1
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Wei J, Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Saillard JY, Muñoz-Castro A. Cuboctahedral Pd 13 as a spherical aromatic noble metal core: insights from a ligand-protected [Pd 13(Tr) 6] 2+ cluster. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:16740-16746. [PMID: 39347686 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent palladium nanoparticles are efficient species promoting catalytic activity and selectivity in a number of chemical reactions. Recently, an atom-centered cuboctahedral Pd13 motif has been characterized as a ligand-protected [Pd13(Tr)6]2+ cluster featuring a 1s2 superatomic shell structure. In this report, we describe the ligand-cluster of and endohedral-cage interaction in [Pd13(Tr)6]2+, which accounts for a favorable situation in the overall cluster. In addition, the spherical aromatic properties of the cluster were evaluated to understand the behavior of the ligand-protected Pd13 cluster core. Our results indicate a sizable interaction towards carbon-based ligands in an overall spherical aromatic cluster featuring a long-range shielding cone. Thus, [Pd13(Tr)6]2+ is rationalized as the first ligand-protected palladium cluster to date exhibiting spherical aromatic properties, serving as a stable building block for molecule-based materials or as a dopant in porous carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wei
- School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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2
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Liu Y, Gao Y, Altalhi T, Liu DJ, Yakobson BI. A Quantum Mechanical MP2 Study of the Electronic Effect of Nonplanarity on the Carbon Pyramidalization of Fullerene C 60. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1576. [PMID: 39404303 PMCID: PMC11477707 DOI: 10.3390/nano14191576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Among C60's diverse functionalities, its potential application in CO2 sequestration has gained increasing interest. However, the processes involved are sensitive to the molecule's electronic structure, aspects of which remain debated and require greater precision. To address this, we performed structural optimization of fullerene C60 using the QM MP2/6-31G* method. The nonplanarity of the optimized icosahedron is characterized by two types of dihedral angles: 138° and 143°. The 120 dihedrals of 138° occur between two hexagons intersecting at C-C bonds of 1.42 Å, while the 60 dihedrals of 143° are observed between hexagons and pentagons at C-C bonds of 1.47 Å. NBO analysis reveals less pyramidal sp1.78 hybridization for carbons at the 1.42 Å bonds and more pyramidal sp2.13 hybridization for the 1.47 Å bonds. Electrostatic potential charges range from -0.04 a.u. to 0.04 a.u. on the carbon atoms. Second-order perturbation analysis indicates that delocalization interactions in the C-C bonds of 1.42 Å (143.70 kcal/mol) and 1.47 Å (34.98 kcal/mol) are 22% and 38% higher, respectively, than those in benzene. MP2/Def2SVP calculations yield a correlation energy of 13.49 kcal/mol per electron for C60, slightly higher than the 11.68 kcal/mol for benzene. However, the results from HOMO-LUMO calculations should be interpreted with caution. This study may assist in the rational design of fullerene C60 derivatives for CO2 reduction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yunxiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Tariq Altalhi
- Chemistry Department, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (B.I.Y.)
| | - Di-Jia Liu
- Chemical Science & Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Chemistry Department, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (B.I.Y.)
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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3
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Lawrence SR, Demidov N, André Ohlin C, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Stasch A. A Well-Defined Magnesium Complex of C 70 6. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402364. [PMID: 38985739 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling and understanding charge state and metal coordination in carbon nanomaterials is crucial to harnessing their unique properties. Here we describe the synthesis of the well-defined fulleride complex [{(Mesnacnac)Mg}6C70], 2, (Mesnacnac)=HC(MeCNMes)2, Mes=2,4,6-Me3C6H2, from the reaction of the β-diketiminate magnesium(I) complex [{(Mesnacnac)Mg}2] with C70 in aromatic solvents. The molecular structure of complex 2 was determined, providing the first high-quality structural study of a complex with the C70 6- ion. In combination with solution state NMR spectroscopic and DFT computational studies, the changes in geometry and charge distribution in the various atom and bond types of the fulleride unit were investigated. Additionally, the influence of the (Mesnacnac)Mg+ cations on the global and local fulleride coordination environment was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Lawrence
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institut für Chemie, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Nikita Demidov
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - C André Ohlin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, Umeå, 907 36, Sweden
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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4
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Lingas R, Charistos ND, Muñoz-Castro A. Borospherene in the Nanohoop: Complexation and Aromaticity of Neutral and Dioxidized Cycloparaphenylene Supramolecules with B40 and C60 Fullerenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402027. [PMID: 38923129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular complexes of carbon nanohoops with fullerenes play a key role for the design of novel nanomaterials with technological applications. Herein we investigate with density functional theory (DFT) methods the capability of neutral and dioxidized cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) to encapsulate all-boron fullerene B40. Our results show that [9]CPP and [10]CPP are feasible host candidates to encapsulate B40 displaying comparable complexation energies with the all-carbon analog [10]CPP⊃C60. Upon dioxidation the host-guest interactions are not affected, whereas the positive charge is delocalized on the CPPs leading to global aromatic character of the hosts. Consequently, the dicationic complexes [n]CPP2+⊃B40 and [10]CPP2+⊃C60 display augmented global shielding cones that strongly shield the guests, as manifested by large upfield shifts in 11B-NMR and 13C-NMR signals. Hence, CPP complexes with carbon fullerenes can be extended borospherene B40 host-guest complexes, as well as to doubly oxidized species stabilized by global host aromaticity, expanding our understanding of carbon nanohoop complexes to boron-based fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lingas
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Nickolas D Charistos
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile
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5
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Yadav R, Maiti A, Schorpp M, Graf J, Weigend F, Greb L. Supramolecular trapping of a cationic all-metal σ-aromatic {Bi 4} ring. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1523-1530. [PMID: 38760432 PMCID: PMC11374680 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity in organic molecules is well defined, but its role in metal-only rings remains controversial. Here we introduce a supramolecular stabilization approach of a cationic {Bi4} rhomboid within the symmetric charge sphere of two bowl-shaped dianionic calix[4]pyrrolato indinates. Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization, quantum chemical analysis and magnetically induced ring currents indicate σ-aromaticity in the formally tetracationic 16-valence electron [Bi4]4+ ring. Computational screening for other p-block elements identifies the planar rhomboid as the globally preferred structure for 16-valence electron four-atomic clusters. The aromatic [Bi4]4+ is isoelectronic to the [Al4]4-, a motif previously observed as antiaromatic in Li3[Al4]- in the gas phase. Thus, subtle factors such as charge isotropy seem to decide over aromaticity or antiaromaticity, advising for caution in debates based on the Hückel model-a concept valid for second-row elements but less deterministic for the heavier congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Avijit Maiti
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Graf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Valiulina LI, Cherepanov VN, Khoroshkin K. Insight into magnetically induced ring currents and photophysics of six-porphyrin nanorings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22337-22345. [PMID: 39157944 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The series of nanorings based on Zn-porphyrins and tetraoxa-isophlorins in different oxidation states (Q = 0, 2+, 4+, 6+) have been studied studied computationally at density functional theory level (DFT) using BHandHLYP functional combined with def2-SVP basis sets. Magnetically induced ring currents of nanorings have been calculated using the GIMIC method and the Ampère-Maxwell integration scheme. Ring current calculations show that neutral nanorings sustain equal diatropic and paratropic currents of 8 nA T-1, resulting in zero net ring current strengths. The charged nanorings sustain strong ring currents with tropicity depending on the oxidation state Q. Among the considered nanorings, the nanoring composed of 6 isophlorins c-Iso66+ is the most aromatic with a ring current of IGIMIC = 81.6 nA T-1. The structure c-P62+ with a ring current of IGIMIC = 54.9 nA T-1 can be considered as the most aromatic among the synthesized porphyrin nanorings. Spin-orbit coupling matrix elements, oscillator strengths, and excitation energies calculated at the CAM-B3LYP/def2-SVP level of theory were used to estimate rate constants for radiative and nonradiative processes. The algorithm based on X-H approximation were used to calculate the internal conversion rates (kIC). The main channel for the deactivation of the excitation energy in the studied nanorings is the process of internal conversion. The deactivation of excited energy occurs due to the vibrations of certain groups of C-H bonds in the nanorings. The nanoring c-Iso6 has magnetically allowed low-lying transitions that contributes significantly to the paratropic ring current, resulting in strong local antiaromaticity in the tetraoxa-isophlorin units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenara I Valiulina
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
| | - Victor N Cherepanov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
| | - Kirill Khoroshkin
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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7
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Shu CC, Szczepanik DW, Muñoz-Castro A, Solà M, Sun ZM. [K 2(Bi@Pd 12@Bi 20)] 4-: An Endohedral Inorganic Fullerene with Spherical Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14166-14173. [PMID: 38717077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic fullerene clusters have attracted widespread attention due to their highly symmetrical geometric structures and intrinsic electronic properties. However, cage-like clusters composed of heavy metal elements with high symmetry are rarely reported, and their synthesis is also highly challenging. In this study, we present the synthesis of a [K2(Bi@Pd12@Bi20)]4- cluster that incorporates a {Bi20} cage with pseudo-Ih symmetry, making it the largest main group metal cluster compound composed of the bismuth element to date. Magnetic characterization and theoretical calculations suggest that the spin state of the overall cluster is a quartet. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the [Bi20]3- cluster has a similar electronic configuration to C606- and the [Bi@Pd12@Bi20]6- cluster exhibits a unique open-shell aromatic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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8
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Lanzi M, Wencel-Delord J. Diaryl hypervalent bromines and chlorines: synthesis, structures and reactivities. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1557-1569. [PMID: 38303936 PMCID: PMC10829020 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of modern organic chemistry, hypervalent compounds have become indispensable tools for synthetic chemists, finding widespread applications in both academic research and industrial settings. While iodine-based reagents have historically dominated this research field, recent focus has shifted to the potent yet relatively unexplored chemistry of diaryl λ3-bromanes and -chloranes. Despite their unique reactivities, the progress in their development and application within organic synthesis has been hampered by the absence of straightforward, reliable, and widely applicable preparative methods. However, recent investigations have uncovered innovative approaches and novel reactivity patterns associated with these specialized compounds. These discoveries suggest that we have only begun to tap into their potential, implying that there is much more to be explored in this captivating area of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanzi
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire etApplications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université deStrasbourg/Université deHaute Alsace, ECPM 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire etApplications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université deStrasbourg/Université deHaute Alsace, ECPM 67087 Strasbourg France
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, JMU Würzburg Am Hubland Würzburg Germany
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9
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Tsuji Y, Okazawa K, Yoshizawa K. Hückel Molecular Orbital Analysis for Stability and Instability of Stacked Aromatic and Stacked Antiaromatic Systems. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14887-14898. [PMID: 37846097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Face-to-face stacking of aromatic compounds leads to stacked antiaromaticity, while that of antiaromatic compounds leads to stacked aromaticity. This is a prediction with a long history; in the late 2000s, the prediction was confirmed by high-precision quantum chemical calculations, and finally, in 2016, a π-conjugated system with stacked aromaticity was synthesized. Several variations have since been reported, but essentially, they are all the same molecule. To realize stacked aromaticity in a completely new and different molecular system and to trigger an extension of the concept of stacked aromaticity, it is important to understand the origin of stacked aromaticity. The Hückel method, which has been successful in giving qualitatively correct results for π-conjugated systems despite its bold assumptions, is well suited for the analysis of stacked aromaticity. We use this method to model the face-to-face stacking systems of benzene and cyclobutadiene molecules and discuss their stacked antiaromaticity and stacked aromaticity on the basis of their π-electron energies. By further developing the discussion, we search for clues to realize stacked aromaticity in synthesizable molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okazawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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Poater J, Escayola S, Poater A, Teixidor F, Ottosson H, Viñas C, Solà M. Single─Not Double─3D-Aromaticity in an Oxidized Closo Icosahedral Dodecaiodo-Dodecaborate Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22527-22538. [PMID: 37728951 PMCID: PMC10591335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
3D-aromatic molecules with (distorted) tetrahedral, octahedral, or spherical structures are much less common than typical 2D-aromatic species or even 2D-aromatic-in-3D systems. Closo boranes, [BnHn]2- (5 ≤ n ≤ 14) and carboranes are examples of compounds that are singly 3D-aromatic, and we now explore if there are species that are doubly 3D-aromatic. The most widely known example of a species with double 2D-aromaticity is the hexaiodobenzene dication, [C6I6]2+. This species shows π-aromaticity in the benzene ring and σ-aromaticity in the outer ring formed by the iodine substituents. Inspired by the hexaiodobenzene dication example, in this work, we explore the potential for double 3D-aromaticity in [B12I12]0/2+. Our results based on magnetic and electronic descriptors of aromaticity together with 11B{1H} NMR experimental spectra of boron-iodinated o-carboranes suggest that these two oxidized forms of a closo icosahedral dodecaiodo-dodecaborate cluster, [B12I12] and [B12I12]2+, behave as doubly 3D-aromatic compounds. However, an evaluation of the energetic contribution of the potential double 3D-aromaticity through homodesmotic reactions shows that delocalization in the I12 shell, in contrast to the 10σ-electron I62+ ring in the hexaiodobenzene dication, does not contribute to any stabilization of the system. Therefore, the [B12I12]0/2+ species cannot be considered as doubly 3D-aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís
Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751
20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
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11
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Al-Yassiri MAH. Tubular Magnetic Shielding Scan (TMSS): A New Technique for Molecular Space Exploration. (i) The Case of Aromaticity of Benzene and [ n]Paracyclophanes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6614-6627. [PMID: 37501257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Both traditional and novel techniques were employed in this work for magnetic shielding evaluation to shed new light on the magnetic and aromaticity properties of benzene and 12 [n]paracyclophanes with n = 3-14. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and all-electron Jorge-ATZP and x2c-TZVPPall-s basis sets was utilized for geometry optimization and magnetic shielding calculations, respectively. Additionally, the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set was incorporated for the purpose of comparing the magnetic shielding results. In addition to traditional evaluations such as NICS/NICSzz-Scan, and 2D-3D σiso(r)/σzz(r) maps, two new techniques were implemented: bendable grids (BGs) and cylindrical grids (CGs) of ghost atoms (Bqs). BGs allow for the recording of magnetic shielding from the bent ring levels of [n]pCPs, while CGs provide tubular magnetic shielding scan (TMSS) maps detailing the magnetic shielding from a cylindrical region above and below the ring frame. Our findings suggest that smaller [n]pCPs with n < 6 exhibit deviations in the magnetic shielding above and below the ring, indicating a broken electron delocalization under the ring. In contrast, larger [n]pCPs tend to behave similarly to benzene in terms of magnetic shielding. Moreover, we found that shorter polymethylene chains of [n]pCPs exhibit significantly higher magnetic shielding interactions with the ring. Both of the above techniques offer new and promising tools for characterizing nonplanar aromatic compounds, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of their magnetic and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntadar A H Al-Yassiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadirya, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
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12
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Lingas R, Charistos ND, Muñoz-Castro A. Local and global aromaticity under rotation: analysis of two- and three-dimensional representative carbon nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14285-14293. [PMID: 37183443 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00569k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscaled 2D and 3D carbon structures with closed curved π-surfaces are of relevance in the development of desirable building units for materials science. Such species are able to sustain local and global aromatic circuits involving isolated regions or the overall structural backbone, respectively. Here we account for local and global aromaticity under rotation of representative two- and three-dimensional species involving para-connected and fused edge-sharing phenyl rings ([8]CPP, [10]CPP, CNB), and C60 fullerene at different charge states. Our results denote that nanoscaled 2D global aromatics mimic the behaviour of the most prototypical aromatic 6π-circuit, given by benzene, where the shielding cone properties vary along the rotation motion. In contrast, 3D spherical aromatics remain almost invariant under rotation, given the distinctive characteristics of such species, differing from 2D global aromatics. Dissection of orbital contributions reveals that π-orbitals are determinants for shifting from non-aromatic to spherical aromatic species. Under rotation, the variation of the anisotropic effect inherent to such nanoscaled structures is accounted for, which is relevant to rationalize variation in NMR signal shifts upon the formation of host-guest aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lingas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Nickolas D Charistos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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13
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Gaebler HM, Castiglione JR, Hamilton IP. Engineering magic number Au 19 and Au 20 cage structures using electron withdrawing atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12107-12112. [PMID: 37083006 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Gold cages are a subset of gold nanoparticles and these structures are of major interest due to their favourable physiochemical properties. In order for these structures to be useful in applications, they must be chemically stable. The objective of this research is to transform non-magic number cage structures into magic number cage structures by the addition of electron-withdrawing groups on the cages. The electronic properties for Au19X and Au20X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) are calculated and observed. It is expected that the electron-withdrawing groups will remove the electron density from the gold cages and leave them positively charged. We first optimize the geometries of the initial gold cages and verify the structures are a local minima. From there, we attach our halogens to the gold cages and optimize the structures to determine the NICS values and HOMO-LUMO gaps. NICS values were found to be more negative when a more electronegative halogen was used. Calculations have found that Au19F and Au20F2 have the most negative NICS values, indicating greater spherical aromaticity. Iodine, being the least electronegative atom, had the most positive NICS value and smallest HOMO-LUMO gap. All calculations are compared to the magic cluster Au18 which satisfies Hirsh's 2(N + 1)2 rule for n = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Gaebler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5.
| | - Julianna R Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5.
| | - Ian P Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5.
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14
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Zhang G, Chen D, Lu J. A review on black-phosphorus-based composite heterojunction photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Trivalent Polyhedra as Duals of Borane Deltahedra: From Molecular Endohedral Germanium Clusters to the Smallest Fullerenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020496. [PMID: 36677561 PMCID: PMC9865895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The duals of the most spherical closo borane deltahedra having from 6 to 16 vertices form a series of homologous spherical trivalent polyhedra with even numbers of vertices from 8 to 28. This series of homologous polyhedra is found in endohedral clusters of the group 14 atoms such as the endohedral germanium cluster anions [M@Ge10]3- (M = Co, Fe) and [Ru@Ge12]3- The next members of this series have been predicted to be the lowest energy structures of the endohedral silicon clusters Cr@Si14 and M@Si16 (M = Zr, Hf). The largest members of this series correspond to the smallest fullerene polyhedra found in the endohedral fullerenes M@C28 (M = Zr, Hf, Th, U). The duals of the oblate (flattened) ellipsoidal deltahedra found in the dirhenaboranes Cp*2Re2Bn-2Hn-2 (Cp* = η5-Me5C5; 8 ≤ n ≤ 12) are prolate (elongated) trivalent polyhedra as exemplified experimentally by the germanium cluster [Co2@Ge16]4- containing an endohedral Co2 unit.
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16
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Lebedev VT, Charykov NA, Shemchuk OS, Murin IV, Nerukh DA, Petrov AV, Maystrenko DN, Molchanov OE, Sharoyko VV, Semenov KN. Endometallofullerenes and their derivatives: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Perspective Application in Biomedicine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Sugi L, Dheivamalar S, Gowri S, Saravanan R. Computational investigation of tuning the electronic ability and featured for heterofullerene based dye sensitized solar cells. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Mitchell I, Qiu L, Page A, Lamb LD, Ding F. Role of Graphitic Bowls in Temperature Dependent Fullerene Formation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8955-8963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izaac Mitchell
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan44919, South Korea
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan44919, South Korea
| | - Alister Page
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales2308, Australia
| | - Lowell D. Lamb
- Broadcom, Ltd., 1320 Ridder Park Drive, San Jose, California95131, United States
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan44919, South Korea
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19
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Xin S, Han Y, Fan W, Wang X, Ni Y, Wu J. Enhanced Aromaticity and Open‐Shell Diradical Character in the Dianions of 9‐Fluorenylidene‐Substituted Expanded Radialenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209448. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xin
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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20
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Theoretical Study on the Diels–Alder Reaction of Fullerenes: Analysis of Isomerism, Aromaticity, and Solvation. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fullerenes are reactive as dienophiles in Diels–Alder reactions. Their distinctive molecular shape and properties result in interesting and sometimes elusive reaction patterns. Herein, to contribute to the understanding of fullerene reactivity, we evaluate the energies of reactions for Diels–Alder cycloadditions of C60, C70, and IC60MA with anthracene (Ant), by means of DFT computational analysis in vacuum and solution. The methods used showed little differentiation between the reactivity of the different fullerenes. The C70-Ant adducts where addition takes place near the edge of the fullerene were found to be the most stable regioisomers. For the IC60MA-Ant adducts, the calculated energies of reaction increase in the order: equatorial > trans-3 > trans-2 ≈ trans-4 ≈ trans-1 > cis-3 > cis-2. The change in the functional suggests the existence of stabilizing dispersive interactions between the surface of the fullerene and the addends. HOMA (harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity) analysis indicated an increase in aromaticity in the fullerene hexagons adjacent to the bonded addend. This increase is bigger in the rings of bisadduct isomers that are simultaneously adjacent to both addends, which helps explain the extra stability of the equatorial isomers. Solvation by m-xylene decreases the exothermicity of the reactions studied but has little distinguishing effect on the possible isomers. Thermal corrections reduce the exothermicity of the reactions by ~10 kJ∙mol−1.
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21
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Xie FF, Chen ZC, Wu YH, Tian HR, Deng SL, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Carbene Addition Isomers of C 70 formed in the Flame of Low-Pressure Combustion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3087. [PMID: 36144875 PMCID: PMC9503469 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the flames during low-pressure combustion, not only a rich variety of fullerenes but also many reactive intermediates can be produced (e.g., carbene, CH2) that are short-lived and cannot be stabilized directly under normal circumstances. These intermediates can be captured by fullerene carbon cages for stabilization. In this paper, three C71H2 isomers were synthesized in situ in low-pressure benzene-acetylene-oxygen diffusion flame combustion. The results, which were unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, show that the three isomers are carbene addition products of D5h-C70 on different sites. The relative energies and stability of different C71H2 isomers are revealed by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, in combination with theoretical calculations, in this work. Both the in situ capture and theoretical study of these C71H2 isomers in low-pressure combustion will provide more information regarding carbene additions to other fullerenes or other carbon clusters at high temperatures.
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22
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Xin S, Han Y, Fan W, Wang X, Ni Y, Wu J. Enhanced Aromaticity and Open‐shell Diradical Character in The Dianions of 9‐Fluorenylidene Substituted Expanded Radialenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xin
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Yi Han
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Wei Fan
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Xuhui Wang
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Yong Ni
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Jishan Wu
- National University of Singapore Chemistry 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore SINGAPORE
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23
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Gu Y, Qiu Z, Müllen K. Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons as Multitalents of Present and Future Materials Science. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11499-11524. [PMID: 35671225 PMCID: PMC9264366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As cut-outs from a graphene sheet, nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are ideal cases with which to connect the world of molecules with that of bulk carbon materials. While various top-down approaches have been developed to produce such nanostructures in high yields, in the present perspective, precision structural control is emphasized for the length, width, and edge structures of NGs and GNRs achieved by modern solution and on-surface syntheses. Their structural possibilities have been further extended from "flatland" to the three-dimensional world, where chirality and handedness are the jewels in the crown. In addition to properties exhibited at the molecular level, self-assembly and thin-film structures cannot be neglected, which emphasizes the importance of processing techniques. With the rich toolkit of chemistry in hand, NGs and GNRs can be endowed with versatile properties and functions ranging from stimulated emission to spintronics and from bioimaging to energy storage, thus demonstrating their multitalents in present and future materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Gu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Shenzhen
Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and
Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Al-Yassiri MAH. Spherical Aromaticity of Tetrahedral Pnictogens through Off-Nucleus Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200271. [PMID: 35768283 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work revealed the spherical aromaticity of some inorganic E4 cages and their protonated E4 H+ ions (E=N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). For this purpose, we employed several evaluations like (0D-1D) nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS), multidimensional (2D-3D) off-nucleus isotropic shielding σiso (r), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The magnetic calculations involved gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAO) with two density functionals B3LYP and WB97XD, and basis sets of Jorge-ATZP, 6-311+G(d,p), and Lanl2DZp. The Jorge-ATZP basis set showed the best consistency. Our findings disclosed non-classical aromatic characters in the above molecules, which decreased from N to Bi cages. Also, the results showed more aromaticity in E4 than E4 H+ . The NBO analysis attributed the aromaticity in the above molecules to the residual density of the overlapping σ-bonding orbitals. So, the aromaticity in these molecules is unlike the classical aromaticity that is associated with electron delocalization. Scanning 1D σiso (r) variation along E-E bonds indicated a lowering in the shielding trend from N to Bi cages. The 3D results showed a similar decrease in the relative volumetric diffusion of the magnetic activity, whereas the volumetric ratio of V1ppm /V2ppm is almost constant for all the E4 cages.
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25
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El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Jorner K, Ayub R, Bultinck P, Solà M, Ottosson H. Three-Dimensional Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles: When 3D-Aromatic and When 2D-Aromatic-in-3D? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8560-8575. [PMID: 35523019 PMCID: PMC9121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Several fully π-conjugated
macrocycles with puckered or cage-type
structures were recently found to exhibit aromatic character according
to both experiments and computations. We examine their electronic
structures and put them in relation to 3D-aromatic molecules (e.g., closo-boranes) and to 2D-aromatic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using qualitative theory combined
with quantum chemical calculations, we find that the macrocycles explored
hitherto should be described as 2D-aromatic with three-dimensional
molecular structures (abbr. 2D-aromatic-in-3D) and not as truly 3D-aromatic.
3D-aromatic molecules have highly symmetric structures (or nearly
so), leading to (at least) triply degenerate molecular orbitals, and
for tetrahedral or octahedral molecules, an aromatic closed-shell
electronic structure with 6n + 2 electrons. Conversely,
2D-aromatic-in-3D structures exhibit aromaticity that results from
the fulfillment of Hückel’s 4n + 2
rule for each macrocyclic path, yet their π-electron counts
are coincidentally 6n + 2 numbers for macrocycles
with three tethers of equal lengths. It is notable that 2D-aromatic-in-3D
macrocyclic cages can be aromatic with tethers of different lengths, i.e., with π-electron counts different from 6n + 2, and they are related to naphthalene. Finally, we
identify tetrahedral and cubic π-conjugated molecules that fulfill
the 6n + 2 rule and exhibit significant electron
delocalization. Yet, their properties resemble those of analogous
compounds with electron counts that differ from 6n + 2. Thus, despite the fact that these molecules show substantial
π-electron delocalization, they cannot be classified as true
3D-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
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26
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Wang YJ, Feng LY, Yan M, Miao CQ, Feng SQ, Zhai HJ. The unique sandwich K 6Be 2B 6H 6 cluster with a real borozene B 6H 6 core. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8617-8623. [PMID: 35424824 PMCID: PMC8984955 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical evidence is reported for a boron-based K6Be2B6H6 sandwich cluster, showing a perfectly D 6h B6H6 ring, being capped by two tetrahedral K3Be ligands. Due to the comfortable charge transfer, the sandwich is viable in [K3Be]3+[B6H6]6-[BeK3]3+ ionic complex in nature. The [B6H6]6- core with 6π aromaticity vividly imitates the benzene (C6H6), occurring as a real borozene. In contrast, the tetrahedral [K3Be]3+ ligand is 2σ three-dimensional aromatic, acting as the simple superatom. Thus, this complex possesses a collectively three-fold 2σ/6π/2σ aromaticity. The interlaminar interaction is governed by the robust electrostatic attraction. The unique chemical bonding gives rise to interesting dynamic fluxionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
| | - Su-Qin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
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27
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Hou X, Wang C, Hu W, Wu J. Hückel‐ and Baird‐Type Global Aromaticity in a 3D Fully Conjugated Molecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Congyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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28
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Landeros-Rivera B, Hernández-Trujillo J. Control of Molecular Conformation and Crystal Packing of Biphenyl Derivatives. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100492. [PMID: 34984848 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This Review presents a discussion of the conformation of biphenyl derivatives in different chemical environments. The interplay between aromatic stabilization and steric repulsion, normally considered to explain the conformation of the molecule, is contrasted with the interpretation provided by models not based on molecular orbitals. The electronic control of conformation by means of appropriate hydrogen substitution is discussed by examples taken from chemistry and molecular electronics. Supramolecular synthons involving biphenyl are critically analyzed in terms of the molecular conformation, crystal packing and intermolecular forces. Some directions for future research on the control of the conformation of biphenyls are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Landeros-Rivera
- Sorbonne Université & CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR CNRS 7616, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jesús Hernández-Trujillo
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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29
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Zaitsev BA. Quantitative Estimate of the Resonance Effects in Some Unsaturated, Monocyclic,
and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Based on the Renewed Optical Exaltations. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666211126143032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
The present review discusses a new viewpoint on refractometry as the oldest experimental
physical method, whose scientific potential in the estimation of structural effects in
organic chemistry has been missed so far. The author demonstrates that upon certain adjustment
and redesign of refractometry, this potential can be tapped and successfully used to determine
a type of π-electron interaction, delocalization degree of π-electrons in organic compounds,
and to perform quantitative estimates of resonance effects in unsaturated, (polycyclic)
aromatic, and other polyconjugated systems (e.g., fullerenes). The method for accurate separation
of molar refraction into additive and constitutive components was suggested; the method
is based on the specially developed additive scheme. It was revealed that the negative deviations
from additivity for cycloalkanes depend linearly on the number of carbon atoms in the
ring. Excellent linear correlations between renewed optical exaltations, the number of π-electrons in a conjugated
system, and experimentally found resonance energy (determined from hydrogenation heat values) were demonstrated.
Angular coefficients of the correlation series (ρ-constants) are considered as a criterion of classification, which
characterizes the degree of mobility of π-electrons in the conjugated system of a given type. It is emphasized that
the development of methods for precise measurement of the constitutive components of molar refraction may become
a useful additional source of information about resonance and other effects in organic and polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A. Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
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30
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Hou X, Wang C, Hu W, Wu J. Hückel- and Baird-type 3D Global Aromaticity in a Fully Conjugated Molecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115571. [PMID: 34958520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Global aromaticity in 3D π-conjugated molecular cages remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a fully conjugated molecular cage ( 1 ) containing two bridged triphenylamine units and three quinoidal bithiophene arms. X-ray crystallographic analysis, NMR/ESR measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that: ( 1 ) its dication ( 1 2+ ) has an open-shell singlet ground state and is 3D globally aromatic, with individual macrocycles being 2D Hückel aromatic; (2) its tetracation ( 1 4+ ) has a triplet ground state and is also 3D globally aromatic, with individual macrocycles being 2D Baird aromatic; and (3) its hexacation ( 1 6+ ) has a closed-shell nature and shows local aromaticity. The study revealed a close relationship between 2D Hückel/Baird aromaticity and 3D global π-aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Yong Ni
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Yi Han
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Xudong Hou
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Congyong Wang
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin University, College of Science, CHINA
| | - Jishan Wu
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, SINGAPORE
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McGrady JE, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Electronic structure and bonding in endohedral Zintl clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:628-649. [PMID: 34931207 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral Zintl clusters-multi-metallic anionic molecules in which a d-block or f-block metal atom is enclosed by p-block (semi)metal atoms-are very topical in contemporary inorganic chemistry. Not only do they provide insight into the embryonic states of intermetallic compounds and show promise in catalytic applications, they also shed light on the nature of chemical bonding between metal atoms. Over the past two decades, a plethora of endohedral Zintl clusters have been synthesized, revealing a fascinating diversity of molecular architectures. Many different perspectives on the bonding in them have emerged in the literature, sometimes complementary and sometimes conflicting, and there has been no concerted effort to classify the entire family based on a small number of unifying principles. A closer look, however, reveals distinct patterns in structure and bonding that reflect the extent to which valence electrons are shared between the endohedral atom and the cluster shell. We show that there is a much more uniform relationship between the total valence electron count and the structure and bonding patterns of these clusters than previously anticipated. All of the p-block (semi)metal shells can be placed on a ladder of total valence electron count that ranges between 4n+2 (closo deltahedra), 5n (closed, three-bonded polyhedra) and 6n (crown-like structures). Although some structural isomerism can occur for a given electron count, the presence of a central metal cation imposes a preference for rather regular and approximately spherical structures which maximise electrostatic interactions between the metal and the shell. In cases where the endohedral metal has relatively accessible valence electrons (from the d or f shells), it can also contribute its valence electrons to the total electron count of the cluster shell, raising the effective electron count and often altering the structural preferences. The electronic situation in any given cluster is considered from different perspectives, some more physical and some more chemical, in a way that highlights the important point that, in the end, they explain the same situation. This article provides a unifying perspective of bonding that captures the structural diversity across this diverse family of multimetallic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McGrady
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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34
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Sundholm D, Dimitrova M, Berger RJF. Current density and molecular magnetic properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12362-12378. [PMID: 34726205 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We give an overview of the molecular response to an external magnetic field perturbing quantum mechanical systems. We present state-of-the-art methods for calculating magnetically-induced current-density susceptibilities. We discuss the essence and properties of current-density susceptibilities and how molecular magnetic properties can be calculated from them. We also review the theory of spin-current densities, how relativity affects current densities and magnetic properties. An overview of the magnetic ring-current criterion for aromaticity is given, which has implications on theoretical and experimental research. The recently reported theory of antiaromaticity and how molecular symmetry affects the magnetic response are discussed and applied to closed-shell paramagnetic molecules. The topology of magnetically induced current densities and its consequences for molecular magnetic properties are also presented with twisted and toroidal molecules as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, Finland.
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, Finland. .,Chemistry of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raphael J F Berger
- Chemistry of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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35
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Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Sun Z, Muñoz‐Castro A, Boldyrev AI. Bridging Aromatic/Antiaromatic Units: Recent Advances in Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Main‐Group and Transition‐Metal Clusters from Bonding and Magnetic Analyses. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory 87545 Los Alamos NM USA
| | - Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University 300350 Tianjin China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
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36
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Shimizu H, Huang P, Isomura E, Nishinaga T, Iyoda M. π-Extended Macrocyclic Oligothiophene Heptamer and Tetradecamer: Ringsize Effects on the Physical Properties and Morphological Features. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Pochi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Eigo Isomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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37
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Medina Rivero S, Urieta‐Mora J, Molina‐Ontoria A, Martín‐Fuentes C, Urgel JI, Zubiria‐Ulacia M, Lloveras V, Casanova D, Martínez JI, Veciana J, Écija D, Martín N, Casado J. A Trapezoidal Octacyanoquinoid Acceptor Forms Solution and Surface Products by Antiparallel Shape Fitting with Conformational Dipole Momentum Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17887-17892. [PMID: 34086392 PMCID: PMC8456967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A new compound (1) formed by two antiparallelly disposed tetracyano thienoquinoidal units has been synthesized and studied by electrochemistry, UV/Vis-NIR, IR, EPR, and transient spectroscopy. Self-assembly of 1 on a Au(111) surface has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Experiments have been rationalized by quantum chemical calculations. 1 exhibits a unique charge distribution in its anionic form, with a gradient of charge yielding a neat molecular in-plane electric dipole momentum, which transforms out-of-plane after surface deposition due to twisted→folded conformational change and to partial charge transfer from Au(111). Intermolecular van der Waals interactions and antiparallel trapezoidal shape fitting lead to the formation of an optimal dense on Au(111) two-dimensional assembly of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of MálagaAndalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n29071MálagaSpain
| | - Javier Urieta‐Mora
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryComplutense University of Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | | | | | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Maria Zubiria‐Ulacia
- DonostiaInternational Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for SciencePaseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 420018Donostia-San SebastiánEuskadiSpain
| | - Vega Lloveras
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic MaterialsInstitut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)Campus de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - David Casanova
- DonostiaInternational Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for SciencePaseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 420018Donostia-San SebastiánEuskadiSpain
| | - José I. Martínez
- Department of Nanostructures and Low-dimensional MaterialsInstitute of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC)Ciudad Universitaria de CantoblancoC/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 328049MadridSpain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic MaterialsInstitut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)Campus de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryComplutense University of Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of MálagaAndalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n29071MálagaSpain
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38
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Medina Rivero S, Urieta‐Mora J, Molina‐Ontoria A, Martín‐Fuentes C, Urgel JI, Zubiria‐Ulacia M, Lloveras V, Casanova D, Martínez JI, Veciana J, Écija D, Martín N, Casado J. A Trapezoidal Octacyanoquinoid Acceptor Forms Solution and Surface Products by Antiparallel Shape Fitting with Conformational Dipole Momentum Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Málaga Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Urieta‐Mora
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Zubiria‐Ulacia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Euskadi Spain
| | - Vega Lloveras
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Euskadi Spain
| | - José I. Martínez
- Department of Nanostructures and Low-dimensional Materials Institute of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC) Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Málaga Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga Spain
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39
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Lo S, Kitao T, Nada Y, Murata K, Ishii K, Uemura T. Chiral Induction in Buckminsterfullerene Using a Metal–Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Wei Lo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
| | - Takashi Kitao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277–8561 Japan
| | - Yusuke Nada
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277–8561 Japan
| | - Kei Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153–8505 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153–8505 Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277–8561 Japan
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40
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Lo SW, Kitao T, Nada Y, Murata K, Ishii K, Uemura T. Chiral Induction in Buckminsterfullerene Using a Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17947-17951. [PMID: 34110685 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chiral induction is an emerging topic of interest in various areas of chemistry because of its relationship to the elusive mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in nature. Buckminsterfullerene (C60 ) with the shape of a highly symmetric truncated icosahedron has rarely been referred for chiral induction due to the difficult symmetry breaking. In this work, we demonstrate that a chiral metal-organic framework (MOF) can provide a key field for chiral induction. C60 could be incorporated into the chiral nanochannels of the MOF using an in situ self-assembly strategy. The circular dichroism spectra of the resulting nanocomposites showed an intense chiral signal in the absorption region of C60 . Experimental and theoretical studies showed that this unprecedented chiral induction of C60 was attributed to hybridization of the molecular orbitals through a close association with the pore surface of the MOF. Our method can endow highly symmetric achiral compounds with chirality, paving the new way toward fabrication of novel chiral nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wei Lo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nada
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kei Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
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41
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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42
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Mitchell I, Qiu L, Lamb LD, Ding F. High Temperature Accelerated Stone-Wales Transformation and the Threshold Temperature of IPR-C 60 Formation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4548-4557. [PMID: 34032443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Stone-Wales bond rotation isomerization of nonicosahedral C60 (C2v-C60) into isolated-pentagon rule following icosahedral C60 (Ih-C60 or IPR-C60) is a limiting step in the synthesis of Ih-C60. However, extensive previous studies indicate that the potential energy barrier of the Stone-Wales bond rotation is between 6 and 8 eV, extremely high to allow for bond rotation at the temperatures used to produce fullerenes conventionally. This is also despite data indicating a possible fullerene road mechanism that necessitates low-temperature annealing. However, these previous investigations often have limiting factors, such as using the harmonic approximation to determine free energies at high temperatures or considering only the reverse Ih-C60 to C2v-C60 transition as a basis. Indeed, when the difference in energy between Ih-C60 and C2v-C60 is accounted for, this barrier is generally reduced by ∼1.5 eV. Thus, utilizing the recently developed density functional tight binding metadynamics (DFTB-MTD) interface, the effects of temperature on the bond rotation in the conversion of C2v-C60 to Ih-C60 have been investigated. We found that Stone-Wales bond rotations are complex processes with both in-plane and out-of-plane transition states, and which transition path dominates depends on temperature. Our results clearly show that at temperatures of 2000 K, the free energy for a C2v-C60 to Ih-C60 transition is only ∼4.21 eV and further reduces to ∼3.77 eV at 3000 K. This translates to transition times of ∼971 μs at 2000 K and ∼34 ns at 3000 K, indicating that defect healing is a fast process at temperatures typical of arc jet or laser ablation experiments. Conversely, below ∼2000 K, bond rotation becomes prohibitively slow, putting a lower threshold limit on the temperature of fullerene formation and subsequent annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaac Mitchell
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lowell D Lamb
- Broadcom Inc., 1320 Ridder Park Drive, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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43
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Khamatgalimov AR, Kovalenko VI. Substructural Approach for Assessing the Stability of Higher Fullerenes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3760. [PMID: 33916647 PMCID: PMC8038623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the most significant published results devoted to the study of the nature of the higher fullerenes stability, revealing of correlations between the structural features of higher fullerene molecules and the possibility of their producing. A formalization of the substructure approach to assessing the stability of higher fullerenes is proposed, which is based on a detailed analysis of the main structural features of fullerene molecules. The developed substructure approach, together with the stability of the substructures constituting the fullerene molecule, helps to understand deeper the features of the electronic structure of fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrat R. Khamatgalimov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Valeri I. Kovalenko
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia;
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
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44
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Manafi Moghadam M, Zamani M. Electronic structure and spectroscopy of C60 nitroaryl radical adducts. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Zeng W, El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Bronstein H, Ottosson H. Excited state character of Cibalackrot-type compounds interpreted in terms of Hückel-aromaticity: a rationale for singlet fission chromophore design. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6159-6171. [PMID: 33996014 PMCID: PMC8098681 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact energies of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states in organic chromophores are crucial to their performance in optoelectronic devices. The possibility of utilizing singlet fission to enhance the performance of photovoltaic devices has resulted in a wide demand for tuneable, stable organic chromophores with wide S1-T1 energy gaps (>1 eV). Cibalackrot-type compounds were recently considered to have favorably positioned excited state energies for singlet fission, and they were found to have a degree of aromaticity in the lowest triplet excited state (T1). This work reports on a revised and deepened theoretical analysis taking into account the excited state Hückel-aromatic (instead of Baird-aromatic) as well as diradical characters, with the aim to design new organic chromophores based on this scaffold in a rational way starting from qualitative theory. We demonstrate that the substituent strategy can effectively adjust the spin distribution on the chromophore and thereby manipulate the excited state energy levels. Additionally, the improved understanding of the aromatic characters enables us to demonstrate a feasible design strategy to vary the excited state energy levels by tuning the number and nature of Hückel-aromatic units in the excited state. Finally, our study elucidates the complications and pitfalls of the excited state aromaticity and antiaromaticity concepts, highlighting that quantitative results from quantum chemical calculations of various aromaticity indices must be linked with qualitative theoretical analysis of the character of the excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa, 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
- Institut de Quìmica Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
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Roy DK, Tröster T, Fantuzzi F, Dewhurst RD, Lenczyk C, Radacki K, Pranckevicius C, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Isolierung und Reaktivität eines s‐Block‐Metall‐Antiaromaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Roy
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Discipline of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore Khandwa Road, Simrol Indore 453552, M.P. Indien
| | - Tobias Tröster
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Emil-Fischer-Str. 42 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Conor Pranckevicius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Emil-Fischer-Str. 42 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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47
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Roy DK, Tröster T, Fantuzzi F, Dewhurst RD, Lenczyk C, Radacki K, Pranckevicius C, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Isolation and Reactivity of an Antiaromatic s-Block Metal Compound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3812-3819. [PMID: 33210400 PMCID: PMC7898526 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of aromaticity and antiaromaticity have a long history, and countless demonstrations of these phenomena have been made with molecules based on elements from the p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table. In contrast, the limited oxidation-state flexibility of the s-block metals has long stood in the way of their participation in sophisticated π-bonding arrangements, and truly antiaromatic systems containing s-block metals are altogether absent or remain poorly defined. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational techniques, we present herein the synthesis and authentication of a heterocyclic compound containing the alkaline earth metal beryllium that exhibits significant antiaromaticity, and detail its chemical reduction and Lewis-base-coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Roy
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Discipline of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology IndoreKhandwa Road, SimrolIndore453552, M.P.India
| | - Tobias Tröster
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Strasse 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Conor Pranckevicius
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Strasse 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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48
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Chen D, Szczepanik DW, Zhu J, Muñoz-Castro A, Solà M. Aromaticity Survival in Hydrofullerenes: The Case of C 66 H 4 with Its π-Aromatic Circuits. Chemistry 2021; 27:802-808. [PMID: 33089913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The isolated-pentagon rule (IPR) is a determining structural feature that accounts for hollow fullerene stabilization and properties related to Cn (n≥60) cages. The recent characterization of an unprecedented non-IPR hydrofullerene, C2v C66 H4 , bearing two heptagons with adjacent fused-pentagon motifs, largely dismisses this feature. Herein, employing DFT calculations, the 13 C NMR spectroscopy and aromatic behavior of C2v C66 H4 are explored. The results show the presence of three π-aromatic circuits at the bottom boat section of C66 H4 , indicating the unique features of this hydrofullerene in comparison to those of pristine C60 . In addition, under specific orientations of the external field, certain π-aromatic circuits are enabled, resulting in a more aromatic fullerene than that of C60 , but lower than that of the spherical aromatic C60 6- fulleride. Notably, under a field aligned with the saturated carbon atoms, nonaromatic characteristics are exposed. This reveals that spherical-like cages can involve a complex magnetic response that heavily depends on the orientation of the applied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China.,Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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49
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Song X, Mao R, Wang Z, Qi J. Structural and spectral properties of a non-classical C 58 isomer and its fluorinated derivatives in theory. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1472-1481. [PMID: 35424081 PMCID: PMC8693631 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional classical fullerene is only composed of pentagons and hexagons, with many different topologies, of which only a few structures conform to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), which means all five-membered rings are separated by hexagons, whereas isomers that violate the rule are called non-IPR isomers. In contrast, the non-classical fullerene consists of other kinds of polygons such as squares and heptagons in addition to pentagons and hexagons. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra and X-ray emission spectra (XES), as well as the ground-state electronic/geometrical structures of the important non-IPR isomers C 3v-#1205C58 and C 2-#1078C58, and the remarkable non-classical isomer C s-C58(NC) with its two fluorides C s-C58(NC)F18(A) and C s-C58(NC)F18(B), have been computed at the density functional theory (DFT) level. Significant differences in the electronic structures and simulated X-ray spectra have been observed after fluorination. Meanwhile, strong isomer dependence has been shown in these spectra, which means the "fingerprint" in the X-ray spectra can effectively identify the above-mentioned fullerene isomers. As a consequence, the work can provide useful information especially isomer identification for experimental and theoretical research in fullerene science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Song
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Renfeng Mao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 People's Republic of China
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50
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He X, Yu D, Wu J, Wang B, Rong C, Chattaraj PK, Liu S. Towards understanding metal aromaticity in different spin states: A density functional theory and information-theoretic approach analysis. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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