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Forte N, Roussel C, Marfella B, Lauritano A, Villano R, De Leonibus E, Salviati E, Khalilzadehsabet T, Giorgini G, Silvestri C, Piscitelli F, Mollica MP, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. Olive oil-derived endocannabinoid-like mediators inhibit palatable food-induced reward and obesity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:959. [PMID: 37735539 PMCID: PMC10514336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
N-oleoylglycine (OlGly), a lipid derived from the basic component of olive oil, oleic acid, and N-oleoylalanine (OlAla) are endocannabinoid-like mediators. We report that OlGly and OlAla, by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), reduce the rewarding properties of a highly palatable food, dopamine neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area, and the obesogenic effect of a high-fat diet rich in lard (HFD-L). An isocaloric olive oil HFD (HFD-O) reduced body weight gain compared to the HFD-L, in a manner reversed by PPARα antagonism, and enhanced brain and intestinal OlGly levels and gut microbial diversity. OlGly or OlAla treatment of HFD-L mice resulted in gut microbiota taxonomic changes partly similar to those induced by HFD-O. We suggest that OlGly and OlAla control body weight by counteracting highly palatable food overconsumption, and possibly rebalancing the gut microbiota, and provide a potential new mechanism of action for the obeso-preventive effects of olive oil-rich diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forte
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Charlène Roussel
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brenda Marfella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Rosaria Villano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tina Khalilzadehsabet
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Giada Giorgini
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, 61V0AG, Canada.
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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2
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Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Effect of oleoyl glycine and oleoyl alanine on lithium chloride induced nausea in rats and vomiting in shrews. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:377-383. [PMID: 34676441 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The fatty acid amide oleoyl glycine (OlGly) and its more stable methylated form oleoyl alanine (OlAla) reduce naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MWD)-induced conditioned gaping (nausea) responses in rats. In addition, OlGly has been shown to reduce lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in Suncus murinus (house musk shrews). OBJECTIVES Here, we compared the potential of these fatty acid amides to maintain their anti-nausea/anti-emetic effect over a delay. The following experiments examined the potential of a wider dose range of OlGly and OlAla to interfere with (1) LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats and (2) LiCl-induced vomiting in shrews, when administered 20 or 70 min prior to illness. RESULTS OlAla (1, 5, 20 mg/kg) reduced LiCl-induced conditioned gaping, with OlGly only effective at the high dose (20 mg/kg), with no effect of pretreatment delay time. At the high dose of 20 mg/kg, OlGly increased passive drips during conditioning suggesting a sedative effect. In shrews, both OlGly and OlAla (1, 5 mg/kg) suppressed LiCl-induced vomiting, with no effect of pretreatment delay. OlAla more effectively suppressed vomiting, with OlAla (5 mg/kg) also increasing the latency to the first vomiting reaction. CONCLUSIONS OlAla was more effective than OlGly in reducing both LiCl-induced gaping in rats and LiCl-induced vomiting in shrews. These findings provide further evidence that these fatty acid amides may be useful treatments for nausea and vomiting, with OlAla demonstrating superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Facility, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Facility, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
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3
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Ni R, Bhandari S, Mitchell PR, Suarez G, Patel NB, Lamb K, Bisht KS, Merkler DJ. Synthesis, Quantification, and Characterization of Fatty Acid Amides from In Vitro and In Vivo Sources. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092543. [PMID: 33925418 PMCID: PMC8123904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amides are a diverse family of underappreciated, biologically occurring lipids. Herein, the methods for the chemical synthesis and subsequent characterization of specific members of the fatty acid amide family are described. The synthetically prepared fatty acid amides and those obtained commercially are used as standards for the characterization and quantification of the fatty acid amides produced by biological systems, a fatty acid amidome. The fatty acid amidomes from mouse N18TG2 cells, sheep choroid plexus cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera, and Tribolium castaneum are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirpal S. Bisht
- Correspondence: (K.S.B.); (D.J.M.); Tel.: +1-813-974-0350 (K.S.B.); +1-813-974-3579 (D.J.M.)
| | - David J. Merkler
- Correspondence: (K.S.B.); (D.J.M.); Tel.: +1-813-974-0350 (K.S.B.); +1-813-974-3579 (D.J.M.)
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4
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Battista N, Bari M, Bisogno T. N-Acyl Amino Acids: Metabolism, Molecular Targets, and Role in Biological Processes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120822. [PMID: 31817019 PMCID: PMC6995544 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid signal is becoming increasingly crowded as increasingly fatty acid amide derivatives are being identified and considered relevant therapeutic targets. The identification of N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine as endogenous ligand of cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors as well as the development of different–omics technologies have the merit to have led to the discovery of a huge number of naturally occurring N-acyl-amines. Among those mediators, N-acyl amino acids, chemically related to the endocannabinoids and belonging to the complex lipid signaling system now known as endocannabinoidome, have been rapidly growing for their therapeutic potential. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms for the biosynthesis and inactivation of the N-acyl amino acids, as well as the various molecular targets for some of the N-acyl amino acids described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
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5
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Celeste Dias M, Pinto DCGA, Correia C, Moutinho-Pereira J, Oliveira H, Freitas H, Silva AMS, Santos C. UV-B radiation modulates physiology and lipophilic metabolite profile in Olea europaea. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:39-50. [PMID: 29407548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation plays an important role in plant photomorphogenesis. Whilst the morpho-functional disorders induced by excessive UV irradiation are well-known, it remains unclear how this irradiation modulates the metabolome, and which metabolic shifts improve plants' tolerance to UV-B. In this study, we use an important Mediterranean crop, Olea europaea, to decipher the impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation on the physiological performance and lipophilic metabolite profile. Young olive plants (cv. 'Galega Vulgar') were exposed for five days to UV-B biologically effective doses of 6.5 kJ m-2 d-1 and 12.4 kJ m-2 d-1. Cell cycle/ploidy, photosynthesis and oxidative stress, as well as GC-MS metabolites were assessed. Both UV-B treatments impaired net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, photosynthetic pigments, and RuBisCO activity, but 12.4 kJ m-2 d-1 also decreased the photochemical quenching (qP) and the effective efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII). UV-B treatments promoted mono/triperpene pathways, while only 12.4 kJ m-2 d-1 increased fatty acids and alkanes, and decreased geranylgeranyl-diphosphate. The interplay between physiology and metabolomics suggests some innate ability of these plants to tolerate moderate UV-B doses (6.5 kJ m-2 d-1). Also their tolerance to higher doses (12.4 kJ m-2 d-1) relies on plants' metabolic adjustments, where the accumulation of specific compounds such as long-chain alkanes, palmitic acid, oleic acid and particularly oleamide (which is described for the first time in olive leaves) play an important protective role. This is the first study demonstrating photosynthetic changes and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in olive leaves under moderate and high UV-B doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Dias
- Department of Life Sciences & CFE, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Correia
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Freitas
- Department of Life Sciences & CFE, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Kumar D, Strenkert D, Patel-King RS, Leonard MT, Merchant SS, Mains RE, King SM, Eipper BA. A bioactive peptide amidating enzyme is required for ciliogenesis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28513435 PMCID: PMC5461114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways controlling cilium biogenesis in different cell types have not been fully elucidated. We recently identified peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme required for generating amidated bioactive signaling peptides, in Chlamydomonas and mammalian cilia. Here, we show that PAM is required for the normal assembly of motile and primary cilia in Chlamydomonas, planaria and mice. Chlamydomonas PAM knockdown lines failed to assemble cilia beyond the transition zone, had abnormal Golgi architecture and altered levels of cilia assembly components. Decreased PAM gene expression reduced motile ciliary density on the ventral surface of planaria and resulted in the appearance of cytosolic axonemes lacking a ciliary membrane. The architecture of primary cilia on neuroepithelial cells in Pam-/- mouse embryos was also aberrant. Our data suggest that PAM activity and alterations in post-Golgi trafficking contribute to the observed ciliogenesis defects and provide an unanticipated, highly conserved link between PAM, amidation and ciliary assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Daniela Strenkert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ramila S Patel-King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Michael T Leonard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
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7
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Jeffries KA, Dempsey DR, Farrell EK, Anderson RL, Garbade GJ, Gurina TS, Gruhonjic I, Gunderson CA, Merkler DJ. Glycine N-acyltransferase-like 3 is responsible for long-chain N-acylglycine formation in N18TG2 cells. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:781-90. [PMID: 27016726 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid amides are signaling lipids found in mammals and other organisms; however, details of the metabolic pathways for the N-acylglycines and primary fatty acid amides (PFAMs) have remained elusive. Heavy-labeled precursor and subtraction lipidomic experiments in mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 cells, a model cell line for the study of fatty acid amide metabolism, establish the biosynthetic pathways for the N-acylglycines and the PFAMs. We provide evidence that the N-acylglycines are formed by a long-chain specific glycine-conjugating enzyme, glycine N-acyltransferase-like 3 (GLYATL3). siRNA knockdown of GLYATL3 in the N18TG2 cells resulted in a decrease in the levels of the N-acylglycines and the PFAMs. This is the first report of an enzyme responsible for long-chain N-acylglycine production in cellula. The production of the PFAMs in N18TG2 cells was reported to occur by the oxidative cleavage of the N-acylglycines, as catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). siRNA knockdown of PAM resulted in an accumulation of [(13)C18]N-oleoylglycine and decreased levels of [(13)C18]oleamide when the N18TG2 cells were grown in the presence of [(13)C18]oleic acid. The addition of [1-(13)C]palmitate to the N18TG2 cell growth media led to the production of a family of [1-(13)C]palmitoylated fatty acid amides, consistent with the biosynthetic pathways detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | | | - Tatyana S Gurina
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Imran Gruhonjic
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Carly A Gunderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
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8
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Jeffries KA, Dempsey DR, Behari AL, Anderson RL, Merkler DJ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to study long-chain fatty acid amide metabolism. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1596-602. [PMID: 24650760 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid amides are cell-signaling lipids identified in mammals and, recently, in invertebrates, as well. Many details regarding fatty acid amide metabolism remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for the study long-chain fatty acid amide metabolism as we have quantified the endogenous levels of N-acylglycines, N-acyldopamines, N-acylethanolamines, and primary fatty acid amides by LC/QTOF-MS. Growth of D. melanogaster on media supplemented with [1-(13)C]-palmitate lead to a family of (13)C-palmitate-labeled fatty acid amides in the fly heads. The [1-(13)C]-palmitate feeding studies provide insight into the biosynthesis of the fatty acid amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Anita L Behari
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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9
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Expression, purification, and characterization of mouse glycine N-acyltransferase in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 97:23-8. [PMID: 24576660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) is a phase II metabolic detoxification enzyme for exogenous (xenobiotic) and endogenous carboxylic acids; consisting of fatty acids, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid. GLYAT catalyzes the formation of hippurate (N-benzoylglycine) from the corresponding glycine and benzoyl-CoA. Herein, we report the successful expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant mouse GLYAT (mGLYAT). A 34kDa mGLYAT protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by nickel affinity chromatography to a final yield of 2.5mg/L culture. Characterization for both amino donors and amino acceptors were completed, with glycine serving as the best amino donor substrate, (kcat/Km)app=(5.2±0.20)×10(2)M(-1)s(-1), and benzoyl-CoA serving as the best the amino acceptor substrate, (kcat/Km)app=(4.5±0.27)×10(5)M(-1)s(-1). Our data demonstrate that mGLYAT will catalyzed the chain length specific (C2-C6) formation of N-acylglycines. The steady-state kinetic constants determined for recombinant mGLYAT for the substrates benzoyl-CoA and glycine, were shown to be consistent with other reported species (rat, human, bovine, ovine, and rhesus monkey). The successful recombinant expression and purification of mGLYAT can lead to solve unanswered questions associated with this enzyme, consisting of what is the chemical mechanism and what catalytic residues are essential for the how this phase II metabolic detoxification enzyme conjugates glycine to xenobiotic and endogenous carboxylic acids.
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10
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Divito EB, Cascio M. Metabolism, physiology, and analyses of primary fatty acid amides. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7343-53. [PMID: 23927536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Divito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University , 308 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
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11
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Hunt MC, Siponen MI, Alexson SEH. The emerging role of acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases in regulating peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1397-410. [PMID: 22465940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism is now well established and peroxisomes contain approximately 60 enzymes involved in these lipid metabolic pathways. Several acyl-CoA thioesterase enzymes (ACOTs) have been identified in peroxisomes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs (short-, medium-, long- and very long-chain), bile acid-CoAs, and methyl branched-CoAs, to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A. A number of acyltransferase enzymes, which are structurally and functionally related to ACOTs, have also been identified in peroxisomes, which conjugate (or amidate) bile acid-CoAs and acyl-CoAs to amino acids, resulting in the production of amidated bile acids and fatty acids. The function of ACOTs is to act as auxiliary enzymes in the α- and β-oxidation of various lipids in peroxisomes. Human peroxisomes contain at least two ACOTs (ACOT4 and ACOT8) whereas mouse peroxisomes contain six ACOTs (ACOT3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12). Similarly, human peroxisomes contain one bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT), whereas mouse peroxisomes contain three acyltransferases (BAAT and acyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases 1 and 2: ACNAT1 and ACNAT2). This review will focus on the human and mouse peroxisomal ACOT and acyltransferase enzymes identified to date and discuss their cellular localizations, emerging structural information and functions as auxiliary enzymes in peroxisomal metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Hunt
- Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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12
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Waluk DP, Sucharski F, Sipos L, Silberring J, Hunt MC. Reversible lysine acetylation regulates activity of human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2): implications for production of glycine-conjugated signaling molecules. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16158-67. [PMID: 22408254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a major post-translational modification of proteins and regulates many physiological processes such as metabolism, cell migration, aging, and inflammation. Proteomic studies have identified numerous lysine-acetylated proteins in human and mouse models (Kim, S. C., Sprung, R., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Ball, H., Pei, J., Cheng, T., Kho, Y., Xiao, H., Xiao, L., Grishin, N. V., White, M., Yang, X. J., and Zhao, Y. (2006) Mol. Cell 23, 607-618). One family of proteins identified in this study was the murine glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) enzymes, which are acetylated on lysine 19. Lysine 19 is a conserved residue in human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2) and in several other species, showing that this residue may be important for enzyme function. Mutation of lysine 19 in recombinant hGLYATL2 to glutamine (K19Q) and arginine (K19R) resulted in a 50-80% lower production of N-oleoyl glycine and N-arachidonoylglycine, indicating that lysine 19 is important for enzyme function. LC/MS/MS confirmed that Lys-19 is not acetylated in wild-type hGLYATL2, indicating that Lys-19 requires to be deacetylated for full activity. The hGLYATL2 enzyme conjugates medium- and long-chain saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA esters to glycine, resulting in the production of N-oleoyl glycine and also N-arachidonoyl glycine. N-Oleoyl glycine and N-arachidonoyl glycine are structurally and functionally related to endocannabinoids and have been identified as signaling molecules that regulate functions like the perception of pain and body temperature and also have anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, acetylation of lysine(s) in hGLYATL2 regulates the enzyme activity, thus linking post-translational modification of proteins with the production of biological signaling molecules, the N-acyl glycines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik P Waluk
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Toxicology, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Farrell EK, Chen Y, Barazanji M, Jeffries KA, Cameroamortegui F, Merkler DJ. Primary fatty acid amide metabolism: conversion of fatty acids and an ethanolamine in N18TG2 and SCP cells. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:247-56. [PMID: 22095832 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m018606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary fatty acid amides (PFAM) are important signaling molecules in the mammalian nervous system, binding to many drug receptors and demonstrating control over sleep, locomotion, angiogenesis, and many other processes. Oleamide is the best-studied of the primary fatty acid amides, whereas the other known PFAMs are significantly less studied. Herein, quantitative assays were used to examine the endogenous amounts of a panel of PFAMs, as well as the amounts produced after incubation of mouse neuroblastoma N(18)TG(2) and sheep choroid plexus (SCP) cells with the corresponding fatty acids or N-tridecanoylethanolamine. Although five endogenous primary amides were discovered in the N(18)TG(2) and SCP cells, a different pattern of relative amounts were found between the two cell lines. Higher amounts of primary amides were found in SCP cells, and the conversion of N-tridecanoylethanolamine to tridecanamide was observed in the two cell lines. The data reported here show that the N(18)TG(2) and SCP cells are excellent model systems for the study of PFAM metabolism. Furthermore, the data support a role for the N-acylethanolamines as precursors for the PFAMs and provide valuable new kinetic results useful in modeling the metabolic flux through the pathways for PFAM biosynthesis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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14
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Psychogios N, Hau DD, Peng J, Guo AC, Mandal R, Bouatra S, Sinelnikov I, Krishnamurthy R, Eisner R, Gautam B, Young N, Xia J, Knox C, Dong E, Huang P, Hollander Z, Pedersen TL, Smith SR, Bamforth F, Greiner R, McManus B, Newman JW, Goodfriend T, Wishart DS. The human serum metabolome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16957. [PMID: 21359215 PMCID: PMC3040193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1179] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing improvements in analytical technology along with an increased interest in performing comprehensive, quantitative metabolic profiling, is leading to increased interest pressures within the metabolomics community to develop centralized metabolite reference resources for certain clinically important biofluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, urine and blood. As part of an ongoing effort to systematically characterize the human metabolome through the Human Metabolome Project, we have undertaken the task of characterizing the human serum metabolome. In doing so, we have combined targeted and non-targeted NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS methods with computer-aided literature mining to identify and quantify a comprehensive, if not absolutely complete, set of metabolites commonly detected and quantified (with today's technology) in the human serum metabolome. Our use of multiple metabolomics platforms and technologies allowed us to substantially enhance the level of metabolome coverage while critically assessing the relative strengths and weaknesses of these platforms or technologies. Tables containing the complete set of 4229 confirmed and highly probable human serum compounds, their concentrations, related literature references and links to their known disease associations are freely available at http://www.serummetabolome.ca.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Hau
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - An Chi Guo
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Souhaila Bouatra
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Roman Eisner
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bijaya Gautam
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nelson Young
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Craig Knox
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Edison Dong
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paul Huang
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Hollander
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and the NCE CECR Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Theresa L. Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fiona Bamforth
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Russ Greiner
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bruce McManus
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and the NCE CECR Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), Vancouver, Canada
| | - John W. Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Goodfriend
- Veterans Administration Hospital and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ivkovic M, Dempsey DR, Handa S, Hilton JH, Lowe EW, Merkler DJ. N-acylethanolamines as novel alcohol dehydrogenase 3 substrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 506:157-64. [PMID: 21144815 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are members of the fatty acid amide family. The NAEs have been proposed to serve as metabolic precursors to N-acylglycines (NAGs). The sequential oxidation of the NAEs by an alcohol dehydrogenase and an aldehyde dehydrogenase would yield the N-acylglycinals and/or the NAGs. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) is one enzyme that might catalyze this reaction. To define a potential role for ADH3 in NAE catabolism, we synthesized a set of NAEs and evaluated these as ADH3 substrates. NAEs were oxidized by ADH3, yielding the N-acylglycinals as the product. The (V/K)(app) values for the NAEs included here were low relative to cinnamyl alcohol. Our data show that the NAEs can serve as alcohol dehydrogenase substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ivkovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., CHE 205, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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16
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Connor M, Vaughan CW, Vandenberg RJ. N-acyl amino acids and N-acyl neurotransmitter conjugates: neuromodulators and probes for new drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1857-71. [PMID: 20649585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The myriad functions of lipids as signalling molecules is one of the most interesting fields in contemporary pharmacology, with a host of compounds recognized as mediators of communication within and between cells. The N-acyl conjugates of amino acids and neurotransmitters (NAANs) have recently come to prominence because of their potential roles in the nervous system, vasculature and the immune system. NAAN are compounds such as glycine, GABA or dopamine conjugated with long chain fatty acids. More than 70 endogenous NAAN have been reported although their physiological role remains uncertain, with various NAAN interacting with a low affinity at G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and ion channels. Regardless of their potential physiological function, NAAN are of great interest to pharmacologists because of their potential as flexible tools to probe new sites on GPCRs, transporters and ion channels. NAANs are amphipathic molecules, with a wide variety of potential fatty acid and headgroup moieties, a combination which provides a rich source of potential ligands engaging novel binding sites and mechanisms for modulation of membrane proteins such as GPCRs, ion channels and transporters. The unique actions of subsets of NAAN on voltage-gated calcium channels and glycine transporters indicate that the wide variety of NAAN may provide a readily exploitable resource for defining new pharmacological targets. Investigation of the physiological roles and pharmacological potential of these simple lipid conjugates is in its infancy, and we believe that there is much to be learnt from their careful study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Connor
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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17
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McIntyre NR, Lowe EW, Belof JL, Ivkovic M, Shafer J, Space B, Merkler DJ. Evidence for substrate preorganization in the peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase reaction describing the contribution of ground state structure to hydrogen tunneling. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16393-402. [PMID: 21043511 DOI: 10.1021/ja1019194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) is a bifunctional enzyme which catalyzes the post-translational modification of inactive C-terminal glycine-extended peptide precursors to the corresponding bioactive α-amidated peptide hormone. This conversion involves two sequential reactions both of which are catalyzed by the separate catalytic domains of PAM. The first step, the copper-, ascorbate-, and O(2)-dependent stereospecific hydroxylation at the α-carbon of the C-terminal glycine, is catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM). The second step, the zinc-dependent dealkylation of the carbinolamide intermediate, is catalyzed by peptidylglycine amidoglycolate lyase. Quantum mechanical tunneling dominates PHM-dependent C(α)-H bond activation. This study probes the substrate structure dependence of this chemistry using a set of N-acylglycine substrates of varying hydrophobicity. Primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), molecular mechanical docking, alchemical free energy perturbation, and equilibrium molecular dynamics were used to study the role played by ground-state substrate structure on PHM catalysis. Our data show that all Ν-acylglycines bind sequentially to PHM in an equilibrium-ordered fashion. The primary deuterium KIE displays a linear decrease with respect to acyl chain length for straight-chain N-acylglycine substrates. Docking orientation of these substrates displayed increased dissociation energy proportional to hydrophobic pocket interaction. The decrease in KIE with hydrophobicity was attributed to a preorganization event which decreased reorganization energy by decreasing the conformational sampling associated with ground state substrate binding. This is the first example of preorganization in the family of noncoupled copper monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R McIntyre
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
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18
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Ezzili C, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Fatty acid amide signaling molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5959-68. [PMID: 20817522 PMCID: PMC2942981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Key studies leading to the discovery and definition of the role of endogenous fatty acid amide signaling molecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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19
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Waluk DP, Schultz N, Hunt MC. Identification of glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (GLYATL2) as a transferase that produces N-acyl glycines in humans. FASEB J 2010; 24:2795-803. [PMID: 20305126 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-148551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of glycine conjugates of long-chain fatty acids (N-acyl glycines) in the brain and other non-neuronal tissues has led to the identification of an emerging class of bioactive lipids. The biological activities of N-acyl glycines include antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects, and activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. However, despite the fact that N-acyl glycines are emerging as a distinct lipid signaling family, pathways for their production are not fully elucidated. Here we report on the characterization of human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2), a member of a gene family of 4 putative glycine conjugating enzymes, and show that it synthesizes various N-acyl glycines. Recombinantly expressed hGLYATL2 efficiently conjugated oleoyl-CoA, arachidonoyl-CoA, and other medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs to glycine. The enzyme was specific for glycine as an acceptor molecule, and preferentially produced N-oleoyl glycine. The hGLYATL2 enzyme is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and the mRNA shows highest expression in salivary gland and trachea, but is also detected in spinal cord and skin fibroblasts. The expression pattern and the identification of high levels of N-acyl glycines in skin and lung may indicate a role for N-acyl glycines in barrier function/immune response and the potential role of hGLYATL2 in this regard is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik P Waluk
- Stockholm University, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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McIntyre NR, Lowe EW, Merkler DJ. Imino-oxy acetic acid dealkylation as evidence for an inner-sphere alcohol intermediate in the reaction catalyzed by peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10308-19. [PMID: 19569683 DOI: 10.1021/ja902716d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM, EC 1.14.17.3) catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of a glycyl alpha-carbon in a reaction that requires O(2) and ascorbate. Subsequent dealkylation of the alpha-hydroxyglycine by another enzyme, peptidylamidoglycolate lyase (PAL. EC 4.3.2.5), yields a bioactive amide and glyoxylate. PHM is a noncoupled, type II dicopper monooxygenase which activates O(2) at only a single copper atom, Cu(M). In this study, the PHM mechanism was probed using a non-natural substrate, benzaldehyde imino-oxy acetic acid (BIAA). PHM catalyzes the O-oxidative dealkylation of BIAA to benzaldoxime and glyoxylate with no involvement of PAL. The minimal kinetic mechanism for BIAA was shown to be steady-state ordered using primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects. The (D)(V/K)(APPARENT, BIAA) decreased from 14.7 +/- 1.0 as [O(2)] --> 0 to 1.0 +/- 0.2 as [O(2)] --> infinity suggesting the dissociation rate constant from the PHM x BIAA complex decreases as [O(2)] increases; thereby, reducing the steady-state concentration of [PHM](free). BIAA was further used to differentiate between potential oxidative Cu/O species using a QM/MM reaction coordinate simulation to determine which species could yield product O-dealkylation that matched our experimental data. The results of this study provided compelling evidence for the presence of a covalently linked Cu(II)-alkoxide intermediate with a quartet spin state responsible BIAA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R McIntyre
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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21
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22
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Aneetha H, O'Dell DK, Tan B, Walker JM, Hurley TD. Alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed in vitro oxidation of anandamide to N-arachidonoyl glycine, a lipid mediator: synthesis of N-acyl glycinals. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:237-41. [PMID: 19013794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Arachidonoyl ethanolamide or anandamide is an endocannabinoid found in most tissues where it acts as an important signaling mediator in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Consequently, intense effort has been focused on understanding all its biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Herein we report human alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed sequential oxidation of anandamide to N-arachidonoyl glycine, a prototypical member of the class of long chain fatty acyl glycines, a new group of lipid mediators with a wide array of physiological effects. We also present a straightforward synthesis for a series of N-acyl glycinals including N-arachidonoyl glycinal, an intermediate in the alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halikhedkar Aneetha
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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23
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Merkler DJ, Asser AS, Baumgart LE, Carballo N, Carpenter SE, Chew GH, Cosner CC, Dusi J, Galloway LC, Lowe AB, Lowe EW, King L, Kendig RD, Kline PC, Malka R, Merkler KA, McIntyre NR, Romero M, Wilcox BJ, Owen TC. Substituted hippurates and hippurate analogs as substrates and inhibitors of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM). Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10061-74. [PMID: 18952446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) functions in vivo towards the biosynthesis of alpha-amidated peptide hormones in mammals and insects. PHM is a potential target for the development of inhibitors as drugs for the treatment of human disease and as insecticides for the management of insect pests. We show here that relatively simple ground state analogs of the PHM substrate hippuric acid (C(6)H(5)-CO-NH-CH(2)-COOH) inhibit the enzyme with K(i) values as low as 0.5microM. Substitution of sulfur atom(s) into the hippuric acid analog increases the affinity of PHM for the inhibitor. Replacement of the acetylglycine moiety, -CO-NH-CH(2)-COOH with an S-(thioacetyl)thioglycolic acid moiety, -CS-S-CH(2)-COOH, yields compounds with the highest PHM affinity. Both S-(2-phenylthioacetyl)thioglycolate and S-(4-ethylthiobenzoyl)thioglycolic acid inhibit the proliferation of cultured human prostate cancer cells at concentrations >100-fold excess of their respective K(i) values. Comparison of K(i) values between mammalian PHM and insect PHM shows differences in potency suggesting that a PHM-based insecticide with limited human toxicity can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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24
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Chen JK, Chen J, Imig JD, Wei S, Hachey DL, Guthi JS, Falck JR, Capdevila JH, Harris RC. Identification of novel endogenous cytochrome p450 arachidonate metabolites with high affinity for cannabinoid receptors. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24514-24. [PMID: 18606824 PMCID: PMC2528993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is an essential constituent of cell membranes that is esterified to the sn-2-position of glycerophospholipids and is released from selected lipid pools by phospholipase cleavage. The released arachidonic acid can be metabolized by three enzymatic pathways: the cyclooxygenase pathway forming prostaglandins and thromboxanes, the lipoxygenase pathway generating leukotrienes and lipoxins, and the cytochrome P450 (cP450) pathway producing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. The present study describes a novel group of cP450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid, termed 2-epoxyeicosatrienoylglycerols (2-EG), including two regioisomers, 2-(11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoyl)glycerol (2-11,12-EG) and 2-(14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoyl)glycerol (2-14,15-EG), which are both produced in the kidney and spleen, whereas 2-11,12-EG is also detected in the brain. Both 2-11,12-EG and 2-14,15-EG activated the two cannabinoid (CB) receptor subtypes, CB1 and CB2, with high affinity and elicited biological responses in cultured cells expressing CB receptors and in intact animals. In contrast, the parental arachidonic acid and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids failed to activate CB1 or CB2 receptors. Thus, these cP450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolites are a novel class of endogenously produced, biologically active lipid mediators with the characteristics of endocannabinoids. This is the first evidence of a cytochrome P450-dependent arachidonate metabolite that can activate G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptors and suggests a functional link between the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Chen
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John D. Imig
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Shouzuo Wei
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - David L. Hachey
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jagadeesh Setti Guthi
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John R. Falck
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jorge H. Capdevila
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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25
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Farrell EK, Merkler DJ. Biosynthesis, degradation and pharmacological importance of the fatty acid amides. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:558-68. [PMID: 18598910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of two biologically active fatty acid amides, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and oleamide, has generated a great deal of excitement and stimulated considerable research. However, anandamide and oleamide are merely the best-known and best-understood members of a much larger family of biologically occurring fatty acid amides. In this review, we will outline which fatty acid amides have been isolated from mammalian sources, detail what is known about how these molecules are made and degraded in vivo, and highlight their potential for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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26
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Di Marzo V, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids and related compounds: walking back and forth between plant natural products and animal physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:741-56. [PMID: 17656311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has been known, used, and misused by mankind for centuries, and yet only over the last two decades has research stemming from the chemical constituents specific to this plant, the cannabinoids, started to provide fundamental insights into animal physiology and pathology, resulting in the development of new therapeutics. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system, and its targeting with two new pharmaceutical preparations now on the market in several countries, represent the most recent example of how studies on medicinal plants and on the mechanism of their biological effects can reveal, through a chain of breakthroughs, new systems of endogenous signals and physiological phenomena that can become the source of novel strategies for unmet therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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Mueller GP, Driscoll WJ. In vitro synthesis of oleoylglycine by cytochrome c points to a novel pathway for the production of lipid signaling molecules. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22364-9. [PMID: 17537719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acyl glycines represent a new class of signaling molecules whose biosynthetic pathway is unknown. Here we report that cytochrome c catalyzes the formation of oleoylglycine from oleoyl-CoA and glycine, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The identity of oleoylglycine product was confirmed by isotope labeling and fragmentation mass spectrometry. Synthesis of oleoylglycine by cytochrome c was dependent upon substrate concentration and time. Other heme-containing proteins, myoglobin and hemoglobin, did not catalyze oleoylglycine synthesis. The functional properties of the reaction closely resemble those observed for the ability of cytochrome c to mediate the synthesis of oleamide from oleoyl-CoA and ammonia, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (Driscoll, W. J., Chaturvedi., S., and Mueller, G. P. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282). The ability of cytochrome c to catalyze the formation of oleoylglycine experimentally indicates the potential importance of cytochrome c as a novel mechanism for the generation of long chain fatty acyl glycine messengers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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Driscoll WJ, Chaturvedi S, Mueller GP. Oleamide synthesizing activity from rat kidney: identification as cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22353-63. [PMID: 17496328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleamide (cis-9-octadecenamide) is the prototype member of an emerging class of lipid signaling molecules collectively known as the primary fatty acid amides. Current evidence suggests that oleamide participates in the biochemical mechanisms underlying the drive to sleep, thermoregulation, and antinociception. Despite the potential importance of oleamide in these physiologic processes, the biochemical pathway for its synthesis in vivo has not been established. We report here the discovery of an oleamide synthetase found in rat tissues using [(14)C]oleoyl-CoA and ammonium ion. Hydrogen peroxide was subsequently found to be a required cofactor. The enzyme displayed temperature and pH optima in the physiologic range, a remarkable resistance to proteolysis, and specificity for long-chain acyl-CoA substrates. The reaction demonstrated Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(m) for oleoyl-CoA of 21 microm. Proteomic, biochemical, and immunologic analyses were used to identify the source of the oleamide synthesizing activity as cytochrome c. This identification was based upon peptide mass fingerprinting of isolated synthase protein, a tight correlation between enzymatic activity and immunoreactivity for cytochrome c, and identical functional properties shared by the tissue-derived synthetase and commercially obtained cytochrome c. The ability of cytochrome c to catalyze the formation of oleamide experimentally raises the possibility that cytochrome c may mediate oleamide biosynthesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Driscoll
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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29
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Abstract
Oleamide (cis-9,10-octadecenoamide), a fatty acid primary amide discovered in the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats, has a variety of actions that give it potential as a signaling molecule, although these actions have not been extensively investigated in the cardiovascular system. The synthetic pathway probably involves synthesis of oleoylglycine and then conversion to oleamide by peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM); breakdown of oleamide is by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Oleamide interacts with voltage-gated Na(+) channels and allosterically with GABA(A) and 5-HT(7) receptors as well as having cannabinoid-like actions. The latter have been suggested to be due to potentiation of the effects of endocannabinoids such as anandamide by inhibiting FAAH-mediated hydrolysis. This might underlie an "entourage effect" whereby co-released endogenous nonagonist congeners of endocannabinoids protect the active molecule from hydrolysis by FAAH. However, oleamide has direct agonist actions at CB(1) cannabinoid receptors and also activates the TRPV1 vanilloid receptor. Other actions include inhibition of gap-junctional communication, and this might give oleamide a role in myocardial development. Many of these actions are absent from the trans isomer of 9,10-octadecenoamide. One of the most potent actions of oleamide is vasodilation. In rat small mesenteric artery the response does not involve CB(1) cannabinoid receptors but another pertussis toxin-sensitive, G protein-coupled receptor, as yet unidentified. This receptor is sensitive to rimonabant and O-1918, an antagonist at the putative "abnormal-cannabidiol" or endothelial "anandamide" receptors. Vasodilation is mediated by endothelium-derived nitric oxide, endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization, and also through activation of TRPV1 receptors. A physiological role for oleamide in the heart and circulation has yet to be demonstrated, as has production by cells of the cardiovascular system, but this molecule has a range of actions that could give it considerable modulatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robin Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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El Kadib A, Katir N, Castel A, Delpech F, Rivière P. Hydrosilylation of unsaturated fatty acidN-phenyl amides. Appl Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chaturvedi S, Driscoll WJ, Elliot BM, Faraday MM, Grunberg NE, Mueller GP. In vivo evidence that N-oleoylglycine acts independently of its conversion to oleamide. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 81:136-49. [PMID: 17085322 PMCID: PMC1712674 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oleamide (cis-9-octadecenamide) is a member of an emerging class of lipid-signaling molecules, the primary fatty acid amides. A growing body of evidence indicates that oleamide mediates fundamental neurochemical processes including sleep, thermoregulation, and nociception. Nevertheless, the mechanism for oleamide biosynthesis remains unknown. The leading hypothesis holds that oleamide is synthesized from oleoylglycine via the actions of the peptide amidating enzyme, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). The present study investigated this hypothesis using pharmacologic treatments, physiologic assessments, and measurements of serum oleamide levels using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Oleamide and oleoylglycine both induced profound hypothermia and decreased locomotion, over equivalent dose ranges and time courses, whereas, closely related compounds, stearamide and oleic acid, were essentially without effect. While the biologic actions of oleamide and oleoylglycine were equivalent, the two compounds differed dramatically with respect to their effects on serum levels of oleamide. Oleamide administration (80mg/kg) elevated blood-borne oleamide by eight-fold, whereas, the same dose of oleoylglycine had no effect on circulating oleamide levels. In addition, pretreatment with the established PAM inhibitor, disulfiram, produced modest reductions in the hypothermic responses to both oleoylglycine and oleamide, suggesting that the effects of disulfiram were not mediated through inhibition of PAM and a resulting decrease in the formation of oleamide from oleoylglycine. Collectively, these findings raise the possibilities that: (1) oleoylglycine possesses biologic activity that is independent of its conversion to oleamide and (2) the increased availability of oleoylglycine as a potential substrate does not drive the biosynthesis of oleamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Chaturvedi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
| | - William J. Driscoll
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
| | - Brenda M. Elliot
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
| | - Martha M. Faraday
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
| | - Neil E. Grunberg
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
| | - Gregory P. Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
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Dalle Carbonare M, Tonidandel L, Berto F, Luise D, Mardegan A, Giordano G, Da Dalt L, Guiotto A, Battistin L, Leon A, Traldi P. Identification of an unusual naturally occurring apolar fatty acid amide in mammalian brain and a method for its quantitative determination. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:353-60. [PMID: 16372384 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amides (FAAs), such as the N-acylamides, N-acylethanolamides, N-acyldopamines and N-acylamino acids, are now emerging as an important new class of lipid-signalling molecules. This paper provides evidence, based on high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and 1H-NMR, of the occurrence in mouse and bovine brain extracts of a compound characterised by a mass spectrum attributable to a FAA not previously described, namely, the isopropyl-amide of stearic acid (SIPA). A highly sensitive GC/MS method was developed for quantification of naturally occurring SIPA and, also, for purposes of comparison, that of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a structurally related compound commonly determined in animal tissues. The results obtained show that SIPA levels in mouse brain are 8-10-fold higher than those of PEA. Moreover, SIPA was found in human neuroblastoma cell (SHSY-5Y) extracts, at significantly higher levels following exposure of the cells to the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone. All this evidence not only shows surprisingly that SIPA may be found naturally in mammalian biological extracts despite the unusual functional group (i.e. isopropylamide) implicated, but also raises many important questions concerning its biological origin.
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McIntyre NR, Lowe EW, Chew GH, Owen TC, Merkler DJ. Thiorphan, tiopronin, and related analogs as substrates and inhibitors of peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). FEBS Lett 2005; 580:521-32. [PMID: 16405966 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase is a copper- and zinc-dependent, bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of glycine-extended peptides or N-acylglycines to the corresponding amides and glyoxylate. This reaction is a key step in the biosynthesis of bioactive alpha-amidated peptides and, perhaps, the primary fatty acids amides also. Two clinically useful N-acylglycines are thiorphan and tiopronin, each with a thiol moiety attached to the acyl group. We report here that thiorphan and tiopronin are substrates for PAM, exhibiting relatively low K(M,app) and V(MAX,app) values. The low V(MAX,app) values result, most likely, from a decrease in active PAM.2Cu(II) as the enzyme competes ineffectively with thiorphan and tiopronin for free copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R McIntyre
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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Sultana T, Johnson ME. Sample preparation and gas chromatography of primary fatty acid amides. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1101:278-85. [PMID: 16266715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the isolation of bio-active primary fatty acid amides (PFAM's) from total lipid extract by solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed and validated. The lowest mass of amide to be loaded and recovered by this method was detected as 0.5 microg using 500 mg of normal phase adsorbent. The isolated PFAM's were separated and quantified by GC/MS and percent recoveries were calculated. An HP-5MS column was able to provide base line separation between the saturated and unsaturated PFAM's whereas clear resolution between geometric and positional isomers having the same number of carbons was obtained using a BPX70 column. The separated amides were all 18 carbon analogs of cis-9-octadecenoamide (oleamide). Detection limits in the single ion monitoring mode were found to be on the order of 10 pg in a 1 microl injection. Solid phase extraction of amides from total lipid extract before GC/MS analysis provides clean detection and interference free analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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35
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Chew GH, Galloway LC, McIntyre NR, Schroder LA, Richards KM, Miller SA, Wright DW, Merkler DJ. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-derived peptides as substrates for peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4678-84. [PMID: 16098968 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) and the ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) mediate an array of cellular functions. These proteins contain a C-terminal glycine residue that is key to their function. Oxidative conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended prohormones to the corresponding alpha-amidated peptide is one step in the biosynthesis of bioactive peptide hormones. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction is peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). We report herein that Ub is a PAM substrate with a (V/K)(amidation) that is similar to other known peptide substrates. This work is significant because PAM and the UBLs co-localize to the hypothalamus and the adrenal medulla and are both over-expressed in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey H Chew
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., SCA 400, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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36
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Madl T, Mittelbach M. Quantification of primary fatty acid amides in commercial tallow and tallow fatty acid methyl esters by HPLC-APCI-MS. Analyst 2005; 130:565-70. [PMID: 15776169 DOI: 10.1039/b415779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary fatty acid amides are a group of biologically highly active compounds which were already identified in nature. Here, these substances were determined in tallow and tallow fatty acid methyl esters for the first time. As tallow is growing in importance as an oleochemical feedstock for the soap manufacturing, the surfactant as well as the biodiesel industry, the amounts of primary fatty acid amides have to be considered. As these compounds are insoluble in tallow as well as in the corresponding product e.g. tallow fatty acid methyl esters, filter plugging can occur. For the quantification in these matrices a purification step and a LC-APCI-MS method were developed. Although quantification of these compounds can be performed by GC-MS, the presented approach omitted any derivatization and increased the sensitivity by two orders of magnitude. Internal standard calibration using heptadecanoic acid amide and validation of the method yielded a limit of detection of 18.5 fmol and recoveries for the tallow and fatty acid methyl ester matrices of 93% and 95%, respectively. A group of commercially available samples were investigated for their content of fatty acid amides resulting in an amount of up to 0.54%m/m (g per 100 g) in tallow and up to 0.16%m/m (g per 100 g) in fatty acid methyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Madl
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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