interleukin 6 (IL-6) (50 ng/day); (3) anginex (10 mg/kg/day) (galectin-1 antagonist); or (4) flagellin (0.2 mg/kg) (Toll-like receptor 5 agonist). These treatments were compared for tumor size and survival time. RESULTS The median time of tumor growth delay after 6 Gy irradiation was one week in tumors without galectin-1 expression, regardless of anginex administration. Anginex did not prolong the survival time after 18 Gy whole-abdominal irradiation. Flagellin did not prolong survival time after 18 Gy whole-abdominal irradiation. IL-6 prolonged the survival time after 18 Gy whole-abdominal irradiation, with 5% survival. This was the best result in treating lethal 18 Gy whole-abdominal irradiation. Other than IL-6, no drugs decreased the survival rate after 7.5 Gy whole-body irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Anginex has no protective effects against radiation injury and no radiosensitized effects on tumors. IL-6 is a potential agent for treating radiation-induced lethal injuries to the small bowel. However, it is not suitable for treating bone marrow damage after whole-body irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Yen Huang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tzu Peng
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Wang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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Galectin Targeted Therapy in Oncology: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010210. [PMID: 29320431 PMCID: PMC5796159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer have increased over the past decades. Significant progress has been made in understanding the underpinnings of this disease and developing therapies. Despite this, cancer still remains a major therapeutic challenge. Current therapeutic research has targeted several aspects of the disease such as cancer development, growth, angiogenesis and metastases. Many molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unknown and current therapies have so far failed to meet their intended potential. Recent studies show that glycans, especially oligosaccharide chains, may play a role in carcinogenesis as recognition patterns for galectins. Galectins are members of the lectin family, which show high affinity for β-galactosides. The galectin–glycan conjugate plays a fundamental role in metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor immunity, proliferation and apoptosis. Galectins’ action is mediated by a structure containing at least one carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). The potential prognostic value of galectins has been described in several neoplasms and helps clinicians predict disease outcome and determine therapeutic interventions. Currently, new therapeutic strategies involve the use of inhibitors such as competitive carbohydrates, small non-carbohydrate binding molecules and antibodies. This review outlines our current knowledge regarding the mechanism of action and potential therapy implications of galectins in cancer.
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Wu Q, Tian Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Gu F, Lu Y, Zou S, Chen Y, Sun P, Xu M, Sun X, Xia C, Chi H, Ying Zhu A, Tang D, Wang D. Functions of pancreatic stellate cell-derived soluble factors in the microenvironment of pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102721-102738. [PMID: 29254283 PMCID: PMC5731993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer with poor prognosis because it is highly resistant to traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and it has a low rate of surgical resection eligibility. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) have become a research hotspot in recent years, and play a vital role in PDAC microenvironment by secreting soluble factors such as transforming growth factor β, interleukin-6, stromal cell-derived factor-1, hepatocyte growth factor and galectin-1. These PSC-derived cytokines and proteins contribute to PSC activation, participating in PDAC cell proliferation, migration, fibrosis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoradiation resistance, leading to malignant outcome. Consequently, targeting these cytokines and proteins or their downstream signaling pathways is promising for treating PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tian
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Gu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongdie Lu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Zou
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuji Chen
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pengxiang Sun
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengyue Xu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xia
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chi
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - A Ying Zhu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
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Jenkins SV, Nedosekin DA, Miller EK, Zharov VP, Dings RPM, Chen J, Griffin RJ. Galectin-1-based tumour-targeting for gold nanostructure-mediated photothermal therapy. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 34:19-29. [PMID: 28540812 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1317845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate delivery of Au nanocages to cells using the galectin-1 binding peptide anginex (Ax) and to demonstrate the value of this targeting for selective in vitro photothermal cell killing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Au nanocages were synthesised, coated with polydopamine (PDA), and conjugated with Ax. Tumour and endothelial cell viability was measured with and without laser irradiation. Photoacoustic (PA) mapping and PA flow cytometry were used to confirm cell targeting in vitro and in tissue slices ex vivo. RESULTS Cell viability was maintained at ≥50% at 100 pM suggesting low toxicity of the nanocage alone. Combining the targeted construct (25 pM) with low power 808 nm laser irradiation for 10-20 min (a duration previously shown to induce rapid and sustained heating of Au nanocages [AuNC] in solution), resulted in over 50% killing of endothelial and tumour cells. In contrast, the untargeted construct combined with laser irradiation resulted in negligible cell killing. We estimate approximately 6 × 104 peptides were conjugated to each nanocage, which also resulted in inhibition of cell migration. Binding of the targeted nanocage reached a plateau after three hours, and cell association was 20-fold higher than non-targeted nanocages both in vitro and ex vivo on tumour tissue slices. A threefold increase in tumour accumulation was observed in preliminary in vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate Ax's potential as an effective targeting agent for Au-based theranostics to tumour and endothelial cells, enabling photothermal killing. This platform further suggests potential for multimodal in vivo therapy via next-generation drug-loaded nanocages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- b Otolaryngology and Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Emily K Miller
- c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- b Otolaryngology and Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | | | - Jingyi Chen
- c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
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Blanchard H, Bum-Erdene K, Bohari MH, Yu X. Galectin-1 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:537-54. [PMID: 26950805 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1163338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galectins have affinity for β-galactosides. Human galectin-1 is ubiquitously expressed in the body and its expression level can be a marker in disease. Targeted inhibition of galectin-1 gives potential for treatment of inflammatory disorders and anti-cancer therapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review discusses progress in galectin-1 inhibitor discovery and development. Patent applications pertaining to galectin-1 inhibitors are categorised as monovalent- and multivalent-carbohydrate-based inhibitors, peptides- and peptidomimetics. Furthermore, the potential of galectin-1 protein as a therapeutic is discussed along with consideration of the unique challenges that galectin-1 presents, including its monomer-dimer equilibrium and oxidized and reduced forms, with regard to delivering an intact protein to a pathologically relevant site. EXPERT OPINION Significant evidence implicates galectin-1's involvement in cancer progression, inflammation, and host-pathogen interactions. Conserved sequence similarity of the carbohydrate-binding sites of different galectins makes design of specific antagonists (blocking agents/inhibitors of function) difficult. Key challenges pertaining to the therapeutic use of galectin-1 are its monomer-dimer equilibrium, its redox state, and delivery of intact galectin-1 to the desired site. Developing modified forms of galectin-1 has resulted in increased stability and functional potency. Gene and protein therapy approaches that deliver the protein toward the target are under exploration as is exploitation of different inhibitor scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Blanchard
- a Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Queensland , Australia
| | - Khuchtumur Bum-Erdene
- a Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Queensland , Australia
| | | | - Xing Yu
- a Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Queensland , Australia
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Thijssen VL, Heusschen R, Caers J, Griffioen AW. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:235-47. [PMID: 25819524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to specific glycans thereby deciphering the information captured within the glycome. In the last two decades, several galectin family members have emerged as versatile modulators of tumor progression. This has initiated the development and preclinical assessment of galectin-targeting compounds. With the first compounds now entering clinical trials it is pivotal to gain insight in the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectins in cancer as this will allow a more rational selection of the patients that might benefit most from galectin-targeted therapies. Here, we present a systematic review of galectin expression in human cancer patients. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with altered galectin expression, most notably of galectin-1 and galectin-3. In most cancers, increased galectin-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis while elevated galectin-9 expression is emerging as a marker of favorable disease outcome. The prognostic value of galectin-3 appears to be tumor type dependent and the other galectins require further investigation. Regarding the latter, additional studies using larger patient cohorts are essential to fully unravel the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin expression. Furthermore, to better compare different findings, consensus should be reached on how to assess galectin expression, not only with regard to localization within the tissue and within cellular compartments but also regarding alternative splicing and genomic variations. Finally, linking galectin expression and function to aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells will improve our understanding of how these versatile proteins can be exploited for diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic purposes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sharma B, Ma W, Adjei IM, Panyam J, Dimitrijevic S, Labhasetwar V. Nanoparticle-mediated p53 gene therapy for tumor inhibition. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 1:43-52. [PMID: 22553503 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-010-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in 50% of human cancers, resulting in more aggressive disease with greater resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Advances in gene therapy technologies offer a promising approach to restoring p53 function. We have developed polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), that provide sustained intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA, resulting in sustained gene expression without vector-associated toxicity. Our previous studies with p53 gene-loaded NPs (p53NPs) demonstrated sustained antiproliferative effects in cancer cells in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of p53NPs in vivo. Tumor xenografts in mice were established with human p53-null prostate cancer cells. Animals were treated with p53NPs by either local (intratumoral injection) or systemic (intravenous) administration. Controls included saline, p53 DNA alone, and control NPs. Mice treated with local injections of p53NPs demonstrated significant tumor inhibition and improved animal survival compared with controls. Tumor inhibition corresponded to sustained and greater p53 gene and protein expression in tumors treated with p53NPs than with p53 DNA alone. A single intravenous dose of p53NPs was successful in reducing tumor growth and improving animal survival, although not to the same extent as with local injections. Imaging studies showed that NPs accumulate in tumor tissue after intravenous injection; however, further improvement in tumor targeting efficiency of p53NPs may be needed for better outcome. In conclusion, the NP-mediated p53 gene therapy is effective in tumor growth inhibition. NPs may be developed as nonviral vectors for cancer and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Lennon FE, Mirzapoiazova T, Mambetsariev N, Mambetsariev B, Salgia R, Singleton PA. Transactivation of the receptor-tyrosine kinase ephrin receptor A2 is required for the low molecular weight hyaluronan-mediated angiogenesis that is implicated in tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24043-58. [PMID: 25023279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis or the formation of new blood vessels is important in the growth and metastatic potential of various cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanism(s) by which angiogenesis occurs can have important therapeutic implications in numerous malignancies. We and others have demonstrated that low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA, ∼2500 Da) promotes endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption and angiogenesis. However, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is poorly defined. Our data indicate that treatment of human EC with LMW-HA induced CD44v10 association with the receptor-tyrosine kinase, EphA2, transactivation (tyrosine phosphorylation) of EphA2, and recruitment of the PDZ domain scaffolding protein, PATJ, to the cell periphery. Silencing (siRNA) CD44, EphA2, PATJ, or Dbs (RhoGEF) expression blocked LMW-HA-mediated angiogenesis (EC proliferation, migration, and tubule formation). In addition, silencing EphA2, PATJ, Src, or Dbs expression blocked LMW-HA-mediated RhoA activation. To translate our in vitro findings, we utilized a novel anginex/liposomal targeting of murine angiogenic endothelium with either CD44 or EphA2 siRNA and observed inhibition of LMW-HA-induced angiogenesis in implanted Matrigel plugs. Taken together, these results indicate LMW-HA-mediated transactivation of EphA2 is required for PATJ and Dbs membrane recruitment and subsequent RhoA activation required for angiogenesis. These results suggest that targeting downstream effectors of LMW-HA could be a useful therapeutic intervention for angiogenesis-associated diseases including tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Lennon
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | | | | | - Bolot Mambetsariev
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Section of Hematology and Oncology University of Chicago, Chicago Illinois 60637
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Rachel H, Chang-Chun L. Recent advances toward the development of inhibitors to attenuate tumor metastasis via the interruption of lectin-ligand interactions. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2014; 69:125-207. [PMID: 24274369 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408093-5.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a well-recognized phenomenon that occurs on the surface of tumor cells, and the overexpression of a number of ligands (such as TF, sialyl Tn, and sialyl Lewis X) has been correlated to a worse prognosis for the patient. These unique carbohydrate structures play an integral role in cell-cell communication and have also been associated with more metastatic cancer phenotypes, which can result from binding to lectins present on cell surfaces. The most well studied metastasis-associated lectins are the galectins and selectins, which have been correlated to adhesion, neoangiogenesis, and immune-cell evasion processes. In order to slow the rate of metastatic lesion formation, a number of approaches have been successfully developed which involve interfering with the tumor lectin-substrate binding event. Through the generation of inhibitors, or by attenuating lectin and/or carbohydrate expression, promising results have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. This article briefly summarizes the involvement of lectins in the metastatic process and also describes different approaches used to prevent these undesirable carbohydrate-lectin binding events, which should ultimately lead to improvement in current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hevey Rachel
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Tang D, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Gao J, Wang S, Ye N, Li P, Gao S, Miao Y, Wang D, Jiang K. Pancreatic satellite cells derived galectin-1 increase the progression and less survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90476. [PMID: 24595374 PMCID: PMC3942444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-1, a member of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a polyvalent function on tumor progression, was found strongly expressed in pancreatic satellite cells (PSCs), which partner in crime with cancer cells and promote the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We evaluated the effects of PSCs derived Galectin-1 on the progression of PDAC, as well as the tumor establishment and development in mouse xenografts. METHODS The relationship between immunohistochemistry staining intensity of Galectin-1 and clinicopathologic variables were assessed in 66 PDAC tissues, 18 chronic pancreatitis tissues and 10 normal controls. The roles of PSCs isolated from PDAC and normal pancreas on the proliferative activity, MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and the invasion of CFPAC-1 in the co-cultured system, as well as on the tumor establishment and development in mouse xenografts by mixed implanting with CFPAC-1 subcutaneously were evaluated. RESULTS Galectin-1 expression was gradually increased from normal pancreas (negative), chronic pancreatitis (weak) to PDAC (strong), in which Galectin-1 expression was also increased from well, moderately to poorly differentiated PDAC. Galectin-1 staining intensity of pancreatic cancer tissue was associated with increase in tumor size, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion and differentiation and UICC stage, and served as the independent prognostic indicator of poor survival of pancreatic cancer. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that TGF-β1 upregulated Galectin-1 expression in PSCs, which could further promotes the proliferative activity, MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, as well as the tumor establishment and growth. CONCLUSION Galectin-1 expression in stromal cells of pancreatic cancer suggests that this protein plays a role in the promotion of cancer cells invasion and metastasis and provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of Digestive System, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongxu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui no. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nianyuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Department of Digestive System, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (KJ)
| | - Kuirong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (KJ)
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17
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Blanchard H, Bum-Erdene K, Hugo MW. Inhibitors of Galectins and Implications for Structure-Based Design of Galectin-Specific Therapeutics. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of galactoside-specific lectins that are involved in a myriad of metabolic and disease processes. Due to roles in cancer and inflammatory and heart diseases, galectins are attractive targets for drug development. Over the last two decades, various strategies have been used to inhibit galectins, including polysaccharide-based therapeutics, multivalent display of saccharides, peptides, peptidomimetics, and saccharide-modifications. Primarily due to galectin carbohydrate binding sites having high sequence identities, the design and development of selective inhibitors targeting particular galectins, thereby addressing specific disease states, is challenging. Furthermore, the use of different inhibition assays by research groups has hindered systematic assessment of the relative selectivity and affinity of inhibitors. This review summarises the status of current inhibitors, strategies, and novel scaffolds that exploit subtle differences in galectin structures that, in conjunction with increasing available data on multiple galectins, is enabling the feasible design of effective and specific inhibitors of galectins.
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18
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Johansson A, Hamzah J, Ganss R. License for destruction: tumor-specific cytokine targeting. Trends Mol Med 2013; 20:16-24. [PMID: 24169116 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stroma is an integral part of solid tumors and plays a key role in growth promotion and immune suppression. Most current therapies focus on destroying tumors and/or abnormal vasculature. However, evidence is emerging that anticancer efficacy improves with vessel normalization rather than destruction. Specific targeting of cytokines into tumors provides proof-of-concept that tumor stroma is dynamic and can be remodeled to increase drug access and alleviate immune suppression. Changing the inflammatory milieu 'opens' tumors for therapy and thus provides a license for destruction. This involves reprogramming of paracrine signaling networks between multiple stromal components to break the vicious cycle of angiogenesis and immune suppression. With active immunotherapy rapidly moving into the clinic, local cytokine delivery emerges as an attractive adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Johansson
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Centre for Medical Research, Perth, 6000, Australia
| | - Juliana Hamzah
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Centre for Medical Research, Perth, 6000, Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Centre for Medical Research, Perth, 6000, Australia.
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19
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Dings RPM, Levine JI, Brown SG, Astorgues-Xerri L, MacDonald JR, Hoye TR, Raymond E, Mayo KH. Polycationic calixarene PTX013, a potent cytotoxic agent against tumors and drug resistant cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1142-50. [PMID: 23392775 PMCID: PMC4242102 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported on the anti-tumor activities of two designed calix[4]arene-based topomimetics (PTX008 and PTX009) of the amphipathic, angiostatic peptide Anginex. Here, we chemically modified the hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces of PTX008 and PTX009, and discovered new calixarene compounds that are more potent, cytotoxic anti-tumor agents. One of them, PTX013, is particularly effective at inhibiting the growth of several human cancer cell lines, as well as drug resistant cancer cells. Mechanistically, PTX013 induces cell cycle arrest in sub-G1 and G0/G1 phases of e.g. SQ20B cells, a radio-resistant human head and neck carcinoma model. In the syngeneic B16F10 melanoma tumor mouse model, PTX013 (0.5 mg/Kg) inhibits tumor growth by about 50-fold better than parent PTX008. A preliminary pharmacodynamics study strongly suggests that PTX013 exhibits good in vivo exposure and a relatively long half-life. Overall, this research contributes to the discovery of novel therapeutics as potentially useful agents against cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P. M. Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph I. Levine
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
55455, USA
| | - Susan G. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
55455, USA
| | - Lucile Astorgues-Xerri
- INSERM U728 and Department of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University
Hospital, (AP-HP – PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 100 bd du
Général Leclerc, 92110 Paris-Clichy, France
| | | | - Thomas R. Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
55455, USA
| | - Eric Raymond
- INSERM U728 and Department of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University
Hospital, (AP-HP – PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 100 bd du
Général Leclerc, 92110 Paris-Clichy, France
| | - Kevin H. Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Barrientos G, Freitag N, Tirado-González I, Unverdorben L, Jeschke U, Thijssen VL, Blois SM. Involvement of galectin-1 in reproduction: past, present and future. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:175-93. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Thijssen VL, Rabinovich GA, Griffioen AW. Vascular galectins: regulators of tumor progression and targets for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:547-58. [PMID: 23942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins with a broad range of cytokine and growth factor-like functions in multiple steps of cancer progression. They contribute to tumor cell transformation, promote tumor angiogenesis, hamper the anti-tumor immune response, and facilitate tumor metastasis. Consequently, galectins are considered as multifunctional targets for cancer therapy. Interestingly, many of the functions related to tumor progression can be linked to galectins expressed by endothelial cells in the tumor vascular bed. Since the tumor vasculature is an easily accessible target for cancer therapy, understanding how galectins in the tumor endothelium influence cancer progression is important for the translational development of galectin-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Ito K, Stannard K, Gabutero E, Clark AM, Neo SY, Onturk S, Blanchard H, Ralph SJ. Galectin-1 as a potent target for cancer therapy: role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:763-78. [PMID: 22706847 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of a tumor is a highly complex milieu, primarily characterized by immunosuppression, abnormal angiogenesis, and hypoxic regions. These features promote tumor progression and metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis and greater resistance to existing cancer therapies. Galectin-1 is a β-galactoside binding protein that is abundantly secreted by almost all types of malignant tumor cells. The expression of galectin-1 is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and it plays vital pro-tumorigenic roles within the tumor microenvironment. In particular, galectin-1 suppresses T cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses and promotes tumor angiogenesis. However, since galectin-1 displays many different activities by binding to a number of diverse N- or O-glycan modified target proteins, it has been difficult to fully understand how galectin-1 supports tumor growth and metastasis. This review explores the importance of galectin-1 and glycan expression patterns in the tumor microenvironment and the potential effects of inhibiting galectin-1 as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ito
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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23
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Tumour vasculature targeting agents in hybrid/conjugate drugs. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:503-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Sharma B, Peetla C, Adjei IM, Labhasetwar V. Selective biophysical interactions of surface modified nanoparticles with cancer cell lipids improve tumor targeting and gene therapy. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:228-36. [PMID: 23523612 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting gene- or drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) to tumors and ensuring their intratumoral retention after systemic administration remain key challenges to improving the efficacy of NP-based therapeutics. Here, we investigate a novel targeting approach that exploits changes in lipid metabolism and cell membrane biophysics that occur during malignancy. We hypothesized that modifications to the surface of NPs that preferentially increase their biophysical interaction with the membrane lipids of cancer cells will improve intratumoral retention and in vivo efficacy upon delivery of NPs loaded with a therapeutic gene. We have demonstrated that different surfactants, incorporated onto the NPs' surface, affect the biophysical interactions of NPs with the lipids of cancer cells and normal endothelial cells. NPs surface modified with didodecyldimethylammoniumbromide (DMAB) demonstrated greater interaction with cancer cell lipids, which was 6.7-fold greater than with unmodified NPs and 5.5-fold greater than with endothelial cell lipids. This correlated with increased uptake of DMAB-modified NPs with incubation time by cancer cells compared to other formulations of NPs and to uptake by endothelial cells. Upon systemic injection, DMAB-NPs demonstrated a 4.6-fold increase in tumor accumulation compared to unmodified NPs which also correlated to improved efficacy of p53 gene therapy. Characterization of the biophysical interactions between NPs and lipid membranes of tumors or other diseased tissues/organs may hold promise for engineering targeted delivery of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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25
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Dings RPM, Kumar N, Miller MC, Loren M, Rangwala H, Hoye TR, Mayo KH. Structure-based optimization of angiostatic agent 6DBF7, an allosteric antagonist of galectin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:589-99. [PMID: 23232447 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (gal-1), which binds β-galactoside groups on various cell surface receptors, is crucial to cell adhesion and migration, and is found to be elevated in several cancers. Previously, we reported on 6DBF7, a dibenzofuran (DBF)-based peptidomimetic of the gal-1 antagonist anginex. In the present study, we used a structure-based approach to optimize 6DBF7. Initial NMR studies showed that 6DBF7 binds to gal-1 on one side of the β-sandwich away from the lectin's carbohydrate binding site. Although an alanine scan of 6DBF7 showed that the two cationic groups (lysines) in the partial peptide are crucial to its angiostatic activity, it is the hydrophobic face of the amphipath that appears to interact directly with the surface of gal-1. Based on this structural information, we designed and tested additional DBF analogs. In particular, substitution of the C-terminal Asp for alanine and branched alkyl side chains (Val, Leu, Ile) for linear ones (Nle, Nva) rendered the greatest improvements in activity. Flow cytometry with gal-1(-/-) splenocytes showed that 6DBF7 and two of its more potent analogs (DB16 and DB21) can fully inhibit fluorescein isothiocyanate-gal-1 binding. Moreover, heteronuclear single-quantum coherence NMR titrations showed that the presence of DB16 decreases gal-1 affinity for lactose, indicating that the peptidomimetic targets gal-1 as a noncompetitive, allosteric inhibitor of glycan binding. Using tumor mouse models (B16F10 melanoma, LS174 lung, and MA148 ovarian), we found that DB21 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth significantly better than 6DBF7, DB16, or anginex. DB21 is currently being developed further and holds promise for the management of human cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Jouve N, Despoix N, Espeli M, Gauthier L, Cypowyj S, Fallague K, Schiff C, Dignat-George F, Vély F, Leroyer AS. The involvement of CD146 and its novel ligand Galectin-1 in apoptotic regulation of endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2571-9. [PMID: 23223580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD146 is a highly glycosylated junctional adhesion molecule, expressed on human vascular endothelial cells and involved in the control of vessel integrity. Galectin-1 is a lectin produced by vascular cells that can binds N- and O-linked oligosaccharides of cell membrane glycoproteins. Because both CD146 and Galectin-1 are involved in modulation of cell apoptosis, we hypothesized that Galectin-1 could interact with CD146, leading to functional consequences in endothelial cell apoptosis. We first characterized CD146 glycosylations and showed that it is mainly composed of N-glycans able to establish interactions with Galectin-1. We demonstrated a sugar-dependent binding of recombinant CD146 to Galectin-1 using both ELISA and Biacore assays. This interaction is direct, with a K(D) of 3.10(-7) M, and specific as CD146 binds to Galectin-1 and not to Galectin-2. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Galectin-1 interacts with endogenous CD146 that is highly expressed by HUVEC. We observed a Galectin-1-induced HUVEC apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by Annexin-V/7AAD staining. Interestingly, both down-regulation of CD146 cell surface expression using siRNA and antibody-mediated blockade of CD146 increase this apoptosis. Altogether, our results identify Galectin-1 as a novel ligand for CD146 and this interaction protects, in vitro, endothelial cells against apoptosis induced by Galectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jouve
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, 13385 Marseille, France
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27
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Wang JB, Wang MD, Li EX, Dong DF. Advances and prospects of anginex as a promising anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor agent. Peptides 2012; 38:457-62. [PMID: 22985857 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Anginex, a novel artificial cytokine-like peptide (βpep-25), is designed by using basic folding principles and incorporating short sequences from the β-sheet domains of anti-angiogenic agents, including platelet factor-4 (PF4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and bactericidal-permeability increasing protein 1 (BP1). Anginex can specially block the adhesion and migration of the angiogenically activated endothelial cells (ECs), leading to apoptosis and ultimately to the inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth. In vitro and in vivo studies have proved its inhibitory effects on the formation of new blood vessels and tumor growth even though the mechanism is not clear. The inhibitory effects of anginex can be enhanced when it is applied in combination with other therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other anti-angiogenic agents. The limitations of anginex, including poor stability, short half life, complicated synthesis and low purity, have been conquered by modifying its structure or designing novel compound anginex and recombinant anginex, which makes possible the clinical application of anginex. Here, we summarize the basic and preclinical trials of anginex and discuss the prospects of anginex in clinical application. We come to the conclusion that anginex and compound or recombinant anginex can be used as effective anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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28
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Watson AP, Evans RL, Egland KA. Multiple functions of sushi domain containing 2 (SUSD2) in breast tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 11:74-85. [PMID: 23131994 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0501-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Routinely used therapies are not adequate to treat the heterogeneity of breast cancer, and consequently, more therapeutic targets are desperately needed. To identify novel targets, we generated a breast cancer cDNA library enriched for genes that encode membrane and secreted proteins. From this library we identified SUSD2 (Sushi Domain Containing 2), which encodes an 822-amino acid protein containing a transmembrane domain and functional domains inherent to adhesion molecules. Previous studies describe the mouse homolog, Susd2, but there are no studies on the human gene associated with breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of human breast tissues showed weak or no expression of SUSD2 in normal epithelial cells, with the endothelial lining of vessels staining positive for SUSD2. However, staining was observed in pathologic breast lesions and in lobular and ductal carcinomas. SUSD2 interacts with galectin-1 (Gal-1), a 14-kDa secreted protein that is synthesized by carcinoma cells and promotes tumor immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Interestingly, we found that localization of Gal-1 on the surface of cells is dependent on the presence of SUSD2. Various phenotype assays indicate that SUSD2 increases the invasion of breast cancer cells and contributes to a potential immune evasion mechanism through induction of apoptosis of Jurkat T cells. Using a syngeneic mouse model, we observed accelerated tumor formation and decreased survival in mice with tumors expressing Susd2. We found significantly fewer CD4 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in mice with tumors expressing Susd2. Together, our findings provide evidence that SUSD2 may represent a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison P Watson
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104.
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29
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Kim HJ, Jeon HK, Cho YJ, Park YA, Choi JJ, Do IG, Song SY, Lee YY, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Bae DS, Lee JW, Kim BG. High galectin-1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and is involved in epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and invasion. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:1914-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Dings RPM, Miller MC, Nesmelova I, Astorgues-Xerri L, Kumar N, Serova M, Chen X, Raymond E, Hoye TR, Mayo KH. Antitumor agent calixarene 0118 targets human galectin-1 as an allosteric inhibitor of carbohydrate binding. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5121-9. [PMID: 22575017 DOI: 10.1021/jm300014q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arene compound 0118 is an angiostatic agent that inhibits tumor growth in mice. Although 0118 is a topomimetic of galectin-1-targeting angiostatic amphipathic peptide Anginex, we had yet to prove that 0118 targets galectin-1. Galectin-1 is involved in pathological disorders like tumor endothelial cell adhesion and migration and therefore presents a relevant target for therapeutic intervention against cancer. Here, (15)N-(1)H HSQC NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that 0118 indeed targets galectin-1 at a site away from the lectin's carbohydrate binding site and thereby attenuates lactose binding to the lectin. Flow cytometry and agglutination assays show that 0118 attenuates binding of galectin-1 to cell surface glycans, and the inhibition of cell proliferation by 0118 is found to be correlated with the cellular expression of the lectin. In general, our data indicate that 0118 targets galectin-1 as an allosteric inhibitor of glycan/carbohydrate binding. This work contributes to the clinical development of antitumor calixarene compound 0118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Prabha S, Sharma B, Labhasetwar V. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth by nanoparticle-mediated p53 gene therapy in mice. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:530-7. [PMID: 22595792 PMCID: PMC3400709 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, the most common genetic alteration in human cancers, results in more aggressive disease and increased resistance to conventional therapies. Aggressiveness may be related to the increased angiogenic activity of cancer cells containing mutant p53. To restore wild-type p53 function in cancer cells, we developed polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for p53 gene delivery. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the ability of these NPs to provide sustained intracellular release of DNA, thus sustained gene transfection and decreased tumor cell proliferation. We investigated in vivo mechanisms involved in NP-mediated p53 tumor inhibition, with focus on angiogenesis. We hypothesize that sustained p53 gene delivery will help decrease tumor angiogenic activity and thus reduce tumor growth and improve animal survival. Xenografts of p53 mutant tumors were treated with a single intratumoral injection of p53NPs. We observed intratumoral p53 gene expression corresponding to tumor growth inhibition, over 5 weeks. Treated tumors showed upregulation of thrombospondin-1, a potent antiangiogenic factor, and a decrease in microvessel density vs. controls (saline, p53 DNA alone, and control NPs). Greater levels of apoptosis were also observed in p53NP-treated tumors. Overall, this led to significantly improved survival in p53NP-treated animals. NP-mediated p53 gene delivery slowed cancer progression and improved survival in an in vivo cancer model. One mechanism by which this is accomplished is disruption of tumor angiogenesis. We conclude that the NP-mediated sustained tumor p53 gene therapy can effectively be used for tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prabha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
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32
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Song CW, Lee H, Dings RPM, Williams B, Powers J, Santos TD, Choi BH, Park HJ. Metformin kills and radiosensitizes cancer cells and preferentially kills cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2012; 2:362. [PMID: 22500211 PMCID: PMC3324825 DOI: 10.1038/srep00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-cancer effects of metformin, the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation were studied with MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and FSaII mouse fibrosarcoma cells. Clinically achievable concentrations of metformin caused significant clonogenic death in cancer cells. Importantly, metformin was preferentially cytotoxic to cancer stem cells relative to non-cancer stem cells. Metformin increased the radiosensitivity of cancer cells in vitro, and significantly enhanced the radiation-induced growth delay of FSaII tumors (s.c.) in the legs of C3H mice. Both metformin and ionizing radiation activated AMPK leading to inactivation of mTOR and suppression of its downstream effectors such as S6K1 and 4EBP1, a crucial signaling pathway for proliferation and survival of cancer cells, in vitro as well as in the in vivo tumors. Conclusion: Metformin kills and radiosensitizes cancer cells and eradicates radioresistant cancer stem cells by activating AMPK and suppressing mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang W Song
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A
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Zahedi P, Yoganathan R, Piquette-Miller M, Allen C. Recent advances in drug delivery strategies for treatment of ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:567-83. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.665366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sirica AE. The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:44-54. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, VA 23298-0297, USA.
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The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. NATURE REVIEWS. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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Pfaff A, Schallon A, Ruhland TM, Majewski AP, Schmalz H, Freitag R, Müller AHE. Magnetic and Fluorescent Glycopolymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Intranuclear Optical Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3805-11. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201051p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Pfaff
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anja Schallon
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Ruhland
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander P. Majewski
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Burns JS, Kristiansen M, Kristensen LP, Larsen KH, Nielsen MO, Christiansen H, Nehlin J, Andersen JS, Kassem M. Decellularized matrix from tumorigenic human mesenchymal stem cells promotes neovascularization with galectin-1 dependent endothelial interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21888. [PMID: 21779348 PMCID: PMC3133605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquisition of a blood supply is fundamental for extensive tumor growth. We recently described vascular heterogeneity in tumours derived from cell clones of a human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) strain (hMSC-TERT20) immortalized by retroviral vector mediated human telomerase (hTERT) gene expression. Histological analysis showed that cells of the most vascularized tumorigenic clone, -BD11 had a pericyte-like alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA+) and CD146+ positive phenotype. Upon serum withdrawal in culture, -BD11 cells formed cord-like structures mimicking capillary morphogenesis. In contrast, cells of the poorly tumorigenic clone, -BC8 did not stain for ASMA, tumours were less vascularized and serum withdrawal in culture led to cell death. By exploring the heterogeneity in hMSC-TERT20 clones we aimed to understand molecular mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells may promote neovascularization. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Quantitative qRT-PCR analysis revealed similar mRNA levels for genes encoding the angiogenic cytokines VEGF and Angiopoietin-1 in both clones. However, clone-BD11 produced a denser extracellular matrix that supported stable ex vivo capillary morphogenesis of human endothelial cells and promoted in vivo neovascularization. Proteomic characterization of the -BD11 decellularized matrix identified 50 extracellular angiogenic proteins, including galectin-1. siRNA knock down of galectin-1 expression abrogated the ex vivo interaction between decellularized -BD11 matrix and endothelial cells. More stable shRNA knock down of galectin-1 expression did not prevent -BD11 tumorigenesis, but greatly reduced endothelial migration into -BD11 cell xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Decellularized hMSC matrix had significant angiogenic potential with at least 50 angiogenic cell surface and extracellular proteins, implicated in attracting endothelial cells, their adhesion and activation to form tubular structures. hMSC -BD11 surface galectin-1 expression was required to bring about matrix-endothelial interactions and for xenografted hMSC -BD11 cells to optimally recruit host vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Burns
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory KMEB, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Dings RPM, Vang KB, Castermans K, Popescu F, Zhang Y, Oude Egbrink MGA, Mescher MF, Farrar MA, Griffioen AW, Mayo KH. Enhancement of T-cell-mediated antitumor response: angiostatic adjuvant to immunotherapy against cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3134-45. [PMID: 21252159 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-released proangiogenic factors suppress endothelial adhesion molecule (EAM) expression and prevent leukocyte extravasation into the tumor. This is one reason why immunotherapy has met with limited success in the clinic. We hypothesized that overcoming EAM suppression with angiogenesis inhibitors would increase leukocyte extravasation and subsequently enhance the effectiveness of cellular immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Intravital microscopy, multiple color flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and various tumor mouse (normal and T-cell deficient) models were used to investigate the temporal dynamics of cellular and molecular events that occur in the tumor microenvironment during tumor progression and angiostatic intervention. RESULTS We report that while EAM levels and T-cell infiltration are highly attenuated early on in tumor growth, angiostatic therapy modulates these effects. In tumor models with normal and T-cell-deficient mice, we show the active involvement of the adaptive immune system in cancer and differentiate antiangiogenic effects from antiangiogenic mediated enhancement of immunoextravasation. Our results indicate that a compromised immune response in tumors can be obviated by the use of antiangiogenic agents. Finally, with adoptive transfer studies in mice, we show that a phased combination of angiostatic therapy and T-cell transfer significantly (P < 0.0013) improves tumor growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This research contributes to understand the cellular mechanism of action of angiostatic agents and the immune response within the tumor microenvironment, in particular as a consequence of the temporal dynamics of EAM levels. Moreover, our results suggest that adjuvant therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors holds promise for cellular immunotherapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Dings RPM, Loren ML, Zhang Y, Mikkelson S, Mayo KH, Corry P, Griffin RJ. Tumour thermotolerance, a physiological phenomenon involving vessel normalisation. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 27:42-52. [PMID: 21204622 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2010.510495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to delineate the mechanisms by which stromal components of cancer may induce tumour thermotolerance and exploit alterations in stromal and tumour physiology to enhance radiation therapy. The vascular thermoresponse was monitored by daily one-hour 41.5°C heatings in two murine solid tumour models, SCK murine mammary carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma. A transient increase was seen in overall tumour oxygenation for 2-3 days, followed by a progressive decline in tumour pO(2) upon continued daily heatings. Vascular thermotolerance was further studied by treating tumours with different heating strategies, i.e. (1) a single 60 min 41.5°C treatment; (2) two consecutive daily treatments of 41.5°C for 60 min; (3) a single 60 min 43°C treatment or (4) two days of 41.5°C for 60 min followed by treatment with 43°C for 60 min on the third day. Pre-heating tumours with mild temperature hyperthermia induced vascular thermotolerance, which was accompanied by evidence of vessel normalisation, i.e. a decrease in microvessel density and an increase in pericyte coverage. Rational scheduling of fractionated radiation during heat-induced increases in tumour oxygen levels rendered a significantly greater, synergistic, tumour growth inhibition. In vitro clonogenic survival responses of the individual cell types associated (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pericytes and tumour cells) indicated only a direct cellular thermotolerance in endothelial cells. Overall, this suggests that tumour thermotolerance is a physiological phenomenon mediated through improvement of functional vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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