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Lee JH, Jeong YS, Koh YJ, Kim J, Nam H, Son H, Choi SK. Detection of hazardous chemical using dual-wavelength Raman spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122061. [PMID: 36335749 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a stand-off Raman spectroscopy system using dual-wavelength in the ultraviolet (UV) region to detect hazardous chemicals. The Raman spectrum generated by the UV excitation source avoids solar background noise during daytime for chemical detection as the spectrum is in the solar blind range. Wavelengths of 213 and 266 nm by 5th and 4th harmonics are generated from Nd:YAG laser. However, Raman spectra of chemicals exhibit different signal-to-noise ratios for both the excitation wavelengths; therefore, to detect such chemicals, Raman spectra by two sources are required. Raman spectra were acquired using a dual-wavelength laser and spectrometer with a single grating and detector at the wavelengths of 213 and 266 nm simultaneously. The Raman spectra of sulfuric acid, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, and dimethyl methylphosphonate were acquired and analyzed, thus highlighting the application of dual-wavelength Raman spectroscopy. For efficient chemical detection in the field, we have ensured that the system developed in this study is robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Lee
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Su Jeong
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Koh
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseon Kim
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Nam
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungbin Son
- School of Integrative Engineering, Dep. Of Nano·Bio·Materials Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Choi
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tian Y, Cheng J, Li S, Geng H, Huang C, Zhou Q, Liu W, Ma J. Recent Progress in the Determination of Polychlorodibenzo- p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans by Mass Spectrometry: A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongshuai Geng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixun Liu
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
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3
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Chinthakindi S, Zhu Q, Liao C, Kannan K. Profiles of primary aromatic amines, nicotine, and cotinine in indoor dust and associated human exposure in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151395. [PMID: 34740640 PMCID: PMC8639806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of primary aromatic amines (AAs) in consumer products, little is known about their prevalence in house dust. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 35 AAs and two tobacco chemical markers (nicotine and its breakdown product cotinine) in 119 samples of house dust collected from five provinces in China. Ten of the 35 AAs and [nicotine and cotinine] were found in >80% and 100% of the samples, respectively, at concentration ranges of 29.1-19,200 (median: 700 ng/g) and 23.2-22,400 (4600) ng/g, respectively. Aniline was the predominant AA found in all dust samples (median: 257 ng/g). Dust samples from Henan and Shanxi provinces contained higher summed concentrations of the 10 AAs than those from Sichuan and Shandong, although the concentrations did not vary significantly among the five provinces (p > 0.05). A significant (p = 0.048), positive correlation (r = 0.882) existed between concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in dust samples. Similarly, concentrations of AAs were significantly correlated with those of nicotine in dust samples. Dyestuffs, rubber products, polyurethane foam and tobacco smoke are the major sources of AAs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) through dust ingestion ranged from 0.349 (adults) to 6.62 ng/kg-bw/day (toddlers) for AAs and from 1.27 to 51.1 ng/kg-bw/day for nicotine which are well below the current tolerable daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Responsive fluorescence enhancement for in vivo Cu(II) monitoring in zebrafish larvae. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 200:113885. [PMID: 34954569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases are ascribed to disorders caused by the secretion of Cu ions. However, a majority of the current techniques for copper ion detection are restricted to in vivo monitoring and nonspecific interactions. Their methods are limited to the systematic analysis of Cu ions in living organisms. Thus, a synthetic molecular fluorophore, 5-amino 2,3-dihydroquinolinimine (NDQI), has been developed and successfully utilized in in vivo monitoring of the distribution of Cu(II) in zebrafish larvae. The reversible formation of the NDQI-Cu complex allows its use with high metal concentrations and in oxidative stress conditions. The NDQI-directed strategy developed here can quantitatively differentiate cells with different Cu(II) concentrations. Remarkably, dynamic distribution of Cu(II) in the intestine and liver can be observed.
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Gould O, Drabińska N, Ratcliffe N, de Lacy Costello B. Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry versus Real-Time Mass Spectrometry Techniques for the Detection of Volatile Compounds from the Human Body. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237185. [PMID: 34885767 PMCID: PMC8659178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that can be used for various applications in a number of scientific areas including environmental, security, forensic science, space exploration, agri-food, and numerous others. MS is also continuing to offer new insights into the proteomic and metabolomic fields. MS techniques are frequently used for the analysis of volatile compounds (VCs). The detection of VCs from human samples has the potential to aid in the diagnosis of diseases, in monitoring drug metabolites, and in providing insight into metabolic processes. The broad usage of MS has resulted in numerous variations of the technique being developed over the years, which can be divided into hyphenated and real-time MS techniques. Hyphenated chromatographic techniques coupled with MS offer unparalleled qualitative analysis and high accuracy and sensitivity, even when analysing complex matrices (breath, urine, stool, etc.). However, these benefits are traded for a significantly longer analysis time and a greater need for sample preparation and method development. On the other hand, real-time MS techniques offer highly sensitive quantitative data. Additionally, real-time techniques can provide results in a matter of minutes or even seconds, without altering the sample in any way. However, real-time MS can only offer tentative qualitative data and suffers from molecular weight overlap in complex matrices. This review compares hyphenated and real-time MS methods and provides examples of applications for each technique for the detection of VCs from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gould
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (N.R.); (B.d.L.C.)
- Correspondence: (O.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Natalia Drabińska
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Food Volatilomics and Sensomics Group, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (O.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (N.R.); (B.d.L.C.)
| | - Ben de Lacy Costello
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (N.R.); (B.d.L.C.)
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Chen W, Yu HQ. Advances in the characterization and monitoring of natural organic matter using spectroscopic approaches. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116759. [PMID: 33360618 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is ubiquitous in environment and plays a fundamental role in the geochemical cycling of elements. It is involved in a wide range of environmental processes and can significantly affect the environmental fates of exogenous contaminants. Understanding the properties and environmental behaviors of NOM is critical to advance water treatment technologies and environmental remediation strategies. NOM is composed of characteristic light-absorbing/emitting functional groups, which are the "identification card" of NOM and susceptive to ambient physiochemical changes. These groups and their variations can be captured through optical sensing. Therefore, spectroscopic techniques are elegant tools to track the sources, features, and environmental behaviors of NOM. In this work, the most recent advances in molecular spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis, fluorescence, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy, for the characterization, measurement, and monitoring of NOM are reviewed, and the state-of-the-art innovations are highlighted. Furthermore, the limitations of current spectroscopic approaches for the exploration of NOM-related environmental processesand how these weaknesses/drawbacks can be addressed are explored. Finally, suggestions and directions are proposed to advance the development of spectroscopic methods in analyzing and elucidating the properties and behaviors of NOM in natural and engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China.
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Fettouche S, Boukhriss A, Tahiri M, Cherkaoui O, Bazi F, Gmouh S. Naked Eye and Selective Detection of Copper(II) in Mixed Aqueous Media Using a Cellulose-based Support. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-8313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zeng L, Ma G, Xu H, Mu J, Li F, Gao X, Deng Z, Qu J, Huang P, Lin J. In Vivo Chemoselective Photoacoustic Imaging of Copper(II) in Plant and Animal Subjects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1803866. [PMID: 30645025 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The detection of Cu2+ in living plants and animals is of great importance for environment monitoring and disease diagnosis. Here, a near-infrared (NIR) turn-on photoacoustic (PA) probe (denoted as LET-2) is developed for Cu2+ detection in living subjects, such as soybean sprouts and mice. The absorbance band of LET-2 shifts from 625 to 715 nm after the interaction with Cu2+ , thus producing strong PA signal output at 715 nm (PA715 ) as an indicator. The PA715 value is increased as a function of the concentration of Cu2+ (0 × 10-6 -20 × 10-6 m), with a calculated limit of detection of 10.8 × 10-9 m. More importantly, both in vitro and in vivo studies in soybean sprouts and mice indicate that the as-prepared LET-2 PA probe is highly sensitive and selective for Cu2+ detection. These findings provide a solution for in vivo detection of metal ions by using chemoselective PA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Gongcheng Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Han Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Mu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoting Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhuoting Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Carson International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Wang S, Yu G, Ma Y, Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen X. Ratiometric Photoacoustic Nanoprobe for Bioimaging of Cu 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1917-1923. [PMID: 30575388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant copper contents implicate numerous diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Wilson's disease. Conventional copper detection technologies are difficult to offer non-invasive and accurate deep tissue detection of copper. Here, we report a photoacoustic (PA) nanoprobe (NRh-IR-NMs) for ratiometric PA imaging of Cu2+. The nanoprobe consists of a selective Cu2+-responsive probe (NRh) as the indicator and a nonresponsive dye (IR) as the internal reference. In the presence of Cu2+, a selective Cu2+-induced structure change of NRh would take place, resulting in the increase of PA signal intensity increment at 716 nm (ΔPA716). However, the ΔPA834 which attributes to IR shows negligible change. Therefore, the ratiometric PA signal (ΔPA716/ΔPA834) could be used as an indicator for Cu2+ detection. This ratiometric PA detection method offers a noninvasive technology with high selectivity and tissue penetration depth, which is a promising tool for deep-tissue detection of Cu2+ in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
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Shao H, Xu D, Ding Y, Hong X, Liu Y. An "off-on" colorimetric and fluorometric assay for Cu(II) based on the use of NaYF 4:Yb(III),Er(III) upconversion nanoparticles functionalized with branched polyethylenimine. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:211. [PMID: 29594634 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe an "off-on" colorimetric and fluorometric assay for the determination of Cu(II). It is based on the use of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) of type NaYF4:Yb(III),Er(III) that were functionalized with branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). A color change from colorless to blue occurs within 2 s after addition of Cu(II) to a solution of the modified UCNPs. The color change can be visually detected at Cu(II) concentrations down to 80 μM. The upconversion fluorescence of the modified UCNPs, measured at excitation wavelength of 980 nm, is reduced due to the predominant inner filter effect caused by the formation of the BPEI-Cu(II) complex. Normalized fluorescence intensity drops linearly in the 50 nM to 10 μM Cu(II) concentration range, and the fluorometric detection limit is 45 nM. Both the color and the fluorescence are recovered on addition of EDTA. Excellent selectivity over other metal ions and anions is achieved. Graphical abstract Upconversion nanoparticles of type NaYF4:Yb,Er were functionalized with branched polyethylenimine (UCNP/BPEI) and used in an "off-on" colorimetric and fluorometric assay for Cu(II). The upconversion fluorescence is selectively quenched on addition of Cu(II), and this is accompanied by a rapid colorless-to-blue color switch. The colorimetric changes and quenched fluorescence can be reversed by adding EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shao
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadan Ding
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Hong
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
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11
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Cai Y, You J, You Z, Dong F, Du S, Zhang L. Profuse color-evolution-based fluorescent test paper sensor for rapid and visual monitoring of endogenous Cu 2+ in human urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:332-337. [PMID: 28787679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent paper for colorimetric detection of metal ions has been widely fabricated using various sensing probes, but it still remains an elusive task to design a test paper with multicolor variation with target dosages for accurate determination. Herein, we report a profuse color-evolution-based fluorescent test paper sensor for rapid and visual monitoring of Cu2+ in human urine by printing tricolor probe onto filter paper. The tricolor probe consists of blue-emission carbon dots (bCDs), green-emission quantum dots (gQDs) and red-emission quantum dots (rQDs), which is based on the principle that the fluorescence of gQDs and rQDs are simultaneously quenched by Cu2+, whereas the bCDs as the photostable internal standard is insensitive to Cu2+. Upon the addition of different amounts of Cu2+, the ratiometric fluorescence intensity of the tricolor probe continuously varied, leading to color changes from shallow pink to blue with a detection limit of 1.3nM. When the tricolor probe solution was printed onto a sheet of filter paper, as-obtained test paper displayed a more profuse color evolution from shallow pink to light salmon to dark orange to olive drab to dark olive green to slate blue to royal blue and to final dark blue with the increase of Cu2+ concentration compared with dual-color probe-based test paper, and dosage scale as low as 6.0nM was clearly discriminated. The sensing test paper is simple, rapid and inexpensive, and serves as a visual platform for ultrasensitive monitoring of endogenous Cu2+ in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Junhui You
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Zhengyi You
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Shuhu Du
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.
| | - Liying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.
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12
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Eschenbach W, Lewicka-Szczebak D, Stange CF, Dyckmans J, Well R. Measuring 15N Abundance and Concentration of Aqueous Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium by Membrane Inlet Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6076-6081. [PMID: 28481532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An automated sample preparation unit for inorganic nitrogen (SPIN) coupled to a membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometer (MIMS) was developed for automated and sensitive determination of the 15N abundances and concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in aqueous solutions without any sample preparation. The minimum N concentration for an accurate determination of the 15N abundance is 7 μmol/L for nitrite and nitrate, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeated measurements of <1%, and 70 μmol/L with an RSD < 0.4% in the case of ammonium. The SPIN-MIMS system provides a wide dynamic range (up to 3500 μmol/L) for all three N species for both isotope abundance and concentration measurements. The comparison of parallel measurements of 15N-labeled NH4+ and NO3- from soil extracts with the denitrifier method and the SPIN-MIMS system shows a good agreement between both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Eschenbach
- Centre for Stable Isotope Research and Analysis, University of Göttingen , 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Thünen-Institut of Climate-Smart Agriculture , Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Claus Florian Stange
- Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources , Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Dyckmans
- Centre for Stable Isotope Research and Analysis, University of Göttingen , 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Well
- Thünen-Institut of Climate-Smart Agriculture , Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Liu Y, Su Q, Chen M, Dong Y, Shi Y, Feng W, Wu ZY, Li F. Near-Infrared Upconversion Chemodosimeter for In Vivo Detection of Cu(2+) in Wilson Disease. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6625-30. [PMID: 27185083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared upconversion chemodosimetry is a promising detection method by virtue of the frequency upconversion technique, which shows very high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of Cu(2+) ions in vitro and in vivo. This method offers a new opportunity for noninvasive diagnosis of Wilson disease associated with Cu(2+) detection in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Institute of Biomedicine Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Su
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Institute of Biomedicine Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Institute of Biomedicine Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Institute of Biomedicine Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Institute of Biomedicine Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Institute of Biomedicine Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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14
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Blakeman KH, Wolfe DW, Cavanaugh CA, Ramsey JM. High Pressure Mass Spectrometry: The Generation of Mass Spectra at Operating Pressures Exceeding 1 Torr in a Microscale Cylindrical Ion Trap. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5378-84. [PMID: 27109864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenion H. Blakeman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Derek W. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Craig A. Cavanaugh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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15
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Zhou X, Zeng Y, Liyan C, Wu X, Yoon J. A Fluorescent Sensor for Dual-Channel Discrimination between Phosgene and a Nerve-Gas Mimic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4729-33. [PMID: 26938275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to analyze highly toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and related chemicals in a rapid and precise manner is essential in order to alleviate serious threats to humankind and public security caused by unexpected terrorist attacks and industrial accidents. In this investigation, we designed a o-phenylenediamine-pyronin linked dye that is capable of both fluorogenic and colorimetric discrimination between phosgene and the prototypical nerve-agent mimic, diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in the solution or gas phase. Moreover, this dye has been used to construct a portable kit that can be employed for real-time monitoring of DCP and phosgene in the field, both in a discriminatory manner, and in a simple and safe way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea.,Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China
| | - Yiying Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China
| | - Chen Liyan
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China.
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea.
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16
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Zhou X, Zeng Y, Liyan C, Wu X, Yoon J. A Fluorescent Sensor for Dual‐Channel Discrimination between Phosgene and a Nerve‐Gas Mimic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 120-750 Korea
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules Ministry of Education Yanbian University Yanji 133-002 China
| | - Yiying Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules Ministry of Education Yanbian University Yanji 133-002 China
| | - Chen Liyan
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules Ministry of Education Yanbian University Yanji 133-002 China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 120-750 Korea
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17
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Chen EX, Russell ZE, Amsden JJ, Wolter SD, Danell RM, Parker CB, Stoner BR, Gehm ME, Glass JT, Brady DJ. Order of Magnitude Signal Gain in Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometry Via Aperture Coding. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1633-1640. [PMID: 26111517 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturizing instruments for spectroscopic applications requires the designer to confront a tradeoff between instrument resolution and instrument throughput [and associated signal-to-background-ratio (SBR)]. This work demonstrates a solution to this tradeoff in sector mass spectrometry by the first application of one-dimensional (1D) spatially coded apertures, similar to those previously demonstrated in optics. This was accomplished by replacing the input slit of a simple 90° magnetic sector mass spectrometer with a specifically designed coded aperture, deriving the corresponding forward mathematical model and spectral reconstruction algorithm, and then utilizing the resulting system to measure and reconstruct the mass spectra of argon, acetone, and ethanol. We expect the application of coded apertures to sector instrument designs will lead to miniature mass spectrometers that maintain the high performance of larger instruments, enabling field detection of trace chemicals and point-of-use mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan X Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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18
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Minor EC, Swenson MM, Mattson BM, Oyler AR. Structural characterization of dissolved organic matter: a review of current techniques for isolation and analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2064-79. [PMID: 24668418 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic systems plays many environmental roles: providing building blocks and energy for aquatic biota, acting as a sunscreen in surface water, and interacting with anthropogenic compounds to affect their ultimate fate in the environment. Such interactions are a function of DOM composition, which is difficult to ascertain due to its heterogeneity and the co-occurring matrix effects in most aquatic samples. This review focuses on current approaches to the chemical structural characterization of DOM, ranging from those applicable to bulk samples and in situ analyses (UV-visible spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy) through the concentration/isolation of DOM followed by the application of one or more analytical techniques, to the detailed separation and analysis of individual compounds or compound classes. Also provided is a brief overview of the main techniques used to characterize isolated DOM: mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Minor
- Large Lakes Observatory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, RLB 211, 2205 East 5th St, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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19
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Tanase IG, Popa DE, Udriştioiu GE, Bunaciu AA, Aboul‐Enein HY. Validation and Quality Control of an ICP‐MS Method for the Quantification and Discrimination of Trace Metals and Application in Paper Analysis: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 44:311-27. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.863141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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O'Callaghan S, De Souza DP, Isaac A, Wang Q, Hodkinson L, Olshansky M, Erwin T, Appelbe B, Tull DL, Roessner U, Bacic A, McConville MJ, Likić VA. PyMS: a Python toolkit for processing of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. Application and comparative study of selected tools. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:115. [PMID: 22647087 PMCID: PMC3533878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a technique frequently used in targeted and non-targeted measurements of metabolites. Most existing software tools for processing of raw instrument GC-MS data tightly integrate data processing methods with graphical user interface facilitating interactive data processing. While interactive processing remains critically important in GC-MS applications, high-throughput studies increasingly dictate the need for command line tools, suitable for scripting of high-throughput, customized processing pipelines. Results PyMS comprises a library of functions for processing of instrument GC-MS data developed in Python. PyMS currently provides a complete set of GC-MS processing functions, including reading of standard data formats (ANDI- MS/NetCDF and JCAMP-DX), noise smoothing, baseline correction, peak detection, peak deconvolution, peak integration, and peak alignment by dynamic programming. A novel common ion single quantitation algorithm allows automated, accurate quantitation of GC-MS electron impact (EI) fragmentation spectra when a large number of experiments are being analyzed. PyMS implements parallel processing for by-row and by-column data processing tasks based on Message Passing Interface (MPI), allowing processing to scale on multiple CPUs in distributed computing environments. A set of specifically designed experiments was performed in-house and used to comparatively evaluate the performance of PyMS and three widely used software packages for GC-MS data processing (AMDIS, AnalyzerPro, and XCMS). Conclusions PyMS is a novel software package for the processing of raw GC-MS data, particularly suitable for scripting of customized processing pipelines and for data processing in batch mode. PyMS provides limited graphical capabilities and can be used both for routine data processing and interactive/exploratory data analysis. In real-life GC-MS data processing scenarios PyMS performs as well or better than leading software packages. We demonstrate data processing scenarios simple to implement in PyMS, yet difficult to achieve with many conventional GC-MS data processing software. Automated sample processing and quantitation with PyMS can provide substantial time savings compared to more traditional interactive software systems that tightly integrate data processing with the graphical user interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O'Callaghan
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Trujillo-Reyes J, Sánchez-Mendieta V, Solache-Ríos MJ, Colín-Cruz A. Removal of remazol yellow from aqueous solution using Fe-Cu and Fe-Ni nanoscale oxides and their carbonaceous composites. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:545-554. [PMID: 22629628 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.584571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fe-Cu and Fe-Ni nanoscale oxides and their carbonaceous composites (C/Fe-Cu and C/Fe-Ni, 75/25 wt.%; C/Fe-Cu and C/Fe-Ni 95/5 wt.%), made from pyrolysis of sewage sludge, have been evaluated to remove remazol yellow textile dye from aqueous solution. The kinetic and sorption isotherms experimental results were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models, which indicates that the sorption mechanism may be chemisorption onto heterogeneous surfaces. Fe-Ni and Fe-Cu nanoscale oxides adsorption capacities were 157.8 mg/g and 117.6 mg/g, resulting in nearly 83% and 70% of dye removal, respectively, using 100 mg/L of initial dyestuff concentration and 10 mg of each material. The adsorption capacities of Fe-Cu, Fe-Ni oxides and C/FCu 75/25%, C/Fe-Ni 75/25% composites provide better results at pH between 3 and 5. In addition, three sorption-desorption cycles using 30% H2O2 solution and distilled water were performed: sorption efficiencies for all materials decreased after each cycle; nevertheless, Fe-Cu and Fe-Ni nanoscale oxides were the best materials for the removal of remazol yellow dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jésica Trujillo-Reyes
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón y Tollocan s/n, CP 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
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22
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Development and Application of A Membrane Inlet-Single Photon Ionization-Mass Spectrometer for On line Analysis Volatile Organic Compounds in Water. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2010.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Shade A, Carey CC, Kara E, Bertilsson S, McMahon KD, Smith MC. Can the black box be cracked? The augmentation of microbial ecology by high-resolution, automated sensing technologies. ISME JOURNAL 2009; 3:881-8. [PMID: 19458653 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Automated sensing technologies, 'ASTs,' are tools that can monitor environmental or microbial-related variables at increasingly high temporal resolution. Microbial ecologists are poised to use AST data to couple microbial structure, function and associated environmental observations on temporal scales pertinent to microbial processes. In the context of aquatic microbiology, we discuss three applications of ASTs: windows on the microbial world, adaptive sampling and adaptive management. We challenge microbial ecologists to push AST potential in helping to reveal relationships between microbial structure and function.
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24
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Ding Y, Sun C, Xu X. Simultaneous identification of nine carcinogenic dyes from textiles by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry via negative/positive ion switching mode. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:705-713. [PMID: 19940336 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method has been established by using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS/MS) for simultaneous separation and identification of nine carcinogenic dyes (Acid Red 26, Direct Blue 6, Direct Black 38, Direct Red 28, Basic Red 9, Basic Violet 14, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Orange 11 and Disperse Yellow 3) prohibited in textile materials under EU 2002/371/EC decision. Three selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions and negative/positive ion switching mode in one single analysis was applied to differentiate between the dyes of different classes. A lower limit of detection was achieved at 0.025-0.25 mg kg(-1) of positive ESI dyes and 0.005-0.025 mg kg(-1) of negative ESI dyes. The accurate and sensitive identification of the nine dissimilar analytes was achieved by combining the characterized ions and retention time of the standards, for example, the characterized ions of [M - xNa](x-), [M -Cl](+) and [M + H](+), respectively were detected for the the sulfonated (acid and direct), basic and disperse dyes. The chromophore groups of azo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone in precursor ions were found to have fragmented in SRM mode. These results demonstrated a sensitive, accurate and rapid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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25
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Moore TS, Mullaugh KM, Holyoke RR, Madison AS, Yücel M, Luther GW. Marine chemical technology and sensors for marine waters: potentials and limits. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2009; 1:91-115. [PMID: 21141031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A significant need exists for in situ sensors that can measure chemical species involved in the major processes of primary production (photosynthesis and chemosynthesis) and respiration. Some key chemical species are O2, nutrients (N and P), micronutrients (metals), pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH, and sulfide. Sensors need to have excellent detection limits, precision, selectivity, response time, a large dynamic concentration range, low power consumption, robustness, and less variation of instrument response with temperature and pressure, as well as be free from fouling problems (biological, physical, and chemical). Here we review the principles of operation of most sensors used in marine waters. We also show that some sensors can be used in several different oceanic environments to detect the target chemical species, whereas others are useful in only one environment because of various limitations. Several sensors can be used truly in situ, whereas many others involve water brought into a flow cell via tubing to the analyzer in the environment or aboard ship. Multi-element sensors that measure many chemical species in the same water mass should be targeted for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy S Moore
- College of Marine and Earth Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware 19958, USA.
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26
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Lebedev AT, Zaikin VG. Organic mass spectrometry at the beginning of the 21st century. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934808120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Hemond HF, Mueller AV, Hemond M. Field testing of lake water chemistry with a portable and an AUV-based mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1403-1410. [PMID: 18468452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two mass spectrometers (MS) are tested for the measurement of volatile substances, such as hydrocarbons and metabolic gases, in natural waters. KOALA is a backpackable MS operated from above the water surface, in which samples are pumped through a flow cell using a syringe. NEREUS is an underwater instrument hosted by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) that is linked to a communications network to provide chemical data in real time. The mass analyzers of the two MS are nearly identical cycloids, and both use flat-plate membrane inlets. Testing took place in an eutrophic, thermally stratified lake exhibiting steep chemical gradients and significant levels of methane. KOALA provided rapid multispecies analysis of dissolved gases, with a detection limit for methane of 0.1 ppm (readily extendable to 0.01 ppm) and savings of time of at least a factor of 10 compared to that of conventional analysis. The AUV-mounted NEREUS additionally provided rapid spatial coverage and the capability of performing chemical surveys autonomously. Tests demonstrated the need for temperature control of a membrane inlet when steep thermal gradients are present in a water body, as well as the benefits of co-locating all sensors on the AUV to avoid interference from chemically different waters entering and draining from the free-flooding outer hull. The ability to measure dissolved volatiles provided by MS offers potential for complementarity with ionic sensors in the study of natural waters, such as in the case of the carbonate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry F Hemond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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28
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Burnworth M, Rowan SJ, Weder C. Fluorescent Sensors for the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemistry 2007; 13:7828-36. [PMID: 17705326 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Along with biological and nuclear threats, chemical warfare agents are some of the most feared weapons of mass destruction. Compared to nuclear weapons they are relatively easy to access and deploy, which makes them in some aspects a greater threat to national and global security. A particularly hazardous class of chemical warfare agents are the nerve agents. Their rapid and severe effects on human health originate in their ability to block the function of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is vital to the central nervous system. This article outlines recent activities regarding the development of molecular sensors that can visualize the presence of nerve agents (and related pesticides) through changes of their fluorescence properties. Three different sensing principles are discussed: enzyme-based sensors, chemically reactive sensors, and supramolecular sensors. Typical examples are presented for each class and different fluorescent sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents are summarized and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Burnworth
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland OH 44106-7202, USA
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29
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Muir D, Sverko E. Analytical methods for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in environmental monitoring and surveillance: a critical appraisal. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:769-89. [PMID: 17047943 PMCID: PMC1705481 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are widely available and are the result of a vast amount of environmental analytical method development and research on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) over the past 30-40 years. This review summarizes procedures and examines new approaches for extraction, isolation, identification and quantification of individual congeners/isomers of the PCBs and OCPs. Critical to the successful application of this methodology is the collection, preparation, and storage of samples, as well as specific quality control and reporting criteria, and therefore these are also discussed. With the signing of the Stockholm convention on POPs and the development of global monitoring programs, there is an increased need for laboratories in developing countries to determine PCBs and OCPs. Thus, while this review attempts to summarize the current best practices for analysis of PCBs and OCPs, a major focus is the need for low-cost methods that can be easily implemented in developing countries. A "performance based" process is described whereby individual laboratories can adapt methods best suited to their situations. Access to modern capillary gas chromatography (GC) equipment with either electron capture or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) detection to separate and quantify OCP/PCBs is essential. However, screening of samples, especially in areas of known use of OCPs or PCBs, could be accomplished with bioanalytical methods such as specific commercially available enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays and thus this topic is also reviewed. New analytical techniques such two-dimensional GC (2D-GC) and "fast GC" using GC-ECD may be well-suited for broader use in routine PCB/OCP analysis in the near future given their relatively low costs and ability to provide high-resolution separations of PCB/OCPs. Procedures with low environmental impact (SPME, microscale, low solvent use, etc.) are increasingly being used and may be particularly suited to developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Muir
- Environment Canada, Water Science and Technology Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada.
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30
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Knapton D, Burnworth M, Rowan SJ, Weder C. Fluorescent Organometallic Sensors for the Detection of Chemical-Warfare-Agent Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Knapton D, Burnworth M, Rowan SJ, Weder C. Fluorescent Organometallic Sensors for the Detection of Chemical-Warfare-Agent Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5825-9. [PMID: 16874825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Knapton
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA
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32
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Cotte-Rodríguez I, Justes DR, Nanita SC, Noll RJ, Mulligan CC, Sanders NL, Cooks RG. Analysis of gaseous toxic industrial compounds and chemical warfare agent simulants by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2006; 131:579-89. [PMID: 16568176 DOI: 10.1039/b513605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as sensing instrumentation for the real-time monitoring of low levels of toxic compounds is assessed, especially with respect to public safety applications. Gaseous samples of nine toxic industrial compounds, NH3, H2S, Cl2, CS2, SO2, C2H4O, HBr, C6H6 and AsH3, and two chemical warfare agent simulants, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and methyl salicylate (MeS), were studied. API-MS proves highly suited to this application, with speedy analysis times (<30 seconds), high sensitivity, high selectivity towards analytes, good precision, dynamic range and accuracy. Tandem MS methods were implemented in selected cases for improved selectivity, sensitivity, and limits of detection. Limits of detection in the parts-per-billion and parts-per-trillion range were achieved for this set of analytes. In all cases detection limits were well below the compounds' permissible exposure limits (PELs), even in the presence of added complex mixtures of alkanes. Linear responses, up to several orders of magnitude, were obtained over the concentration ranges studied (sub-ppb to ppm), with relative standard deviations less than 3%, regardless of the presence of alkane interferents. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented to show the performance trade-off between sensitivity, probability of correct detection, and false positive rate. A dynamic sample preparation system for the production of gas phase analyte concentrations ranging from 100 pptr to 100 ppm and capable of admixing gaseous matrix compounds and control of relative humidity and temperature is also described.
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Plum A, Rehorek A. Strategies for continuous on-line high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for process monitoring of sulphonated azo dyes and their intermediates in anaerobic–aerobic bioreactors. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084:119-33. [PMID: 16114245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
On-line HPLC with diode array detection (DAD) coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is presented as an integrated quality control and process integrated optimisation tool for the continuous monitoring of sulphonated azo dyes (SADs) and their intermediates in anaerobic and aerobic bioprocesses. Ion-pair RP-HPLC is found out to be more suitable for simultaneous monitoring of aromatic amines (AAs), sulphonated aromatic amines (SAAs) and sulphonated azo dyes in comparison to RP-HPLC with polar embedded phases. Monitoring of the anaerobic degradation of the diazo Reactive Black 5 displays the dependency of a two stage azo group reduction mechanism on the redox potential of the bioreactor. An autoxidation sensitive intermediate released from the anaerobic reduction is characterised by ESI-MS/MS for the first time. The functionality of the method is demonstrated by the control and evaluation of selective adaptation of bacteria to certain pollutants and the identification of unknown intermediates causing re-gaining colour released from azo dye treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Plum
- University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Faculty of Process Engineering, Energy and Mechanical Systems, Institute of Chemical Engineering and Plant Design, Betzdorfer Str 2, D-50679 Cologne, Germany
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Arias M, Simó C, Ortiz LT, de Ios Mozos-Pascual M, Barbas C, Cifuentes A. Detection and quantitation of a bioactive compound inVicia narbonensis L. seeds by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: A comparative study with UV detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2351-9. [PMID: 15966020 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) and UV detection (CE-UV) was applied to the quantitative determination of gamma-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine (GEC), a bioactive and unstable compound present in Vicia narbonensis L. seeds. This compound is responsible for, among other negative effects, palatability reduction and grain toxicity. In order to carry out the quantitative analysis of GEC, different conditions (such as composition, concentration and pH of the background electrolyte, and type and time of extraction) were studied. Also, adequate conditions for electrospray-mass spectrometry of this bioactive compound were investigated. The best extraction conditions of GEC from V. narbonensis L. seeds flour were obtained using ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) for 45 min. The use of a 20 m ammonium hydrogen carbonate at pH 7 provided adequate analytical conditions compatible with the unstable nature of GEC as well as with the requirements of CE-UV and CE-MS analysis. A comparative study was carried out between the different figures of merit of CE-UV and CE-MS for quantitative purposes. Both techniques provided similar limit of detection and can be applied with confidence within the same linear dynamic range. However, reproducibility and speed of analysis were better using CE-UV. The developed methods were readily applied to quantify GEC in seeds of 21 genotypes of V. narbonensis L. A good agreement between CE-MS and CE-UV results was observed corroborating the usefulness of both approaches for quantitative purposes.
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Determination of airborne isocyanates as di-n-butylamine derivatives using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Di Donna L, Maiuolo L, Mazzotti F, De Luca D, Sindona G. Assay of Sudan I Contamination of Foodstuff by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution. Anal Chem 2004; 76:5104-8. [PMID: 15373449 DOI: 10.1021/ac0498821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food safety represents one of the main issues of national and international agencies appointed to health control. In April 2003, a French agency disclosed that powdered or smashed hot chili pepper imported from India and Pakistan was heavily contaminated with a carcinogenic azo dye known as Sudan I. This paper deals with a modern approach for assaying the content of this colorant in foodstuff down to a limit of a few tens of parts per billion. The isotope dilution method combined with APCI tandem mass spectrometry was used. The internal standard, 1-(d5-phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol, was obtained by simple chemistry, and its structure was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric method is more sensitive than the HPLC approach by a factor of 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Di Donna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci, cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ, García-Montelongo FJ, Cifuentes A. Highly sensitive analysis of multiple pesticides in foods combining solid-phase microextraction, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, and chemometrics. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:2065-2076. [PMID: 15237407 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200405938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive procedure to detect multiple pesticides at trace levels in foods is presented. Initially a comparative study between capillary electrophoresis (CE)-UV and CE-mass spectrometry (MS) is carried out analyzing five pesticides not studied up to now (pyrimethanil, pyrifenox, cyprodinil, cyromazine, and pirimicarb). The comparison between CE-UV and CE-MS is established in terms of separation efficiency, speed of analysis, reproducibility, and sensitivity. A good separation of these compounds is achieved by both techniques using a volatile aqueous buffer containing 0.3 M ammonium acetate/acetic acid at pH 4. Time analysis reproducibility is studied for the same day (n = 5) and three different days (n = 15), showing no significant differences between CE-UV and CE-MS. The study on peak areas reproducibility shows a slightly worse reproducibility for CE-MS compared with CE-UV. The best limit of detection (LOD) that can be achieved for these pesticides using CE-UV was 0.6 microg/mL. CE-MS provides LODs one order of magnitude better than CE-UV. Chemometrics are used to optimize the multiple parameters that play a role in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and CE-MS analysis (e.g., extraction and desorption times, nebulizer pressure, dry gas flow, dry gas temperature, percentage of organic solvent and acid in the sheath liquid, etc.). The combined use of chemometrics and SPME-CE-MS clearly improves the LODs that can be achieved allowing the detection of pesticides at concentrations down to 15 ng/mL. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated detecting multiple pesticides in different food samples as grapes and orange juice in a single run. The concentrations detected are below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) permitted for these pesticides in foods corroborating the value of our approach. This work demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the good possibilities of the combined use of SPME-CE-MS and chemometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Á Rodríguez-Delgado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Cordaro M, Di Donna L, Grassi G, Maiuolo L, Mazzotti F, Perri E, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. High resolution electrospray and electrospray tandem mass spectra of rotenone and its isoxazoline cycloadducts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2004; 10:691-697. [PMID: 15531803 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of the gas-phase ion chemistry of rotenone (1) by electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) is presented, aiming at providing tools for its determination in natural and biological matrices. The behaviour of its cycloadducts with benzonitrile-N-oxide (2) and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzonitrile-N-oxide (3) was also evaluated and the MS data thus obtained have provided evidence into the mechanism of formation of the key product ion at m/z 192 which can be considered a marker in the MS and MS2 spectra of rotenone and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cordaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università, Vill. S. Agata, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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Mosier-Boss PA, Lieberman SH, Andrews JM, Rohwer FL, Wegley LE, Breitbart M. Use of fluorescently labeled phage in the detection and identification of bacterial species. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 57:1138-1144. [PMID: 14611044 DOI: 10.1366/00037020360696008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phages are viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells. They identify their hosts by specific receptor molecules on the outside of the host cell. Once the phages find their specific receptors, they bind to the bacterial cell and inject their nucleic acid inside the cell. The binding between phage and host can be so specific that only certain strains of a single species can be infected. In this communication, the specificity of phage P22 for Salmonella typhimurium LT2 is exploited to allow the detection of Salmonella in the presence of other bacterial species. In particular, the dsDNA of P22 is bound to SYBR gold, a highly sensitive, fluorescent nucleic acid stain. When multiple phages infect the same cell, the fluorescence emissions of the phage DNA inside the cell allow it to be imaged using an epifluorescence microscope. The advantages of using phages as the bacterial recognition element in a sensor over antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Mosier-Boss
- SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego, Code 236, San Diego, California 92152, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Wegner C, Hamburger M. Occurrence of stable foam in the upper Rhine River caused by plant-derived surfactants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:3250-3256. [PMID: 12188349 DOI: 10.1021/es025532p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For 30 yr, a persistent foam cover has been observed during the summer months in the Rhine River beneath the Rhine Fall, a waterfall near Schaffhausen, Switzerland. This phenomenon has been a matter of public concern ever since its first appearance, but all previous attempts to clarify the origin of this foam had remained inconclusive. With the aid of electrospray LC-MS,triterpene saponins and mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerolipids (MGDAG and DGDAG), two classes of tensioactive metabolites occurring in the aquatic plant Ranunculus fluitans Lamk. (Ranunculaceae), were detected in river water and foam samples. Saponin concentrations in water and foam samples were monitored at regular intervals during the years 1998 and 2000. Other compound classes with surfactant properties such as proteins, humic acids, and synthetic detergents were also analyzed. Foam occurrence paralleled with saponin concentration and with the amounts of detached Ranunculus biomass accumulating at the dam of the hydroelectric power plant of Schaffhausen located just above the Rhine Fall but not with the concentration of synthetic detergents. The ecotoxicological potential of Ranunculus constituents, water, and foam samples was checked with a representative range of aquatic indicator organisms. No acute toxicity was observed at concentrations that were at least 50-fold higher than those found in the environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wegner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Jena, Germany
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Richardson SD. Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2002; 74:2719-41. [PMID: 12090660 DOI: 10.1021/ac020211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Zhu YJ, Olson N, Beebe TP. Surface chemical characterization of 2.5-microm particulates (PM2.5) from air pollution in Salt Lake City using TOF-SIMS, XPS, and FTIR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:3113-3121. [PMID: 11505986 DOI: 10.1021/es0019530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microm collected in Salt Lake City (SLC PM2.5) was studied using TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The high spatial resolution and high surface sensitivity of TOF-SIMS allow the surfaces of individual particulates to be analyzed. The high mass-resolution of TOF-SIMS provides good separation of signals from different chemical species at the same nominal mass, and the extremely high detection sensitivity of TOF-SIMS makes the detection of trace elements possible. Metallic elements such as Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cs, and Bi were detected by TOF-SIMS on the surface of SLC PM25. The uranium ion U+ together with its oxide ions UO+ and UO2+ were also found. Inorganic compounds detected include oxides, hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, silicates, borates, chlorides, etc. Organic compounds detected include hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, carboxylic acids, amines, amides, nitriles, etc. A number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected by TOF-SIMS. High-resolution XPS Cls spectrum shows functional groups such as C-O, CO2, C-CO2, C-C, and C-H and aromatic pi-pi* shake-up transitions. High-resolution XPS O 1s spectrum indicates the coexistence of different oxygen compounds on the surface of PM2.5. FTIR results confirm the presence of various organic compounds in SLC PM2.5 detected by TOF-SIMS and XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Surface Analysis Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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46
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:838-848. [PMID: 11473409 DOI: 10.1002/jms.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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