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Yakovlev E, Druzhinina A, Druzhinin S, Bedrina D, Orlov A. Assessment of physicochemical parameters and metal distribution in bog peat of the western segment of the North European part of Russia (Arkhangelsk region). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:300-313. [PMID: 32812155 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the study of physicochemical parameters and the assessment of the accumulation and distribution of metals in peat deposits from the North European part of Russia (Arkhangelsk region). Peat profiles were selected both in the area with a high anthropogenic load and in a bog remote from industrial pollution. The determination of metals was carried out by using the methods X-ray fluorescence analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was determined that the studied bogs can be attributed to the low ash type, and the recorded pH and mineralisation values make it possible to attribute these deposits to the acid-oxidising facies of oligotrophic peatlands, characteristic of taiga landscapes. Assessment of metal accumulation showed a high content of titanium, chromium, lead, nickel, vanadium, cobalt, aluminium, silicon, and copper in peat, mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels and industrial production, as well as the burning of urban and industrial waste. The peat profiles are characterised by significant fluctuations in the content of elements in different horizons. Studies have shown the need to monitor the content of metals in peatlands from the Arkhangelsk region to assess atmospheric pollution from industrial emissions, both at the moment and in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Yakovlev
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
| | - Anna Druzhinina
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Druzhinin
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Daria Bedrina
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Orlov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Shotyk W, Bicalho B, Grant-Weaver I, Stachiw S. A geochemical perspective on the natural abundance and predominant sources of trace elements in cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccus) from remote bogs in the Boreal region of northern Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1652-1663. [PMID: 30017103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements in native cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) were compared with the underlying Sphagnum moss on which it grows, from two remote ombrotrophic (rain-fed) peat bogs in northern Alberta, Canada. The purpose of the comparison was to distinguish between dust inputs to the berries versus plant uptake from the substrate, and to determine the natural abundance of trace elements in native berries. Using Al as an indicator of the abundance of soil-derived mineral particles, the abundance of dust on the surface of the berries is 20 to 29× lower than that of the substrate (moss). Other lithophile elements (V, Cr, Co, Ga, Li and Y) show similar differences between moss and berry. The concentrations of Rb and Ba in berries were similar to moss and Sr within a factor of 3 to 4×, probably reflecting passive uptake of these lithophile elements by the plants, even though they have no known physiological function. Of the micronutrients examined (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo), Cu and Mn were more abundant in berries than moss, Ni and Zn yielded similar concentrations in both whereas Fe followed by Mo showed the greatest concentration difference. For these micronutrients, uptake by the plants through their roots via the substrate (moss and peat) outweighs contributions from atmospheric dusts. In respect to potentially toxic "heavy metals", Pb concentrations in the moss (BMW, 89 ± 7.3 μg/kg; CMW, 93 ± 27 μg/kg) are below the natural, "background" values reported for ancient layers of Swiss peat from the mid-Holocene (>6000 years old). The Pb concentrations in the berries, however, are 19 to 47× lower than in the underlying moss indicating that Pb in the berries, like Al, is exclusively supplied by dust. Cadmium in the berries is at or above the level found in moss due to active uptake by the plants from the substrate, most likely because of the chemical similarity of this element to Zn. Silver, Sb and Tl in the berries were <LOD, but assuming that they are supplied exclusively by dust inputs, their concentrations in the berries can be estimated from the Al concentrations. Taken together, these data provide an estimate of the natural abundance of these elements in berries, based on measured (Cd, Pb) and calculated (Ag, Sb, Tl) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shotyk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1, Canada.
| | - Beatriz Bicalho
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1, Canada.
| | - Iain Grant-Weaver
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1, Canada.
| | - Samantha Stachiw
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1, Canada.
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Bohdálková L, Bohdálek P, Břízová E, Pacherová P, Kuběna AA. Atmospheric metal pollution records in the Kovářská Bog (Czech Republic) as an indicator of anthropogenic activities over the last three millennia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:857-874. [PMID: 29602122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three peat cores were extracted from the Kovářská Bog in the central Ore Mountains to study anthropogenic pollution generated by mining and metallurgy. The core profiles were 14C dated, and concentrations of selected elements were determined by ICP MS and HG-AAS. Principal component analysis indicated that Pb, Cu, As and Ag may be useful elements for the reconstruction of historical atmospheric pollution. Total and anthropogenic accumulation rates (ARs) of Pb, Cu and As estimated for the last ca. 3500years showed similar chronologies, and revealed twelve periods of elevated ARs of Pb, As and Cu related to possible mining and metallurgic activities. In total, four periods of elevated ARs of Pb, Cu and As were detected during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, including a distinct Late Bronze Age pollution event between 1030BCE and 910BCE. The Iron Age included three episodes of increased ARs of Pb and As; the first and the most distinctive episode, recorded between 730 and 440BCE, was simultaneous with the Bylany culture during the Hallstatt Period. The Roman Age was characterized by one pollution event, two events were detected in the Middle Ages, and the last two during the modern period. Enhanced element ARs in the late 12th and 15th centuries clearly documented the onset of two periods of intense mining in the Ore Mountains. Metal ARs culminated in ca. 1600CE, and subsequently decreased after the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. The last boom of mining between 1700CE and 1830CE represented the last period of important metallurgical operations. Late Medieval and modern period metal ARs are in good agreement with written documents. Earlier pollution peaks suggest that local metal production could have a much longer tradition than commonly believed; however, archaeological or written evidence is scarce or lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Bohdálková
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, AS CR, Belidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bohdálek
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Břízová
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pacherová
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Antonín Kuběna
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Reconstruction of Atmospheric Lead Pollution During the Roman Period Recorded in Belgian Ombrotrophic Peatlands Cores. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9070253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shotyk W, Rausch N, Outridge PM, Krachler M. Isotopic evolution of atmospheric Pb from metallurgical processing in Flin Flon, Manitoba: Retrospective analysis using peat cores from bogs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:338-348. [PMID: 27435613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric Pb deposition was reconstructed using peat cores from bogs in the vicinity of Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada, home to a zinc refinery and copper smelter. The Sask Lake (SL4-1) core was collected 85 km NW of Flin Flon and Kotyk Lake (KOL) 30 km NE. The distribution of Sr and U show that both profiles are predominantly minerotrophic (ie groundwater-fed), but the Pb concentration profile shows that Pb was received exclusively from the atmosphere. Graphs of 208Pb/206Pb against 206Pb/207Pb document atmospheric Pb contamination dating from the early to mid-1800's, well before the start of metallurgical processing (in 1930) and attributable to long-range atmospheric transport from other regions of North America. Industrial activities at Flin Flon clearly affected the concentrations, enrichment factor (calculated using Sc), and accumulation rates of Pb, but it is the similarity in isotopic composition, and contrast with crustal values (206Pb/207Pb ca. 1.20 to 1.22) which makes the connection to the Flin Flon ores. The KOL samples dating from 1925-1976 CE have a 206Pb/207Pb of 1.032 ± 0.002 (n = 11) which approach the values for the Flin Flon ores (206Pb/207Pb = 1.008). But even at SL4-1, the peat samples dating from 1925-1976 CE have a 206Pb/207Pb of 1.061 ± 0.022 (n = 18) which is well below the corresponding ratio of Canadian leaded gasoline (206Pb/207Pb = ca. 1.15). The SL4-1 site too, therefore, was clearly impacted by Pb from mining and metallurgy, despite the distance (88 km) from Flin Flon and being predominantly upwind. These two bogs not only provide the chronology of atmospheric Pb deposition for the past decades, but suggest that the extent of contamination may have been underestimated by previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shotyk
- Bocock Chair for Agriculture and the Environment, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada.
| | - N Rausch
- University of Heidelberg, Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - P M Outridge
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - M Krachler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Magiera T, Mendakiewicz M, Szuszkiewicz M, Jabłońska M, Chróst L. Technogenic magnetic particles in soils as evidence of historical mining and smelting activity: A case of the Brynica River Valley, Poland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:536-551. [PMID: 27236619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the area of Brynica River basin (Upper Silesia, southern Poland) the exploitation and smelting of iron, silver and lead ores was historically documented since early Middle Ages. First investigations showed that metallurgy industry had a large impact from 9th century (AD) until the Second World War. The aim of the study was to use magnetic prospection to detect traces of past mining and ore smelting in Brynica River Valley located in Upper Silesia (southern Poland). The field screening was performed by measurement magnetic susceptibility (κ) on surface and in vertical profiles and was supported locally by gradiometric measurements. Vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility values was closely associated with the type of soil use. Historical technogenic magnetic particles resulting from exploitation, processing, and smelting of iron, silver, and lead ores were accumulated in the soil layer at the depth 10 to 25cm. They were represented by sharp-edged particles of slag, coke, as well as various mineralogical forms of iron minerals and aggregates composed of carbon particles, aluminosilicate glass, and single particles of metallic iron. The additional geochemical study in adjacent peat bog supported by radiocarbon dating was also performed. The application of integrated geochemical-magnetic methods to reconstruct the historical accumulation of pollutants in the studied peat bog was effective. The magnetic peak, which was pointed out by magnetic analyses, is consistent with the presence of charcoal and pollution from heavy metals, such as Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, or Sn. The results of this work will be helpful for the further study of human's impact on the environment related to the historical and even pre-historical ore exploitation and smelting and also used for better targeting the archeological excavations on such areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Magiera
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Maria Mendakiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Szuszkiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mariola Jabłońska
- Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Leszek Chróst
- Laboratory for Ecological Research, Ekopomiar, Gliwice, Poland
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Shotyk W, Rausch N, Nieminen TM, Ukonmaanaho L, Krachler M. Isotopic Composition of Pb in Peat and Porewaters from Three Contrasting Ombrotrophic Bogs in Finland: Evidence of Chemical Diagenesis in Response to Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9943-9951. [PMID: 27536961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of Pb was determined in Finnish peat bogs and their porewaters from Harjavalta (HAR, near a Cu-Ni smelter), Outokumpu (OUT, near a Cu-Ni mine), and Hietajärvi (HIJ, a background site). At HIJ and OUT, the porewaters yielded similar concentrations (0.1-0.7 μg/L) and isotopic composition ((206)Pb/(207)Pb = 1.154-1.164). In contrast, the peat profile from HAR yielded greater concentrations of Pb in the porewaters (average 2.4 μg/L), and the Pb is less radiogenic ((206)Pb/(207)Pb = 1.121-1.149). Acidification of the bog surface waters to pH 3.5 by SO2 emitted from smelting (compared to pH 4.0 at the control site) apparently promotes the dissolution of Pb-bearing aerosols, as well as desorption of metals from the surfaces of these particles and from the peat matrix. Despite this, the chronology of anthropogenic, atmospheric deposition for the past millenium recorded by the isotopic composition of Pb in all three peat bogs is remarkably similar. While the immobility of Pb in the peat cores may appear inconsistent with the elevated porewater Pb concentrations, Pb concentrations in the aqueous phase never amount to more than 0.01% of the total Pb at any given depth so that the potential for migration remains small. The low rates of vertical water movement in bogs generally combined with the size of the metal-containing particles in solution may be additional factors limiting Pb mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shotyk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Nicole Rausch
- University of Heidelberg , Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiina M Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) , Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) , Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Michael Krachler
- European Commission , Joint Research Centre, Directorate Nuclear Safety and Security, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Mondal J, Dutta A, Pal PK, Saha R, Maji P, Patra GK. Synthesis, structure, photo-physical properties and catalytic activities of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes of an azinopyridyl ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Souter L, Watmough SA. The impact of drought and air pollution on metal profiles in peat cores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1031-1040. [PMID: 26473705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peat cores have long been used to reconstruct atmospheric metal deposition; however, debate remains regarding how well historical depositional patterns are preserved in peat. This study examined peat cores sampled from 14 peatlands in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada, which has a well-documented history of acid and metal deposition. Copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) concentrations within individual peat cores were strongly correlated and were elevated in the upper 10 cm, especially in the sites closest to the main Copper Cliff smelter. In contrast, nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) concentrations were often elevated at depths greater than 10 cm, indicating much greater post-depositional movement of these metals compared with Cu and Pb. Post-depositional movement of metals is supported by the observation that Ni and Co concentrations in peat pore water increased by approximately 530 and 960% for Ni and Co, respectively between spring and summer due to drought-induced acidification, but there was much less change in Cu concentration. Sphagnum cover and (210)Pb activity measured at 10 cm at the 14 sites significantly increased with distance from Copper Cliff, and the surface peat von Post score decreased with distance from Copper Cliff, indicating the rate of peat formation increases with distance from Sudbury presumably as a result of improved Sphagnum survival. This study shows that the ability of peat to preserve deposition histories of some metals is strongly affected by drought-induced post-depositional movement and that loss of Sphagnum due to air pollution impairs the rate of peat formation, further affecting metal profiles in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Souter
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Shaun A Watmough
- Environmental Resource Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Pini JM, Richir J, Watson GJ. Metal bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the polychaete Nereis (Alitta) virens (Sars): The effects of site-specific sediment characteristics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:565-575. [PMID: 25935802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the relationships between copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in sediment, pore water and their bioaccumulation in the polychaete Nereis (Alitta) virens, as well as the importance of site-specific sediment characteristics in that process. Sediment, pore water and N. virens were sampled from seven sites with different pollution histories along the English Channel coast. Results showed that site-specific metal levels and sediment characteristics were important in determining the bioavailability of metals to worms. Significant correlations were found between Cu in the sediment and in the pore water and between Zn in the pore water and in N. virens. Zn from the pore water was thus more readily available from a dissolved source to N. virens than Cu. Data also showed that metal concentrations in N. virens were lower than those found in other closely related polychaetes, indicating that it may regulate tissue concentrations of Cu and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pini
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
| | - J Richir
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
| | - G J Watson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK.
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Atmospheric Deposition History of Trace Metals and Metalloids for the Last 200 Years Recorded by Three Peat Cores in Great Hinggan Mountain, Northeast China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Using Peat Records as Natural Archives of Past Atmospheric Metal Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Syntheses, X-ray crystal structures and spectroscopic characterization of rare μ-di-σ pyrazole based bridging keto carbonyl complexes derived from Cd(II) salts. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Smieja-Król B, Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł B. Quantitative determination of minerals and anthropogenic particles in some Polish peat occurrences using a novel SEM point-counting method. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2573-2587. [PMID: 24442577 PMCID: PMC3939010 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed for determining the mineral composition of peat using scanning electron microscope. In an illustrative example, five groups of particles occurring in amounts of >0.05% are distinguished in peat from Puścizna Mała bog in the Carpathian foreland, Poland. These are spheroidal aluminosilicate particles (SAP), feldspars, nondescript aluminosilicates (mainly clays), silica (quartz and opaline silica), and Fe(hydro)oxides. Two more site-specific groups (barite and ZnS) are distinguished in highly polluted fens (Bagno Bruch and Bagno Mikołeska) near a zinc smelter in Upper Silesia. At Bagno Bruch, peat contents of predominantly authigenic ZnS microspheroids range up to 1.1%. SAP originating from coal-burning power stations account for maximum concentrations of <21-39% of the inorganic fraction in the studied mires. SAP concentrations vary with depth, and mean spheroid diameters with distance from emission sources. A distinct feature of SAP is their common enrichment in Ti what questions the use of Ti as a proxy for soil dust in fly ash polluted bogs. As amounts of anthropogenic magnetic spherules, less abundant than SAP in all mires, relate to water table level position, they are unsuitable as tracers of air pollution. The proposed method is recommended for application with peats having ash contents > ~4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Smieja-Król
- Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland,
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Marttila H, Saarinen T, Celebi A, Kløve B. Transport of particle-associated elements in two agriculture-dominated boreal river systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:693-705. [PMID: 23770550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transport of particulate pollutants in fluvial systems can contribute greatly to total loads. Understanding transport mechanics under different hydrological conditions is key in successful load estimation. This study analysed trace elements and physico-chemical parameters in time-integrated suspended sediment samples, together with dissolved and total concentrations of pollutants, along two agriculture- and peatland-dominated boreal river systems. The samples were taken in a spatially and temporally comprehensive sampling programme during the ice-free seasons of 2010 and 2011. The hydrochemistry and transport of particle-bound elements in the rivers were strongly linked to intense land use and acid sulphate soils in the catchment area, with arable, pasture and peat areas in particular being main diffuse sources. There were significant seasonal and temporal variations in dissolved and particulate fluxes, but spatial variations were small. Continuous measurements of EC, turbidity and discharge proved to be an accurate indicator of dissolved and particulate fluxes. Overall, the results show that transport of particle-bound elements makes a major contribution to total transport fluxes in agriculture-dominated boreal rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Marttila
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
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Allan M, Le Roux G, De Vleeschouwer F, Bindler R, Blaauw M, Piotrowska N, Sikorski J, Fagel N. High-resolution reconstruction of atmospheric deposition of trace metals and metalloids since AD 1400 recorded by ombrotrophic peat cores in Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:381-394. [PMID: 23619507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to determine the trace metal accumulation rates in the Misten bog, Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium, and assess these in relation to established histories of atmospheric emissions from anthropogenic sources. To address these aims we analyzed trace metals and metalloids (Pb, Cu, Ni, As, Sb, Cr, Co, V, Cd and Zn), as well as Pb isotopes, using XRF, Q-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively in two 40-cm peat sections, spanning the last 600 yr. The temporal increase of metal fluxes from the inception of the Industrial Revolution to the present varies by a factor of 5-50, with peak values found between AD 1930 and 1990. A cluster analysis combined with Pb isotopic composition allows the identification of the main sources of Pb and by inference of the other metals, which indicates that coal consumption and metallurgical activities were the predominant sources of pollution during the last 600 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Allan
- AGEs, Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, B18 Sart Tilman B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Novak M, Zemanova L, Voldrichova P, Stepanova M, Adamova M, Pacherova P, Komarek A, Krachler M, Prechova E. Experimental evidence for mobility/immobility of metals in peat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7180-7187. [PMID: 21761934 DOI: 10.1021/es201086v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycles of most toxic metals have been significantly altered by anthropogenic activities. Anaerobic, rain-fed organic soils are believed to record historical changes in atmospheric pollution. Suspected postdepositional mobility of trace elements, however, hinders the usefulness of peat bogs as pollution archives. To lower this uncertainty, we quantified the mobility of six trace metals in peat during an 18-month field manipulation. A replicated, reciprocal peat transplant experiment was conducted between a heavily polluted and a relatively unpolluted peatland, located 200 km apart in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). Both peatlands were Sphagnum-derived, lawn-dominated, and had water table close to the surface. A strikingly different behavior was observed for two groups of elements. Elements of group I, Fe and Mn, adjusted their abundances and vertical patterns to the host site, showing an extremely high degree of mobility. In contrast, elements of group II, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ti, preserved their original vertical patterns at the host site, showing a high degree of immobility. Our experimental results suggest that not just lead, but also copper and zinc concentration profiles in peat are a reliable archive of temporal pollution changes within a wide pH range (2.5-5.8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novak
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
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Smieja-Król B, Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł B, Sikorski J, Palowski B. Heavy metal behaviour in peat--a mineralogical perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5924-31. [PMID: 20869756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mineralogical composition of a 40 cm subsurface layer of transitional mire 'Bagno Bruch' (southern Poland) polluted with atmospheric dust was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The mire is located 9 km to the east of a zinc smelter on the northern limit of industrial Upper Silesia in southern Poland. Concentrations of zinc, lead and cadmium reach values of 494, 238 and 16 mg kg(-1), respectively, in the peat layer. Inorganic particles in the peat were grouped into two main categories based on their origin: air dust particles of anthropogenic- and natural sources, and authigenic minerals that originated within the mire. Anthropogenic particles comprise an important part of the inorganic particles in the peat. As they are typically enriched in heavy metals, their stability is critical to controlling metal mobilities. Spheroidal aluminosilicate fly-ash particles are the most common- and most stable anthropogenic pollutants. Partially dissolved Pb-bearing particles (sulphides, chlorides and oxides) and ZnS occur as trace components throughout the peat profile. The prolonged existence of the particles made them susceptible to gravitational relocation in the peat and limits the biogeochemical cycling of the constituent elements. The least resistant Fe (hydro)oxides release Zn and minor amounts of Mn, Mg and Sn due to reductive dissolution. The released Zn is immobilized in the form of ZnS spherules, 1-3 μm in diameter, approximately 10 cm further down in the profile. The investigation shows that the behaviour of trace elements in polluted peatland is controlled by mineral dissolution/precipitation processes. The formation of authigenic minerals (ZnS, barite, gypsum) indicates complex redox conditions and element redistribution in the transitional mire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Smieja-Król
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Deppe M, McKnight DM, Blodau C. Effects of short-term drying and irrigation on electron flow in mesocosms of a northern bog and an alpine fen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:80-86. [PMID: 20039737 DOI: 10.1021/es901669z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Methane emissions and element mobility in wetlands are controlled by soil moisture and redox conditions. We manipulated soil moisture by weekly drying and irrigation of mesocosms of peat from a bog and iron and sulfur rich fen. Water table changed more strongly in the decomposed fen peat ( approximately 11 cm) than in the fibric bog peat ( approximately 5 cm), where impacts on redox processes were larger due to larger change in air filled porosity. Methanogenesis was partly decoupled from acetogenesis and acetate accumulated up to 5.6 mmol L(-1) in the fen peat after sulfate was depleted. Irrigation and drying led to rapid redox-cycles with sulfate, hydrogen sulfide, nitrate, and methane being produced and consumed on the scale of days, contributing substantially to the total electron flow and suggesting short-term resilience of the microbial community to intermittent aeration. Anaerobic CO2 production was partly balanced by methanogenesis (0-34%), acetate fermentation (0-86%), and sulfate reduction (1-30%) in the bog peat. In the fen peat unknown electron acceptors and aerenchymatic oxygen influx apparently drove respiration. The results suggest that regular rainfall and subsequent drying may lead to local oxidation-reduction cycles that substantially influence electron flow in electron acceptor poor wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Deppe
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, 1560 30th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Novak M, Pacherova P. Mobility of trace metals in pore waters of two Central European peat bogs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 394:331-337. [PMID: 18302968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vertical peat profiles can only be used as archives of past changes in pollution levels if atmogenic elements are immobile after their burial. For mobile elements, similar pore-water concentrations can be expected at different peat depths. Concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Cd were determined in surface bog water and bog pore water 40 cm below surface in two Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs in the Czech Republic. Velke jerabi jezero (VJJ) is an upland bog located in an industrial area, Cervene blato (CB) is a lowland bog located in a rural area. Metal concentrations were monitored seasonally over 3 years (2002--2005) at both sites. Higher concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd and lower concentrations of Mn, Fe and Co were found at the less polluted CB compared to VJJ. No clear-cut seasonality was observed in metal concentrations in bog waters, despite seasonal differences in industrial emission rates of pollutants (more coal burning in winter than in summer). This contrasts with an earlier observation of distinct seasonality in sulfate concentration and isotope composition in these stagnating bog waters. Peat substrate 40 cm below current bog surface represented pre-industrial low-pollution environment, yet pore waters at such depths contained the same metal concentrations as surface waters. The only exception was Pb, whose concentration in water solutes increased with increasing depth. Lack of vertical stratification in pore-water contents of Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co indicated vertical mobility of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novak
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
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Krachler M. Environmental applications of single collector high resolution ICP-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:790-804. [PMID: 17671659 DOI: 10.1039/b703823m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of environmental applications of single collector high resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS) has increased rapidly in recent years. There are many factors that contribute to make HR-ICP-MS a very powerful tool in environmental analysis. They include the extremely low detection limits achievable, tremendously high sensitivity, the ability to separate ICP-MS signals of the analyte from spectral interferences, enabling the reliable determination of many trace elements, and the reasonable precision of isotope ratio measurements. These assets are improved even further using high efficiency sample introduction systems. Therefore, external factors such as the stability of laboratory blanks are frequently the limiting factor in HR-ICP-MS analysis rather than the detection power. This review aims to highlight the most recent applications of HR-ICP-MS in this sector, focusing on matrices and applications where the superior capabilities of the instrumental technique are most useful and often ultimately required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krachler
- Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Evaluation of samplers and filter materials for the establishment of trace metal concentration profiles in peat bog porewaters using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chapter 8 The redox–pH approach to the geochemistry of the Earth's land surface, with application to peatlands. DEVELOPMENTS IN EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-2025(06)09008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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