1
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Wang Y, Das S, Aboulhosn K, Champagne SE, Gemmel PM, Skinner KC, Ragsdale SW, Zimmerman PM, Narayan ARH. Nature-Inspired Radical Pyridoxal-Mediated C-C Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23321-23329. [PMID: 39106078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and derivatives of this cofactor enable a plethora of reactions in both enzyme-mediated and free-in-solution transformations. With few exceptions in each category, such chemistry has predominantly involved two-electron processes. This sometimes poses a significant challenge for using PLP to build tetrasubstituted carbon centers, especially when the reaction is reversible. The ability to access radical pathways is paramount to broadening the scope of reactions catalyzed by this coenzyme. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to access a radical PLP-based intermediate and engage this radical intermediate in a number of C-C bond-forming reactions. By selection of an appropriate oxidant, single-electron oxidation of the quinonoid intermediate can be achieved, which can subsequently be applied to C-C bond-forming reactions. Through this radical reaction pathway, we synthesized a series of α-tertiary amino acids and esters to investigate the substrate scope and identify nonproductive reaction pathways. Beyond the amino acid model system, we demonstrate that other classes of amine substrates can be applied in this reaction and that a range of small molecule reagents can serve as coupling partners to the semiquinone radical. We anticipate that this versatile semiquinone radical species will be central to the development of a range of novel reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kareem Aboulhosn
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sarah E Champagne
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Philipp M Gemmel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin C Skinner
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Zhao X, Gao X, Zhao F, Wang L, Zhang M, Zhou N. Substituent-Controlled Copper-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of 1,7-Dienes: Synthesis of Mono- and Bis-trifluoromethylated Benzoxepines. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39167477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of benzene-linked 1,7-dienes with 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxole via a radical cascade cyclization process for the synthesis of mono- and bis-trifluoromethylated benzoxepines is developed. The selectivity depends on substituents on the double bond of the allyl group in 1,7-dienes. The large-scale operation and late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules reveal the promising utility of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Fangli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Nengneng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
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3
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Meng F, Cui Y, Xu W, Yang WC. Visible-Light-Induced Domino Perfluoroalkylation/Cyclization to Access Perfluoroalkylated Quinazolinones by an EDA Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:6884-6888. [PMID: 39087724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes have been extensively studied, which formed an electronically excited state, obviating the need for an exogenous photocatalyst. Herein, we report a mild and efficient strategy for photoinduced radical domino perfluoroalkylation/cyclization using N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine (TMEDA) as an electron donor. This protocol could be well expanded to access various polycyclic quinazolinones containing perfluoroalkyl groups, exhibiting photocatalyst-free, good functional group tolerance, and environmentally friendly features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Meng
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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4
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Gallego-Gamo A, Sarró P, Ji Y, Pleixats R, Molins E, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Vallribera A, Granados A. Direct Synthesis of 2-Hydroxytrifluoroethylacetophenones via Organophotoredox-Mediated Net-Neutral Radical/Polar Crossover. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11682-11692. [PMID: 39087492 PMCID: PMC11334190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkene difunctionalization is a very attractive tool in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an operationally and practically simple method to access 2-hydroxytrifluoroethylacetophenones from styrene derivatives via photoredox catalysis. This light-mediated transformation promotes the generation of the 1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbon-centered radical as key synthon, which undergoes Giese addition with styrenes followed by a Kornblum oxidation process. The presented method is not only mild and cost-effective, but also utilizes an organic photocatalyst and DMSO as oxidant. Experimental investigations support the operative mechanism via net-neutral radical/polar crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gallego-Gamo
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Sarró
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yingmin Ji
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pleixats
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Granados
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Zhang WW, Feng Z, You SL, Zheng C. Electrophile-Arene Affinity: An Energy Scale for Evaluating the Thermodynamics of Electrophilic Dearomatization Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11487-11501. [PMID: 39077910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Rational design and development of organic reactions are lofty goals in synthetic chemistry. Quantitative description of the properties of molecules and reactions by physical organic parameters plays an important role in this regard. In this Article, we report an energy scale, namely, electrophile-arene affinity (EAA), for evaluating the thermodynamics of electrophilic dearomatization reactions, a class of important transformations that can rapidly build up molecular complexity and structural diversity by converting planar aromatic compounds into three-dimensional cyclic molecules. The acquisition of EAA data can be readily achieved by theoretically calculating the enthalpy changes (ΔH) of the hypothetical reactions of various (cationic) electrophiles with aromatic systems (taking the 1-methylnaphthalen-2-olate ion as an example in this study). Linear correlations are found between the calculated ΔH values and established physical organic parameters such as the percentage of buried volume %VBur (steric effect), Hammett's σ or Brown's σ+ (electronic effect), and Mayr's E (reaction kinetics). Careful analysis of the ΔH values leads to the rational design of a dearomative alkynylation reaction using alkynyl hypervalent iodonium reagents as the electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Zhang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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6
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Keerthika K, S BM, Geetharani K. Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethylated Ketones from α,β-Unsaturated Ketones via Catecholboron Enolates. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11480-11486. [PMID: 39058387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a protocol for the synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated ketones through trifluoromethylation of the corresponding catecholboron enolates of α,β-unsaturated ketones. The reaction of the 1,4-hydroborated product of enones with the Togni II reagent affords the α-trifluoromethylated ketones without any catalyst or additive. Moreover, the protocol has been employed on a series of α,β-unsaturated ketones, including chalcones, substrate-bearing heterocycles, and bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies suggest the involvement of a trifluoromethyl radical during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Keerthika
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Bazil Muhammed S
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - K Geetharani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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7
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Kazi AA, Manjuladevi N, Kumar SS, Sharma A, Singh LR. A quick access to CF 3-containing functionalized benzofuranyl, benzothiophene and indolyl heterocycles under catalyst-free conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39129527 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A catalyst-free one-pot synthetic protocol is presented for the preparation of CF3-containing benzofuran, indolin, and benzothiophene derivatives using readily available aromatic aldehydes and ketones. 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene was employed as a non-corrosive and environmentally benign trifluoromethylacetylene synthon for incorporation of the CF3 group. The reaction proceeds via the formation of a suitably substituted 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenylbut-2-yn-1-ol intermediate, which undergoes 5-exo-dig cyclization, resulting in an exocyclic double bond with Z-configuration. The synthetic utility, substrate scope, tolerance to broader substrates are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayazoddin Aunoddin Kazi
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Nadimpalli Manjuladevi
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Salla Suresh Kumar
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad-201 002, India
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - L Ravithej Singh
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad-201 002, India
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8
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Zou M, Kuruppu S, Emge TJ, Waldie KM. Metal- versus ligand-centered reactivity of a cobalt-phenylenediamide complex with electrophiles. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13174-13183. [PMID: 39045716 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A new series of [CoIII-CF3]n+ complexes supported by a bidentate redox-active ligand is presented. The cationic [Co-CF3]+ complex was first obtained by reacting [CpCo(tBuUreaopda)] (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, opda = o-phenylenediamide) with an electrophilic trifluoromethyl source, for which the redox-active phenylenediamide ligand serves as a 2e- reservoir to generate [CpCp(tBuUreabqdi)(CF3)]+ (bqdi = benzoquinonediimine). Electrochemical studies of [Co-CF3]+ revealed two reversible 1e- reductions. Chemical reduction with 1 or 2 equiv. reducing agent enabled isolation of the neutral and anionic complexes, respectively, where the [CoIII-CF3] bond remains intact in all three oxidation states (n = +1, 0, -1). Structural analysis shows systematic changes to the redox-active ligand backbone upon reduction, consistent with sequential ligand-centered electron transfer in the series [bqdi]0 to [s-bqdi]˙- to [opda]2-. In contrast, the reaction of [CpCo(tBuUreaopda)] with alkyl triflates resulted in ligand-centered alkylation at the ureayl groups instead of the targeted Co-alkyl bond formation, suggesting less favorable bond formation at cobalt and greater nucleophilic accessibility of the ligand compared to the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhu Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Sewwandi Kuruppu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Thomas J Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kate M Waldie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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9
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Miraghaee S, Umemoto T, Hammond GB. Synthesis and Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation Properties of 1-Methyl-4-(trifluoromethylthio)piperazine (MTTP). Org Lett 2024; 26:6459-6464. [PMID: 39038495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A cyclic diamine, 1-methyl-4-(trifluoromethylthio)piperazine (MTTP, 1), prepared by a one-step reaction from commercial materials, is a shelf-stable and powerful electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating (CF3S) reagent with wide reactivity profile. Activation of 1 with triflic acid (TfOH) yields two reactive species A and B, depending on the molar ratios of TfOH/1. B showed unprecedented high reactivity, making possible the trifluoromethylthiolation of electron-deficient aromatic systems. In addition, B accomplished the trifluoromethylthiolation of active methylene compounds under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedesahar Miraghaee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Teruo Umemoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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10
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Jovanovic D, Poliyodath Mohanan M, Huber SM. Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnictogen, and Tetrel Bonding in Non-Covalent Organocatalysis: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404823. [PMID: 38728623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of noncovalent interactions based on electrophilic halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, or tetrel centers in organocatalysis has gained noticeable attention. Herein, we provide an overview on the most important developments in the last years with a clear focus on experimental studies and on catalysts which act via such non-transient interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Jovanovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Meghana Poliyodath Mohanan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Bouzbouz S. Fluoride-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Silylamides to CF 3-Acrylates: Access to Highly Functionalized Trifluoromethylated and Quaternary Fluorinated Molecular Architectures. Org Lett 2024; 26:6130-6135. [PMID: 39018383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
A direct and simple catalytic coupling of nonfluorinated and fluorinated silylbutenamides with β-CF3 α,β-unsaturated esters mediated by fluoride ion was carried out. The transformation proceeded with excellent yields to afford new, highly functionalized trifluoromethylated and quaternary fluorinated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bouzbouz
- CNRS, University of Rouen, INSA of Rouen, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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12
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Hannam A, Kankraisri P, Thombare KR, Meher P, Jean A, Hilton ST, Murarka S, Arseniyadis S. Visible light-mediated difluoromethylation/cyclization in batch and flow: scalable synthesis of CHF 2-containing benzimidazo- and indolo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7938-7941. [PMID: 38984848 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We report here a practical and cost-effective method for the synthesis of CHF2-containing benzimidazo- and indolo[2,1,a]-isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones through a visible light-mediated difluoromethylation/cyclization cascade. The method, which affords functionalized multifused N-heterocyclic scaffolds in moderate to high yields under mild reaction conditions, is also easily scalable using low-cost 3D printed photoflow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Hannam
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Phinyada Kankraisri
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Karan R Thombare
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Prahallad Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210, Bolbec, France
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
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13
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Wang Y, Li SJ, Jiang F, Lan Y, Wang X. Making Full Use of TMSCF 3: Deoxygenative Trifluoromethylation/Silylation of Amides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19286-19294. [PMID: 38956888 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most powerful trifluoromethylation reagents, (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF3) has been widely used for the synthesis of fluorine-containing molecules. However, to the best of our knowledge, the simultaneous incorporation of both TMS- and CF3- groups of this reagent onto the same carbon of the products has not been realized. Herein, we report an unprecedented SmI2/Sm promoted deoxygenative difunctionalization of amides with TMSCF3, in which both silyl and trifluoromethyl groups are incorporated into the final product, yielding α-silyl-α-trifluoromethyl amines with high efficiency. Notably, the silyl group could be further transformed into other functional groups, providing a new method for the synthesis of α-quaternary α-CF3-amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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14
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Zhao Q, Telu S, Jana S, Morse CL, Pike VW. Isotopologues of potassium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide for applications in positron emission tomography and beyond. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5798. [PMID: 38987549 PMCID: PMC11237122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy group increasingly features in drugs and potential tracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we describe a rapid and transition metal-free conversion of fluoroform with paraformaldehyde into highly reactive potassium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide (CF3CH2OK) and demonstrate robust applications of this synthon in one-pot, two-stage 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylations of both aromatic and aliphatic precursors. Moreover, we show that these transformations translate easily to fluoroform that has been labeled with either carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) or fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min), so allowing the appendage of complex molecules with a no-carrier-added 11C- or 18F- 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy group. This provides scope to create candidate PET tracers with radioactive and metabolically stable 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy moieties. We also exemplify syntheses of isotopologues of potassium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide and show their utility for stable isotopic labeling which can be of further benefit for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunchao Zhao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA.
| | - Susovan Jana
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA.
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15
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Liu H, Han X, Feng X, Zhang L, Sun F, Jia F, Zhao Z, Liu H, Li X. Redox Reactions of Organic Molecules Using Rotating Magnetic Field and Metal Rods. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18143-18150. [PMID: 38916056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, redox reactions have harnessed light or mechanical energy to enable the formation of chemical bonds. We postulated a complementary approach that electromagnetic induction could promote the redox reaction of organic molecules using a rotating magnetic field and metal rods. Here, we report that electromotive force activates the redox-active trifluoromethylating reagents. This magnetoredox system can be applied to the trifluoromethylation of heteroarenes with high regioselectivity and hydrotrifluoromethylation of alkenes without the need for catalysts and organic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xuliang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xiaomei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Fenggang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Fuchao Jia
- School of Physics and Optoelelctronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Zengdian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xinjin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
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16
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Huang Y, You C, Hong B, Han X, Weng Z. One-Pot Assembly of 2-Trifluoromethyl Benzothiazole and Benzoselenazole via Copper-Mediated Three-Component Cascade Reaction. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400331. [PMID: 38576218 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
A domino one-pot synthesis of 2-(trifluoromethyl) benzothiazole via copper-mediated three-component cascade reaction starting from the easily accessible starting materials such as o-iodoanilines, methyl trifluoropyruvate, and elemental sulfur is reported. The present strategy displayed a comprehensive substrate scope and good functional group tolerance and enabled access to a variety of substituted 2-(trifluoromethyl) benzothiazoles. A 2-(trifluoromethyl) benzoselenazole has also been synthesized utilizing this reaction methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Huang
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Chenhui You
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Biqiong Hong
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Testing and Analysis Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiqiang Weng
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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17
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Zheng DS, Zhao F, Gu Q, You SL. Rh(III)-catalyzed atroposelective C-H alkynylation of 1-aryl isoquinolines with hypervalent iodine-alkyne reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6753-6756. [PMID: 38863330 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01785d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
An efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H alkynylation of isoquinolines is disclosed. The C-H alkynylation of 1-aryl isoquinolines with hypervalent iodine-alkyne reagents proceeded in DMA at room temperature in the presence of 2.5 mol% chiral SCpRh(III) complex along with 20 mol% AgSbF6, providing axially chiral alkynylated 1-aryl isoquinolines in excellent yields (up to 93%) and enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee). The diverse transformations of the product further enhance the potential utility of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Song Zheng
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Fangnuo Zhao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qing Gu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shu-Li You
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
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18
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Wegener D, Pérez-Bitrián A, Limberg N, Wiesner A, Hoffmann KF, Riedel S. A Highly Sterically Encumbered Boron Lewis Acid Enabled by an Organotellurium-Based Ligand. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401231. [PMID: 38625061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Lewis acidic boron compounds are ubiquitous in chemistry due to their numerous applications, yet tuning and optimizing their properties towards different purposes is still a challenging field of research. In this work, the boron-based Lewis acid B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 was synthesized by reaction of the teflate derivative HOTeF3(C6F5)2 with BCl3 or BCl3 ⋅ SMe2. This new compound presents a remarkably high thermal stability up to 300 °C, as well as one of the most sterically encumbered boron centres known in the literature. Theoretical and experimental methods revealed that B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 exhibits a comparable Lewis acidity to that of the well-known B(C6F5)3. The affinity of B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 towards pyridine was accessed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and compared to that of B(OTeF5)3 and B(C6F5)3. The ligand-transfer reactivity of this new boron compound towards different fluorides was demonstrated by the formation of an anionic Au(III) complex and a hypervalent iodine(III) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wegener
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Pérez-Bitrián
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Limberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt F Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Das S, McIvor C, Greener A, Suwita C, Argent SP, O'Duill ML. 2,2-Difluoroethylation of Heteroatom Nucleophiles via a Hypervalent Iodine Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410954. [PMID: 38900650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The 2,2-difluoroethyl group is an important lipophilic hydrogen bond donor in medicinal chemistry, but its incorporation into small molecules is often challenging. Herein, we demonstrate electrophilic 2,2-difluoroethylation of thiol, amine and alcohol nucleophiles with a hypervalent iodine reagent, (2,2-difluoro-ethyl)(aryl)iodonium triflate, via a proposed ligand coupling mechanism. This transformation offers a complementary strategy to existing 2,2-difluoroethylation methods and allows access to a wide range of 2,2-difluoroethylated nucleophiles, including the drugs Captopril, Normorphine and Mefloquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte McIvor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Greener
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte Suwita
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Miriam L O'Duill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
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20
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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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21
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Heinrich G, Kondratiuk M, Gooßen LJ, Wiesenfeldt MP. Rapid reaction optimization by robust and economical quantitative benchtop 19F NMR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1529-1556. [PMID: 38409535 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The instrumental analysis of reaction mixtures is usually the rate-determining step in the optimization of chemical processes. Traditionally, reactions are analyzed by gas chromatography, HPLC or quantitative NMR spectroscopy on high-field spectrometers. However, chromatographic methods require elaborate work-up and calibration protocols, and high-field NMR spectrometers are expensive to purchase and operate. This protocol describes an inexpensive and highly effective analysis method based on low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Its key feature is the use of fluorine-labeled model substrates that, because of the wide chemical shift range and high sensitivity of 19F, enable separate, quantitative detection of product and by-product signals even on low-field, permanent magnet spectrometers. An external lock/shim device obviates the need for deuterated solvents, permitting the direct, noninvasive measurement of crude reaction mixtures with minimal workup. The low field-strength facilitates a homogeneous excitation over a wide chemical shift range, minimizing systematic integration errors. The addition of the optimal amount of the nonshifting relaxation agent tris(acetylacetonato) iron(III) minimizes relaxation delays at full resolution, reducing the analysis time to 32 s per sample. The correct choice of processing parameters is also crucial. A step-by-step guideline is provided, the influence of all parameters, including adjustments needed when using high-field spectrometers, is discussed and potential pitfalls are highlighted. The wide applicability of the analytical protocol for reaction optimization is illustrated by three examples: a Buchwald-Hartwig amination, a Suzuki coupling and a C-H arylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heinrich
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Kondratiuk
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - L J Gooßen
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M P Wiesenfeldt
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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22
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Lal N, Shirsath SB, Singh P, Deepshikha, Shaikh AC. Allylsilane as a versatile handle in photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4633-4647. [PMID: 38606528 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Organosilanes have secured a special place in the synthetic world for several decades. However, among them, allylsilanes are a choice reagent for organic chemists to develop novel organic transformations. In recent years researchers have proved that visible-light photoredox catalysis has emerged as one of the most mild, sustainable, straightforward, and efficient strategies to construct simple to complex molecules with or without enantioselectivity. This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent advances and strategies employed in visible-light photoredox catalysis for allylsilane and its analogues for the development of various organic transformations. The review is divided into sections, each focused on a specific reactivity of allylsilane under light irradiation with C(sp2) center arene or alkene, C(sp2) center carbonyl, and C(sp3) center carbon functionality. In this review, we present optimization data, reaction scope, and mechanistic aspects to bring forward specific reactivity and selectivity trends of allylsilane in photoredox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nand Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab 140 001, India.
| | - Sanket B Shirsath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab 140 001, India.
| | - Puja Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab 140 001, India.
| | - Deepshikha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab 140 001, India.
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab 140 001, India.
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23
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Zhu H, Gao C, Yu T, Xu C, Wang M. O-Trifluoromethylation of Carboxylic Acids via the Formation and Activation of Acyloxy(phenyl)trifluoromethyl-λ 3-Iodanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400449. [PMID: 38483081 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we report the challenging O-trifluoromethylation of carboxylic acids via the formation and activation of acyloxy(phenyl)trifluoromethyl-λ3-iodanes. The method provides an easy access to various potentially valuable and hitherto elusive trifluoromethyl carboxylic esters. A remarkably wide range of substrates with commonly encountered functional groups are compatible with this reaction, including aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids, as well as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. The reaction mechanism and the origins of the enhanced reactivity by zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were discussed from experimental evidence and density functional theory (DFT) calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhu
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Chi Gao
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mang Wang
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
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25
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Zhang J, Selmi-Higashi E, Zhang S, Jean A, Hilton ST, Cambeiro XC, Arseniyadis S. Synthesis of CHF 2-Containing Heterocycles through Oxy-difluoromethylation Using Low-Cost 3D Printed PhotoFlow Reactors. Org Lett 2024; 26:2877-2882. [PMID: 38190457 PMCID: PMC11020168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We report here a highly straightforward access to a variety of CHF2-containing heterocycles, including lactones, tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, benzolactones, phthalanes, and pyrrolidines, through a visible light-mediated intramolecular oxy-difluoromethylation under continuous flow. The method, which relies on the use of readily available starting materials, low-cost 3D printed photoflow reactors, and difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide used here as a CHF2 radical precursor, is practical and scalable and provides the desired products in moderate to excellent yields and excellent regio- and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Selmi-Higashi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, Bolbec 76210, France
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Xacobe C Cambeiro
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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26
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Xie X, Dong S, Hong K, Huang J, Xu X. Catalytic Asymmetric Difluoroalkylation Using In Situ Generated Difluoroenol Species as the Privileged Synthon. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307520. [PMID: 38318687 PMCID: PMC11005710 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A robust and practical difluoroalkylation synthon, α,α-difluoroenol species, which generated in situ from trifluoromethyl diazo compounds and water in the presence of dirhodium complex, is disclosed. As compared to the presynthesized difluoroenoxysilane and in situ formed difluoroenolate under basic conditions, this difluoroenol intermediate displayed versatile reactivity, resulting in dramatically improved enantioselectivity under mild conditions. As demonstrated in catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction and Mannich reactions with ketones or imines in the presence of chiral organocatalysts, quinine-derived urea, and chiral phosphoric acid (CPA), respectively, this relay catalysis strategy provides an effective platform for applying asymmetric fluorination chemistry. Moreover, this method features a novel 1,2-difunctionalization process via installation of a carbonyl motif and an alkyl group on two vicinal carbons, which is a complementary protocol to the metal carbene gem-difunctionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongda Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shanliang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kemiao Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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27
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Le TV, Ramachandru GG, Daugulis O. Trifluoroethylation and Pentafluoropropylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303190. [PMID: 38011542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluorinated substituents often enhance effectiveness, improve the stability within metabolic processes, and boost the lipophilicity of biologically active compounds. However, methods for their introduction into aliphatic carbon chains remain very limited. A potentially general route to integrate the fluorinated scaffolds into organic molecules involves insertion of fluorine-containing carbenes into C(sp3)-H bonds. The electron-withdrawing characteristics of perfluoroalkyl groups enhances the reactivity of these carbenes which should enable the functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Curiously, it appears that use of perfluoroalkyl-containing carbenes in alkane C-H functionalization is exceedingly rare. This concept describes photolysis, enzymatic catalysis, and transition metal catalysis as three primary approaches to C(sp3)-H functionalization by trifluoromethylcarbene and its homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh V Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Girish G Ramachandru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Tania, Sceney M, Dutton JL. A decade of lessons in the activation of ArIL 2 species. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3784-3799. [PMID: 38487221 PMCID: PMC10935727 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine(iii) compounds of the general structure ArIL2 are widely used as oxidizing agents for a variety of applications across both organic and inorganic chemistry. Considerable work has been done on the activation of these compounds by tuning the ligands at the iodine centre. This perspective summarises the work of our and other groups on rectification of historically misidentified iodine(iii) reagents of this class, and the syntheses of activated species. Recent advances focusing on increasing the oxidative capacity of I(iii) moieties using Lewis and Brønsted acids and Lewis bases as well as the activation of halogens with I(iii) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Marcus Sceney
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jason L Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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29
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Liu G, Shen H, Wang Z. Access to All-Carbon Quaternary Centers by Photocatalytic Fluoroalkylation of α-Halo Carbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2024; 26:1863-1867. [PMID: 38412234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl groups have become significantly important in pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. In this study, we present a visible light-mediated photoredox neutral strategy for the fluoroalkylation of tertiary alkyl chlorides under transition-metal-free conditions. This method allows for the facile synthesis of fluoroalkylated all-carbon quaternary centers, exhibiting excellent functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies reveal the involvement of two reactive radical intermediates and the in situ formation of metal enolates in a radical-polar crossover manner. The versatility of this methodology is demonstrated through synthetic transformations based on the carbonyl group, showcasing its potential for the rapid assembly of diverse organic molecules bearing fluoroalkyl all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Haigen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
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30
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Wang Z, Lin JH, Xiao JC. Photocatalytic Keto- and Amino-Trifluoromethylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1980-1984. [PMID: 38421197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to develop alternatives to triflic anhydride (Tf2O) as a trifluoromethylation reagent continue due to its limitations, including volatility, corrosiveness, and moisture sensitivity. Described herein is the use of a trifluoromethylsulfonylpyridinium salt (TFSP), easily obtained by a one-step reaction of Tf2O with 4-dimethylaminopyridine, as a reagent for the trifluoromethylative difunctionalization of alkenes by photoredox catalysis. DMSO and CH3CN are suitable solvents for achieving keto- and amino-trifluoromethylation of alkenes, respectively, with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
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31
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Ouyang Y, Qing FL. Photoredox Catalyzed Radical Fluoroalkylation with Non-Classical Fluorinated Reagents. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2815-2824. [PMID: 38385430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of photocatalysis has greatly advanced radical fluoroalkylation reactions. Central to this advancement is the introduction and refinement of radical reagents, which play a pivotal role in driving these reactions forward. Intriguingly, some of these reagents, previously not recognized for their radical properties, have emerged as key players in this area. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of four representative reagents pioneered by our laboratory, which have subsequently garnered extensive application in broader research contexts, including difluorocarbene precursors bromodifluoromethylphosphonium bromide, electrophilic sulfonylation reagent triflic anhydride, and nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reagent methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (Chen's reagent). The integration of phosphonium reagents, triflic anhydride, and methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate into photocatalysis has enabled some unexpected reactivities and now notably expanded the capabilities in radical difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, and difluoroalkylation. Our discussion highlights how these atypical reagents have enriched the toolkit available for radical fluoroalkylations, offering insights that could inspire future research and application in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Doobary S, Di Tommaso EM, Postole A, Inge AK, Olofsson B. Structure-reactivity analysis of novel hypervalent iodine reagents in S-vinylation of thiols. Front Chem 2024; 12:1376948. [PMID: 38487782 PMCID: PMC10937425 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1376948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition-metal free S-vinylation of thiophenols by vinylbenziodoxolones (VBX) constituted an important step forward in hypervalent iodine-mediated vinylations, highlighting the difference to vinyliodonium salts and that the reaction outcome was influenced by the substitution pattern of the benziodoxolone core. In this study, we report several new classes of hypervalent iodine vinylation reagents; vinylbenziodazolones, vinylbenziodoxolonimine and vinyliodoxathiole dioxides. Their synthesis, structural and electronic properties are described and correlated to the S-vinylation outcome, shedding light on some interesting facets of these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alexandru Postole
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Arakawa C, Kanemoto K, Nakai K, Wang C, Morohashi S, Kwon E, Ito S, Yoshikai N. Carboiodanation of Arynes: Organoiodine(III) Compounds as Nucleophilic Organometalloids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3910-3919. [PMID: 38315817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic iodine(III) compounds represent the most widely used hypervalent halogen compounds in organic synthesis, where they typically perform the role of an electrophile or oxidant to functionalize electron-rich or -nucleophilic organic compounds. In contrast to this convention, we discovered their unique reactivity as organometallic-like nucleophiles toward arynes. Equipped with diverse transferable ligands and supported by a tethered spectator ligand, the organoiodine(III) compounds undergo addition across the electrophilic C-C triple bond of arynes while retaining the trivalency of the iodine center. This carboiodanation reaction can forge a variety of aryl-alkynyl, aryl-alkenyl, and aryl-(hetero)aryl bonds along with the concurrent formation of an aryl-iodine(III) bond under mild conditions. The newly formed aryl-iodine(III) bond serves as a versatile linchpin for downstream transformations, particularly as an electrophilic reaction site. The amphoteric nature of the iodine(III) group as a metalloid and a leaving group in this sequence enables the flexible and expedient synthesis of extended π-conjugated molecules and privileged biarylphosphine ligands, where all of the iodine(III)-containing compounds can be handled as air- and thermally stable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisaki Arakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kanemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemical Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunya Morohashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Endowed Research Laboratory of Dimensional Integrated Nanomaterials, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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34
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Li Y, Dong D, Chen L, Du H, Zhao C, Bai X, Chen L, Li Y, Zeng X, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Selective Access to Functional Fluoroenones via Palladium-Catalyzed Selenofluoroalkylacylation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2024; 26:906-911. [PMID: 38240526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The trifluoromethylacyl group (-COCF3) is an important motif and widely studied in catalysis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Herein, a novel palladium-catalyzed selenofluoroalkylacylation of terminal alkynes with commercially available fluoroalkyl anhydride and diorganyl diselenides to afford β-seleno and aryl/alkyl disubstituted enones under mild conditions is disclosed. In addition, selenodifluoroacetylations and selenoperfluoroacetylations are also suitable for this reaction. Mechanistic studies reveal that this reaction proceeds via an oxidative radical-polar crossover process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Dian Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Lintong Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Xianghua Zeng
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd-381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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35
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Lohithakshamenon R, Prasanthkumar KP, Femina C, Sajith PK. Bond Strength and Interaction Energies in Togni Reagents: Insights from Molecular Electrostatic Potential-Based Parameters. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:727-737. [PMID: 38253016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Togni reagents and their analogs, classified as hypervalent iodine(III) complexes, serve as potent trifluoromethylation agents. The interplay of cis and trans factors plays a pivotal role in shaping their performance, affecting aspects such as bond strength, interaction energies, stability, and subsequent nucleophilic reactions. In this context, we propose the utilization of the molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) at the carbon atom (VC) of the I-CF3 moiety as a sensitive parameter to quantify the cis and trans influences in Togni-type reagents. Our study has shown that VC serves as a convenient probe for determining the heterolytic bond dissociation energy (BDE) and, consequently, assessing the reactivity of these reagents. Moreover, these parameters have been successfully applied to evaluate the strength of the σ-hole interactions with nucleophiles (Cl- and NMe3). Additionally, we provide insights into interactions of Togni reagents with Brønsted acids such as HCl and HSO3F, elucidating them in terms of MESP topological parameters. These findings yield valuable information about the electronic properties of hypervalent iodine reagents, particularly Togni-type reagents, offering the potential for optimizing structurally modified reagents with enhanced activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kavanal P Prasanthkumar
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam 682011, India
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36
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Lanzi M, Wencel-Delord J. Diaryl hypervalent bromines and chlorines: synthesis, structures and reactivities. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1557-1569. [PMID: 38303936 PMCID: PMC10829020 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of modern organic chemistry, hypervalent compounds have become indispensable tools for synthetic chemists, finding widespread applications in both academic research and industrial settings. While iodine-based reagents have historically dominated this research field, recent focus has shifted to the potent yet relatively unexplored chemistry of diaryl λ3-bromanes and -chloranes. Despite their unique reactivities, the progress in their development and application within organic synthesis has been hampered by the absence of straightforward, reliable, and widely applicable preparative methods. However, recent investigations have uncovered innovative approaches and novel reactivity patterns associated with these specialized compounds. These discoveries suggest that we have only begun to tap into their potential, implying that there is much more to be explored in this captivating area of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanzi
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire etApplications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université deStrasbourg/Université deHaute Alsace, ECPM 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire etApplications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université deStrasbourg/Université deHaute Alsace, ECPM 67087 Strasbourg France
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, JMU Würzburg Am Hubland Würzburg Germany
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37
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Yang K, Yin D, Sun Y, Yang Z, Li Y, Xu L, Du Y. Synthesis of Fluoromethylated Chromones and Their Heteroatom Analogues via Sodium Fluoromethanesulfinate-Enabled Direct Fluoromethylation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:565-575. [PMID: 38115769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An array of biologically interesting tri/difluoromethylated chromones and their heteroatom analogues were conveniently synthesized from the reaction of chromones and their heteroatom analogues with CF3SO2Na or HCF2SO2Na in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide under mild conditions. A mechanistic pathway involving the generation of the electrophilic tri/difluoromethyl radical, followed with the radical substitution of chromones and their heteroatom analogues, was postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongxue Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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38
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Li Y, Lu D, Gong Y. Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Selective Three-Component Oxyalkylation of N-Aryl Glycinates: A Route to CF 3-Labeled Threonine Analogues. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38033236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycinates, protected enols, and an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent were employed to assemble CF3-labeled threonine analogues through a radical addition cascade. To suppress the competing oxidation of the oxyalkyl radical intermediate, various redox catalysts were evaluated and Co(II) exhibited supreme selectivity control with a proper counterion. A series of glycinate and related peptides were thus successfully modified under Co-catalysis. Mechanistic studies revealed that a N-aryl glycinate could be preferentially oxidized by cobalt over the oxyalkyl radical to generate an imine intermediate, and the key to this selectivity could be ascribed to the prechelation of glycinate, as well as a weakly basic carboxylate counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dengfu Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, 9 Yuexing Third Road, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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39
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Dongxu Z. Trifluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones as potent nitrogen-containing fluorinated building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1741-1754. [PMID: 38025086 PMCID: PMC10667715 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing organofluorine derivatives, which are prepared using fluorinated building blocks, are among the most important active fragments in various pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. This review focuses on the reactivity, synthesis, and applications of fluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones. It summarizes recent methodologies that have been used for the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing organofluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Dongxu
- Department of Fire Protection Engineering, China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102202, P. R. of China
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40
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Zhao JQ, Zhang XM, He YY, Peng QQ, Rao HW, Zhang YP, Wang ZH, You Y, Yuan WC. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Vicinally Bis(trifluoromethyl)-Substituted Molecules via Normal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Benzothiophene Ketimines and β-Trifluoromethyl Enones. Org Lett 2023; 25:8027-8032. [PMID: 37916762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
An organocatalytic asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition of β-trifluoromethyl enones with 3-(N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) benzothiophene ketimines and 2-(N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) benzothiophene ketimines was described for the first time. A wide spectrum of vicinally bis(trifluoromethyl)-substituted spiro pyrrolidine-benzothiophenones were obtained with excellent stereocontrol (all cases >20:1 dr and up to 99% ee). The highlight of this work is the extremely high efficiency in the construction of spirocyclic benzothiophenone derivatives possessing a vicinally bis(trifluoromethyl)-substituted pyrrolidine moiety with four contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Xue-Man Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Peng
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Han-Wen Rao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
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41
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Tan Y, Huang H. Catalyst- and additive-free cascade radical addition/cyclization of N-arylacrylamides with trifluoropyruvates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13462-13465. [PMID: 37877176 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04542k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a photocatalyst- and additive-free method for the preparation of valuable 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles bearing trifluoromethyl alcohol moieties from readily available acrylamides and cheap trifluoropyruvates. The excited trifluoropyruvates under ultraviolet-light irradiation react efficiently with acrylamides delivering a variety of trifluoromethyl oxindoles with broad functional group tolerance and moderate to good yields. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, simple operation and ready scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Huawen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
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42
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Corral Suarez C, Colomer I. Trifluoromethylarylation of alkenes using anilines. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12083-12090. [PMID: 37969609 PMCID: PMC10631225 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen containing compounds, such as anilines, are some of the most widespread and useful chemical species, although their high and unselective reactivity has prevented their incorporation into many interesting transformations, such as the functionalization of alkenes. Herein we report a method that allows the trifluoromethylarylation of alkenes using anilines, for the first time, with no need for additives, transition metals, photocatalysts or an excess of reagents. An in-depth mechanistic study reveals the key role of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a unique solvent, establishing a hydrogen bonding network with aniline and trifluoromethyl reagent, that is responsible for the altered reactivity and exquisite selectivity. This work uncovers a new mode of reactivity that involves the use of abundant anilines as a non-prefunctionalized aromatic source and the simultaneous activation of trifluoromethyl hypervalent iodine reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Corral Suarez
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio Colomer
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
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43
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Qi J, Xu J, Ang HT, Wang B, Gupta NK, Dubbaka SR, O'Neill P, Mao X, Lum Y, Wu J. Electrophotochemical Synthesis Facilitated Trifluoromethylation of Arenes Using Trifluoroacetic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37920956 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The trifluoromethyl (CF3) group is an essential moiety in medicinal chemistry due to its unique physicochemical properties. While trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an inexpensive and easily accessible reagent, its use as a source of CF3 is highly challenging due to its high oxidation potential. In this study, we present a novel electrophotochemical approach that enables the use of TFA as the CF3 source for the selective, catalyst- and oxidant-free trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes. Key to our approach is the selective oxidation of TFA over arenes, generating CF3 radicals through oxidative decarboxylation. This strategy enables the sustainable and environmentally-friendly synthesis of CF3-, CF2H- and perfluoroalkyl-containing (hetero)arenes with a broad range of substrates. Importantly, our results demonstrate significantly improved chemoselectivity by light irradiation, opening up new possibilities for the synthetic and medicinal applications of TFA as an ideal yet underutilized CF3 source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hwee Ting Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Nipun Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - Srinivas Reddy Dubbaka
- Pfizer Asia Manufacturing Pte Ltd., Manufacturing Technology Development Centre (MTDC), Synapse Building, #05-17, 3 Biopolis Drive, 138623, Singapore
| | - Patrick O'Neill
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, Process Development Centre, Ringaskiddy (PDC), Co-Cork 637578, Ireland
| | - Xianwen Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore,9 Engineering Drive 1117575, Singapore
| | - Yanwei Lum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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44
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Kuehl NJ, Taylor MT. Rapid Biomolecular Trifluoromethylation Using Cationic Aromatic Sulfonate Esters as Visible-Light-Triggered Radical Photocages. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22878-22884. [PMID: 37819426 PMCID: PMC11076010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Described here is a photodecaging approach to radical trifluoromethylation of biomolecules. This was accomplished by designing a quinolinium sulfonate ester that, upon absorption of visible light, achieves decaging via photolysis of the sulfonate ester to ultimately liberate free trifluoromethyl radicals that are trapped by π-nucleophiles in biomolecules. This photodecaging process enables protein and protein-interaction mapping experiments using trifluoromethyl radicals that require only 1 s reaction times and low photocage concentrations. In these experiments, aromatic side chains are labeled in an environmentally dependent fashion, with selectivity observed for tryptophan (Trp), followed by histidine (His) and tyrosine (Tyr). Scalable peptide trifluoromethylation through photodecaging is also demonstrated, where bespoke peptides harboring trifluoromethyl groups at tryptophan residues can be synthesized with 5-7 min reaction times and good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Kuehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Michael T. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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45
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Kuehner C, Hill AG, Harris CF, Owens CA, Bacsa J, Soper JD. Catalytic C-H Trifluoromethylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes via Visible Light Photoexcitation of a Co(III)-CF 3 Complex. ACS Catal 2023; 13:13607-13617. [PMID: 37881792 PMCID: PMC10594583 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt photocatalyst for direct trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arene C(sp2)-H bonds is described and shown to operate via visible light activation of a Co-CF3 intermediate, which functions as a combined chromophore and organometallic reaction center. Chemical oxidations of previously reported (OCO)Co complexes containing a redox-active [OCO] pincer ligand afford a Co-CF3 complex two oxidation states above Co(II). Computational and spectroscopic studies are consistent with formulation of the product as [(OCO•)CoIII(CF3)(THF)(OTf)] (II) containing an open-shell [OCO•]1- radical ligand bound to a S = 0 Co(III) center. II is thermodynamically stable, but exposure to blue (440 nm) light induces Co-CF3 bond homolysis and release of •CF3, which is trapped by radical acceptors including TEMPO•, (hetero)arenes, or the radical [OCO•] ligand in II. The latter comprises a competitive degradation pathway, which is overcome under catalytic conditions by using excess substrate. Accordingly, generation of II from the reaction of [(OCO)CoIIL] (III) (L = THF, MeCN) with Umemoto's dibenzothiophenium trifluoromethylating reagent (1) followed by photolytic Co-CF3 bond activation completes a photoredox catalytic cycle for C-H (hetero)arene trifluoromethylation utilizing visible light. Electronic structure and photophysical studies, including time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, suggest that Co-CF3 bond homolysis at II occurs via an ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) (OCO0)CoII(CF3) state, revealing ligand redox activity as a critical design feature and establishing design principles for the use of base metal chromophores for selectivity in photoredox bond activations occurring via free radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
S. Kuehner
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Andrew G. Hill
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Caleb F. Harris
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christian A. Owens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- X-ray
Crystallography Center, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jake D. Soper
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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46
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Zhou Y, Doi R, Ogoshi S. Difluoromethylene insertion into fluoroalkyl copper complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11504-11507. [PMID: 37675966 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the insertion of a difluoromethylene into 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-arylethyl copper complexes to synthesize extended perfluoroalkyl-bridged compounds that have various functional groups on each edge (ArCF2CF2(CF2)nR, R = arenes, halogens, alkyl, alkenyl, and benzyloxycarbonyl). Further, the one-pot syntheses of perfluoroalkyl-bridged compounds from aryl boronic acid esters were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Doi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
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47
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Yan Y, Qian H, Lv L, Li Z. Pd-IHept-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes with Malonates Via Selective C-C Bond Cleavage: Synthesis of Monofluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37737890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Monofluoroalkene scaffolds are frequently found in various functional molecules. Herein, we report a Pd-IHept-catalyzed (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) defluorinative functionalization approach for the synthesis of monofluoroalkenes from gem-difluorocyclopropanes and malonates. The flexible yet sterically hindered N,N'-bis(2,6-di(4-heptyl)phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene ligand plays a key role in ensuring the high reaction efficiency. In addition, sterically hindered 1,1- and 1,2-disubstituted gem-difluorocyclopropanes could also be used in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Huijun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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48
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Zhang XY, Sun SP, Sang YQ, Xue XS, Min QQ, Zhang X. Reductive Catalytic Difluorocarbene Transfer via Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306501. [PMID: 37365143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed reductive difluorocarbene transfer reaction that tames difluorocarbene to couple with two electrophiles has been developed, representing a new mode of difluorocarbene transfer reaction. The approach uses low-cost and bulk industrial chemical chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF2 H) as the difluorocarbene precursor. It produces a variety of difluoromethylated (hetero)arenes from widely available aryl halides/triflates and proton sources, featuring high functional group tolerance and synthetic convenience without preparing organometallic reagents. Experimental mechanistic studies reveal that an unexpected Pd0/II catalytic cycle is involved in this reductive reaction, wherein the oxidative addition of palladium(0) difluorocarbene ([Pd0 (Ln )]=CF2 ) with aryl electrophile to generate the key intermediate aryldifluoromethylpalladium [ArCF2 Pd(Ln )X], followed by reaction with hydroquinone, is responsible for the reductive difluorocarbene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi-Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue-Qian Sang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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49
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Koike T. Fluoroalkyl Sulfoximines for Versatile Photocatalytic Radical Fluoroalkylations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300032. [PMID: 36942940 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkyl sulfoximines, which serve as electron-accepting fluoroalkyl radical sources, are easy-to-handle, solid, and bench-stable chemicals. Fluoroalkyl radicals can be generated from sulfoximine reagents using strong one-electron injectors, such as a highly reducing photoredox catalyst in the excited state. Our group has developed photocatalytic radical di- and mono-fluoromethylation and α-monofluoroalkylation of olefins with the corresponding fluoroalkyl sulfoximines. In this personal account, appropriate combinations of fluoroalkyl sulfoximines and photoredox catalysts, leading to successful radical fluoroalkylation, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koike
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering Nippon Institute of Technology E24-315, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-Machi, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama, 345-8501, Japan
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50
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Levin VV, Dilman AD. Visible-Light Promoted Radical Fluoroalkylation of O- and N-Substituted Alkenes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300038. [PMID: 37017493 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of enol ethers enol acetates, enamides and enamines with fluorinated reagents may be considered as a reliable method for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds. While classic nucleophile/electrophile substitution or addition mechanisms cannot be realized for coupling of these components, their intrinsic reactivities are revealed with the aid of photoredox catalysis. A combination of these electron donating and accepting components provides a perfect balance needed for individual redox steps, which in some cases may proceed even without a photocatalyst. The same electronic factors also support the key C,C-bond forming event involving addition of fluorinated radical at the electron rich double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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