1
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Ruhl T, Nuptybayeva A, Kim BS, Beier JP. GPR55 inhibits the pro-adipogenic activity of anandamide in human adipose stromal cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113908. [PMID: 38163565 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) stimulates adipogenesis via the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in adipose stromal cells (ASCs). However, AEA interacts also with nonclassical cannabinoid receptors, including transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPV)1 and G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)55. Their roles in AEA mediated adipogenesis of human ASCs have not been investigated. We examined the receptor-expressions by immunostaining on human ASCs and tested their functionality by measuring the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) related to the transcription factor-complex AP-1 upon exposition to receptor agonists. Cells were stimulated with increasing concentrations of specific ligands to investigate the effects on ASC viability (proliferation and metabolic activity), secretory activity, and AEA mediated differentiation. ASCs expressed both receptors, and their activation suppressed IEG expression. TRPV1 did not affect viability or cytokine secretion. GPR55 decreased proliferation, and it inhibited the release of hepatocyte growth factor. Blocking GPR55 increased the pro-adipogenic activity of AEA. These data suggest that GPR55 functions as negative regulator of cannabinoid mediated pro-adipogenic capacity in ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ruhl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Aigul Nuptybayeva
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bong-Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Justus P Beier
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Hewer RC, Christie LA, Doyle KJ, Xu X, Roberts MJ, Dickson L, Cheung T, Cadwalladr DH, Pickford P, Teall M, Powell JAC, Sheardown S, Narayana L, Brice NL, Dawson LA, Carlton M, Bürli RW. Discovery and Characterization of Novel CNS-Penetrant GPR55 Agonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12858-12876. [PMID: 37708305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
From our NETSseq-derived human brain transcriptomics data, we identified GPR55 as a potential molecular target for the treatment of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. From a high-throughput screen, we identified and optimized agonists with nanomolar potency against both human and rat GPR55. We discovered compounds with either strong or limited β-arrestin signaling and receptor desensitization, indicating biased signaling. A compound that showed minimal GPR55 desensitization demonstrated a reduction in firing frequency of medium spiny neurons cultured from rat striatum but did not reverse motor deficits in a rat hypolocomotion model. Further profiling of several desensitizing and non-desensitizing lead compounds showed that they are selective over related cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and that unbound brain concentrations well above the respective GPR55 EC50 can be readily achieved following oral administration. The novel brain-penetrant GPR55 agonists disclosed can be used to probe the role of this receptor in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Hewer
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Louisa A Christie
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Kevin J Doyle
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Xiao Xu
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Maxine J Roberts
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Louise Dickson
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Toni Cheung
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | | | - Philip Pickford
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Martin Teall
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Justin A C Powell
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Steven Sheardown
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Lakshminarayana Narayana
- Aragen Life Sciences Ltd, Plot #284A (part), Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road Industrial Area, Bengaluru 562106, India
| | - Nicola L Brice
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Lee A Dawson
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Mark Carlton
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
| | - Roland W Bürli
- Cerevance Limited, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, U.K
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3
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Microglial Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptors in Pain Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032348. [PMID: 36768668 PMCID: PMC9917135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, especially chronic pain, can strongly affect patients' quality of life. Cannabinoids ponhave been reported to produce potent analgesic effects in different preclinical pain models, where they primarily function as agonists of Gi/o protein-coupled cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. The CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The central activation of CB1 receptors is strongly associated with psychotropic adverse effects, thus largely limiting its therapeutic potential. However, the CB2 receptors are promising targets for pain treatment without psychotropic adverse effects, as they are primarily expressed in immune cells. Additionally, as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia are increasingly recognized as critical players in chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the expression of CB2 receptors is significantly increased in activated microglia in the spinal cord, which exerts protective consequences within the surrounding neural circuitry by regulating the activity and function of microglia. In this review, we focused on recent advances in understanding the role of microglial CB2 receptors in spinal nociceptive circuitry, highlighting the mechanism of CB2 receptors in modulating microglia function and its implications for CB2 receptor- selective agonist-mediated analgesia.
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4
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Dávila EM, Patricio F, Rebolledo-Bustillo M, Garcia-Gomez D, Hernandez JCG, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Limón ID, Perez-Aguilar JM. Interacting binding insights and conformational consequences of the differential activity of cannabidiol with two endocannabinoid-activated G-protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:945935. [PMID: 36016551 PMCID: PMC9395587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.945935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid present in the plant Cannabis sativa, has displayed beneficial pharmacological effects in the treatment of several neurological disorders including, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. In particular, CBD is able to modulate different receptors in the endocannabinoid system, some of which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Notably, while CBD is able to antagonize some GPCRs in the endocannabinoid system, it also seems to activate others. The details of this dual contrasting functional feature of CBD, that is, displaying antagonistic and (possible) agonistic ligand properties in related receptors, remain unknown. Here, using computational methods, we investigate the interacting determinants of CBD in two closely related endocannabinoid-activated GPCRs, the G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1). While in the former, CBD has been demonstrated to function as an antagonist, the way by which CBD modulates the CB1 receptor remains unclear. Namely, CBD has been suggested to directly trigger receptor’s activation, stabilize CB1 inactive conformations or function as an allosteric modulator. From microsecond-length unbiased molecular dynamics simulations, we found that the presence of the CBD ligand in the GPR55 receptor elicit conformational changes associated with antagonist-bound GPCRs. In contrast, when the GPR55 receptor is simulated in complex with the selective agonist ML186, agonist-like conformations are sampled. These results are in agreement with the proposed modulatory function of each ligand, showing that the computational techniques utilized to characterize the GPR55 complexes correctly differentiate the agonist-bound and antagonist-bound systems. Prompted by these results, we investigated the role of the CBD compound on the CB1 receptor using similar computational approaches. The all-atom MD simulations reveal that CBD induces conformational changes linked with agonist-bound GPCRs. To contextualize the results we looked into the CB1 receptor in complex with a well-established antagonist. In contrast to the CBD/CB1 complex, when the CB1 receptor is simulated in complex with the ligand antagonist AM251, inactive conformations are explored, showing that the computational techniques utilized to characterize the CB1 complexes correctly differentiate the agonist-bound and antagonist-bound systems. In addition, our results suggest a previously unknown sodium-binding site located in the extracellular domain of the CB1 receptor. From our detailed characterization, we found particular interacting loci in the binding sites of the GPR55 and the CB1 receptors that seem to be responsible for the differential functional features of CBD. Our work will pave the way for understanding the CBD pharmacology at a molecular level and aid in harnessing its potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud Morales Dávila
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Felipe Patricio
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mariana Rebolledo-Bustillo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - David Garcia-Gomez
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia Hernandez
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Brenda L Sanchez-Gaytan
- Chemistry Center, Science Institute, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla, Mexico
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5
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Lee SJ, Im DS. GPR55 Antagonist CID16020046 Protects against Atherosclerosis Development in Mice by Inhibiting Monocyte Adhesion and Mac-1 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313084. [PMID: 34884889 PMCID: PMC8658038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR55 recognizes several lipid molecules such as lysophosphatidylinositol. GPR55 expression was reported in human monocytes. However, its role in monocyte adhesion and atherosclerosis development has not been studied. The role of GPR55 in monocyte adhesion and atherosclerosis development was investigated in human THP-1 monocytes and ApoE-/- mice using O-1602 (a potent agonist of GPR55) and CID16020046 (a specific GPR55 antagonist). O-1602 treatment significantly increased monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and the O-1602-induced adhesion was inhibited by treatment with CID16020046. O-1602 induced the expression of Mac-1 adhesion molecules, whereas CID16020046 inhibited this induction. Analysis of the promoter region of Mac-1 elucidated the binding sites of AP-1 and NF-κB between nucleotides -750 and -503 as GPR55 responsive elements. O-1602 induction of Mac-1 was found to be dependent on the signaling components of GPR55, that is, Gq protein, Ca2+, CaMKK, and PI3K. In Apo-/- mice, administration of CID16020046 ameliorated high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis development. These results suggest that high-fat diet-induced GPR55 activation leads to the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells via induction of Mac-1, and CID16020046 blockage of GPR55 could suppress monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells through suppression of Mac-1 expression, leading to protection against the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- East West Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-7399; Fax: +82-2-961-9580
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6
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Kurano M, Kobayashi T, Sakai E, Tsukamoto K, Yatomi Y. Lysophosphatidylinositol, especially albumin-bound form, induces inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21673. [PMID: 34042213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100245r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is a glycero-lysophospholipid and a natural agonist against GPR55. The roles of the LPI/GPR55 axis in the pathogenesis of inflammation have been controversial. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the roles of the LPI/GPR55 axis in inflammation, especially the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α from macrophages. We treated RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) with LPI and observed that LPI induced the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from these cells, as well as the phosphorylation of p38. These responses were inhibited by treatment with CID16020046 (CID), an antagonist against GPR55, or SB202190, an inhibitor of p38 cascade or knockdown of GPR55 with siRNA. Treatment with CID or ML-193, another antagonist against GPR55, attenuated the elevation of inflammatory cytokines in the plasma or tissue of db/db mice and in a septic mouse model induced using lipopolysaccharide, suggesting contributions to the improvement of insulin resistance and protection against organ injuries by treatment with CID or ML-193, respectively. In human subjects, although the serum LPI levels were not different, the levels of LPI in the lipoprotein fractions were lower and the levels in the lipoprotein-depleted fractions were higher in subjects with diabetes. LPI bound to albumin induced the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from RAW264.7 cells to a greater degree than LPI bound to LDL or HDL. These results suggest that LPI, especially the albumin-bound form, induced inflammatory cytokines depending on the GPR55/p38 pathway, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced inflammation and acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Sakai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Mosca MG, Mangini M, Cioffi S, Barba P, Mariggiò S. Peptide targeting of lysophosphatidylinositol-sensing GPR55 for osteoclastogenesis tuning. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:48. [PMID: 33902596 PMCID: PMC8073907 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR55 has been implicated in multiple biological activities, which has fuelled interest in its functional targeting. Its controversial pharmacology and often species-dependent regulation have impacted upon the potential translation of preclinical data involving GPR55. RESULTS With the aim to identify novel GPR55 regulators, we have investigated lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)-induced GPR55-mediated signal transduction. The expression system for wild-type and mutated GPR55 was HeLa cells silenced for their endogenous receptor by stable expression of a short-hairpin RNA specific for GPR55 5'-UTR, which allowed definition of the requirement of GPR55 Lys80 for LPI-induced MAPK activation and receptor internalisation. In RAW264.7 macrophages, GPR55 pathways were investigated by Gpr55 silencing using small-interfering RNAs, which demonstrated that LPI increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and induced actin filopodium formation through GPR55 activation. Furthermore, the LPI/GPR55 axis was shown to have an active role in osteoclastogenesis of precursor RAW264.7 cells induced by 'receptor-activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand' (RANKL). Indeed, this differentiation into mature osteoclasts was associated with a 14-fold increase in Gpr55 mRNA levels. Moreover, GPR55 silencing and antagonism impaired RANKL-induced transcription of the osteoclastogenesis markers: 'nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1', matrix metalloproteinase-9, cathepsin-K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and the calcitonin receptor, as evaluated by real-time PCR. Phage display was previously used to identify peptides that bind to GPR55. Here, the GPR55-specific peptide-P1 strongly inhibited osteoclast maturation of RAW264.7 macrophages, confirming its activity as a blocker of GPR55-mediated functions. Although osteoclast syncytium formation was not affected by pharmacological regulation of GPR55, osteoclast activity was dependent on GPR55 signalling, as shown with resorption assays on bone slices, where LPI stimulated and GPR55 antagonists inhibited bone erosion. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that GPR55 represents a target for development of novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of pathological conditions caused by osteoclast-exacerbated bone degradation, such as in osteoporosis or during establishment of bone metastases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Mangini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Cioffi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Barba
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy. .,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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8
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Akimov MG, Gamisonia AM, Dudina PV, Gretskaya NM, Gaydaryova AA, Kuznetsov AS, Zinchenko GN, Bezuglov VV. GPR55 Receptor Activation by the N-Acyl Dopamine Family Lipids Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells via the Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Over-Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E622. [PMID: 33435517 PMCID: PMC7826688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR55 is a GPCR of the non-CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor family, which is activated by lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and stimulates the proliferation of cancer cells. Anandamide, a bioactive lipid endocannabinoid, acts as a biased agonist of GPR55 and induces cancer cell death, but is unstable and psychoactive. We hypothesized that other endocannabinoids and structurally similar compounds, which are more hydrolytically stable, could also induce cancer cell death via GPR55 activation. We chemically synthesized and tested a set of fatty acid amides and esters for cell death induction via GPR55 activation. The most active compounds appeared to be N-acyl dopamines, especially N-docosahexaenoyl dopamine (DHA-DA). Using a panel of cancer cell lines and a set of receptor and intracellular signal transduction machinery inhibitors together with cell viability, Ca2+, NO, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and gene expression measurement, we showed for the first time that for these compounds, the mechanism of cell death induction differed from that published for anandamide and included neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) overstimulation with concomitant oxidative stress induction. The combination of DHA-DA with LPI, which normally stimulates cancer proliferation and is increased in cancer setting, had an increased cytotoxicity for the cancer cells indicating a therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G. Akimov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia; (A.M.G.); (P.V.D.); (N.M.G.); (A.A.G.); (A.S.K.); (G.N.Z.); (V.V.B.)
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9
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Distinctive Evidence Involved in the Role of Endocannabinoid Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective on Associated Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176235. [PMID: 32872273 PMCID: PMC7504186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) is symptomatic and palliative, with levodopa/carbidopa therapy remaining the prime treatment, and nevertheless, being unable to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration. No available treatment for PD can enhance the patient's life-quality by regressing this diseased state. Various studies have encouraged the enrichment of treatment possibilities by discovering the association of the effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in PD. These reviews delineate the reported evidence from the literature on the neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid system and expression of cannabinoid receptors in symptomatology, cause, and treatment of PD progression, wherein cannabinoid (CB) signalling experiences alterations of biphasic pattern during PD progression. Published papers to date were searched via MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., using specific key words in the topic of our manuscript. Endocannabinoids regulate the basal ganglia neuronal circuit pathways, synaptic plasticity, and motor functions via communication with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signalling systems bidirectionally in PD. Further, gripping preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the context regarding the cannabinoid compounds, which is supported by various evidence (neuroprotection, suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, glial activation, and additional benefits) provided by cannabinoid-like compounds (much research addresses the direct regulation of cannabinoids with dopamine transmission and other signalling pathways in PD). More data related to endocannabinoids efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles need to be explored, providing better insights into their potential to ameliorate or even regress PD.
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10
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Abstract
Background: :
One of the best known to date GPCR class A (Rhodopsin) includes more
than 100 orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. One of them
is N-arachidonyl glycine receptor, named GPR18, a receptor that has been reported to be activated
by Δ9-THC, endogenous cannabinoid receptors agonist anandamide and other cannabinoid receptor
ligands suggesting it could be considered as third cannabinoid receptor. GPR18 activity, as well as
its distribution might suggest usage of GPR18 ligands in treatment of endometriosis, cancer, and
neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, so far only few GPR18 antagonists have been described, thus
only ligand-based design approaches appear to be most useful to identify new ligands for this orphan
receptor.
Methods: :
Main goal of this study, GPR18 inactive form homology model was built on the basis of
the evolutionary closest homologous template: Human P2Y1 Receptor crystal structure.
Results: :
Obtained model was further evaluated and showed active/nonactive ligands differentiating
properties with acceptable confidence. Moreover, it allowed for preliminary assessment of proteinligand
interactions for a set of previously described ligands.
Conclusion::
Thus collected data might serve as a starting point for a discovery of novel, active
GPR18 blocking ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil J. Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kiec-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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11
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Badolato M, Carullo G, Caroleo MC, Cione E, Aiello F, Manetti F. Discovery of 1,4-Naphthoquinones as a New Class of Antiproliferative Agents Targeting GPR55. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:402-406. [PMID: 30996770 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 1,4-naphthoquinones, bearing various cyclic and aliphatic amines on C2, was designed and synthesized to identify antiproliferative agents for triple-negative breast cancer, which represents a clinical challenge without targeted therapies. Among naphthoquinones, 2a and 3a inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells (EC50 = 1.6 and 2.7 μM, respectively), compared to primary human breast cells MCF10A. Furthermore, they did not affect the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), suggesting their potential safer use for cancer treatment. Recently, correlations have emerged between the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and both triple-negative breast cancer development and invasion, making it a promising target for the development of targeted therapies. Based on this evidence, molecular docking studies supported the hypothesis of binding to GPR55, and pharmacological tests suggested that compound 3a could exert its antiproliferative activity acting as a GPR55 inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Badolato
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences − Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences − Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Caroleo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences − Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences − Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences − Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy − Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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12
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Hasenoehrl C, Feuersinger D, Kienzl M, Schicho R. GPR55-Mediated Effects in Colon Cancer Cell Lines. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2019; 2:22-28. [PMID: 34676330 DOI: 10.1159/000496356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid-responsive G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 and its endogenous ligand L-α-lysophosphatidyl-inositol (LPI) have been reported to play a role in several cancers. A proliferation-enhancing effect of GPR55 has been described for several cancer cell lines and LPI has been found elevated in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether GPR55 signaling had an effect on the proliferation of colon cancer cell lines. Using cell viability assays and Western blotting, we show that stable overexpression of the GPR55 receptor led to a growth advantage of SW480 cells per se. Proliferation of native colon cancer cell lines, however, was not affected by pharmacological manipulation of GPR55. Interestingly though, GPR55 signaling was responsive to treatment with both the GPR55 agonist LPI and the antagonist CID16020046 in the overexpressing cancer cell lines. This was evident through significantly increased or decreased levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that GPR55 is constitutively activated in overexpressing colon cancer cells affecting ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hasenoehrl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David Feuersinger
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Kienzl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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13
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Martínez-Pinilla E, Aguinaga D, Navarro G, Rico AJ, Oyarzábal J, Sánchez-Arias JA, Lanciego JL, Franco R. Targeting CB 1 and GPR55 Endocannabinoid Receptors as a Potential Neuroprotective Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5900-5910. [PMID: 30687889 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) and the GPR55 receptor are expressed in striatum and are potential targets in the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in developed countries. The aim of this paper was to address the potential of ligands acting on those receptors to prevent the action of a neurotoxic agent, MPP+, that specifically affects neurons of the substantia nigra due to uptake via the dopamine DAT transporter. The SH-SY5Y cell line model was used as it expresses DAT and, therefore, is able to uptake MPP+ that inhibits complex I of the respiratory mitochondrial chain and leads to cell death. Cells were transfected with cDNAs coding for either or both receptors. Receptors in cotransfected cells formed heteromers as indicated by the in situ proximity ligation assays. Cell viability was assayed by oxygen rate consumption and by the bromide-based MTT method. Assays of neuroprotection using two concentrations of MPP+ showed that cells expressing receptor heteromers were more resistant to the toxic effect. After correction by effects on cell proliferation, the CB1R antagonist, SR141716, afforded an almost full neuroprotection in CB1R-expressing cells even when a selective agonist, ACEA, was present. In contrast, SR141716 was not effective in cells expressing CB1/GPR55 heteromeric complexes. In addition, an agonist of GPR55, CID1792197, did not enhance neuroprotection in GPR55-expressing cells. These results show that neurons expressing heteromers are more resistant to cell death but question the real usefulness of CB1R, GPR55, and their heteromers as targets to afford PD-related neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Salud del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - David Aguinaga
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Prevosti Building, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona. IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona. IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto J Rico
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzábal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan A Sánchez-Arias
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Lanciego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Prevosti Building, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona. IBUB, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Drzazga A, Kristinsson H, Sałaga M, Zatorski H, Koziołkiewicz M, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Bergsten P. Lysophosphatidylcholine and its phosphorothioate analogues potentiate insulin secretion via GPR40 (FFAR1), GPR55 and GPR119 receptors in a different manner. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:117-125. [PMID: 29225068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is an endogenous ligand for GPR119 receptor, mediating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We demonstrate that LPC facilitates GSIS in MIN6 pancreatic β-cell line and murine islets of Langerhans by recognizing not only GPR119 but also GPR40 (free fatty acid receptor 1) and GPR55 activated by lysophosphatidylinositol. Natural LPCs are unstable when administered in vivo limiting their therapeutic value and therefore, we present phosphorothioate LPC analogues with increased stability. All the modified LPCs under study (12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1) significantly enhanced GSIS. The 16:0 sulfur analogue was the most potent, evoking 2-fold accentuated GSIS compared to the native counterpart. Interestingly, LPC analogues evoked GPR40-, GPR55-and GPR119-dependent [Ca2+]i signaling, but did not stimulate cAMP accumulation as in the case of unmodified molecules. Thus, introduction of a phosphorothioate function not only increases LPC stability but also modulates affinity towards receptor targets and evokes different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drzazga
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Hjalti Kristinsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Hubert Zatorski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Koziołkiewicz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Ruz-Maldonado I, Pingitore A, Liu B, Atanes P, Huang GC, Baker D, Alonso FJ, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Persaud SJ. LH-21 and abnormal cannabidiol improve β-cell function in isolated human and mouse islets through GPR55-dependent and -independent signalling. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:930-942. [PMID: 29205751 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effects of Abn-CBD (GPR55 agonist) and LH-21 (CB1 antagonist) on human and mouse islet function, and to determine signalling via GPR55 using islets from GPR55-/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Islets isolated from human organ donors and mice were incubated in the absence or presence of Abn-CBD or LH-21, and insulin secretion, [Ca2+ ]i, cAMP, apoptosis, β-cell proliferation and CREB and AKT phosphorylation were examined using standard techniques. RESULTS Abn-CBD potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and elevated [Ca2+ ]i in human islets and islets from both GPR55+/+ and GPR55-/- mice. LH-21 also increased insulin secretion and [Ca2+ ]i in human islets and GPR55+/+ mouse islets, but concentrations of LH-21 up to 0.1 μM were ineffective in islets from GPR55-/- mice. Neither ligand affected basal insulin secretion or islet cAMP levels. Abn-CBD and LH-21 reduced cytokine-induced apoptosis in human islets and GPR55+/+ mouse islets, and these effects were suppressed after GPR55 deletion. They also increased β-cell proliferation: the effects of Abn-CBD were preserved in islets from GPR55-/- mice, while those of LH-21 were abolished. Abn-CBD and LH-21 increased AKT phosphorylation in mouse and human islets. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Abn-CBD and LH-21 improve human and mouse islet β-cell function and viability. Use of islets from GPR55-/- mice suggests that designation of Abn-CBD and LH-21 as a GPR55 agonist and a CB1 antagonist, should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ruz-Maldonado
- Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Attilio Pingitore
- Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricio Atanes
- Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guo Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Francisco José Alonso
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Bermúdez-Silva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Malaga, Spain
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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16
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Alhouayek M, Masquelier J, Muccioli GG. Lysophosphatidylinositols, from Cell Membrane Constituents to GPR55 Ligands. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:586-604. [PMID: 29588059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs) are membrane constituents that alter the properties of said membranes. However, recent data showing that the once orphan receptor, GPR55, can act as a receptor for LPIs has sparked a renewed interest in LPIs as bioactive lipids. As evidence supporting the importance of LPIs and/or GPR55 is continuously accumulating and because LPI levels are altered in a number of pathologies such as obesity and cancer, the coming years should bring new, exciting discoveries to this field. In this review, we discuss the recent work on LPIs and on their molecular target, the GPR55 receptor. First, we summarize the metabolism of LPIs before outlining the cellular pathways activated by GPR55. Then, we review the actions of LPIs and GPR55 that could have potential pharmacological or therapeutic applications in several pathophysiological settings, such as cancer, obesity, pain, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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17
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Mangini M, Iaccino E, Mosca MG, Mimmi S, D'Angelo R, Quinto I, Scala G, Mariggiò S. Peptide-guided targeting of GPR55 for anti-cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5179-5195. [PMID: 28029647 PMCID: PMC5354900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the lysophosphatidylinositol receptor GPR55 correlates with invasive potential of metastatic cells and bone metastasis formation of different types of tumors. These findings suggest a role for GPR55 signaling in cancer progression, including in lymphoproliferative diseases. Here, we screened a M13-phage-displayed random library using the bait of HEK293 cells that heterologously expressed full-length HA-GPR55. We selected a set of phagotopes that carried 7-mer insert peptides flanked by a pair of cysteine residues, which resulted in cyclized peptides. Sequencing of selected phagotopes dictated the primary structure for the synthetic FITC-labeled peptide P1, which was analyzed for binding specificity to immunoprecipitated HA-GPR55, and to endogenously expressed GPR55, using cells interfered or not for GPR55, as well as for co-localization imaging with HA-GPR55 at the membrane level. The peptide P1 stimulated GPR55 endocytosis and inhibited GPR55-dependent proliferation of EHEB and DeFew cells, two human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Our data support the potential therapeutic application of peptide ligands of GPR55 for targeting and inhibiting growth of neoplastic cells, which overexpress GPR55 and are dependent on GPR55 signaling for their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mangini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa D'Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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18
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Ding F, Guy AT, Greimel P, Hirabayashi Y, Kamiguchi H, Ito Y. Squaryl group modified phosphoglycolipid analogs as potential modulators of GPR55. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8470-8473. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the facile synthesis of a series of LPGlc analogs, their GPR dependent biological activity and a systematic analysis of the structure–activity relationship in regards to GPR55 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Japan
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19
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2- OMe -lysophosphatidylcholine analogues are GPR119 ligands and activate insulin secretion from βTC-3 pancreatic cells: Evaluation of structure-dependent biological activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of GPR55 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4355-4367. [PMID: 28673732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
GPR55, a G protein-coupled receptor, is an attractive target to alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain and treat osteoporosis and cancer. Identifying a potent and selective ligand will aid to further establish the specific physiological roles and pharmacology of the receptor. Towards this goal, a targeted library of 22 compounds was synthesized in a modular fashion to obtain structure-activity relationship information. The general route consisted of coupling a variety of p-aminophenyl sulfonamides to isothiocyanates to form acylthioureas. For the synthesis of a known naphthyl ethyl alcohol motif, route modification led to a shorter and more efficient process. The 22 analogues were analyzed for their ability to serve as agonists at GPR55 and valuable information for both ends of the molecule was ascertained.
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21
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Drzazga A, Sowinska A, Krzeminska A, Rytczak P, Koziolkiewicz M, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Lysophosphatidylcholine elicits intracellular calcium signaling in a GPR55-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:242-247. [PMID: 28552522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The GPR55 signaling is fertile ground for drug discovery, however despite considerable research progress during the past 10 years, many open questions remain. The GPR55 pharmacology remains controversial, as many ligands have been reported with inconsistent results. Here, we show that various molecular species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) elicit intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in GPR55-expressing PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells. The response was even stronger than [Ca2+]i flux evoked by endogenous (OEA) and synthetic (Abn-CBD) agonists. Treatment with GPR55 antagonists CID16020046 and ML193 as well as the lipid raft disrupter methyl-β-cyclodextrin strongly blunted LPC-induced calcium signal. Additionally, molecular modeling analysis revealed that LPC 16:0 and LPC 18:1 interact stronger with the receptor than to OEA. Identified electrostatic interactions between GPR55 residues and the ligands overlap with the binding site identified previously for lysophosphatidylinositol. Therefore, we prove that LPC is another GPR55-sensitive ligand. This finding is relevant in understanding lysophospolipids-mediated signaling and opens new avenues to develop therapeutic approach based on GPR55 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drzazga
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Sowinska
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krzeminska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rytczak
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Koziolkiewicz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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22
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Tudurí E, López M, Diéguez C, Nadal A, Nogueiras R. GPR55 and the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:204-207. [PMID: 28457969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are reportedly associated to over-activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Therefore, modulation of the ECS offers potential therapeutic benefits on those diseases. GPR55, the receptor for L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) that has also affinity for various cannabinoid ligands, is distributed at the central and peripheral level and it is involved in several physiological processes. This review summarizes the localization and role of GPR55 in tissues that are crucial for the regulation of glucose metabolism, and provides an update on its contribution in obesity and insulin resistance. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting the GPR55 receptor is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tudurí
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Miguel López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Bioingeniería and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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23
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Lingerfelt MA, Zhao P, Sharir HP, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Abood ME. Identification of Crucial Amino Acid Residues Involved in Agonist Signaling at the GPR55 Receptor. Biochemistry 2017; 56:473-486. [PMID: 28005346 PMCID: PMC5338039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is a newly deorphanized class A G-protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, metabolic disorder, bone development, and cancer. Few potent GPR55 ligands have been identified to date. This is largely due to an absence of information about salient features of GPR55, such as residues important for signaling and residues implicated in the GPR55 signaling cascade. The goal of this work was to identify residues that are key for the signaling of the GPR55 endogenous ligand, l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), as well as the signaling of the GPR55 agonist, ML184 {CID 2440433, 3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]-N,N-dimethyl-4-pyrrolidin-1-ylbenzenesulfonamide}. Serum response element (SRE) and serum response factor (SRF) luciferase assays were used as readouts for studying LPI and ML184 signaling at the GPR55 mutants. A GPR55 R* model based on the recent δ-opioid receptor (DOR) crystal structure was used to interpret the resultant mutation data. Two residues were found to be crucial for agonist signaling at GPR55, K2.60 and E3.29, suggesting that these residues form the primary interaction site for ML184 and LPI at GPR55. Y3.32F, H(170)F, and F6.55A/L mutation results suggested that these residues are part of the orthosteric binding site for ML184, while Y3.32F and H(170)F mutation results suggest that these two residues are part of the LPI binding pocket. Y3.32L, M3.36A, and F6.48A mutation results suggest the importance of a Y3.32/M3.36/F6.48 cluster in the GPR55 signaling cascade. C(10)A and C(260)A mutations suggest that these residues form a second disulfide bridge in the extracellular domain of GPR55, occluding ligand extracellular entry in the TMH1-TMH7 region of GPR55. Taken together, these results provide the first set of discrete information about GPR55 residues important for LPI and ML184 signaling and for GPR55 activation. This information should aid in the rational design of next-generation GPR55 ligands and the creation of the first high-affinity GPR55 radioligand, a tool that is sorely needed in the field.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Gene Expression
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lysophospholipids/chemistry
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Mutation
- Piperazines/chemistry
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Pyrrolidines/chemistry
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Serum Response Element
- Serum Response Factor/chemistry
- Serum Response Factor/genetics
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Glycine max
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. Lingerfelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 United States
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Haleli P. Sharir
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 United States
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 United States
| | - Mary E. Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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24
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Blume LC, Patten T, Eldeeb K, Leone-Kabler S, Ilyasov AA, Keegan BM, O'Neal JE, Bass CE, Hantgan RR, Lowther WT, Selley DE, Howlett ALC. Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1a Competition with β-Arrestin for CB1 Receptor Binding Sites. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:75-86. [PMID: 27895162 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) is a CB1 receptor (CB1R) distal C-terminal-associated protein that alters CB1R interactions with G-proteins. We tested the hypothesis that CRIP1a is capable of also altering CB1R interactions with β-arrestin proteins that interact with the CB1R at the C-terminus. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that CB1R associates in complexes with either CRIP1a or β-arrestin, but CRIP1a and β-arrestin fail to coimmunoprecipitate with each other. This suggests a competition for CRIP1a and β-arrestin binding to the CB1R, which we hypothesized could attenuate the action of β-arrestin to mediate CB1R internalization. We determined that agonist-mediated reduction of the density of cell surface endogenously expressed CB1Rs was clathrin and dynamin dependent and could be modeled as agonist-induced aggregation of transiently expressed GFP-CB1R. CRIP1a overexpression attenuated CP55940-mediated GFP-CB1R as well as endogenous β-arrestin redistribution to punctae, and conversely, CRIP1a knockdown augmented β-arrestin redistribution to punctae. Peptides mimicking the CB1R C-terminus could bind to both CRIP1a in cell extracts as well as purified recombinant CRIP1a. Affinity pull-down studies revealed that phosphorylation at threonine-468 of a CB1R distal C-terminus 14-mer peptide reduced CB1R-CRIP1a association. Coimmunoprecipitation of CB1R protein complexes demonstrated that central or distal C-terminal peptides competed for the CB1R association with CRIP1a, but that a phosphorylated central C-terminal peptide competed for association with β-arrestin 1, and phosphorylated central or distal C-terminal peptides competed for association with β-arrestin 2. Thus, CRIP1a can compete with β-arrestins for interaction with C-terminal CB1R domains that could affect agonist-driven, β-arrestin-mediated internalization of the CB1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Blume
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Theresa Patten
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Khalil Eldeeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Sandra Leone-Kabler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Alexander A Ilyasov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Bradley M Keegan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Jeremy E O'Neal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Roy R Hantgan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - W Todd Lowther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - A Llyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
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25
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Ngo T, Kufareva I, Coleman JL, Graham RM, Abagyan R, Smith NJ. Identifying ligands at orphan GPCRs: current status using structure-based approaches. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2934-51. [PMID: 26837045 PMCID: PMC5341249 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs are the most successful pharmaceutical targets in history. Nevertheless, the pharmacology of many GPCRs remains inaccessible as their endogenous or exogenous modulators have not been discovered. Tools that explore the physiological functions and pharmacological potential of these 'orphan' GPCRs, whether they are endogenous and/or surrogate ligands, are therefore of paramount importance. Rates of receptor deorphanization determined by traditional reverse pharmacology methods have slowed, indicating a need for the development of more sophisticated and efficient ligand screening approaches. Here, we discuss the use of structure-based ligand discovery approaches to identify small molecule modulators for exploring the function of orphan GPCRs. These studies have been buoyed by the growing number of GPCR crystal structures solved in the past decade, providing a broad range of template structures for homology modelling of orphans. This review discusses the methods used to establish the appropriate signalling assays to test orphan receptor activity and provides current examples of structure-based methods used to identify ligands of orphan GPCRs. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ngo
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Lj Coleman
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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26
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Morales P, Whyte LS, Chicharro R, Gómez-Cañas M, Pazos MR, Goya P, Irving AJ, Fernández-Ruiz J, Ross RA, Jagerovic N. Identification of Novel GPR55 Modulators Using Cell-Impedance-Based Label-Free Technology. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1840-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren S. Whyte
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Roberto Chicharro
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Cañas
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ruth Pazos
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew J. Irving
- School of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Lysophosphatidylinositol Signalling and Metabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6010006. [PMID: 26784247 PMCID: PMC4812335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a chemical process used by cells to transform food-derived nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, into chemical and thermal energy. Whenever an alteration of this process occurs, the chemical balance within the cells is impaired and this can affect their growth and response to the environment, leading to the development of a metabolic disease. Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of several metabolic risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia, is increasingly common in modern society. Metabolic syndrome, as well as other diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, are associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Cellular lipids are the major component of cell membranes; they represent also a valuable source of energy and therefore play a crucial role for both cellular and physiological energy homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and its receptor G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) in metabolic diseases. LPI is a bioactive lipid generated by phospholipase A (PLA) family of lipases which is believed to play an important role in several diseases. Indeed LPI can affect various functions such as cell growth, differentiation and motility in a number of cell-types. Recently published data suggest that LPI plays an important role in different physiological and pathological contexts, including a role in metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
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28
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Role of GPR55 during Axon Growth and Target Innervation. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0011-15. [PMID: 26730399 PMCID: PMC4699829 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0011-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidance molecules regulate the navigation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections toward targets in the visual thalamus. In this study, we demonstrate that the G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is expressed in the retina during development, and regulates growth cone (GC) morphology and axon growth. In vitro, neurons obtained from gpr55 knock-out (gpr55-/-) mouse embryos have smaller GCs, less GC filopodia, and have a decreased outgrowth compared with gpr55+/+ neurons. When gpr55+/+ neurons were treated with GPR55 agonists, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and O-1602, we observed a chemo-attractive effect and an increase in GC size and filopodia number. In contrast, cannabidiol (CBD) decreased the GC size and filopodia number inducing chemo-repulsion. In absence of the receptor (gpr55-/-), no pharmacologic effects of the GPR55 ligands were observed. In vivo, compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates, gpr55-/- mice revealed a decreased branching in the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) and a lower level of eye-specific segregation of retinal projections in the superior colliculus (SC) and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Moreover, a single intraocular injection of LPI increased branching in the DTN, whereas treatment with CBD, an antagonist of GPR55, decreased it. These results indicate that GPR55 modulates the growth rate and the targets innervation of retinal projections and highlight, for the first time, an important role of GPR55 in axon refinement during development.
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29
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Yrjölä S, Parkkari T, Navia-Paldanius D, Laitinen T, Kaczor AA, Kokkola T, Adusei-Mensah F, Savinainen JR, Laitinen JT, Poso A, Alexander A, Penman J, Stott L, Anskat M, Irving AJ, Nevalainen TJ. Potent and selective N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea-based GPR55 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:119-32. [PMID: 26575458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, many known G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) ligands are those identified among the cannabinoids. In order to further study the function of GPR55, new potent and selective ligands are needed. In this study, we utilized the screening results from PubChem bioassay AID 1961 which reports the results of Image-based HTS for Selective Agonists of GPR55. Three compounds, CID1792579, CID1252842 and CID1011163, were further evaluated and used as a starting point to create a series of nanomolar potency GPR55 agonists with N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea scaffold. The GPR55 activity of the compounds were screened by using a commercial β-arrestin PathHunter assay and the potential compounds were further evaluated by using a recombinant HEK cell line exhibiting GPR55-mediated effects on calcium signalling. The designed compounds were not active when tested against various endocannabinoid targets (CB1R, CB2R, FAAH, MGL, ABHD6 and ABHD12), indicating compounds' selectivity for the GPR55. Finally, structure-activity relationships of these compounds were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Yrjölä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teija Parkkari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dina Navia-Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frank Adusei-Mensah
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amy Alexander
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - June Penman
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lisa Stott
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marie Anskat
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Andrew J Irving
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Tapio J Nevalainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Roth BL, Kroeze WK. Integrated Approaches for Genome-wide Interrogation of the Druggable Non-olfactory G Protein-coupled Receptor Superfamily. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19471-7. [PMID: 26100629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.654764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are frequent and fruitful targets for drug discovery and development, as well as being off-targets for the side effects of a variety of medications. Much of the druggable non-olfactory human GPCR-ome remains under-interrogated, and we present here various approaches that we and others have used to shine light into these previously dark corners of the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Wesley K Kroeze
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
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31
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Walsh SK, Hepburn CY, Keown O, Åstrand A, Lindblom A, Ryberg E, Hjorth S, Leslie SJ, Greasley PJ, Wainwright CL. Pharmacological profiling of the hemodynamic effects of cannabinoid ligands: a combined in vitro and in vivo approach. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00143. [PMID: 26236485 PMCID: PMC4492759 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptors mediating the hemodynamic responses to cannabinoids are not clearly defined due to the multifarious pharmacology of many commonly used cannabinoid ligands. While both CB1 and TRPV1 receptors are implicated, G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) may also mediate some of the hemodynamic effects of several atypical cannabinoid ligands. The present studies attempted to unravel the pharmacology underlying the in vivo hemodynamic responses to ACEA (CB1 agonist), O-1602 (GPR55 agonist), AM251 (CB1 antagonist), and cannabidiol (CBD; GPR55 antagonist). Agonist and antagonist profiles of each ligand were determined by ligand-induced GTPγS binding in membrane preparations expressing rat and mouse CB1 and GPR55 receptors. Blood pressure responses to ACEA and O-1602 were recorded in anesthetized and conscious mice (wild type, CB1−/− and GPR55−/−) and rats in the absence and presence of AM251 and CBD. ACEA demonstrated GTPγS activation at both receptors, while O-1602 only activated GPR55. AM251 exhibited antagonist activity at CB1 and agonist activity at GPR55, while CBD demonstrated selective antagonist activity at GPR55. The depressor response to ACEA was blocked by AM251 and attenuated by CBD, while O-1602 did not induce a depressor response. AM251 caused a depressor response that was absent in GPR55−/− mice but enhanced by CBD, while CBD caused a small vasodepressor response that persisted in GPR55−/− mice. Our findings show that assessment of the pharmacological profile of receptor activation by cannabinoid ligands in in vitro studies alongside in vivo functional studies is essential to understand the role of cannabinoids in hemodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Walsh
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Y Hepburn
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Keown
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom ; Cardiac Unit, Raigmore Hospital Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Åstrand
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindblom
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Ryberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stephan J Leslie
- Cardiac Unit, Raigmore Hospital Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Greasley
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Cherry L Wainwright
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
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32
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Shore DM, Reggio PH. The therapeutic potential of orphan GPCRs, GPR35 and GPR55. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25926795 PMCID: PMC4397721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of integral proteins is the largest family of signal transducers, comprised of ∼1000 members. Considering their prevalence and functional importance, it’s not surprising that ∼60% of drugs target GPCRs. Regardless, there exists a subset of the GPCR superfamily that is largely uncharacterized and poorly understood; specifically, more than 140 GPCRs have unknown endogenous ligands—the so-called orphan GPCRs. Orphan GPCRs offer tremendous promise, as they may provide novel therapeutic targets that may be more selective than currently known receptors, resulting in the potential reduction in side effects. In addition, they may provide access to signal transduction pathways currently unknown, allowing for new strategies in drug design. Regardless, orphan GPCRs are an important area of inquiry, as they represent a large gap in our understanding of signal transduction at the cellular level. Here, we focus on the therapeutic potential of two recently deorphanized GPCRs: GPR35/CXCR8 and GPR55. First, GPR35/CXCR8 has been observed in numerous tissues/organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, immune system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Not surprisingly, GPR35/CXCR8 has been implicated in numerous pathologies involving these tissues/systems. While several endogenous ligands have been identified, GPR35/CXCR8 has recently been observed to bind the chemokine CXCL17. Second, GPR55 has been observed to be expressed in the central nervous system, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, uterus, bladder, kidney, and bone, as well as, other tissues/organ systems. Likewise, it is not surprising that GPR55 has been implicated in pathologies involving these tissues/systems. GPR55 was initially deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor and this receptor does bind many cannabinoid compounds. However, the GPR55 endogenous ligand has been found to be a non-cannabinoid, lysophophatidylinositol (LPI) and subsequent high throughput assays have identified other GPR55 ligands that are not cannabinoids and do not bind to either the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Here, we review reports that suggest that GPR35/CXCR8 and GPR55 may be promising therapeutic targets, with diverse physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Shore
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro, NC, USA
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Kremshofer J, Siwetz M, Berghold VM, Lang I, Huppertz B, Gauster M. A role for GPR55 in human placental venous endothelial cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:49-58. [PMID: 25869640 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and their G protein-coupled receptors have been suggested to play a key role in human pregnancy, by regulating important aspects such as implantation, decidualization, placentation and labor. G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was previously postulated to be another cannabinoid receptor, since specific cannabinoids were shown to act independently of the classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 or CB2. Current knowledge about GPR55 expression and function in human placenta is very limited and motivated us to evaluate human placental GPR55 expression in relation to other human peripheral tissues and to analyze spatiotemporal GPR55 expression in human placenta. Gene expression analysis revealed low GPR55 levels in human placenta, when compared to spleen and lung, the organs showing highest GPR55 expression. Moreover, expression analysis showed 5.8 fold increased placental GPR55 expression at term compared to first trimester. Immunohistochemistry located GPR55 solely at the fetal endothelium of first trimester and term placentas. qPCR and immunocytochemistry consistently confirmed GPR55 expression in isolated primary placental arterial and venous endothelial cells. Incubation with L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the specific and functional ligand for GPR55, at a concentration of 1 µM, significantly enhanced migration of venous, but not arterial endothelial cells. LPI-enhanced migration was inhibited by the GPR55 antagonist O-1918, suggesting a role of the LPI-GPR55 axis in placental venous endothelium function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kremshofer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21/VII, 8010, Graz, Austria
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34
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Liu B, Song S, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. GPR55: from orphan to metabolic regulator? Pharmacol Ther 2015; 145:35-42. [PMID: 24972076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 belongs to the class A family of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) and its activity is regulated by a range of synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids, and by lipid-derived ligands. Cannabinoids are known to be important in controlling appetite and metabolic balance, and it is now emerging that GPR55 may have a role to play in energy homeostasis through the regulation of food intake, fuel storage in adipocytes, gut motility and insulin secretion. This review summarises our current knowledge of expression and function of GPR55 in tissues involved in metabolic regulation, the signalling cascades through which GPR55 is reported to act to exert its effects, and it comments on the difficulties in reaching firm conclusions when using GPR55 ligands of poor specificity. Understanding the role of GPR55 in energy homeostasis may provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shuang Song
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Peter M Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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35
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Martínez-Pinilla E, Reyes-Resina I, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Zamarbide M, Ricobaraza A, Navarro G, Moreno E, Dopeso-Reyes I, Sierra S, Rico A, Roda E, Lanciego J, Franco R. CB1 and GPR55 receptors are co-expressed and form heteromers in rat and monkey striatum. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Rempel V, Atzler K, Behrenswerth A, Karcz T, Schoeder C, Hinz S, Kaleta M, Thimm D, Kiec-Kononowicz K, Müller CE. Bicyclic imidazole-4-one derivatives: a new class of antagonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR18 and GPR55. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GPR18 and GPR55 are orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that interact with certain cannabinoid (CB) receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Rempel
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Atzler
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Behrenswerth
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Karcz
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs
| | - C. Schoeder
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - S. Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs
- Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kraków, Poland
| | - D. Thimm
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Kiec-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs
- Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kraków, Poland
| | - C. E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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37
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Simcocks AC, O'Keefe L, Jenkin KA, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. A potential role for GPR55 in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:1145-51. [PMID: 24370891 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a putative cannabinoid receptor that is expressed in several tissues involved in regulating energy homeostasis, including the hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, white adipose and skeletal muscle. GPR55 has been shown to have a role in cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation, as well as in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite this, the (patho)physiological role of GPR55 in cell dysfunction is still poorly understood, largely because of the limited identification of downstream signalling targets. Nonetheless, research has suggested that GPR55 modulation would be a useful pharmacological target in metabolically active tissues to improve treatment of diseases such as obesity and T2DM. Further research is essential to gain a better understanding of the role that this receptor might have in these and other pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Simcocks
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Lannie O'Keefe
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia.
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38
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Shore DM, Baillie GL, Hurst DH, Navas F, Seltzman HH, Marcu JP, Abood ME, Ross RA, Reggio PH. Allosteric modulation of a cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptor: binding site elucidation and relationship to G protein signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:5828-45. [PMID: 24366865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) allosteric modulator, 5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide) (ORG27569), has the paradoxical effect of increasing the equilibrium binding of [(3)H](-)-3-[2-hydroxyl-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxylpropyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (CP55,940, an orthosteric agonist) while at the same time decreasing its efficacy (in G protein-mediated signaling). ORG27569 also decreases basal signaling, acting as an inverse agonist for the G protein-mediated signaling pathway. In ligand displacement assays, ORG27569 can displace the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, N-(piperidiny-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(SR141716A). The goal of this work was to identify the binding site of ORG27569 at CB1. To this end, we used computation, synthesis, mutation, and functional studies to identify the ORG27569-binding site in the CB1 TMH3-6-7 region. This site is consistent with the results of K3.28(192)A, F3.36(200)A, W5.43(279)A, W6.48(356)A, and F3.25(189)A mutation studies, which revealed the ORG27569-binding site overlaps with our previously determined binding site of SR141716A but extends extracellularly. Additionally, we identified a key electrostatic interaction between the ORG27569 piperidine ring nitrogen and K3.28(192) that is important for ORG27569 to act as an inverse agonist. At this allosteric site, ORG27569 promotes an intermediate conformation of the CB1 receptor, explaining ORG27569's ability to increase equilibrium binding of CP55,940. This site also explains ORG27569's ability to antagonize the efficacy of CP55,940 in three complementary ways. 1) ORG27569 sterically blocks movements of the second extracellular loop that have been linked to receptor activation. 2) ORG27569 sterically blocks a key electrostatic interaction between the third extracellular loop residue Lys-373 and D2.63(176). 3) ORG27569 packs against TMH6, sterically hindering movements of this helix that have been shown to be important for receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Shore
- From the Center for Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
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39
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Kotsikorou E, Sharir H, Shore DM, Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Madrigal KE, Heynen-Genel S, Milan LB, Chung TDY, Seltzman HH, Bai Y, Caron MG, Barak LS, Croatt MP, Abood ME, Reggio PH. Identification of the GPR55 antagonist binding site using a novel set of high-potency GPR55 selective ligands. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9456-69. [PMID: 24274581 DOI: 10.1021/bi4008885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been implicated in inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, metabolic disorder, bone development, and cancer. Initially deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor, GPR55 has been shown to be activated by non-cannabinoid ligands such as l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). While there is a growing body of evidence of physiological and pathophysiological roles for GPR55, the paucity of specific antagonists has limited its study. In collaboration with the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network initiative, we identified a series of GPR55 antagonists using a β-arrestin, high-throughput, high-content screen of ~300000 compounds. This screen yielded novel, GPR55 antagonist chemotypes with IC50 values in the range of 0.16-2.72 μM [Heynen-Genel, S., et al. (2010) Screening for Selective Ligands for GPR55: Antagonists (ML191, ML192, ML193) (Bookshelf ID NBK66153; PMID entry 22091481)]. Importantly, many of the GPR55 antagonists were completely selective, with no agonism or antagonism against GPR35, CB1, or CB2 up to 20 μM. Using a model of the GPR55 inactive state, we studied the binding of an antagonist series that emerged from this screen. These studies suggest that GPR55 antagonists possess a head region that occupies a horizontal binding pocket extending into the extracellular loop region, a central ligand portion that fits vertically in the receptor binding pocket and terminates with a pendant aromatic or heterocyclic ring that juts out. Both the region that extends extracellularly and the pendant ring are features associated with antagonism. Taken together, our results provide a set of design rules for the development of second-generation GPR55 selective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kotsikorou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas-Pan American , Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
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40
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Kargl J, Brown AJ, Andersen L, Dorn G, Schicho R, Waldhoer M, Heinemann A. A selective antagonist reveals a potential role of G protein-coupled receptor 55 in platelet and endothelial cell function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:54-66. [PMID: 23639801 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) receptor that is also responsive to certain cannabinoids. Although GPR55 has been implicated in several (patho)physiologic functions, its role remains enigmatic owing mainly to the lack of selective GPR55 antagonists. Here we show that the compound CID16020046 ((4-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-6-oxo-1H,4H,5H,6H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl] benzoic acid) is a selective GPR55 antagonist. In yeast cells expressing human GPR55, CID16020046 antagonized agonist-induced receptor activation. In human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing human GPR55, the compound behaved as an antagonist on LPI-mediated Ca²⁺ release and extracellular signal-regulated kinases activation, but not in HEK293 cells expressing cannabinoid receptor 1 or 2 (CB₁ or CB₂). CID16020046 concentration dependently inhibited LPI-induced activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κ of activated B cells (NF-κB) and serum response element, translocation of NFAT and NF-κB, and GPR55 internalization. It reduced LPI-induced wound healing in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells and reversed LPI-inhibited platelet aggregation, suggesting a novel role for GPR55 in platelet and endothelial cell function. CID16020046 is therefore a valuable tool to study GPR55-mediated mechanisms in primary cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kargl
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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41
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Renault N, Laurent X, Farce A, El Bakali J, Mansouri R, Gervois P, Millet R, Desreumaux P, Furman C, Chavatte P. Virtual Screening of CB2Receptor Agonists from Bayesian Network and High-Throughput Docking: Structural Insights into Agonist-Modulated GPCR Features. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:442-54. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Kargl J, Balenga N, Parzmair GP, Brown AJ, Heinemann A, Waldhoer M. The cannabinoid receptor CB1 modulates the signaling properties of the lysophosphatidylinositol receptor GPR55. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44234-48. [PMID: 23161546 PMCID: PMC3531739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.364109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 55 (GPR55) and the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) are co-expressed in many tissues, predominantly in the central nervous system. Seven transmembrane spanning (7TM) receptors/GPCRs can form homo- and heteromers and initiate distinct signaling pathways. Recently, several synthetic CB1 receptor inverse agonists/antagonists, such as SR141716A, AM251, and AM281, were reported to activate GPR55. Of these, SR141716A was marketed as a promising anti-obesity drug, but was withdrawn from the market because of severe side effects. Here, we tested whether GPR55 and CB1 receptors are capable of (i) forming heteromers and (ii) whether such heteromers could exhibit novel signaling patterns. We show that GPR55 and CB1 receptors alter each others signaling properties in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We demonstrate that the co-expression of FLAG-CB1 receptors in cells stably expressing HA-GPR55 specifically inhibits GPR55-mediated transcription factor activation, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells and serum response element, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activation. GPR55 and CB1 receptors can form heteromers, but the internalization of both receptors is not affected. In addition, we observe that the presence of GPR55 enhances CB1R-mediated ERK1/2 and nuclear factor of activated T-cell activation. Our data provide the first evidence that GPR55 can form heteromers with another 7TM/GPCR and that this interaction with the CB1 receptor has functional consequences in vitro. The GPR55-CB1R heteromer may play an important physiological and/or pathophysiological role in tissues endogenously co-expressing both receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Cannabinoids/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kargl
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nariman Balenga
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- the Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1889
| | - Gerald P. Parzmair
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew J. Brown
- the Department of Screening and Compound Profiling, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Akos Heinemann
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Waldhoer
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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43
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Elbegdorj O, Westkaemper RB, Zhang Y. A homology modeling study toward the understanding of three-dimensional structure and putative pharmacological profile of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR55. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 39:50-60. [PMID: 23220281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G-protein coupled receptor GPR55 was shown to bind to certain cannabinoid compounds which led to its initial classification as the third type of cannabinoid receptor. Later studies showed that lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) also activated GPR55, in particular 2-arachidonoyl-LPI was proposed to be its endogenous ligand. However, the results of pharmacological studies regarding GPR55 have been quite inconsistent. Despite its contradictory pharmacological profile, GPR55 has been implicated in various disease states including inflammatory and neuropathic pain, metabolic bone diseases, and cancer. Herein, we report the ligand binding properties of GPR55 by applying homology modeling and automated docking algorithms in order to understand its pharmacological profile. The 3D homology model of GPR55 was built based on the adenosine A(2A) receptor crystal structure. Docking studies of several types of reported ligands were carried out afterwards. The results indicated that both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions contributed significantly for its ligand binding and the amino acid residue Lys80 seemed to be the anchor residue for receptor recognition. In addition, its putative agonist and antagonist appeared to recognize different domains of the receptor corresponding to their reported pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orgil Elbegdorj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219-1540, USA
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Schicho R, Storr M. A potential role for GPR55 in gastrointestinal functions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:653-8. [PMID: 23063456 PMCID: PMC3660623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite sharing little homology (10–15%) with cannabinoid-1 (CB1) and cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was initially thought to be a new member of the cannabinoid receptor family. Apart from being activated by various exogenous cannabinoids, GPR55 is also activated by endocannabinoids like anandamide, which is found in organs with high GPR55 expression such as the brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The phylogenetic distance to the classical CB receptors and its pharmacological responsiveness to certain cannabinoids suggests that GPR55 may constitute a novel class of cannabinoid receptors. GPR55 influences mechanisms in the nervous system, vasculature, kidney and bone. Recent research revealed that GPR55 is also involved in cancer development and inflammatory pain. Because of its presence in the GI tract, several studies have started to focus on the involvement of GPR55 in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gut. The following article intends to discuss the potential role of GPR55 in GI functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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45
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Lysophosphatidylinositol signalling: New wine from an old bottle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:694-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sharir H, Console-Bram L, Mundy C, Popoff SN, Kapur A, Abood ME. The endocannabinoids anandamide and virodhamine modulate the activity of the candidate cannabinoid receptor GPR55. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:856-65. [PMID: 22454039 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of cannabinoid receptors in inflammation has been the topic of many research endeavors. Despite this effort, to date the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in inflammation remains obscure. The ambiguity of cannabinoid involvement may be explained by the existence of cannabinoid receptors, other than CB(1) and CB(2), or a consequence of interaction of endocannabinoids with other signaling systems. GPR55 has been proposed to be a cannabinoid receptor; however the interaction of the endocannabinoid system with GPR55 remains elusive. Consequently this study set about to examine the effects of the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and virodhamine, on GPR55 mediated signaling. Specifically, we assessed changes in β-arrestin2 (βarr2) distribution and GPR55 receptor internalization following activation by lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the synthetic cannabinoid ligand SR141716A, and new selective synthetic GPR55 agonists. Data obtained from the experiments presented herein demonstrate that AEA and virodhamine modulate agonist-mediated recruitment of βarr2. AEA and virodhamine act as partial agonists; enhancing the agonist effect at low concentrations and inhibiting it at high concentrations. Furthermore, both virodhamine and AEA significantly attenuated agonist-induced internalization of GPR55. These effects are attributed to the expression of GPR55, and not CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, as we have established negligible expression of CB(1) and CB(2) in these GPR55-transfected U2OS cells. The identification of select endocannabinoids as GPR55 modulators will aide in elucidating the function of GPR55 in the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleli Sharir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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47
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Henstridge CM. Off-target cannabinoid effects mediated by GPR55. Pharmacology 2012; 89:179-87. [PMID: 22433274 DOI: 10.1159/000336872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the vast therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system, the revelation of a novel cannabinoid-sensitive target was treated with great excitement. The orphan G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was initially touted as a novel cannabinoid target in early industrial patent literature. Consequently, numerous studies have revealed GPR55 expression in a diverse array of cells and tissues, regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Although a confusing cannabinoid profile has prevented its classification as a cannabinoid receptor, the therapeutic potential of the receptor cannot be denied, with roles in cancer progression, bone resorption and analgesia. This commentary aims to summarize GPR55 expression data and speculate on potential therapeutic exploitation of this enigmatic orphan receptor.
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Henstridge CM, Balenga NAB, Kargl J, Andradas C, Brown AJ, Irving A, Sanchez C, Waldhoer M. Minireview: recent developments in the physiology and pathology of the lysophosphatidylinositol-sensitive receptor GPR55. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1835-48. [PMID: 21964594 PMCID: PMC5417173 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that off-target cannabinoid effects may be mediated via novel seven-transmembrane spanning/G protein-coupled receptors. Due to its cannabinoid sensitivity, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was recently proposed as a candidate; however, GPR55 is phylogenetically distinct from the traditional cannabinoid receptors, and the conflicting pharmacology, signaling, and functional data have prevented its classification as a novel cannabinoid receptor. Indeed, the most consistent and potent agonist to date is the noncannabinoid lysophospholipid, lysophosphatidylinositol. Here we present new human GPR55 mRNA expression data, providing supportive evidence of GPR55 expression in a vast array of tissues and cell types. Moreover, we summarize major recent developments in GPR55 research and aim to update the reader in the rapidly expanding fields of GPR55 pharmacology, physiology, and pathology.
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Anavi-Goffer S, Baillie G, Irving AJ, Gertsch J, Greig IR, Pertwee RG, Ross RA. Modulation of L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by cannabinoids. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:91-104. [PMID: 22027819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR55 is activated by l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) but also by certain cannabinoids. In this study, we investigated the GPR55 pharmacology of various cannabinoids, including analogues of the CB1 receptor antagonist Rimonabant®, CB2 receptor agonists, and Cannabis sativa constituents. To test ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a primary downstream signaling pathway that conveys LPI-induced activation of GPR55, a high throughput system, was established using the AlphaScreen® SureFire® assay. Here, we show that CB1 receptor antagonists can act both as agonists alone and as inhibitors of LPI signaling under the same assay conditions. This study clarifies the controversy surrounding the GPR55-mediated actions of SR141716A; some reports indicate the compound to be an agonist and some report antagonism. In contrast, we report that the CB2 ligand GW405833 behaves as a partial agonist of GPR55 alone and enhances LPI signaling. GPR55 has been implicated in pain transmission, and thus our results suggest that this receptor may be responsible for some of the antinociceptive actions of certain CB2 receptor ligands. The phytocannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabidivarin, and cannabigerovarin are also potent inhibitors of LPI. These Cannabis sativa constituents may represent novel therapeutics targeting GPR55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Anavi-Goffer
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom; Departments of Behavioral Sciences and Molecular Biology, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Gemma Baillie
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Irving
- Division of Medical Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Iain R Greig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A Ross
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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