1
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Zhang Y, Li L, He B. Influences of solvents and monomer concentrations on the electrochemical performance and structural properties of electrodeposited PEDOT films: a comparative study in water and acetonitrile. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30045-30054. [PMID: 39309656 PMCID: PMC11413736 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03543g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has emerged as a promising coating for neural electrodes especially through convenient electrodeposition methods. To investigate the influences of solvents and EDOT monomer concentrations on the electrochemical performance and structural characteristics of PEDOT, both aqueous and acetonitrile solutions were employed with varying monomer concentrations during deposition. The prepared PEDOT films were examined for the surface morphology, electrochemical performance, and chemical structures. The results showed that an increase in EDOT concentration in either solvent led to PEDOT films with improved charge storage capacity and reduced impedance magnitude. At equivalent monomer concentrations, PEDOT films generated in acetonitrile exhibited a rougher surface texture and better electrochemical performance. Notably, the growth rate of charge storage capacity of PEDOT prepared in acetonitrile relative to the deposited charge density was 2.5 times that of PEDOT prepared in water. These findings could help to the optimization of PEDOT coating preparation to enhance electrode performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Linze Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Bingwei He
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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2
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Horrocks MS, Zhurenkov KE, Malmström J. Conducting polymer hydrogels for biomedical application: Current status and outstanding challenges. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:031503. [PMID: 39323539 PMCID: PMC11424142 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) are composite polymeric materials with unique properties that combine the electrical capabilities of conducting polymers (CPs) with the excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility of traditional hydrogels. This review aims to highlight how the unique properties CPHs have from combining their two constituent materials are utilized within the biomedical field. First, the synthesis approaches and applications of non-CPH conductive hydrogels are discussed briefly, contrasting CPH-based systems. The synthesis routes of hydrogels, CPs, and CPHs are then discussed. This review also provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements and applications of CPHs in the biomedical field, encompassing their applications as biosensors, drug delivery scaffolds (DDSs), and tissue engineering platforms. Regarding their applications within tissue engineering, a comprehensive discussion of the usage of CPHs for skeletal muscle prosthetics and regeneration, cardiac regeneration, epithelial regeneration and wound healing, bone and cartilage regeneration, and neural prosthetics and regeneration is provided. Finally, critical challenges and future perspectives are also addressed, emphasizing the need for continued research; however, this fascinating class of materials holds promise within the vastly evolving field of biomedicine.
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3
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Hu H, Lu W, Antonov A, Berté R, Maier SA, Tittl A. Environmental permittivity-asymmetric BIC metasurfaces with electrical reconfigurability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7050. [PMID: 39147735 PMCID: PMC11327280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving precise spectral and temporal light manipulation at the nanoscale remains a critical challenge in nanophotonics. While photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) have emerged as a powerful means of controlling light, their reliance on geometrical symmetry breaking for obtaining tailored resonances makes them highly susceptible to fabrication imperfections, and their generally fixed asymmetry factor fundamentally limits applications in reconfigurable metasurfaces. Here, we introduce the concept of environmental symmetry breaking by embedding identical resonators into a surrounding medium with carefully placed regions of contrasting refractive indexes, activating permittivity-driven quasi-BIC resonances (ε-qBICs) without altering the underlying resonator geometry and unlocking an additional degree of freedom for light manipulation through active tuning of the surrounding dielectric environment. We demonstrate this concept by integrating polyaniline (PANI), an electro-optically active polymer, to achieve electrically reconfigurable ε-qBICs. This integration not only demonstrates rapid switching speeds and exceptional durability but also boosts the system's optical response to environmental perturbations. Our strategy significantly expands the capabilities of resonant light manipulation through permittivity modulation, opening avenues for on-chip optical devices, advanced sensing, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Hu
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Wenzheng Lu
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Alexander Antonov
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany.
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4
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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vargas Z, Vicente F. Electrogeneration and Characterization of Poly(methylene blue) Thin Films on Stainless Steel 316 Electrodes-Effect of pH. Molecules 2024; 29:3752. [PMID: 39202833 PMCID: PMC11357039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue was electropolymerized on the surface of stainless steel 316. The addition of sodium oxalate and working at a pH near 11 allowed us to obtain steel electrodes coated with an electroactive polymer. This polymer shows electrochromic properties like those of the monomer, but also exhibits electroactivity at more positive potentials, which is associated with the active centers in the bridges between monomeric units. A digital video electrochemistry study allowed us to simultaneously quantify, on the one hand, the color changes on the entire surface of the stainless steel and on the other to separate the contribution of the active centers of the phenothiazine ring and of the inter-monomer bonds to the overall polymer response by means of assessing the mean color intensities. A reduction mechanism for the polymer, compatible with the pH variation of the observed electrochemical behavior, was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Departament Química-Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (J.A.); (Z.V.); (F.V.)
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5
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Sakaguchi H, Kojima T, Cheng Y, Nobusue S, Fukami K. Electrochemical on-surface synthesis of a strong electron-donating graphene nanoribbon catalyst. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5972. [PMID: 39075056 PMCID: PMC11286955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of edge-functionalized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) has attracted much attention. However, producing such GNRs on a large scale through on-surface synthesis under ultra-high vacuum on thermally activated metal surfaces has been challenging. This is mainly due to the decomposition of functional groups at temperatures of 300 to 500 °C and limited monolayer GNR growth based on the metal catalysis. To overcome these obstacles, we developed an on-surface electrochemical technique that utilizes redox reactions of asymmetric precursors at an electric double layer where a strong electric field is confined to the liquid-solid interface. We successfully demonstrate layer-by-layer growth of strong electron-donating GNRs on electrodes at temperatures <80 °C without decomposing functional groups. We show that high-voltage facilitates previously unknown heterochiral di-cationic polymerization. Electrochemically produced GNRs exhibiting one of the strongest electron-donating properties known, enable extraordinary silicon-etching catalytic activity, exceeding those of noble metals, with superior photoconductive properties. Our technique advances the possibility of producing various edge-functional GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yingbo Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shunpei Nobusue
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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6
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Takayama T, Iwase A, Kudo A. Enhancing Photocathodic Performances of Particulate-CuGaS 2-Based Photoelectrodes via Conjugation with Conductive Organic Polymers for Efficient Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production and CO 2 Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36423-36432. [PMID: 38953879 PMCID: PMC11261570 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Modification with conductive organic polymers consisting of a thiophane- or pyrrole-based backbone improved the cathodic photocurrent of a particulate-CuGaS2-based photoelectrode under simulated solar light. Among these polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was the most effective in the improvements, providing a photocurrent 670 times as high as that of the bare photocathode. An incident-photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) for water reduction to form H2 under monochromatic light irradiation (450 nm at 0 V vs RHE) was ca. 11%. The most important point is that modification of the conductive organic polymers does not involve any vacuum processes. This importance lies in the use of an electrochemically oxidative polymerization, not in a physical process such as vapor deposition of metal conductors. This is expected to be advantageous in the large-scale application of photocathodes consisting of particulate photocatalyst materials toward industrial solar-hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical-cell-based devices. Artificial photosynthesis of water splitting and CO2 reduction under simulated solar light was demonstrated by combining the PEDOT-modified CuGaS2 photocathode with a CoOx-loaded BiVO4 photoanode. Furthermore, how the cathodic photocurrent of the particulate-CuGaS2-based photocathode was drastically improved by the modification was clarified based on various characterizations and control experiments as follows: (1) selectively filling cavities between the particulate CuGaS2 photocatalysts and a conductive substrate (FTO; fluorine-doped tin oxide) with the polymers and (2) using a large driving force for carrier transportation governed by the polymers' redox potentials adjusted by functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Takayama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Akihide Iwase
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Research
Institute of Science and Technology, Carbon Value Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan
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7
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Vereshchagin AA, Volkov AI, Novoselova JV, Panjwani NA, Yankin AN, Sizov VV, Lukyanov DA, Behrends J, Levin OV. Harmonizing Energies: The Interplay Between a Nonplanar SalEn-Type Molecule and a TEMPO Moiety in a New Hybrid Energy-Storing Redox-Conducting Polymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400074. [PMID: 38593474 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Redox-conducting polymers based on SalEn-type complexes have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in electrochemical devices. However, their charge transfer mechanisms, physical and electrochemical properties remain unclear, hindering their rational design and optimization. This study aims to establish the influence of monomer geometry on the polymer's properties by investigating the properties of novel nonplanar SalEn-type complexes, poly[N,N'-bis(salicylidene)propylene-2-(hydroxy)diaminonickel(II)], and its analog with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-substituted bridge (MTS). To elucidate the charge transfer mechanism, operando UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance are employed. Introducing TEMPO into the bridge moiety enhanced the specific capacity of the poly(MTS) material to 95 mA h g-1, attributed to TEMPO's and conductive backbone's charge storage capabilities. Replacement of the ethylenediimino-bridge with a 1,3-propylenediimino- bridge induced significant changes in the complex geometry and material's morphology, electrochemical, and spectral properties. At nearly the same potential, polaron and bipolaron particles emerged, suggesting intriguing features at the overlap point of the electroactivity potentials ranges of polaron-bipolaron and TEMPO, such as a disruption in the connection between TEMPO and the conjugation chain or intramolecular charge transfer. These results offer valuable insights for optimizing strategies to create organic materials with tailored properties for use in catalysis and battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy A Vereshchagin
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey I Volkov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Julia V Novoselova
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrei N Yankin
- ITMO University Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sizov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Daniil A Lukyanov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg V Levin
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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8
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Rahman MA, Endo H, Yamamoto T, Okushiba S, Sasaki N, Nokami T. Synthesis of cyclic β-1,6-oligosaccharides from glucosamine monomers by electrochemical polyglycosylation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1421-1427. [PMID: 38952959 PMCID: PMC11216080 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of protected precursors of cyclic β-1,6-oligoglucosamines from thioglycosides as monomers is performed by electrochemical polyglycosylation. The monomer with a 2,3-oxazolidinone protecting group afforded the cyclic disaccharide exclusively. Cyclic oligosaccharides up to the trisaccharide were obtained using the monomer with a 2-azido-2-deoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azadur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Endo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
| | - Shoma Okushiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
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9
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Fu Q, Zhao L, Luo X, Hobich J, Döpping D, Rehnlund D, Mutlu H, Dsoke S. Electrochemical Investigations of Sulfur-Decorated Organic Materials as Cathodes for Alkali Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311800. [PMID: 38164806 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alkali metal-sulfur batteries (particularly, lithium/sodium- sulfur (Li/Na-S)) have attracted much attention because of their high energy density, the natural abundance of sulfur, and environmental friendliness. However, Li/Na-S batteries still face big challenges, such as limited cycle life, poor conductivity, large volume changes, and the "shuttle effect" caused by the high solubility of Li/Na-polysulfides. Herein, novel organosulfur-containing materials, i.e., bis(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)disulfide (BiTEMPS-OH) and 2,4-thiophene/arene copolymer (TAC) are proposed as cathode materials for Li and Na batteries. BiTEMPS-OH shows an initial discharge/charge capacity of 353/192 mAh g-1 and a capacity of 62 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at 100 mA g-1 in ether-based Li-ion electrolyte. Meanwhile, TAC has an initial discharge/charge capacity of 270/248 mAh g-1 and better cycling performance (106 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles) than BiTEMPS-OH in the same electrolyte. However, the rate capability of TAC is limited by the slow diffusion of Li-ions. Both materials show inferior electrochemical performances in Na battery cells compared to the Li analogs. X-ray powder diffraction reveals that BiTEMPS-OH loses its crystalline structure permanently upon cycling in Li battery cells. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates the cleavage and partially reversible formation of S-S bonds in BiTEMPS-OH and the formation/decomposition of thick solid electrolyte interphase on the electrode surface of TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Xianlin Luo
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan Hobich
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Germany, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
| | - Daniel Döpping
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Germany, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
| | - David Rehnlund
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Germany, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, UMR 7361 CNRS/ Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse Cedex, 68057, France
| | - Sonia Dsoke
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Craig B, Townsend P, de Leon CP, Skylaris CK, Kramer D. An Electronic Structure Investigation of PEDOT with AlCl 4- Anions-A Promising Redox Combination for Energy Storage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1376. [PMID: 38794569 PMCID: PMC11125351 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we use density functional theory to investigate the electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) oligomers with co-located AlCl4- anions, a promising combination for energy storage. The 1980s bipolaron model remains the dominant interpretation of the electronic structure of PEDOT despite recent theoretical progress that has provided new definitions of bipolarons and polarons. By considering the influence of oligomer length, oxidation or anion concentration and spin state, we find no evidence for many of the assertions of the 1980s bipolaron model and so further contribute to a new understanding. No self-localisation of positive charges in PEDOT is found, as predicted by the bipolaron model at the hybrid functional level. Instead, our results show distortions that exhibit a single or a double peak in bond length alternations and charge density. Either can occur at different oxidation or anion concentrations. Rather than representing bipolarons or polaron pairs in the original model, these are electron distributions driven by a range of factors. Distortions can span an arbitrary number of nearby anions. We also contribute a novel conductivity hypothesis. Conductivity in conducting polymers has been observed to reduce at anion concentrations above 0.5. We show that at high anion concentrations, the energy of the localised, non-bonding anionic orbitals approaches that of the system HOMO due to Coulombic repulsion between anions. We hypothesize that with nucleic motion in the macropolymer, these orbitals will interfere with the hopping of charge carriers between sites of similar energy, lowering conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Craig
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (C.P.d.L.)
| | - Peter Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Carlos Ponce de Leon
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (C.P.d.L.)
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Denis Kramer
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Grecchi S, Bonetti G, Emanuele E, Ludvík J, Koláčná L, Liška A, Hromadová M, Arnaboldi S, Cirilli R, Mussini PR, Benincori T. Designing Powerful Biindole-Based Inherently Chiral Selectors: Enhancing Enantiodiscrimination by Core Functionalization with Additional Coordination Elements. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303530. [PMID: 38517291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Among inherently chiral selectors of axial stereogenicity, usually resulting in very good enantiodiscrimination performances, the biindole-based family has the additional advantage of very easy functionalization of the two nitrogen atoms with a variety of substituents with desirable properties. Aiming to evaluate the possibility of exploiting such feature to enhance the enantiodiscrimination ability of the archetype structure, a series of three inherently chiral monomers were designed and synthesized, characterised by a 2,2'-biindole atropisomeric core conjugated to bithiophene wings enabling fast and regular electrooligomerization, and functionalised at the nitrogen atoms with an ethyl, a methoxyethyl, or a hydroxyethyl substituent. Nitrogen alkylation was also exploited to obtain for the first time the chemical resolution of the biindole selectors without employing chiral HPLC. The enantiodiscrimination ability of the selector series was comparatively evaluated in proof-of-concept chiral voltammetry experiments with a "benchmark" chiral ferrocenyl probe as well as with chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen and ketoprofen. The large enantiomer potential differences for all probes increased in the ethyl < methoxyethyl ≪ hydroxyethyl sequence of selector substituents, supporting our assumption on the beneficial role of an additional coordination element. The powerful hydroxyethyl selector was also applied to ketoprofen in a commercial drug matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Elisa Emanuele
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Current Address: Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via Lambruschini 4, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- Department of Molecular Electrochemistry and Catalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Koláčná
- Department of Molecular Electrochemistry and Catalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Alan Liška
- Department of Molecular Electrochemistry and Catalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- Department of Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia R Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
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12
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Anishchenko DV, Vereshchagin AA, Kalnin AY, Novoselova JV, Rubicheva LG, Potapenkov VV, Lukyanov DA, Levin OV. Thermodynamic model for voltammetric responses in conducting redox polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11893-11909. [PMID: 38568204 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive polymer materials are known to play important roles in a vast spectrum of modern applications such as in supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, medicine, and smart materials, etc. They are usually divided into two main groups: first, conducting π-conjugated organic polymers, which conduct electricity by cation-radicals delocalized over a polymer chain; second, redox polymers, which conduct electricity via an electron-hopping mechanism. Polymer materials belonging to these two main groups have been thoroughly studied and their thermodynamic and kinetic models have been built. However, in recent decades a lot of mixed-type materials have been discovered and investigated. To the best of our knowledge, a thermodynamic-based description of conducting redox polymers (CRPs) has not been provided yet. In this work, we present a thermodynamic model for voltammetric responses of conducting redox polymers. The derived model allows one to extract thermodynamic parameters of a CRP including the polaron delocalization degree and redox active groups interaction constant. The model was verified with voltammetric experiments on three recently synthesized CRPs and showed a satisfactory predictive ability. The simulated data are in good agreement with the experiment. We believe that developing theoretical descriptions for CRPs and other types of electroactive materials with the ability to simulate their electrochemical responses may help in future realization of new systems with superior characteristics for electrochemical energy storage, chemical sensors, pharmacological applications, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V Anishchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Anatoliy A Vereshchagin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arseniy Y Kalnin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Julia V Novoselova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Lyubov G Rubicheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasiliy V Potapenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Daniil A Lukyanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Levin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
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13
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Zhang L, Liu C, Cao H, Erwin AJ, Fong DD, Bhattacharya A, Yu L, Stan L, Zou C, Tirrell MV, Zhou H, Chen W. Redox Gating for Colossal Carrier Modulation and Unique Phase Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308871. [PMID: 38183328 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Redox gating, a novel approach distinct from conventional electrolyte gating, combines reversible redox functionalities with common ionic electrolyte moieties to engineer charge transport, enabling power-efficient electronic phase control. This study achieves a colossal sheet carrier density modulation beyond 1016 cm-2, sustainable over thousands of cycles, all within the sub-volt regime for functional oxide thin films. The key advantage of this method lies in the controlled injection of a large quantity of carriers from the electrolyte into the channel material without the deleterious effects associated with traditional electrolyte gating processes such as the production of ionic defects or intercalated species. The redox gating approach offers a simple and practical means of decoupling electrical and structural phase transitions, enabling the isostructural metal-insulator transition and improved device endurance. The versatility of redox gating extends across multiple materials, irrespective of their crystallinity, crystallographic orientation, or carrier type (n- or p-type). This inclusivity encompasses functional heterostructures and low-dimensional quantum materials composed of sustainable elements, highlighting the broad applicability and potential of the technique in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Changjiang Liu
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Hui Cao
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Andrew J Erwin
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Dillon D Fong
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Anand Bhattacharya
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Liliana Stan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chongwen Zou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Matthew V Tirrell
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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14
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Liu L, Yu R, Yin L, Zhang N, Zhu G. Porous organic framework membranes based on interface-induced polymerisation: design, synthesis and applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1924-1937. [PMID: 38332830 PMCID: PMC10848777 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porous organic frameworks (POFs) are novel porous materials that have attracted much attention due to their extraordinary properties, such as high specific surface area, tunable pore size, high stability and ease of functionalisation. However, conventional synthesised POFs are mostly large-sized particles or insoluble powders, which are difficult to recycle and have low mass transfer efficiencies, limiting the development of their cutting-edge applications. Therefore, processing POF materials into membrane structures is of great significance. In recent years, interface engineering strategies have proved to be efficient methods for the formation of POF membranes. In this perspective, recent advances in the use of interfaces to prepare POF membranes are reviewed. The challenges of this strategy and the potential applications of the formed POF membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Ruihe Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Liying Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
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15
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Le CV, Yoon H. Advances in the Use of Conducting Polymers for Healthcare Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1564. [PMID: 38338846 PMCID: PMC10855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are an innovative class of materials recognized for their high flexibility and biocompatibility, making them an ideal choice for health monitoring applications that require flexibility. They are active in their design. Advances in fabrication technology allow the incorporation of CPs at various levels, by combining diverse CPs monomers with metal particles, 2D materials, carbon nanomaterials, and copolymers through the process of polymerization and mixing. This method produces materials with unique physicochemical properties and is highly customizable. In particular, the development of CPs with expanded surface area and high conductivity has significantly improved the performance of the sensors, providing high sensitivity and flexibility and expanding the range of available options. However, due to the morphological diversity of new materials and thus the variety of characteristics that can be synthesized by combining CPs and other types of functionalities, choosing the right combination for a sensor application is difficult but becomes important. This review focuses on classifying the role of CP and highlights recent advances in sensor design, especially in the field of healthcare monitoring. It also synthesizes the sensing mechanisms and evaluates the performance of CPs on electrochemical surfaces and in the sensor design. Furthermore, the applications that can be revolutionized by CPs will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Le
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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16
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Altınışık S, Özdemir M, Kortun A, Zorlu Y, Yalçın B, Köksoy B, Koyuncu S. Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Thiophene-Coumarin-Based Organic Semiconductors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3305-3316. [PMID: 38284035 PMCID: PMC10809254 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are a valuable material class for optoelectronic applications due to their electronic and optical properties. Four new symmetric and asymmetric thiophene-coumarin derivatives were designed and synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Suzuki and Stille Cross-Coupling reactions. Single crystals of all synthesized thiophene-coumarin derivatives were obtained, and π···π interactions were observed among them. The π···π interactions were supported by UV-vis, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy analyses. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the coumarins were investigated and supported by density functional theory studies. Fluorescence quantum yields were recorded between 36 and 66%. Moreover, mega Stokes shifts (175 nm or 8920 cm-1) were observed in these new chromophore dyes. The emission and absorption colors of the thiophene-coumarin compounds differed between their solution and film forms. Electrochemically, the highest occupied molecular orbital levels of the coumarins increased with the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene group, leading to a narrowing of the band gap, while the phenyl bridge weakened the donor-acceptor interaction, expanding the band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Altınışık
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale
Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
| | - Mücahit Özdemir
- Department
of Chemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Arzu Kortun
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale
Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
| | - Yunus Zorlu
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Yalçın
- Department
of Chemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Baybars Köksoy
- Department
of Chemistry, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey
| | - Sermet Koyuncu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale
Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
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17
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Chang X, Yang Z, Huang A, Katsuyama Y, Lin CW, El-Kady MF, Wang C, Kaner RB. Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of Conducting Polymer Supercapacitors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300237. [PMID: 37232260 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI) are promising pseudocapacitive electrode materials, yet experience instability in cycling performance. Since polymers often degrade into oligomers, short chain length anilines have been developed to improve the cycling stability of PANI-based supercapacitors. However, the capacitance degradation mechanisms of aniline oligomer-based materials have not been systematically investigated and are little understood. Herein, two composite electrodes based on aniline trimers (AT) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are studied as model systems and evaluated at both pre-cycling and post-cycling states through physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations. The favorable effect of covalent bonding between AT and CNTs is confirmed to enhance cycling stability by preventing the detachment of aniline trimer and preserving the electrode microstructure throughout the charge/discharge cycling process. In addition, higher porosity has a positive effect on electron/ion transfer and the adaptation to volumetric changes, resulting in higher conductivity and extended cycle life. This work provides insights into the mechanism of enhanced cycling stability of aniline oligomers, indicating design features for aniline oligomer electrode materials to improve their electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhiyin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ailun Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuto Katsuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maher F El-Kady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chenxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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18
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Sun Z, Zhao M, Chen L, Gong Z, Hu J, Ma D. Electrokinetic remediation for the removal of heavy metals in soil: Limitations, solutions and prospection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:165970. [PMID: 37572906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology is a promising method to remove heavy metals from low permeability soil, because it is environmentally friendly, efficient and economical, and can realize in-situ remediation. In this paper, the basic principles and related physical and chemical phenomena of EKR are systematically summarized, and three limiting problems of EKR technology are put forward: the weak ability of dissolving metals, focusing effect, and energy consumption. There are many methods to solve these technical problems, but there is a lack of systematic summary of the causes of problems and solutions. Based on various enhanced EKR technologies, this paper summarizes the main ideas to solve the limiting problems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are compared, which has guiding significance for the development of new technology in the future. This paper also discusses the dissolution of residual heavy metals, which is rare in other articles. The energy consumption of EKR and the remediation effect are equally important, and both can be used as indicators for evaluating the feasibility of new technologies. This paper reviews the influence of various electric field conditions on power consumption, such as renewable energy supply, new electrode materials and electrode configurations, suitable voltage values and functional electrolytes. In addition, a variety of energy consumption calculation methods are also introduced, which are suitable for ohmic heat loss, energy distribution when there is non-target ion competition, and power consumption of specific ions in various metal ions. Researchers can make selective reference according to their actual situations. This paper also systematically introduces the engineering design and cost calculation of EKR, lists the research progress of some engineering cases and pilot-scale tests, analyzes the reasons why it is difficult to apply EKR technology in large-scale engineering at present, and puts forward the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiyang Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Degang Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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19
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Yeasmin S, Ullah A, Wu B, Zhang X, Cheng LJ. Hybrid Functional Polymer-Enabled Multiplexed Chemosensor Patch for Wearable Adrenocortex Stress Profiling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50034-50046. [PMID: 37851924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Measuring bioactive stress hormones, including cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), allows for evaluating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, offering valuable insights into an individual's stress response through adrenocortex stress profiles (ASPs). Conventional methods for detecting steroid hormones involve sample collections and competitive immunoassays, which suffer from drawbacks such as time-consuming labeling and binding procedures, reliance on unstable biological receptors, and the need for sophisticated instruments. Here, we report a label-free and external redox reagent-free amperometric assay directly detecting sweat cortisol and DHEA levels on the skin. The approach utilizes multitarget sensors based on redox-active molecularly imprinted polymers (redox MIPs) capable of selectively binding cortisol and DHEA, inducing changes in electrochemical redox features. The redox MIP consists of imprinted cavities for specific capture of cortisol or DHEA in a poly(pyrrole-co-(dimethylamino)pyrrole) copolymer containing hydrophobic moieties to enhance affinity toward steroid hormones. The polymer matrix also incorporates covalently linked interpenetrating redox-active polyvinylferrocene, offering a stable electrochemical redox feature that enables sensitive current change in response to the target capture in the vicinity. The multiplexed sensor detects cortisol and DHEA within 5 min, with detection limits of 115 and 390 pM, respectively. Through the integration of redox MIP sensors into a wireless wearable sensing system, we successfully achieved ambulatory detection of these two steroid hormones in sweat directly on the skin. The new sensing method facilitates rapid, robust determination of the cortisol-DHEA ratio, providing a promising avenue for point-of-care assessment of an individual's physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjida Yeasmin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ahasan Ullah
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Xueqiao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Li-Jing Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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20
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Gkili C, Deligiannakis K, Lappa E, Papoulia C, Sazou D. Electrodeposition of Polyaniline on Tantalum: Redox Behavior, Morphology and Capacitive Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:7286. [PMID: 37959706 PMCID: PMC10648180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) is among the most widely studied conducting polymers due to its potential technological applications in various fields. Recently, PANI-based hybrid materials have played an important role in the development of energy storage and conversion systems. The aim of the present work is the investigation of the simultaneous electrochemical growth of PANI and Ta2O5 on the Ta substrate and the characterization of the morphology, redox behavior and pseudocapacitive properties of the resulting micro- or nanostructured composite thin films. A well-adherent conductive Ta2O5-PANI composite film was first formed using cyclic voltammetry on Ta that facilitates the on-top electrodeposition of single PANI via an autocatalytic mechanism. The electrochemical characterization of the Ta|Ta2O5-PANI|PANI electrodes reveals unique redox properties of PANI not shown previously upon using PANI electrodeposition on Ta. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the morphology of the electrodeposited films comprises nano- or microspheres that may develop into nano- or microrods when the polymerization proceeds. Preliminary evaluation of the capacitive properties of the Ta|Ta2O5-PANI|PANI electrode shows adequately high specific capacitance values as high as 1130 F g-1 (at 9.2 mA cm-2), depending on the electrochemical parameters, as well as adequate stability (~80% retention after 100 cycles), indicating their potential application as energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Gkili
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.G.); (K.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Konstantinos Deligiannakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.G.); (K.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Eirini Lappa
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.G.); (K.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Chrysanthi Papoulia
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitra Sazou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.G.); (K.D.); (E.L.)
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21
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Bone J, Jenkins JL. Understanding Polymer Electrodeposition and Conducting Polymer Modified Electrodes Using Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, and Scanning Probe Microscopy. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2023; 100:4062-4071. [PMID: 37840821 PMCID: PMC10571039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers are critically important materials in organic electronic platforms relevant to sustainability (organic photovoltaics and organic light-emitting diodes) and wearable electronics (organic electrochemical transistors). However, most chemistry students do not receive formal training in the fundamental properties and extensive characterization of these fascinating materials. Described here are four scaffolded learning modules adapted from the primary literature and designed to build the fundamental understanding and practical skills necessary for productive contribution to emerging research in the field of conducting polymers and conducting polymer modified electrodes (CPMEs). These activities were performed by first-year chemistry graduate students and have been used in the lab to orient and equip new student researchers with the electrochemical, spectroscopic, and spectroelectrochemical skillsets central to working in CPMEs. First year master's students and undergraduate student researchers worked individually to complete data collection, analysis, and interpretation over three 4 h periods with additional time for sample preparation and imaging. Alternatively, one or more of these modules can be adapted and performed by pairs or groups of three over two 4 h lab periods as part of an undergraduate course such as instrumental analysis, polymers, and macromolecules, or as a capstone experience; instructions for these and other modifications are as described herein. If lab equipment and/or available time are limiting factors, sufficient sample data are provided for use as dry laboratories. Through completion of these modules, student researchers learn how to build chemically rational explanations for the electrochemical and spectroscopic signals, to collectively examine data from multiple complementary characterization techniques, and to extract enabling structure-property relationships, all while coming to see themselves as researchers and members of a worldwide scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
M. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Judith L. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
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22
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Zhuang B, Zhang Q, Zhou K, Wang H. Preparation of a TiO 2/PEDOT nanorod film with enhanced electrochromic properties. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18229-18237. [PMID: 37333797 PMCID: PMC10274301 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01701j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The designed growth of titanium dioxide (TiO2)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanorod arrays has been achieved by the combination of hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods. Due to the use of one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanorod arrays as the template of the nanocomposites (TiO2/PEDOT), the surface area of the active materials is enlarged and the diffusion distance of the ions is shortened. The nanorod structure also contributes to increasing the length of PEDOT conjugated chains and facilitates the transfer of electrons in the conjugated chains. Consequently, the TiO2/PEDOT film delivers a shorter response time (∼0.5 s), higher transmittance contrast (∼55.5%) and long-cycle stability compared to the pure PEDOT film. In addition, the TiO2/PEDOT electrode is further developed to be a smart bi-functional electrochromic device exhibiting energy storage performance. We expect that this work may lead to new designs for powerful intelligent electrochromic energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P.R. China
| | - Kailing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P.R. China
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23
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Volkov AI, Apraksin RV. Hofmeister Series for Conducting Polymers: The Road to Better Electrochemical Activity? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112468. [PMID: 37299268 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a widely used conducting polymer with versatile applications in organic electronics. The addition of various salts during the preparation of PEDOT:PSS films can significantly influence their electrochemical properties. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of different salt additives on the electrochemical properties, morphology, and structure of PEDOT:PSS films using a variety of experimental techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, operando conductance measurements and in situ UV-VIS spectroelectrochemistry. Our results showed that the electrochemical properties of the films are closely related to the nature of the additives used and allowed us to establish a probable relationship with the Hofmeister series. The correlation coefficients obtained for the capacitance and Hofmeister series descriptors indicate a strong relationship between the salt additives and the electrochemical activity of PEDOT:PSS films. The work allows us to better understand the processes occurring within PEDOT:PSS films during modification with different salts. It also demonstrates the potential for fine-tuning the properties of PEDOT:PSS films by selecting appropriate salt additives. Our findings can contribute to the development of more efficient and tailored PEDOT:PSS-based devices for a wide range of applications, including supercapacitors, batteries, electrochemical transistors, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey I Volkov
- Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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24
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Hameed F, Mohanan M, Ibrahim N, Ochonma C, Rodríguez-López J, Gavvalapalli N. Controlling π-Conjugated Polymer-Acceptor Interactions by Designing Polymers with a Mixture of π-Face Strapped and Nonstrapped Monomers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:3421-3429. [PMID: 38510570 PMCID: PMC10950295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Controlling π-conjugated polymer-acceptor complex interaction, including the interaction strength and location along the polymer backbone, is central to organic electronics and energy applications. Straps in the strapped π-conjugated polymers mask the π-face of the polymer backbone and hence are useful to control the interactions of the π-face of the polymer backbone with other polymer chains and small molecules compared to the conventional pendant solubilizing chains. Herein, we have synthesized a series of strapped π-conjugated copolymers containing a mixture of strapped and nonstrapped comonomers to control the polymer-acceptor interactions. Simulations confirmed that the acceptor is directed toward the nonstrapped repeat unit. More importantly, strapped copolymers overcome a major drawback of homopolymers and display higher photoinduced photoluminescence (PL) quenching, which is a measure of electron transfer from the polymer to acceptor, compared to that of both the strapped homopolymer and the conventional polymer with pendant solubilizing chains. We have also shown that this strategy applies not only to strapped polymers, but also to the conventional polymers with pendant solubilizing chains. The increase in PL quenching is attributed to the absence of a steric sheath around the comonomers and their random location along the polymer backbone, which enhances the probability of non-neighbor acceptor binding events along the polymer backbone. Thus, by mixing insulated and noninsulated monomers along the polymer backbone, the location of the acceptor along the polymer backbone, polymer-acceptor interaction strength, and the efficiency of photoinduced charge transfer are controllable compared to the homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hameed
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Manikandan Mohanan
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Nafisa Ibrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles Ochonma
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nagarjuna Gavvalapalli
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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25
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Rajendran J. Amperometric determination of salivary thiocyanate using electrochemically fabricated poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/MXene hybrid film. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:130979. [PMID: 36801710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN) is a hazardous byproduct of the detoxification of cyanide. Even in minute quantity, the SCN has a negative impact on health. Although there are several ways for SCN analysis, an efficient electrochemical procedure has hardly ever been attempted. Here, the author reports the development of a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for SCN utilizing Poly (3, 4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) incorporated MXene (PEDOT/MXene) modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). The Raman, X-ray photoelectron (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses support the effective integration of PEDOT on the MXene surface. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to demonstrate the formation of MXene and PEDOT/MXene hybrid film. In order to specifically detect SCN in phosphate buffer media (pH 7.4), the PEDOT/MXene hybrid film is grown on the SPE surface via the electrochemical deposition method. Under the optimized condition, the PEDOT/MXene/SPE-based sensor provides a linear response against SCN from 10 to 100 µM and 0.1 μM to 1000 μM with the lowest limit of detections (LOD) of 1.44 μM and 0.0325 μM by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry, respectively. For accurate detection of SCN, our newly created PEDOT/MXene hybrid film-coated SPE demonstrates excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability. Ultimately, this novel sensor can be used to detect SCN precisely in environmental and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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26
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Ślęczkowski P. Spectroscopic and Spectroelectrochemical Studies of Hexapentyloxytriphenylene-A Model Discotic Molecule. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086924. [PMID: 37108088 PMCID: PMC10139095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of the discotic mesogen 2,3,6,7,10,11-pentyloxytriphenylene (H5T) were studied with the use of cyclic voltammetry combined with UV-Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in solution. The UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy of H5T in dichloromethane showed its monomeric state in a concentration range up to 10-3 mol dm-3. The reversible process of the electrochemical formation of the radical cation was evidenced within the experimentally accessible potential window. The in situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical measurements further enabled identification of the product of the redox process and evaluation of the effect of aggregation in the concentration range of 5 × 10-3 mol dm-3. The results are discussed in the frame of solvent effects on the self-assembly propensity of solute molecules, in a wide range of concentrations. In particular, the crucial role of the solvent polarity is indicated, which contributes to the understanding of solution effects and pre-programming of supramolecular organic materials, in particular anisotropic disc-shaped hexa-substituted triphenylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ślęczkowski
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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27
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Syntheses of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300760. [PMID: 36965124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have surfaced as increasingly viable components in optoelectronics and material sciences. The development of highly efficient and atom-economic tools to prepare PAHs under exceedingly mild conditions constitutes a long-term goal. Traditional syntheses of PAHs have largely relied on multistep approaches or the conventional Scholl reaction. However, Scholl reactions are largely inefficient with electron-deficient substrates, require stoichiometric chemical oxidants, and typically occur in the presence of strong acid. In sharp contrast, electrochemistry has gained considerable momentum during the past decade as an alternative for the facile and straightforward PAHs assembly, generally via electro-oxidative dehydrogenative annulation, releasing molecular hydrogen as the sole stoichiometric byproduct by the hydrogen evolution reaction. This review provides an overview on the recent and significant advances in the field of electrochemical syntheses of various PAHs until January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Abdollahi MF, Zhao Y. Donor-Acceptor Fluorophores and Macrocycles Built Upon Wedge-Shaped π-Extended Phenanthroimidazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3451-3465. [PMID: 36862080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A class of wedge-shaped organic π-fluorophores featuring a 6,9-diphenyl-substituted phenanthroimidazole (PI) core was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Among them, a π-extended PI derivative containing two electron-withdrawing aldehyde groups was found to exhibit versatile solid-state packing properties as well as strong solvatofluorochromism in different organic solvents. Another PI derivative that was functionalized with two electron-donating 1,4-dithiafulvenyl (DTF) end groups showed versatile redox reactivities and quenched fluorescence. Treatment of this wedge-shaped bis(DTF)-PI compound with iodine resulted in oxidative coupling reactions, leading to the formation of intriguing macrocyclic products that carry redox-active tetrathiafulvalene vinylogue (TTFV) moieties in their structures. Mixing the bis(DTF)-PI derivative with fullerene (C60 or C70) in an organic solvent resulted in substantial fluorescence enhancement (turn-on). In this process, fullerene acted as a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen, which in turn induced oxidative C = C bond cleavages and converted nonfluorescent bis(DTF)-PI into highly fluorescent dialdehyde-substituted PI. Treatment of TTFV-PI macrocycles with a small amount of fullerene also led to a moderate degree of fluorescence enhancement, but this is not because of photosensitized oxidative cleavage reactions. Instead, competitive photoinduced electron transfer from TTFV to fullerene can be attributed to their fluorescence turn-on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam F Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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29
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del Valle MA, Gacitúa MA, Hernández F, Luengo M, Hernández LA. Nanostructured Conducting Polymers and Their Applications in Energy Storage Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1450. [PMID: 36987228 PMCID: PMC10054839 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the energy requirements for various human activities, and the need for a substantial change in the energy matrix, it is important to research and design new materials that allow the availability of appropriate technologies. In this sense, together with proposals that advocate a reduction in the conversion, storage, and feeding of clean energies, such as fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors energy consumption, there is an approach that is based on the development of better applications for and batteries. An alternative to commonly used inorganic materials is conducting polymers (CP). Strategies based on the formation of composite materials and nanostructures allow outstanding performances in electrochemical energy storage devices such as those mentioned. Particularly, the nanostructuring of CP stands out because, in the last two decades, there has been an important evolution in the design of various types of nanostructures, with a strong focus on their synergistic combination with other types of materials. This bibliographic compilation reviews state of the art in this area, with a special focus on how nanostructured CP would contribute to the search for new materials for the development of energy storage devices, based mainly on the morphology they present and on their versatility to be combined with other materials, which allows notable improvements in aspects such as reduction in ionic diffusion trajectories and electronic transport, optimization of spaces for ion penetration, a greater number of electrochemically active sites and better stability in charge/discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. del Valle
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica de Polímeros, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. V. Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - M. A. Gacitúa
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 441, Santiago 8370191, Chile
| | - F. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - M. Luengo
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - L. A. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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30
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Chu X, Yang W, Li H. Recent advances in polyaniline-based micro-supercapacitors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:670-697. [PMID: 36598367 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoTs) and proliferation of wearable electronics have significantly stimulated the pursuit of distributed power supply systems that are small and light. Accordingly, micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) have recently attracted tremendous research interest due to their high power density, good energy density, long cycling life, and rapid charge/discharge rate delivered in a limited volume and area. As an emerging class of electrochemical energy storage devices, MSCs using polyaniline (PANI) electrodes are envisaged to bridge the gap between carbonaceous MSCs and micro-batteries, leading to a high power density together with improved energy density. However, despite the intensive development of PANI-based MSCs in the past few decades, a comprehensive review focusing on the chemical properties and synthesis of PANI, working mechanisms, design principles, and electrochemical performances of MSCs is lacking. Thus, herein, we summarize the recent advances in PANI-based MSCs using a wide range of electrode materials. Firstly, the fundamentals of MSCs are outlined including their working principle, device design, fabrication technology, and performance metrics. Then, the working principle and synthesis methods of PANI are discussed. Afterward, MSCs based on various PANI materials including pure PANI, PANI hydrogel, and PANI composites are discussed in detail. Lastly, concluding remarks and perspectives on their future development are presented. This review can present new ideas and give rise to new opportunities for the design of high-performance miniaturized PANI-based MSCs that underpin the sustainable prosperity of the approaching IoTs era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China.
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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31
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Carbonyl compounds and inorganic Brønsted acids as catalysts for electropolymerization of conductive polymers. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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32
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Novozhilova M, Polozhentseva J, Karushev M. Asymmetric Monomer Design Enables Structural Control of M(Salen)-Type Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051127. [PMID: 36904368 PMCID: PMC10007425 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive and electrochemically active polymers consisting of Salen-type metal complexes as building blocks are of interest for energy storage and conversion applications. Asymmetric monomer design is a powerful tool for fine-tuning the practical properties of conductive electrochemically active polymers but has never been employed for polymers of M(Salen)]. In this work, we synthesize a series of novel conducting polymers composed of a nonsymmetrical electropolymerizable copper Salen-type complex (Cu(3-MeOSal-Sal)en). We show that asymmetrical monomer design provides easy control of the coupling site via polymerization potential control. With in-situ electrochemical methods such as UV-vis-NIR (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared) spectroscopy, EQCM (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance), and electrochemical conductivity measurements, we elucidate how the properties of these polymers are defined by chain length, order, and cross-linking. We found that the highest conductivity in the series has a polymer with the shortest chain length, which emphasizes the importance of intermolecular iterations in polymers of [M(Salen)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novozhilova
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ioffe Institute), 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia Polozhentseva
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ioffe Institute), 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Karushev
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ioffe Institute), 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Independent Researcher, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
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33
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Arnaboldi S. Wireless electrochemical actuation of soft materials towards chiral stimuli. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2072-2080. [PMID: 36748650 PMCID: PMC9933456 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different areas of modern chemistry, require wireless systems able to transfer chirality from the molecular to the macroscopic event. The ability to recognize the enantiomers of a chiral analyte is highly desired, since in the majority of cases such molecules present different physico-chemical properties that could lead, eventually, to dangerous or harmful interactions with the environment or the human body. From an electrochemical point of view, enantiomers have the same electrochemical behavior except when they interact in a chiral environment. In this Feature Article, different approaches for the electrochemical recognition of chiral information based on the actuation of conducting polymers are described. Such a dynamic behavior of π-conjugated materials is based on an electrochemically induced shrinking/swelling transition of the polymeric matrix. Since all the systems, described so far in the literature, are achiral and require a direct connection to a power supply, new strategies will be presented in the manuscript, concerning the implementation of chirality in electrochemical actuators and their use in a wireless manner through bipolar electrochemistry. Herein, the synergy between the wireless unconventional actuation and the outstanding enantiorecognition of inherent chiral oligomers is presented as an easy and straightforward read out of chiral information in solution. This approach presents different advantages in comparison to classic electrochemical systems such as its wireless nature and the possible real-time data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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34
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Perry S, Arumugam S, Beeby S, Nandhakumar I. Template-free nanostructured poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) films via single pulse-nucleated electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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35
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-CoV-2-S) was used as a template molecule and polypyrrole (Ppy) was applied as an electro-generated conducting polymer, which was acting as a matrix for the formation of molecular imprints. Two types of Ppy-layers: molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (MIP-Ppy) and non-imprinted polypyrrole (NIP-Ppy) were electrochemically deposited on the working platinum electrode. The performance of electrodes modified by MIP-Ppy and NIP-Ppy layers was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). During the assessment of measurement results registered by PAD, the integrated Cottrell equation (Anson plot) was used to calculate the amount of charge passed through the MIP-Ppy and NIP-Ppy layers. The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (MIP-Ppy) was assessed by the Anson plot based calculations. This assessment reveals that SARS-CoV-2-S glycoproteins are interacting with MIP-Ppy more strongly than with NIP-Ppy.
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36
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Tarange DL, Nayak N, Kumar A. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene Derivatives. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray L. Tarange
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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37
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Chulanova EA, Radiush EA, Semenov NA, Hupf E, Irtegova IG, Kosenkova YS, Bagryanskaya IY, Shundrin LA, Beckmann J, Zibarev AV. Tuning Molecular Electron Affinities against Atomic Electronegativities by Spatial Expansion of a π-System. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200876. [PMID: 36661050 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
2,1,3-Benzochalcogenadiazoles C6 R4 N2 E (E/R; E=S, Se, Te; R=H, F, Cl, Br, I) and C6 H2 R2 N2 E (E/R'; E=S, Se, Te; R=Br, I) are 10π-electron hetarenes. By CV/EPR measurements, DFT calculations, and QTAIM and ELI-D analyses, it is shown that their molecular electron affinities (EAs) increase with decreasing Allen electronegativities and electron affinities of the E and non-hydrogen R (except Cl) atoms. DFT calculations for E/R+e⋅- →[E/R]⋅- electron capture reveal negative ΔG values numerically increasing with increasing atomic numbers of the E and R atoms; positive ΔS has a minor influence. It is suggested that the EA increase is caused by more effective charge/spin delocalization in the radical anions of heavier derivatives due to contributions from diffuse (a real-space expanded) p-AOs of the heavier E and R atoms; and that this counterintuitive effect might be of the general character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Chulanova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Current address: Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina A Radiush
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Semenov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Irina G Irtegova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia S Kosenkova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Yu Bagryanskaya
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid A Shundrin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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38
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Possetto D, Pecnikaj I, Marzari G, Orlandi S, Sereno S, Cavazzini M, Pozzi G, Fungo F. Influence of Polyfluorinated Side Chains and Soft-Template Method on the Surface Morphologies and Hydrophobic Properties of Electrodeposited Films from Fluorene Bridged Dicarbazole Monomers. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200371. [PMID: 36073234 PMCID: PMC10091753 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A clear case of relationship between the monomer molecular structure and the capability of tuning the morphology of electrodeposited gas bubbles template polymer thin films is shown. To this end, a series of fluorene-bridged dicarbazole derivatives containing either linear or terminally branched polyfluorinated side chains connected to the fluorene subunit were synthesized and their electrochemical properties were investigated. The new compounds underwent electrochemical polymerization over indium tin oxide electrodes to give hydrophobic films with nanostructural and morphological properties strongly dependent on the nature of the side chains. Gas bubbles templated electropolymerization was next achieved by the addition of tiny amounts of water to the monomer solutions, without using surfactants. Within the investigated set of molecules, the nanostructural properties of the soft-templated films obtained from monomers bearing linear side chains could be fine-tuned by adjusting electrochemical parameters, leading to superhydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Possetto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
| | - Ilir Pecnikaj
- University of Medicine TiranaDepartment of PharmacyRruga e Dibrës Nr. 371AL1005TiranëAlbania
| | - Gabriela Marzari
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
| | - Simonetta Orlandi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR SCITEC)UOS Golgi, via Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Silvia Sereno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
| | - Marco Cavazzini
- CNR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR SCITEC)UOS Golgi, via Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR SCITEC)UOS Golgi, via Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Fernando Fungo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
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39
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Ponder JF, Gregory SA, Atassi A, Advincula AA, Rinehart JM, Freychet G, Su GM, Yee SK, Reynolds JR. Metal-like Charge Transport in PEDOT(OH) Films by Post-processing Side Chain Removal from a Soluble Precursor Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211600. [PMID: 36269867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a route to produce highly electrically conductive doped hydroxymethyl functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, termed PEDOT(OH) with metal-like charge transport properties using a fully solution processable precursor polymer is reported. This is achieved via an ester-functionalized PEDOT derivative [PEDOT(EHE)] that is soluble in a range of solvents with excellent film-forming ability. PEDOT(EHE) demonstrates moderate electrical conductivities of 20-60 S cm-1 and hopping-like (i.e., thermally activated) transport when doped with ferric tosylate (FeTos3 ). Upon basic hydrolysis of PEDOT(EHE) films, the electrically insulative side chains are cleaved and washed from the polymer film, leaving a densified film of PEDOT(OH). These films, when optimally doped, reach electrical conductivities of ≈1200 S cm-1 and demonstrate metal-like (i.e., thermally deactivated and band-like) transport properties and high stability at comparable doping levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 45433, United States.,UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Abigail A Advincula
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Su
- Advanced Light Source & Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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40
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Al-Sodies S, Asiri AM, Alamry KA, Hussein MA. Exploiting poly(safranine) and poly(luminol) for sensing applications. A mini review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9697-9714. [PMID: 36968050 PMCID: PMC10038067 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensor applications have captivated numerous scientists in the electroactivity field lately. Between toxic target analytes and biomolecules, many articles investigated the function of the obtained products in sensing utilization and the ability of applying the gained sensor in real sample tests. Safranine and luminol have a unique polymeric constructor combined with different nanomaterials and have been explored as sensors for different analytes through electrochemical and chemical techniques. This work presents the first review of poly(safranine) and poly(luminol) in sensor applications toward assorted analytes. An illustration for the two main types of oxidative polymerization synthetic methods for our targeted compounds has been displayed including chemical and electrochemical techniques. Furthermore, a comprehensive summary for their impressive impact as electrochemical sensors in the last few decades has been additionally introduced. Safranine and luminol having a unique polymeric constructor combined with different nanomaterials were explored as sensors for different analytes through electrochemical and chemical techniques.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Salsabeel Al-Sodies
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityP. O. Box 80203Jeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityP. O. Box 80203Jeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityP. O. Box 80203Jeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityP. O. Box 80203Jeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut UniversityAssiut71516, Egypt
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41
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Peng J, Lin Q, Földes T, Jeong HH, Xiong Y, Pitsalidis C, Malliaras GG, Rosta E, Baumberg JJ. In-Situ Spectro-Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers Using Plasmonics to Reveal Doping Mechanisms. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21120-21128. [PMID: 36468680 PMCID: PMC9798863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers are a key component for developing wearable organic electronics, but tracking their redox processes at the nanoscale to understand their doping mechanism remains challenging. Here we present an in-situ spectro-electrochemical technique to observe redox dynamics of conductive polymers in an extremely localized volume (<100 nm3). Plasmonic nanoparticles encapsulated by thin shells of different conductive polymers provide actively tuned scattering color through switching their refractive index. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in combination with cyclic voltammetry enables detailed studies of the redox/doping process. Our data intriguingly show that the doping mechanism varies with polymer conductivity: a disproportionation mechanism dominates in more conductive polymers, while sequential electron transfer prevails in less conductive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Tamás Földes
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Yuling Xiong
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30AS, U.K.
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical
Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30FA, U.K.
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
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42
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Lukyanov DA, Sizov VV, Volkov AI, Beletskii EV, Yankin AN, Alekseeva EV, Levin OV. Tuning the Charge Transport in Nickel Salicylaldimine Polymers by the Ligand Structure. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248798. [PMID: 36557930 PMCID: PMC9787065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The conductivity of the polymeric energy storage materials is the key factor limiting their performance. Conductivity of polymeric NiSalen materials, a prospective class of energy storage materials, was found to depend strongly on the length of the bridge between the nitrogen atoms of the ligand. Polymers obtained from the complexes containing C3 alkyl and hydroxyalkyl bridges showed an electrical conductivity one order of magnitude lower than those derived from more common complexes with C2 alkyl bridges. The observed difference was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry on interdigitated electrodes and operando spectroelectrochemistry, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A. Lukyanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Sizov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey I. Volkov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenii V. Beletskii
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey N. Yankin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49A, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Alekseeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Levin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(812)-4286900
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43
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Gojgić J, Petrović M, Jugović B, Jokić B, Grgur B, Gvozdenović M. Electrochemical and Electrical Performances of High Energy Storage Polyaniline Electrode with Supercapattery Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245365. [PMID: 36559731 PMCID: PMC9787619 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI), due to its highly reversible electrochemistry with superior energy storage and delivery characteristics, is considered as an electrode material in batteries, capacitors, and hybrid systems. We used a facile electrochemical synthesis for the formation of the PANI electrode using galvanostatic polymerization of aniline on the graphite electrode at the current density of 2.0 mA cm-2 from the aqueous electrolyte containing 0.25 mol dm-3 aniline and 1.0 mol dm-3 H2SO4. Electrochemical and electrical characterization suggested excellent energy storage features of the PANI electrode in a three-electrode system with specific energy up to 53 Wh kg-1 and specific power up to 7600 W kg-1. After 2000 successive charge/discharge cycles at 9.5 Ag-1, the PANI electrode retained 95% of the initial capacity, with practically unaltered Coulombic efficiency of nearly 98%, providing a good base for future studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Gojgić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Petrović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branimir Jugović
- Institute of Technical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihaljlova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jokić
- Faculty of Applied Arts, University of Arts in Belgrade, Kralja Petra 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branimir Grgur
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Gvozdenović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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44
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Micro- and nano-devices for electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrode miniaturization has profoundly revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing, opening up unprecedented opportunities for probing biological events with a high spatial and temporal resolution, integrating electrochemical systems with microfluidics, and designing arrays for multiplexed sensing. Several technological issues posed by the desire for downsizing have been addressed so far, leading to micrometric and nanometric sensing systems with different degrees of maturity. However, there is still an endless margin for researchers to improve current strategies and cope with demanding sensing fields, such as lab-on-a-chip devices and multi-array sensors, brain chemistry, and cell monitoring. In this review, we present current trends in the design of micro-/nano-electrochemical sensors and cutting-edge applications reported in the last 10 years. Micro- and nanosensors are divided into four categories depending on the transduction mechanism, e.g., amperometric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and transistor-based, to best guide the reader through the different detection strategies and highlight major advancements as well as still unaddressed demands in electrochemical sensing.
Graphical Abstract
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45
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Salinas G, Villegas-Barron AA, Tadeo-Leon J, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical polymerization, characterization and spectroelectrochemical studies of a N-substituted-2,5-dithienil-pyrrole bearing an aniline moiety for cross-linking (TPTBA). Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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46
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Electro-active metaobjective from metalenses-on-demand. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7183. [PMID: 36418295 PMCID: PMC9684136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Switchable metasurfaces can actively control the functionality of integrated metadevices with high efficiency and on ultra-small length scales. Such metadevices include active lenses, dynamic diffractive optical elements, or switchable holograms. Especially, for applications in emerging technologies such as AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality) devices, sophisticated metaoptics with unique functionalities are crucially important. In particular, metaoptics which can be switched electrically on or off will allow to change the routing, focusing, or functionality in general of miniaturized optical components on demand. Here, we demonstrate metalenses-on-demand made from metallic polymer plasmonic nanoantennas which are electrically switchable at CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) compatible voltages of ±1 V. The nanoantennas exhibit plasmonic resonances which can be reversibly switched ON and OFF via the applied voltage, utilizing the optical metal-to-insulator transition of the metallic polymer. Ultimately, we realize an electro-active non-volatile multi-functional metaobjective composed of two metalenses, whose unique optical states can be set on demand. Overall, our work opens up the possibility for a new level of electro-optical elements for ultra-compact photonic integration.
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47
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Development of design strategies for conjugated polymer binders in lithium-ion batteries. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Saraswat A, Kumar S. A Topical Study of Electrochemical Response of Functionalized Conducting Polyaniline: An Overview. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Tang H, Dou Y, Tan R, Chen Z, Liu C, Zhang K, Zhang J, Huang F, Cao Y. N-type conjugated polyelectrolyte enabled by in situ self-doping during aldol condensation. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Liang X, Luo J, Liu S, Ma J. Design and fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical sensor for uranyl ion monitoring in natural waters based on poly (brilliant cresyl blue). Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:412. [PMID: 36216990 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New insights are proposed into enhancing detection of uranyl ions (UO22+) by electropolymerization brilliant cresyl blue-modified glassy carbon electrode (PBCB/GCE). The mercury-free PBCB/GCE sensor was applied to determine UO22+ in water samples by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV). The unique combination of the PBCB/GCE and DPAdSV significantly improves sensitivity due to the polymer of high electroactive area and fast electron transfer rate. The DPAdSV current using a 3 mm diameter PBCB/GCE was proportional to the UO22+ concentration in the range 2.0-90.0 μg·L-1 (- 0.113 V vs. SCE) with a detection limit of 0.650 μg·L-1, RSD = 3.1% (n = 10), and 4.5% reproducibility. In addition, the sensitivity for UO22+ determination was further improved at using an 1 mm diameter PBCB/GCE, which enhances the efficiency of UO22+ deposition due to its higher current density. The 1 mm diameter PBCB/GCE based on DPAdSV technique could be used to determine uranyl ions in the concentration range 0.20-2.0 μg·L-1 (- 0.113 V vs. SCE) with a detection limit of 0.067 μg·L-1, RSD = 5.7 % (n = 10) and 5.4% reproducibility. Hence, the PBCB/GCE is a suitable candidate to substitute the mercury electrode. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhou
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xizhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
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