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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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2
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Su X, Wang Y, Feng Q, Sun J. Heterodifunctionalization of Electron-Rich Alkynes Catalyzed by in Situ Generated Silylium Ions. Org Lett 2024; 26:421-426. [PMID: 38166166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Silylium ions are versatile Lewis acids in organic synthesis. While they have been well-known for the activation of σ donors, catalysis initiated by the activation of π donors remains underdeveloped, particularly for alkynes. Herein, we demonstrate an example of silylium-catalyzed alkyne heterodifunctionalization. The silylium ion generated in situ from HNTf2 and the silyl reagent serve as superior catalysts in the efficient silylphosphination and silylcyanation of electron-rich alkynes with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. The compatibility of this protocol with strongly coordinating ligands (Ph2P and CN) not only complements the metal-catalyzed systems but also expands the scope of silylium-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Su
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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3
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El-Hussieny M, Abd-El-Maksoud MA, Soliman FM, Fouad MA, El-Ashrey MK. Dual-target ligand discovery for Alzheimer's disease: triphenylphosphoranylidene derivatives as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2166040. [PMID: 36695002 PMCID: PMC9879200 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2166040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases that could not be prevented or completely cured and may lead to death. Here, we target AChE and β-amyloid proteins. Synthesising new triphenylphosphporanylidene derivatives based on the surveyed literature and testing their biological activity revealed promising results especially for the acetyl triphenylphosphoranylidene derivative 8c, which showed good inhibitor activity against AChE enzyme with IC50 in the nanomolar range (97.04 nM); on the other hand, it showed poor selectivity for AChE versus butyrylcholinesterase but with some futural structural modification, this selectivity can be improved. 8c showed MMP-2 IC50 of 724.19 nM and Aβ1-42 aggregation IC50 of 302.36 nM. A kinetic study demonstrated that compound 8c uncompetitively inhibited AChE. Moreover, derivative 8c showed low cytotoxicity, good in vivo behavioural studies including Y-maze and passive avoidance tests with activity similar to that of donepezil. Finally, in silico studies for 8c predict its good penetration into BBB and good binding affinity in the AChE binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El-Hussieny
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt,Marwa El-Hussieny , Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 ElBohouth St., (Former El Tahrir), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Fouad M. Soliman
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K. El-Ashrey
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,CONTACT Mohamed K. El-Ashrey Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, P.O. 11562, Giza, Egypt
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4
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Shu L, Yang ZW, Cao RX, Qiu XX, Ni F, Shi XX. Novel practical stereoselective synthesis of a bicyclic hydantoino-thiolactone as the key intermediate for production of (+)-biotin. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26160-26168. [PMID: 37671003 PMCID: PMC10475979 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04721k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic hydantoinothiolactone (1), as the key intermediate for production of (+)-biotin, has been efficiently and high-stereoselectively synthesized from the cheap starting material l-cystine via nine steps in 44% overall yield. In this new practical synthesis, there are two characteristic steps worthy of note. One step is TMSOTf-catalyzed efficient cyanation of (3S,7aR)-6-benzyl-5-oxo-3-phenyltetrahydro-1H,3H-imidazo[1,5-c]thiazol-7-yl acetate, the other step is DBU-catalyzed rapid isomerization of trans-isomer to cis-isomer of the bicyclic hydantoinothiolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei-Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei-Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Ren-Xu Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei-Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xia Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei-Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Feng Ni
- Shanghai Shyndec Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 378 Jian-Lu Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xin Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei-Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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5
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Stankevich KS, Cook MJ. The Hosomi-Sakurai allylation in carbocyclization reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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6
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Mayer RJ, Hampel N, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Resolving the Mechanistic Complexity in Triarylborane-Induced Conjugate Additions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377München, Germany
| | - Nathalie Hampel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377München, Germany
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Falk A, Bauer JO. Structural and Electronic Effects on Phosphine Chalcogenide Stabilized Silicon Centers in Four-Membered Heterocyclic Cations. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15576-15588. [PMID: 36130169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay of structural and electronic parameters in the stabilization of Lewis acidic silicon centers is crucial for stereochemical questions and applications in bond activation and catalytic transformations. Phosphine chalcogenide functionalized (Ch = O, S, and Se) hydrosilanes having tert-butyl and 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) substituents on the silicon atom were synthesized, and the ring-closing reactions to afford the heterocyclic four-membered CPChSi cations were investigated. Synthetic access was only achieved for the sulfur- and selenium-based cations. A thorough study by means of single-crystal X-ray structure determination, NMR spectroscopic data, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insight into important electronic and structural parameters affecting the stability of the intramolecularly stabilized cations. Detailed structural considerations were made on the contributions to the ring strain (angular strain and steric repulsion). Thermochemical investigations showed that the substituents on the silicon and phosphorus atoms play an important role for the stability of the cationic heterocycles. In the absence of large steric repulsions through bulky substituents (methyl groups on silicon and tert-butyl groups on phosphorus), an intrinsic stability sequence of the intramolecular Ch-Si coordination depending on the chalcogen atom in the direction Se ≤ S < O can be observed. However, the order is reversed (O < S < Se) in the case of strong repulsions between sterically demanding substituents (tert-butyl groups on both silicon and phosphorus atoms). Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis supported the explanations for the observed deshielding trends in 31P NMR spectroscopy and revealed that the O-Si bond is more ionic in nature compared to the S-Si and Se-Si bonds, with the latter exhibiting higher covalent character due to a more efficient charge transfer through a σ-type nCh → pSi interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan O Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Synthesis of new N-(diphosphonomethyl)-containing peptides on the base of tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203947. [PMID: 35438836 PMCID: PMC9325378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anionic hypercoordinated silicates with weak donors were proposed as key intermediates in numerous silicon-based reactions. However, their short-lived nature rendered even spectroscopic observations highly challenging. Here, we characterize hypercoordinated silicon anions, including the first bromido-, iodido-, formato-, acetato-, triflato- and sulfato-silicates. This is enabled by a new, donor-free polymeric form of Lewis superacidic bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane 1. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational insights allow a reassessment of Gutmann's empirical rules for the role of silicon hypercoordination in synthesis and catalysis. The electronic perturbations of 1 exerted on the bound anions indicate pronounced substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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10
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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11
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Yang Z, He C, Goettl SJ, Paul D, Kaiser RI, Silva MX, Galvão BRL. Gas-Phase Preparation of Silyl Cyanide (SiH 3CN) via a Radical Substitution Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8649-8657. [PMID: 35504731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The silyl cyanide (SiH3CN) molecule, the simplest representative of a fully saturated silacyanide, was prepared in the gas phase under single-collision conditions via a radical substitution mechanism. The chemical dynamics were direct and revealed a pronounced backward scattering as a consequence of a transition state with a pentacoordinated silicon atom and almost colinear geometry of the attacking cyano radical and leaving hydrogen. Compared to the isovalent cyano (CN)-methane (CH4) system, the CN-SiH4 system dramatically reduces the energy of the transition state to silyl cyanide by nearly 100 kJ mol-1, which reveals a profound effect on the chemical bonding and reaction mechanism. In extreme high-temperature environments including circumstellar envelopes of IRC +10216, this versatile radical substitution mechanism may synthesize organosilicon molecules via reactions of silane with doublet radicals. Overall, this study provides rare insights into the exotic reaction mechanisms of main-group XIV elements in extreme environments and affords deeper insights into fundamental molecular mass growth processes involving silicon in our universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Shane J Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Dababrata Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mateus X Silva
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Avenue Amazonas 5253, 30421-169 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno R L Galvão
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Avenue Amazonas 5253, 30421-169 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Schäfer F, Mix A, Cati N, Lamm JH, Neumann B, Stammler G, Mitzel NW. Host guest chemistry of a bidentate silyl-triflate bis-Lewis-acid – complex complexation behaviour unravelled by diffusion NMR spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7164-7173. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bidentate silicon-based Lewis acid, bis(dimethyl-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)silylethyl)dimethylsilane, Me2Si[(CH2)2SiMe2-OTf]2, was prepared by a two-step synthesis starting from dimethyldivinylsilane by hydrosilylation with dimethylchlorosilane and subsequent Lewis acidity enhancement of the terminal silicon atoms...
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13
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Majumder S, Ghosh S, Pyne P, Ghosh A, Ghosh D, Hajra A. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Biheteroarenes via Dehydrogenative and Decarboxylative Coupling: a Decade Update. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100288. [PMID: 34970849 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of robust and efficient methods for installing one heterocycle with another is endowed as a ubiquitous and powerful synthetic strategy to access complex organic biheterocycles in recent days due to their pervasive applications in medicinal as well as material chemistry. This perspective presents an overview on the recent findings and developments for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biheteroarenes via dehydrogenative and decarboxylative couplings with literature coverage mainly extending from 2011 to 2021. For simplification of the readers, the article has been subcategorized based on the catalysts used in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Pranjal Pyne
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Anogh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Bangalore, 560027, Karnataka, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
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Thorwart T, Roth D, Greb L. Bis(pertrifluoromethylcatecholato)silane: Extreme Lewis Acidity Broadens the Catalytic Portfolio of Silicon. Chemistry 2021; 27:10422-10427. [PMID: 33852170 PMCID: PMC8361710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Given its earth abundance, silicon is ideal for constructing Lewis acids of use in catalysis or materials science. Neutral silanes were limited to moderate Lewis acidity, until halogenated catecholato ligands provoked a significant boost. However, catalytic applications of bis(perhalocatecholato)silanes were suffering from very poor solubility and unknown deactivation pathways. In this work, the novel per(trifluoromethyl)catechol, H2 catCF3 , and adducts of its silicon complex Si(catCF3 )2 (1) are described. According to the computed fluoride ion affinity, 1 ranks among the strongest neutral Lewis acids currently accessible in the condensed phase. The improved robustness and affinity of 1 enable deoxygenations of aldehydes, ketones, amides, or phosphine oxides, and a carbonyl-olefin metathesis. All those transformations have never been catalyzed by a neutral silane. Attempts to obtain donor-free 1 attest to the extreme Lewis acidity by stabilizing adducts with even the weakest donors, such as benzophenone or hexaethyl disiloxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Soldatenko AS, Sterkhova IV, Lazareva NF. N-[(Trifluorosilyl)methyl]carboxanilides: Synthesis and structural features. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Sen N, Khan S. Heavier Tetrylenes as Single Site Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:705-719. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Sen
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008 India
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008 India
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18
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Chatani N, Fujii S, Kido Y, Nakayama Y, Kajikawa Y, Tokuhisa H, Fukumoto Y, Murai S. Co 2(CO) 8-Catalyzed Reactions of Acetals or Lactones with Hydrosilanes and Carbon Monoxide. A New Access to the Preparation of 1,2-Diol Derivatives through Siloxymethylation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kido
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Kajikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideo Tokuhisa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Fukumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Murai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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tert-Butoxychloromethylphenylsilane: synthesis and reactivity. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-3033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Denhof A, Olaru M, Lork E, Mebs S, Chęcińska L, Beckmann J. Silyl Cations Stabilized by Pincer Type Ligands with Adjustable Donor Atoms. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Denhof
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
- Department of Chemistry Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre Babes‐Bolyai University 11 Arany Janos 400028 Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lilianna Chęcińska
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
- Department of Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Lodz Pomorska 163/165 90‐236 Lodz Poland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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21
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Fujioka H. Development of New Innovative Synthetic Organic Chemistry Using Lone Pairs of Oxygen Atoms. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:907-945. [PMID: 32999145 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen atoms have a lone pair of electrons, so they have high chelation ability, high nucleophilic ability, stabilizing ability of adjacent cations, and take a chelate or oxocarbenium ion structure with Lewis acids and metals. I took advantage of these properties to develop three new reactions, 1) asymmetric synthesis of chiral quaternary carbon centers, 2) asymmetric synthesis using acetal functions, and 3) organic chemistry using acetal-type reactive salt chemical species, and applied them to biologically active natural products synthesis. New reactions described here are all innovative and useful for natural products synthesis. In particular, the first asymmetric synthesis of fredericamycin A, and concise asymmetric synthesis of anthracycline antibiotics, scyphostatin, (+)-Sch 642305, (-)-stenine, clavolonine, (+)-rubrenolide, (+)-rubrynolide, (+)-centrolobine, and decytospolide A and B, etc., are noteworthy. Furthermore, since reactions using acetal-type reactive salt chemical species allow the coexistence of functional groups that normally cannot coexist, the reactions using reactive salts have potential to change the retrosynthesis planned based on conventional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Fujioka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
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22
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Liang MZ, Meek SJ. Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers by Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition of Boron-Stabilized Allylic Nucleophiles to Enones. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9925-9931. [PMID: 32408746 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the site-selective and diastereoselective conjugate addition of boron-stabilized allylic nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated ketones is disclosed. Transformations involve easily prepared γ,γ-disubstituted allyldiboron reagents and proceed in the presence of a fluoride activator at 80 °C. Reactions proceed with a wide variety of enones and allyldiboron reagents efficiently to deliver ketone products that contain otherwise difficult-to-access vicinal β-tertiary and γ-quaternary carbon stereogenic centers and an alkenylboron moiety. The utility of the method is highlighted by several transformations, including cross-coupling and carbocyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Simon J Meek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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23
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Luo L, Li H, Liu J, Zhou Y, Dong L, Xiao YC, Chen FE. Transition-metal and oxidant-free approach for the synthesis of diverse N-heterocycles by TMSCl activation of isocyanides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29257-29262. [PMID: 35521093 PMCID: PMC9055958 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient TMSCl-mediated addition of N-nucleophiles to isocyanides has been achieved. This transition-metal and oxidant-free strategy has been applied to the construction of various N-heterocyles such as quinazolinone, benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives by the use of distinct amino-based binucleophiles. The notable feature of this protocol includes its mild reaction condition, broad functional group tolerance and excellent yield. A highly efficient TMSCl-mediated addition of N-nucleophiles to isocyanides has been achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Luo
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lin Dong
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - You-Cai Xiao
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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24
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25
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Künzler S, Rathjen S, Merk A, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. An Experimental Acidity Scale for Intramolecularly Stabilized Silyl Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2019; 25:15123-15130. [PMID: 31469201 PMCID: PMC6899571 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new NMR-based Lewis acidity scale is suggested and its application is demonstrated for a family of silyl Lewis acids. The reaction of p-fluorobenzonitrile (FBN) with silyl cations that are internally stabilized by interaction with a remote chalcogenyl or halogen donor yields silylated nitrilium ions with the silicon atom in a trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment. The 19 F NMR chemical shifts and the 1 J(CF) coupling constants of these nitrilium ions vary in a predictable manner with the donor capability of the stabilizing group. The spectroscopic parameters are suitable probes for scaling the acidity of Lewis acids. These new probes allow for the discrimination between very similar Lewis acids, which is not possible with conventional NMR tests, such as the well-established Gutmann-Beckett method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Künzler
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Saskia Rathjen
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Anastasia Merk
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
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26
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27
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Jin H, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. The Carbocation-Catalyzed Intermolecular Formal [2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of Ynamides with Quinoxaline N-Oxides. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Jin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Hartmann D, Schädler M, Greb L. Bis(catecholato)silanes: assessing, rationalizing and increasing silicon's Lewis superacidity. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7379-7388. [PMID: 31489160 PMCID: PMC6713871 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bis(catecholato)silanes have been known for several decades, their substantial Lewis acidity is not yet well described in the literature. Herewith, the synthesis and characterization of multiple substituted bis(catecholato)silanes and their triethylphosphine oxide, fluoride and chloride ion adducts are reported. The Lewis acidity of bis(catecholato)silanes is assessed by effective (Gutmann-Beckett, catalytic efficiency), global (theoretical and relative experimental fluoride (FIA) and chloride (CIA) ion affinities) and intrinsic (electrophilicity index) scaling methods. This comprehensive set of experimental and theoretical results reveals their general Lewis acidic nature and provides a consistent Lewis acidity trend for bis(catecholato)silanes for the first time. All experimental findings are supported by high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T) based thermochemical data and the Lewis acidity is rationalized by complementary chemical bonding analysis tools. Against the common belief that inductive electron withdrawal is the most important criterion for strong Lewis acidity, the present work highlights the decisive role of π-back bonding effects in aromatic ring systems to enhance electron deficiency. Thus, bis(perbromocatecholato)silane is identified and synthesized as the new record holder for silicon Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Marcel Schädler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
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29
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Bulandr JJ, Grabowski JP, Law CM, Shaw JL, Goodell JR, Mitchell TA. Investigation of Transfer Group, Tether Proximity, and Alkene Substitution for Intramolecular Silyloxypyrone-Based [5 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10306-10320. [PMID: 31322900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systematic investigation of intramolecular silyloxypyrone-based [5 + 2] cycloadditions revealed three significant factors impacting conversion to cycloadduct: (1) the silyl transfer group has a substantial influence on the rate of reaction, and the robust t-butyldiphenylsilyl group was found to be more effective overall than the conventional t-butyldimethylsilyl group; (2) α,β-unsaturated esters were generally more reactive than terminal olefins and afforded appreciable quantity of cycloadduct even at room temperature; and (3) the proximity of the tether to the silyl transfer group revealed a critical alignment trend between the pyrone and the alkene. Taken together, these investigations provided insight regarding the steric and electronic parameters that impact the scope and limitation of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Bulandr
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Campus Box 4160, Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Jacob P Grabowski
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Campus Box 4160, Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Chunyin M Law
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Campus Box 4160, Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Jessica L Shaw
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Campus Box 4160, Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - John R Goodell
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Campus Box 4160, Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - T Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Campus Box 4160, Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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30
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Puthanveedu M, Polychronidou V, Antonchick AP. Catalytic Selective Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Heteroaromatic N-Oxides with Organosilanes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3407-3411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Puthanveedu
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vasiliki Polychronidou
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Vale JR, Valkonen A, Afonso CAM, Candeias NR. Synthesis of silacyclopent-2-en-4-ols via intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of benzoyl(allyl)silanes. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organosilicon compounds are versatile units with a wide range of uses from medicinal chemistry to the field of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R. Vale
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural sciences
- Tampere University
- 33101 Tampere
- Finland
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyvaskyla
- 40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural sciences
- Tampere University
- 33101 Tampere
- Finland
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32
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Tian YP, Gong Y, Hu XS, Yu JS, Zhou Y, Zhou J. HClO4 catalysed aldol-type reaction of fluorinated silyl enol ethers with acetals or ketals toward fluoroalkyl ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9430-9434. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient metal-free catalytic aldol-type reaction of fluorinated enol silyl ethers and acetals/ketals toward functionalized fluoroalkyl ethers is developed by using less than 1.0 mol% HClO4 (70 wt%, aq.).
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ping Tian
- College of Pharmacy
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang 550025
- China
| | - Yi Gong
- College of Pharmacy
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang 550025
- China
| | - Xiao-Si Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang 550025
- China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
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33
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Fulton TJ, Alley PL, Rensch HR, Ackerman AM, Berlin CB, Krout MR. Access to Functionalized Quaternary Stereocenters via the Copper-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Monoorganozinc Bromide Reagents Enabled by N, N-Dimethylacetamide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14723-14732. [PMID: 30376627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoorganozinc reagents, readily obtained from alkyl bromides, display excellent reactivity with β,β-disubstituted enones and TMSCl in the presence of Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts to synthesize a variety of cyclic functionalized β-quaternary ketones in 38-99% yields and 9:1-20:1 diastereoselectivities. The conjugate addition features a pronounced improvement in DMA using monoorganozinc bromide reagents. A simple one-pot protocol that harnesses in situ generated monoorganozinc reagents delivers comparable product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Fulton
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Phebe L Alley
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Heather R Rensch
- Research and Development, Bimax, Inc. , Glen Rock , Pennsylvania 17327 , United States
| | - Adriana M Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Cameron B Berlin
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Michael R Krout
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
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34
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Zhang L, Zhou W, Xu Y, Wang Y, Hu J, Shi F. Sulfonic Group Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Ethylenesilica: A Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalysts for Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reaction. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Zhang
- School of chemistry and Life Sciences; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy; the First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Jianglei Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Fengwei Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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35
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Sturm AG, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Santowski T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Lewis Base Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Monosilanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17796-17801. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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36
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Greb L. Lewis Superacids: Classifications, Candidates, and Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:17881-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Germany
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37
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Prishchenko AA, Alekseyev RS, Livantsov MV, Novikova OP, Livantsova LI, Petrosyan VS. Organosilicon based synthesis of new functionalized aminomethylenediphosphonates with moieties of amino acids. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Shcherbinin VA, Konshin VV. Lewis acid-mediated mono- and bis-addition of C -nucleophiles to 1,3-dioxolan-4-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Rubial B, Ballesteros A, González JM. Silylium-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Coupling of Alkynylsilanes with (2-Bromo-1-methoxyethyl)arenes: Alternative Approaches. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Rubial
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; C/ Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alfredo Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; C/ Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - José M. González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; C/ Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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40
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Prishchenko AA, Alekseyev RS, Livantsov MV, Novikova OP, Livantsova LI, Petrosyan VS. Tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite as key synthon for convenient synthesis of new organosilicon(phosphorus)-containing N-heterocycles. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Astakhov AV, Suponitsky KY, Chernyshev VM. Chlorotrimethylsilane-promoted synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolopyrimidines from 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazoles and pentane-2,4-diones. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Banik SM, Levina A, Hyde AM, Jacobsen EN. Lewis acid enhancement by hydrogen-bond donors for asymmetric catalysis. Science 2017; 358:761-764. [PMID: 29123063 PMCID: PMC5728151 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule dual hydrogen-bond (H-bond) donors such as ureas, thioureas, squaramides, and guanidinium ions enjoy widespread use as effective catalysts for promoting a variety of enantioselective reactions. However, these catalysts are only weakly acidic and therefore require highly reactive electrophilic substrates to be effective. We introduce here a mode of catalytic activity with chiral H-bond donors that enables enantioselective reactions of relatively unreactive electrophiles. Squaramides are shown to interact with silyl triflates by binding the triflate counterion to form a stable, yet highly Lewis acidic, complex. The silyl triflate-chiral squaramide combination promotes the generation of oxocarbenium intermediates from acetal substrates at low temperatures. Enantioselectivity in nucleophile additions to the cationic intermediates is then controlled through a network of noncovalent interactions between the squaramide catalyst and the oxocarbenium triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Banik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Levina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alan M Hyde
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Li X, Lin F, Huang K, Wei J, Li X, Wang X, Geng X, Jiao N. Selective α-Oxyamination and Hydroxylation of Aliphatic Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Fengguirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Kaimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xinyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaoyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
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Li X, Lin F, Huang K, Wei J, Li X, Wang X, Geng X, Jiao N. Selective α-Oxyamination and Hydroxylation of Aliphatic Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12307-12311. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Fengguirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Kaimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xinyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaoyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
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Lazareva NF, Lazarev IМ. Reaction of transsilylation of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide with silanes ClCH2SiR1R2Cl. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321708014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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47
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Dong C, Bai XF, Lv JY, Cui YM, Cao J, Zheng ZJ, Xu LW. Cs₂CO₃-Initiated Trifluoro-Methylation of Chalcones and Ketones for Practical Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Tertiary Silyl Ethers. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050769. [PMID: 28524100 PMCID: PMC6154635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It was found that 1,2-trifluoromethylation reactions of ketones, enones, and aldehydes were easily accomplished using the Prakash reagent in the presence of catalytic amounts of cesium carbonate, which represents an experimentally convenient, atom-economic process for this anionic trifluoromethylation of non-enolisable aldehydes and ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xing-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Ji-Yuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Shchekina MP, Tumskii RS, Klochkova IN, Anis’kov AA. Synthesis of pyrimidinethiones and spiropyrans proceeding from Mannich ketones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801702021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Chulsky K, Dobrovetsky R. B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Hydrosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4744-4748. [PMID: 28323372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The chlorination of Si-H bonds often requires stoichiometric amounts of metal salts in conjunction with hazardous reagents, such as tin chlorides, Cl2 , and CCl4 . The catalytic chlorination of silanes often involves the use of expensive transition-metal catalysts. By a new simple, selective, and highly efficient catalytic metal-free method for the chlorination of Si-H bonds, mono-, di-, and trihydrosilanes were selectively chlorinated in the presence of a catalytic amount of B(C6 F5 )3 or Et2 O⋅B(C6 F5 )3 and HCl with the release of H2 as a by-product. The hydrides in di- and trihydrosilanes could be selectively chlorinated by HCl in a stepwise manner when Et2 O⋅B(C6 F5 )3 was used as the catalyst. A mechanism is proposed for these catalytic chlorination reactions on the basis of competition experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chulsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Chulsky K, Dobrovetsky R. B(C6
F5
)3
-Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Hydrosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chulsky
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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