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Hu T, Lin Y, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Yu H, Yang Z, Meng F. Microbial electrochemical enhanced composting of sludge and kitchen waste: Electricity generation, composting efficiency and health risk assessment for land use. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35678. [PMID: 39170487 PMCID: PMC11336836 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To realize the energy and resource utilization from organic solid waste, a two-phase microbial desalination cell (TPMDC) was constructed using dewatered sludge and kitchen waste as the anode substrate. The performance of electricity generation and composting efficacy was investigated, along with a comprehensive assessment of the potential health risks associated with the land use of the resulting mixed compost products. Experimental outcomes revealed a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.893 ± 0.005 V and a maximum volumetric power density of 0.797 ± 0.009 W/m³. After 90 days of composting enhanced by microbial electrochemistry, a significant organic matter removal rate of 31.13 ± 0.44 % was obtained, and the anode substrate electric conductivity was reduced by 30.02 ± 0.04 % based on the anode desalination. Simultaneously, there was an increase in the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as an improvement in the seed germination index. The forms of heavy metals shifted from bioavailable to stable residual states. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the land use of compost products were less than 1, and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for heavy metals and PAHs were below the acceptable threshold of 10-4. The occupational population risk of infection from five pathogens was higher than that of the general public, with all risk values ranging from 8.67 × 10-8 to 1, where the highest risk was attributed to occupational exposure to Legionella. These outcomes demonstrated that the mixture of dewatered sludge and kitchen waste was an appropriate anode substrate to enhance TPMDC stability for electricity generation, and its compost products have promising land use suitability and acceptable land use risk, which will provide important guidance for the safe treatment and disposal of organic solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Hu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yunhan Lin
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Vessel Pollution Monitoring and Control, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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Zhang R, Liu H, Sariola-Leikas E, Tran KQ, He C. Practical strategies of phosphorus reclamation from sewage sludge after different thermal processing: Insights into phosphorus transformation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121524. [PMID: 38569360 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In the context of circular economy and global shortage of phosphorus (P) fertilizer production, it is crucial to effectively recover P during the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge (SS). Although thermal treatment of SS has been widely applied, a targeted P reclamation route is not yet well established. This study has comprehensively investigated and compared the physicochemical properties of SS and solid residues (hydrochar (HC), biochar (BC), sewage sludge ash (SSA), hydrochar ash (HCA), and biochar ash (BCA)) after application of three typical thermal treatment techniques (i.e., hydrothermal carbonization (180‒240 °C), pyrolysis (400‒600 °C) and combustion (850 ℃). P speciation and transformation during thermal processes were extensively explored followed by a rational proposal of effective P reclamation routes. Specifically, thermal processing decomposed organic P and converted non-apatite P to apatite P. Orthophosphate-P was found to be the main species in all samples. Physicochemical properties of the resulting thermal-derived products were significantly affected by the thermal techniques applied, thereby determining their feasibility for different P reclamation purposes. In particular, ash is not recommended for agricultural use due to higher harmful metals content, while acid leaching can be an alternative solution to synthesize non-Fe-containing P products because of the lower co-dissolved Fe content in the leachate. HC and BC offer the option for synthesis of Fe containing products. Eventually, HC and BC demonstrate great potential for agriculture application, however, a comprehensive risk assessment should be conducted before their real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichi Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Essi Sariola-Leikas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Khanh-Quang Tran
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Kolbjørn Hejes Vei 1B, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Chao He
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
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3
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Dong T, Ai J, Zong Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou H, Peng S, He H, Zhang Z, Wang Q. Novel multiplexed alkali enzyme lysis coupled with EDTA pretreatment for RNA virus extraction from wastewater sludge: Optimization, recovery, and detection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120102. [PMID: 38228046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
RNA viruses are readily enriched in wastewater sludge owing to adsorption by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) during wastewater treatment, causing pathogenicity. However, conventional wastewater extraction methods often fail to fully extract these viruses from sludge. In this study, three methods: enzymatic (ENP), alkaline (ALP), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pretreatments were applied to sludges and promote the RNA virus extraction from sludge. Our results show that the total recovery rate of RNA viruses increased by 87.73% after ENP pretreatment, whereas ALP pretreatment inhibited virus extraction. The highest recovery rate of viruses from sludge, reaching 296.80%, was achieved with EDTA pretreatment (EDP) coupled with ENP. Notably, the most significant increase was observed in the abundance of Astroviruses, which increased from 7.60 × 107 to 7.86 × 108 copies/g TSS after EDP + ENP treatment. Our investigations revealed that virus extraction was affected by a class of short-wavelength protein substances, as opposed to tryptophan or tyrosine, which were eluted by proteins with beef paste buffer by substitution after EDP + ENP treatment. The results of this study provide essential insights for sludge-based epidemiology with the required sensitivity for managing the extraction of RNA epidemic viruses to control viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jing Ai
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Yuxi Zong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Sainan Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Xuan C, Jianfeng Z, Changshun S. Characteristics and risk assessment of sewage sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants in Shaanxi Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:799. [PMID: 37266739 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an investigation of important properties, including moisture content, pH, plant nutrients, organic matter, mineral oil, and the contents of heavy metals (HMs) in sewage sludge (SS) collected from 32 urban treatment plants in Shaanxi Province, China, was carried out. The test results showed that the pH and the moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and mineral oil contents of the SS varied over different rainfall periods, and most of the indicators met the standard criteria for SS agricultural reuse in China. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis indicated that the pollutant characteristics of the SS depended on time span and geographical distribution. The mean contents of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Hg, and As in SS were 3.95, 16.38, 5.43, 7.70, 1.31, 1.53, 32.77, and 1.40 times higher than the soil background values, respectively. Speciation analysis showed that the forms of HMs in the SS were significantly different. Assessments based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI), and potential ecological risk index (RI) suggested that HM pollution risk levels were either uncontaminated or moderately contaminated in some regions and that SS recycled for agricultural applications carried a low risk. In conclusion, certain potential ecological risks exist for SS agricultural utilization in Shaanxi Province, and it is necessary to reduce the HM content before SS resource utilization for land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhang Jianfeng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Sun Changshun
- Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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5
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Yan C, Zhao XY, Luo X, An DZ, Zhu H, Li M, Ai XJ, Ali W. Quantitative microbial risk assessment with nasal/oral breathing pattern for S. aureus bioaerosol emission from aeration tanks and residual sludge storage yard in a wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21252-21262. [PMID: 36269474 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large number of pathogenic bioaerosols are generated during the treatment process of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and they can pose potential risks to human health. Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the emission characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosols released from an inverted umbrella aeration tank, a microporous aeration tank, and a residual sludge storage yard in a WWTP, and quantitatively evaluated the health risks of four kinds of exposed populations with nasal/oral breathing patterns under optimistic and conservative estimations. The results displayed that the bioaerosol concentration in inverted umbrella aeration tank was higher than that in microporous aeration tank and residual sludge storage yard. Aerosolization ratio in residual sludge storage yard was an order of magnitude lower than that in aeration tanks. Sludge workers were at higher health risks than the other three exposed populations. The health risks of nasal breathers (infection risk: 1.62 × 10-5-2.56 × 10-3 pppy; disease burden: 4.24 × 10-8-6.72 × 10-6 DALYs pppy) were 0.61-0.63 times higher than those of oral breathers (infection risk: 9.95 × 10-6-1.59 × 10-3 pppy; disease burden: 2.61 × 10-8-4.18 × 10-6 DALYs pppy). For female field engineers using oral breathing, laboratory technicians, and researchers without personal protective equipment (PPE), infection risk and disease burden had the opposite results, which indicated that satisfying one certain benchmark did not mean absolute safety. In addition, health risks of exposed populations were reduced by an order of magnitude after wearing PPE. This study can provide a reliable theoretical basis for the risk prevention of bioaerosols and supply data support for the strategies of health risk control perspectives for local sewage utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhao
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Luo
- Yangtze Ecology and Environment Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Zi An
- China Construction Eco-Environmental Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhu
- POWERCHINA Hubei Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- POWERCHINA Hubei Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ai
- POWERCHINA Hubei Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, People's Republic of China
| | - Wajid Ali
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Adelodun B, Kumar P, Odey G, Ajibade FO, Ibrahim RG, Alamri SAM, Alrumman SA, Eid EM, Kumar V, Adeyemi KA, Arya AK, Bachheti A, Oliveira MLS, Choi KS. A safe haven of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: Prevalence and potential transmission risks in the effluent, sludge, and biosolids. GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS 2022; 13:101373. [PMID: 37521134 PMCID: PMC8861126 DOI: 10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which has caused millions of death globally is recognized to be unstable and recalcitrant in the environment, especially in the way it has been evolving to form new and highly transmissible variants. Of particular concerns are human-environment interactions and the handling and reusing the environmental materials, such as effluents, sludge, or biosolids laden with the SARS-CoV-2 without adequate treatments, thereby suggesting potential transmission and health risks. This study assesses the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in effluents, sludge, and biosolids. Further, we evaluate the environmental, ecological, and health risks of reusing these environmental materials by wastewater/sludge workers and farmers. A systematic review of literature from the Scopus database resulted in a total of 21 articles (11 for effluents, 8 for sludge, and 2 for biosolids) that met the criteria for meta-analysis, which are then subdivided into 30 meta-analyzed studies. The prevalence of SAR-CoV-2 RNA in effluent and sludge based on random-effect models are 27.51 and 1012.25, respectively, with a 95% CI between 6.14 and 48.89 for the effluent, and 104.78 and 1019.71 for the sludge. However, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the biosolids based on the fixed-effect model is 30.59, with a 95% CI between 10.10 and 51.08. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in environmental materials indicates the inefficiency in some of the treatment systems currently deployed to inactivate and remove the novel virus, which could be a potential health risk concern to vulnerable wastewater workers in particular, and the environmental and ecological issues for the population at large. This timely review portends the associated risks in handling and reusing environmental materials without proper and adequate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | | | - Saad A M Alamri
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman A Alrumman
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebrahem M Eid
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Khalid Adeola Adeyemi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Ashish Kumar Arya
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University) Deharadun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University) Deharadun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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7
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Ginn O, Lowry S, Brown J. A systematic review of enteric pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in outdoor urban aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113097. [PMID: 35339466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol transport of enteric microbiota including fecal pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) has been documented in a range of settings but remains poorly understood outside indoor environments. We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature to summarize evidence on specific enteric microbiota including enteric pathogens and ARGs that have been measured in aerosol samples in urban settings where the risks of outdoor exposure and antibiotic resistance (AR) spread may be highest. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a key word search for articles published within the years 1990-2020 using relevant data sources. Two authors independently conducted the keyword searches of databases and conducted primary and secondary screenings before merging results. To be included, studies contained extractable data on enteric microbes and AR in outdoor aerosols regardless of source confirmation and reported on qualitative, quantitative, or viability data on enteric microbes or AR. Qualitative analyses and metric summaries revealed that enteric microbes and AR have been consistently reported in outdoor aerosols, generally via relative abundance measures, though gaps remain preventing full understanding of the role of the aeromicrobiological pathway in the fate and transport of enteric associated outdoor aerosols. We identified remaining gaps in the evidence base including a need for broad characterization of enteric pathogens in bioaerosols beyond bacterial genera, a need for greater sampling in locations of high enteric disease risk, and a need for quantitative estimation of microbial and nucleic acid densities that may be applied to fate and transport models and in quantitative microbial risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ginn
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Sarah Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Deparment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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Chu L, He W, Xu F, Tong Y, Xu F. Ecological risk assessment of toxic metal(loid)s for land application of sewage sludge in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155549. [PMID: 35490816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, including those after biological or thermochemical treatments, has the potential to be used as fertilizers for recycle of resources. However, its potential ecological risk is also of great concern to policy making. This study employed comprehensive ecological risk assessment (ERA) methods to evaluate the risk caused by the toxic metal(loid)s in sewage sludge throughout China. The conventional geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index revealed that cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were of significant concern in treating sewage sludge before land application, but chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) were preferred by potential affected proportion (PAF) and overall risk probability (ORP) of species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Because SSD considered both the community and the ecotoxicity of toxic metal(loid)s, it was more advantageous and promising in assessing ecological risks caused by land application of sewage sludge. Based on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of toxic metal(loid) calculated by hazardous concentration that cause death of 50% of species (HC50) by SSD, the maximum allowable disposal amount (MADA) of sewage sludge in the whole China indicated that chromium (Cr) should be totally eliminated because of its high risks in the present background soil. After excluding Cr, the MADA of sewage sludge in China was 3.24 × 106 t and 6.47 × 107 t under land application scenarios with high and low ecological risks, respectively. Additionally, the MADA could be increased by mixing sewage sludge with deeper soil in wider areas. This study emphasized that local laws and regulations on land application of sewage sludge and the subsequent ERA system need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Chu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fuqing Xu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, China
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9
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Periodate activation for degradation of organic contaminants: Processes, performance and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Rocha-Melogno L, Crank KC, Ginn O, Bergin MH, Brown J, Gray GC, Hamilton KA, Bibby K, Deshusses MA. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of outdoor aerosolized pathogens in cities with poor sanitation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154233. [PMID: 35245543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aeromicrobiological transmission pathway of enteric pathogens in places with unsafe sanitation services is poorly understood. In an attempt to partly fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the potential public health impact of bioaerosols near open waste canals (OWCs) using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). We used data acquired in La Paz, Bolivia to characterize the risk of disease that aerosolized enteric pathogens may pose through food, fomites and inhalation (all followed by ingestion). Three reference pathogens were selected to conduct the assessment: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Shigella flexneri, and Campylobacter jejuni. Inhalation followed by ingestion had the highest median infection risk per event i.e. 3 × 10-5 (3 infections for every 100,000 exposures), compared to contaminated food e.g. 5 × 10-6 and fomites e.g. 2 × 10-7, all for C. jejuni infections. Our sensitivity analysis showed that bacterial fluxes from the air were the most influential factor on risk. Our results suggest that fecal bacterial aerosols from OWCs present non-negligible risks of infection in La Paz, with median annual infection risks by C. jejuni being 18 (food), and 100 (inhalation) times greater than the EPA's standard for drinking water (1 × 10-4). We included two of the QMRA models presented here in a novel web application we developed for user-specified application in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rocha-Melogno
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; ICF, 2635 Meridian Parkway Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713, United States
| | - Katherine C Crank
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Olivia Ginn
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 770 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Marc A Deshusses
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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11
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Sadeghi S, Nikaeen M, Mohammadi F, Hossein Nafez A, Gholipour S, Shamsizadeh Z, Hadi M. Microbial characteristics of municipal solid waste compost: Occupational and public health risks from surface applied compost. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:98-105. [PMID: 35334387 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Land application of MSW compost promotes the soil fertility and productivity, but there is concern about its chemical and microbial quality. Although, current microbial indicators of MSW compost are generally considered to be protective of human health, the use of these indicators doesn't adequately represent the presence of pathogens that might be more resistant to inactivation during composting process. This work aims evaluation of the microbial characteristics of MSW compost and estimation of the health risks associated with exposure to pathogens of potential concern in MSW compost. Although the recommended standards for fecal coliforms and Salmonella were met in a relatively high percentage of samples, there were detectable levels of microbial pathogens. The highest daily infection risk was estimated for Cryptosporidium (1.25 × 10-3 per person) followed by Salmonella and Campylobacter, while the lowest related to adenovirus. Infection risks were low for both farmers and children in one-time exposure and all pathogen risks were decreased with increasing waiting time to near insignificant levels. However, the median annual risk of cryptosporidiosis or gastroenteritis was above the recommended value of 10-3 per person per year. Because of potential presence of pathogens in MSW compost, some level of pathogen monitoring beyond conventional indicators may be required to estimate potential risks. The findings of this study could provide information to governments and local authorities in making decisions on measures to reduce risk from application of MSW compost. Further research is needed to obtain the reliable information about the inactivation of microorganisms in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Nafez
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shamsizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Zhang H, Qi HY, Zhang YL, Ran DD, Wu LQ, Wang HF, Zeng RJ. Effects of sewage sludge pretreatment methods on its use in agricultural applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128213. [PMID: 35007970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment is widely used in sludge dewatering, however, its potentially impact on the subsequent sludge agricultural applications is often neglected. Here, the potential benefits and risks of the sludge with no pretreatment and with four most commonly used pretreatment methods in sludge agricultural applications were assessed using potted lettuce, an experimental crop. The results show that sewage sludge pretreatment methods can greatly affect its agricultural applications. The application of different pretreatment methods can potentially reduce the harm caused by pathogens. At low dosage (0.2 g kg-1), different sludge fertilizers promoted an increase in crop yield of 14.6% to 49.1%, and the concentrations of heavy metals in the crop and soil were controlled within safe ranges. At high dosage (8 g kg-1), crop yield using pretreated sludge (except anaerobic digestion) decreased by between 32.7% and 57.5%, but heavy metal pollution of both crop and soil increased. In terms of promoting crop growth and reducing heavy metal accumulation, untreated sludge was better than pretreated sludges and sludge with physical pretreatments was better than that with chemical pretreatments. Overall, this study clearly shows that the introduction of pretreatment in sludge dewatering can inevitably impact its agricultural land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui-Yun Qi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dan-Di Ran
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Liang-Quan Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Hou-Feng Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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13
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Li M, Song G, Liu R, Huang X, Liu H. Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 16:70. [PMID: 34608423 PMCID: PMC8482957 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-021-1504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ge Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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14
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Wang RN, Li X, Yan C. Seasonal fluctuation of aerosolization ratio of bioaerosols and quantitative microbial risk assessment in a wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68615-68632. [PMID: 34273075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in public health because it can emit a large quantity of bioaerosols. Exposure to bioaerosols from WWTPs is a potential health risk to WWTP workers and surrounding residents. In this study, the seasonal fluctuation of aerosolization ratios of several bioaerosols and quantitative health risks of the WWTP workers and the surrounding residents exposed to total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcal bioaerosols were analyzed. Results showed that the aerosolization ratio of airborne bacteria was higher in the cold seasons and lower in the warm seasons, whereas the aerosolization ratio of airborne fungi was the highest in summer. The aerosolization ratio of airborne fungi was evidently higher than that of other bioaerosols. Moreover, the aerosolization ratio under the inverted umbrella aerator mode was generally higher than that under the microporous aerator mode. For each exposure scenario, the health risks of males were generally 7.2-26.7% higher than those of females. The health risks of the exposure population exposed to total coliform and enterococcal bioaerosols were generally higher in warm seasons, whereas those of the population exposed to fecal coliform bioaerosol were the highest in winter. Additionally, the health risks of exposure population without masks under the imprudent/conservative estimate all exceeded the benchmarks. However, when equipped with masks, all the exposure populations' health risks decreased 1-2 orders of magnitude and approached acceptable levels. This research methodically provides new scientific data on the aerosolization ratio of microorganism bioaerosols in a WWTP and promotes the comprehension of their quantitative health risks under imprudent/conservative estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ning Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Three Gorges Base Development Co., Ltd., Yichang, 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Varbanov M, Bertrand I, Philippot S, Retourney C, Gardette M, Hartard C, Jeulin H, Duval RE, Loret JF, Schvoerer E, Gantzer C. Somatic coliphages are conservative indicators of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation during heat and alkaline pH treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149112. [PMID: 34346352 PMCID: PMC8280372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome have been described in wastewater and sewage sludge. It raises the question of the security of land sludge disposal practices during a pandemic. This study aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2's resistance to the main inactivating factors in sludge treatments, pH and heat, to that of native wastewater somatic coliphages. The latest can be easily used as an indicator of treatment efficiency in the field. The effects of heat treatment and pH on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 and somatic coliphages were investigated in simple media. The T90 value (time required for a 90% reduction in the virus or a 1 × log10 decline) at 50 °C was about 4 min for infectious SARS-CoV-2, and around 133 min for infectious somatic coliphages, with no decrease in SARS-CoV-2 genome. For infectious SARS-CoV-2, a slight decrease (<1 log10 unit) was observed at pH 9 or 10 for 10 min; the decrease was over 5 log10 units at pH 11. However, both SARS-CoV-2 genome and infectious somatic coliphages decreased by less than 1 log10 unit at pH 12. All thermal or pH-based treatments that can remove or significantly reduce infectious somatic coliphages (>4 log10) can be considered efficient treatments for infectious SARS-CoV-2. We concluded that somatic coliphages can be considered highly conservative and easy to use indicators of the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 during treatments based on heat and alkaline pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varbanov
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - I Bertrand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - S Philippot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - C Retourney
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - M Gardette
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - C Hartard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - H Jeulin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - R E Duval
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - J-F Loret
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, F-78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - E Schvoerer
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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16
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Management Strategies and Stakeholders Analysis to Strengthen the Management and Use of Biosolids in a Colombian Municipality. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The difficulties in the management and use of biosolids in Colombia make it necessary to evaluate and analyze the factors involved through various methodologies to achieve the effective management and recycling of this type of waste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the management of sludge and biosolids from a WWTP in a Colombian municipality through the application of three methodologies (SWOT/TOWS, surveys, and stakeholder (player) weighing) for their subsequent use in agriculture. As a result, strategies were proposed at the regulatory, organizational policy, and entity integration levels, among others. It was identified that about 93.6% of the people surveyed had a positive attitude towards the use of biosolids in agriculture, despite recognizing the existence of a risk (27.3%) in this type of practice. On the other hand, regarding the communication of WWTP management of these wastes, they perceived that it to be absent (65%) and the lack of knowledge regarding the destination of these wastes was even greater (72.7%). Through the weighting of actors, 16 players were classified with whom it is necessary to work closely, regularly, or occasionally. The methodologies proposed will allow similar WWTPs to optimize their processes through continuous improvement and joint work between the different entities and communities. It is recommended that other methodologies be used to evaluate player position level in relation to planned strategies, as well as the level of associations of one player with another, independent of power and influence.
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17
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Ginn O, Rocha-Melogno L, Bivins A, Lowry S, Cardelino M, Nichols D, Tripathi SN, Soria F, Andrade M, Bergin M, Deshusses MA, Brown J. Detection and Quantification of Enteric Pathogens in Aerosols Near Open Wastewater Canals in Cities with Poor Sanitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14758-14771. [PMID: 34669386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Urban sanitation infrastructure is inadequate in many low-income countries, leading to the presence of highly concentrated, uncontained fecal waste streams in densely populated areas. Combined with mechanisms of aerosolization, airborne transport of enteric microbes and their genetic material is possible in such settings but remains poorly characterized. We detected and quantified enteric pathogen-associated gene targets in aerosol samples near open wastewater canals (OWCs) or impacted (receiving sewage or wastewater) surface waters and control sites in La Paz, Bolivia; Kanpur, India; and Atlanta, USA, via multiplex reverse-transcription qPCR (37 targets) and ddPCR (13 targets). We detected a wide range of enteric targets, some not previously reported in extramural urban aerosols, with more frequent detections of all enteric targets at higher densities in La Paz and Kanpur near OWCs. We report density estimates ranging up to 4.7 × 102 gc per mair3 across all targets including heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., norovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. Estimated 25, 76, and 0% of samples containing positive pathogen detects were accompanied by culturable E. coli in La Paz, Kanpur, and Atlanta, respectively, suggesting potential for viability of enteric microbes at the point of sampling. Airborne transmission of enteric pathogens merits further investigation in cities with poor sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ginn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46656, United States
| | - Lucas Rocha-Melogno
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- ICF, 2635 Meridian Parkway Suite 200, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46656, United States
| | - Sarah Lowry
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Maria Cardelino
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dennis Nichols
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering & Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Freddy Soria
- Centro de Investigación en Agua, Energía y Sostenibilidad, Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", La Paz 4807, Bolivia
| | - Marcos Andrade
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz 1995, Bolivia
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mike Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Marc A Deshusses
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Deparment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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18
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Muhmood A, Wang X, Dong R, Xiao H, Wu S. Quantitative characterization and effective inactivation of biological hazards in struvite recovered from digested poultry slurry. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117659. [PMID: 34537629 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Struvite formed from digested poultry slurries can serve as an alternative to chemical fertilizers; however, the biological safety of such products is questionable. Therefore, quantification and inactivation of foodborne pathogens existing in struvite are important. Herein, the dynamics of foodborne pathogens' (Streptococcus faecalis, S. typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli) living status, whether culturable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) in struvite, were quantified for the first time. Meanwhile, inactivation technologies, namely high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB), cold plasma, and hot air treatment, were evaluated and compared for their potential to inactivate/kill foodborne pathogens in struvite. An increase in precipitation pH from 9.0 to 11.0 decreased the culturable count of pathogens in the struvite from 75 to 86% to 7-20%, while the VBNC pathogen counts increased from 16 to 24% to 35-55%. Among the tested inactivation technologies, the HHAIB treatment at 130 °C for 120 s killed approximately 68-79% of foodborne pathogens in struvite precipitated at pH 9.0. VBNC pathogens increased from 16 to 24% to 57-68% after HHAIB treatment at 130 °C for 120 s. Struvite treatment with different inactivation technologies did not change its crystalline structure; however, it reduced functional group abundance. Therefore, further research on inactivation technologies is required to achieve better pathogen reduction efficiency in struvite to make it a biologically safe fertilizer for crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Muhmood
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Institute of Soil Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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19
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Saba B, Hasan SW, Kjellerup BV, Christy AD. Capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants to treat SARS-CoV-2. A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:100737. [PMID: 34179735 PMCID: PMC8216935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is one of many viral transmission routes, and the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater has brought attention to its treatment. SARS CoV-2 primarily transmits in the air but the persistence of the virus in the water possibly can serve as a secondary source even though current studies do not show this. In this paper, an evaluation of the current literature with regards to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and biosolids is presented. Treatment efficiencies of WWTPs are compared for viral load reduction on the basis of publicly available data. The results of this evaluation indicate that existing WWTPs are effectively removing 1-6 log10 viable SARS-CoV-2. However, sludge and biosolids provide an umbrella of protection from treatment and inactivation to the virus. Hence, sludge treatment factors like high temperature, pH changes, and predatory microorganisms can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Saba
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ann D Christy
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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20
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He L, Lv L, Pillai SC, Wang H, Xue J, Ma Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wu L, Zhang Z, Yang L. Efficient degradation of diclofenac sodium by periodate activation using Fe/Cu bimetallic modified sewage sludge biochar/UV system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146974. [PMID: 33866173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron/copper bimetallic nanoparticles based sludge biochar (Fe/Cu-SBC) was prepared by using a modified co-precipitation route. The Fe/Cu-SBC system prepared was subsequently applied to activate periodate (IO4-) to degrade diclofenac sodium (DCF) by using UV light at room temperature (25 °C). The physicochemical properties of both SBC and Fe/Cu-SBC such as morphology, physical properties, crystal structures and functional groups were examined. The type and number of surface functional groups were found to be increased and the catalytic performance was improved by the modification of Fe/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles. The influence of various parameters to evaluate the catalytic efficiency such as periodate (PI) concentration, dosage of catalysts, UV power, initial pH and coexisting anions were investigated. Under the optimized conditions (pH 6.9, UV-power 60 W, PI concentration of 5 mM and 0.1 g Fe/Cu-SBC), it was observed that 99.7% of DCF was degraded with a pseudo-first-order kinetics reaction constant 9.39 × 10-2 min-1. The radical scavenging experiments showed that IO3 radicals were the predominantly reactive oxidants in the Fe/Cu-SBC/UV system. Therefore, this investigation provides a feasible alternative for the degradation of PPCPs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lixin Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Suresh C Pillai
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research, Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Division, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jianming Xue
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited (Scion), Forest System, POB 29237, Christchurch 8440, New Zealand
| | - Yongfei Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen ABI5 8QH, UK
| | - Lie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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21
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E. coli CB390 as an Indicator of Total Coliphages for Microbiological Assessment of Lime and Drying Bed Treated Sludge. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of a single host strain that allows for an evaluation of the levels of total coliphages in any type of environmental sample would facilitate the detection of and reduction in complexity and costs, favoring countries or areas with technical and economic limitations. The CB390 strain is a candidate for this type of simultaneous determinations, mainly in water samples. The objective of the study was to establish the recovery capacity of the CB390 strain in solid and semi-solid samples and to evaluate the microbiological quality of the sludge generated and stabilized by lime and drying beds in two WWTPs in Colombia. The results of both matrices indicated that CB390 recovered similar numbers of total coliphages (p > 0.05) against the two host strains when evaluated separately. Only the drying bed treatment was able to reduce between 2.0 and 2.9 Log10 units for some microorganisms, while the addition of lime achieved a maximum reduction of 1.3 Log10 units for E. coli. In conclusion, the CB390 strain can be used in solid and semi-solid samples, and the treatment in a drying bed provided a product of microbiological quality. However, the results are influenced by the infrastructure of the WWTP, the treatment conditions, and the monitoring of the stabilization processes.
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22
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Ji B, Zhao Y, Esteve-Núñez A, Liu R, Yang Y, Nzihou A, Tai Y, Wei T, Shen C, Yang Y, Ren B, Wang X, Wang Y. Where do we stand to oversee the coronaviruses in aqueous and aerosol environment? Characteristics of transmission and possible curb strategies. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 413:127522. [PMID: 33132743 PMCID: PMC7590645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By 17 October 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused confirmed infection of more than 39,000,000 people in 217 countries and territories globally and still continues to grow. As environmental professionals, understanding how SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via water and air environment is a concern. We have to be ready for focusing our attention to the prompt diagnosis and potential infection control procedures of the virus in integrated water and air system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art information from available sources of published papers, newsletters and large number of scientific websites aimed to provide a comprehensive profile on the transmission characteristics of the coronaviruses in water, sludge, and air environment, especially the water and wastewater treatment systems. The review also focused on proposing the possible curb strategies to monitor and eventually cut off the coronaviruses under the authors' knowledge and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Ranbin Liu
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Beijing Advanced Innovation Center of Future Urban Design, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ange Nzihou
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS, UMR-5302, Jarlard, Albi 81013 Cedex 09, France
| | - Yiping Tai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cheng Shen
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University Sci. & Technol./Zhejiang Prov, Key Lab. of Recycling & Ecotreatment Waste, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Baimimng Ren
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS, UMR-5302, Jarlard, Albi 81013 Cedex 09, France
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi 'an 710021, PR China
| | - Ya'e Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
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23
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Identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Enteroviruses in Sewage Water-A Pilot Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050844. [PMID: 34066503 PMCID: PMC8148526 DOI: 10.3390/v13050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), combined with the risk of polio importation from Ukraine, we evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and enteroviruses in 25 sewage water samples from Romania, concentrated using the WHO method between January 2020 and January 2021. Surveillance for enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 are relevant in the calculation of prevalence estimates as well as early detection of the introduction or disappearance of these viruses. For SARS-CoV-2 detection, we used two immunochromatographic nucleocapsid antigenic tests as well as real-time PCR assays, produced for respiratory samples. The isolation of cell culture lines, in accordance with the WHO recommendations, was carried out for enterovirus detection. Twenty-three of the samples investigated were positive in rapid tests for SARS-CoV-2, while the RNA of SARS-CoV-2, detected with Respiratory 2.1 plus a panel Biofire Film array, was present in eight samples. The Allplex 2019-nCoV assay was used for the validation of the tests. There were three genes detected in one sample, E, RdPR, and N, two genes, E and RdPR, in one sample, two genes, RdPR and N, in four samples, one gene, RdPR, in five samples and one gene, N, in one sample. Eight samples were positive for non-polio enteroviruses, and no poliovirus strains were isolated. This study suggests the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and enteroviruses in Romanian sewage water in 2020. As such, our results indicate that a rapid, more specific test should be developed especially for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage water.
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Yan C, Gui ZC, Wu JT. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment plant by using two aeration modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8140-8150. [PMID: 33051848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonnegligible emission of bioaerosols usually occurs during aeration of wastewater in aerator tanks in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Literature had shown that the respiratory and intestinal diseases of workers at WWTPs are related to bioaerosols. Thus, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) based on Monte Carlo simulation was utilized in this research to assess the health risks of Gram-negative bacteria bioaerosol (GNBB) and Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosol (SAB) among academic visitors and staffs. Results showed that the concentrations of GNBB and SAB in the inverted umbrella aeration mode were consistently higher than those in the microporous aeration mode under all six size distribution ranges of the Anderson six-stage impactor. Thus, GNBB and SAB can be highly threatening to the weasand and first bronchus (or alveoli and third bronchus) for the exposure populations. The health risks (annual probability of infection (Py) and disease burden (DB)) of males were constantly higher than those of females for each certain exposure scenario. The health risks of staffs were higher than those of academic visitors when assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. The wearing of mask is an effective measure to minimize health risks through reducing the bioaerosol concentration intake. Especially, for the academic visitors and staffs exposed to GNBB, all their DB failed to meet the World Health Organization DB benchmark under various credible intervals when they were without a mask on. In a word, the results of health risk assessment in this research can be utilized as an educational tool and policy basis to facilitate the implementation of efficacious prevention measures to protect the public health from bioaerosol health threats in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Cheng Gui
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ting Wu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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25
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Li J, Sabourin L, Renaud J, Halloran S, Singh A, Sumarah M, Dagnew M, Ray MB. Simultaneous quantification of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products in biosolids and their fate in thermo-alkaline treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111404. [PMID: 33129079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids applied to farmland is of concern due to their potential accumulation in the environment and the subsequent effects on humans. Thermo-alkaline hydrolysis (TAH) is a method used for greater stabilization of biosolids after anaerobic digestion. In this work, the effect of TAH on five selected PPCPs including fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ofloxacin (OFLX), and three commonly used antimicrobial agents, miconazole (MIC), triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) was evaluated. At the onset, extraction and analytical methods were optimized for maximum simultaneous recovery and LC-MS quantification of the target PPCPs from both water and biosolids for improved accuracy. The compounds were detected in the range of 54 ± 3 to 6166 ± 532 ng/g in raw biosoilds collected from a local WWTP. Next, batch control adsorption experiments of the selected PPCPs were conducted in various sludges, which indicated about 89%-98% sorption of the PPCPs onto solid phase due to their high octanol-water coefficients. Subsequently, thermo-alkaline (pH 9.5, 75 °C, 45 min) hydrolysis (TAH) was conducted to determine the extent of degradation of these compounds in deionized (DI) water and biosolids due to treatment. The degradation of these compounds due to TAH ranged from 42% to 99% and 37%-41% in pure water and biosolids, respectively, potentially lowering their risk in the environment due to land application. A list of compounds for which the optimized analytical method potentially can be used for detection and quantification in environmental samples is provided in the supporting document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Lyne Sabourin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada
| | | | - Ajay Singh
- Lystek International Inc., Cambridge, ON, N3H 4R7, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada.
| | - Martha Dagnew
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
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26
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de Matos Nascimento A, de Paula VR, Dias EHO, da Costa Carneiro J, Otenio MH. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of occupational and public risks associated with bioaerosols generated during the application of dairy cattle wastewater as biofertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140711. [PMID: 32763641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reuse or recycling of wastewater provides environmental and economic benefits, representing a sustainable and circular alternative for the management of liquid waste. However, the application of effluents to agricultural crops via spraying creates a potentially dangerous situation for individuals exposed to airborne pathogens. This study used Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) tools to quantitatively assess the microbial risks of occupational and public exposures to bioaerosols in fertigation scenarios by spraying untreated and treated dairy cattle wastewater. Analyses of Escherichia coli (EC) and spores of Clostridium perfringens (CpSP) in raw and treated effluents as well as pathogen / indicator ratios from the literature were used to estimate the concentrations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EC O157:H7) and Cryptospodirium spp. (Crypto) in the air, and the results were applied to an atmospheric microbiological dispersion model. From the concentrations of pathogens in the air, infectious risks for downwind receptors were calculated. The risks of infection by EC O157:H7 to workers at 10 m and 50 m away from the emission source ranged between 3.81 × 10 1 and 2.68 × 10 3 pppy (per person per year), whereas to residents at 100 m and 500 m ranged from 4.59 × 10 1 to 1.51 × 10 4 pppy. Peak values (95th percentile) of occupational and public risks associated with the exposure to Crypto were 3.41 × 10 3 and 6.84 × 10 4 pppy at 10 m and 50 m from the source, respectively, and were lower than 1.48 × 10 6 pppy regarding exposures to CpSP. Anaerobic digestion reduced risks by approximately one order of magnitude. The distance from the source was inversely proportional to the risk of exposure. It is recommended that wastewater is treated prior to its reuse and the adoption of application methods with low aerosolization potential. In addition, the need for workers to use personal protective equipment (PPE) is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa de Matos Nascimento
- Post-Graduation Programme in Animal Biology Behaviour and Ecology (PGECOL), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Sao Pedro, Juiz de fora CEP 36.036-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Romário de Paula
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora CEP 36.038-330, Brazil.
| | - Edgard Henrique Oliveira Dias
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ESA), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Sao Pedro, Juiz de fora CEP 36.036-900, Brazil.
| | - Jailton da Costa Carneiro
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora CEP 36.038-330, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Henrique Otenio
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora CEP 36.038-330, Brazil.
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27
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Gu L, Dong G, Yu H, Qiao X, Zhang K, Lu X, Wen H. Graphitic carbon nitride-doped sewage sludge as a novel material for photodegradation of Eriochrome Black T. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27971-27983. [PMID: 32399890 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bio-resource utilization of sewage sludge is presented by preparation of novel waste sludge-doped graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst. The sludge flocs which constitute bacteria and organic substances served as a pore-forming framework in the catalyst, while the inorganic fractions including those transition metals and crustal metals can function as dopants for sludge-based g-C3N4 composite. The physicochemical properties of as-prepared catalyst were well analyzed by multiple characterizations. The composite catalyst showed higher surface area (50 m2/g) and more mesoporous structures (8.9 × 10-2 cm3/g) as compared with pristine g-C3N4 (8.4 m2/g and 6.6 × 10-2 cm3/g, respectively). The photoelectrochemical results showed that introduced sewage sludge impurities lowered down the photocarriers recombination efficiency and enhanced more efficient electron-hole separation by about 100 times. The photocatalytic activity was tested by degradation of typical dye Eriochrome Black T (EBT). The optimal sample improved removal of EBT by 56% in 90 min under ultraviolet irradiation (λ = 254 nm). According to the results of main metal ion leaching concentration and reuse tests, the composite catalyst exhibited excellent stability and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangxia Dong
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingbo Qiao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Lu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Wen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
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28
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Wang H, Xiao K, Yang J, Yu Z, Yu W, Xu Q, Wu Q, Liang S, Hu J, Hou H, Liu B. Phosphorus recovery from the liquid phase of anaerobic digestate using biochar derived from iron-rich sludge: A potential phosphorus fertilizer. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115629. [PMID: 32113013 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel technique for phosphorus recovery from the liquid phase of anaerobic digestate was developed using biochar derived from iron-rich sludge (dewatered sludge conditioned with Fenton's reagent). The biochar pyrolyzed from iron-rich sludge at a low temperature of 300 °C (referred to as Fe-300 biochar) showed a better phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity (most of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate) than biochars pyrolyzed at other higher temperatures of 500-900 °C, with the maximum P adsorption capacity of up to 1.843 mg g-1 for the liquid phase of anaerobic digestate. Adsorption isotherms study indicated that 70% P was precipitated through chemical reaction with Fe elements, i.e., Fe(II) and Fe(III) existed on the surface of the Fe-300 biochar, and other 30% was through surface physical adsorption as simulated by a dual Langmuir-Langmuir model using the potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2PO4) as a model solution. The seed germination rate was increased up to 92% with the addition of Fe-300 biochar after adsorbing most of P, compared with 66% without the addition of biochar. Moreover, P adsorbed by the chemical reaction in form of iron hydrogen phosphate can be solubilized by a phosphate-solubilizing microorganism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the total solubilized P amount of 3.045 mg g-1 at the end of an incubation of 20 days. This study indicated that the iron-rich sludge-derived biochar could be used as a novel and beneficial functional material for P recovery from the liquid phase of anaerobic digestate. The recovered P with biochar can be re-utilized in garden soil as an efficient P-fertilizer, thus increasing the added values of both the liquid phase of anaerobic digestate and the iron-rich sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Zecong Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qiongxiang Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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29
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Gholipour S, Nikaeen M, Farhadkhani M, Nikmanesh B. Survey of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of various environmental samples and associated health risks. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Lin Y, Chen H, Shi Y, Wang G, Chen L, Wang F, Li S, Yu F, Zhang L. Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon from Industrial Dye Wastewater for Use as a High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1900043. [PMID: 31692940 PMCID: PMC6827531 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201900043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene-like carbon (N,S-GLC) is successfully prepared in a one-step hydrothermal reaction of glucose with industrial dye wastewater followed by chemical activation. The nitrogen and sulfur are sourced entirely from the industrial wastewater. The process not only provides an alternative way of treating industry wastewater, but also offers a green route for recovering energy from the waste in the form of chemicals. The resultant N,S-GLC shows a good degree of graphitization, a high specific surface area (1734 m2 g-1), and moderate heteroatom doping (N: 2.1 at%, S: 0.7 at%). The N,S-GLC electrode displays high specific capacitance of 275 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 with a retention of 65.4% at 20 A g-1 in 6 m KOH. Moreover, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor cell shows a capacitance of 38 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1, which is equivalent to an energy density of 6.4 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 275.0 W kg-1. This approach provides an alternative and sustainable way of fabricating heteroatom-doped graphene-like carbon materials for use in high-performance supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang BingtuanSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShihezi UniversityShihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang BingtuanSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShihezi UniversityShihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Yulin Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang BingtuanSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShihezi UniversityShihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang BingtuanSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShihezi UniversityShihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang BingtuanSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShihezi UniversityShihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Fu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Xinjiang Shenbang Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd.Shihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang BingtuanSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShihezi UniversityShihezi832003P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering SciencesAgency for ScienceTechnology and ResearchJurong IslandSingapore627833Singapore
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31
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Delogu R, Battistone A, Buttinelli G, Fiore S, Fontana S, Amato C, Cristiano K, Gamper S, Simeoni J, Frate R, Pellegrinelli L, Binda S, Veronesi L, Zoni R, Castiglia P, Cossu A, Triassi M, Pennino F, Germinario C, Balena V, Cicala A, Mercurio P, Fiore L, Pini C, Stefanelli P. Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009-2015. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:333-342. [PMID: 29948963 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the 'WHO global polio eradication program', is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of enteroviruses in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Delogu
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Battistone
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fontana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Amato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen Cristiano
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabine Gamper
- Comprensorio Sanitario di Bolzano, Servizio Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Josef Simeoni
- Comprensorio Sanitario di Bolzano, Servizio Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Zoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Castiglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Balena
- Hygiene Unit, Department DIMO, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Lucia Fiore
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pini
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Vaughn SF, Dinelli FD, Kenar JA, Jackson MA, Thomas AJ, Peterson SC. Physical and chemical properties of pyrolyzed biosolids for utilization in sand-based turfgrass rootzones. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:98-105. [PMID: 29653882 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids are several forms of treated sewage sludge that are intended for use as soil conditioners for horticultural, agricultural and industrial crops. The objectives of this research were to determine the chemical and physical properties of biosolids pyrolyzed at several different temperatures, and their effect on perennial ryegrass seed germination and growth. Biosolids were thermally treated in an oxygen-free (nitrogen atmosphere) retort oven at 300, 400, 500, 700 and 900 °C. As pyrolysis temperatures increased, bulk densities, total surface areas, micropore surface areas, % minerals and pH values of the pyrolyzed biosolids increased, while carbon percentage decreased compared to untreated biosolids. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed decreased surface functionality as pyrolysis temperature increased. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. 'Nui') plants were grown in mixtures of 10% (v/v) biosolids or 10% (v/v) of the various pyrolyzed biosolids and 90% coarse sand. Ryegrass plants grown in the biosolids and the 300 °C pyrolyzed biosolids mixture had the greatest shoot heights of any of the treatments after 4 weeks of growth. These results indicate that pyrolyzing biosolids at 300 °C would produce material with excellent potential as a long-term peat replacement for water and nutrient retention in sand-based rootzones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Vaughn
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Functional Foods Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - F Dan Dinelli
- North Shore Country Club, 1340 Glenview Road, Glenview, IL 60025, USA
| | - James A Kenar
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Functional Foods Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Michael A Jackson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Renewable Product Technology Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Andrew J Thomas
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Polymer Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Steven C Peterson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Polymer Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Hamilton KA, Hamilton MT, Johnson W, Jjemba P, Bukhari Z, LeChevallier M, Haas CN. Health risks from exposure to Legionella in reclaimed water aerosols: Toilet flushing, spray irrigation, and cooling towers. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:261-279. [PMID: 29428779 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water brings new challenges for the water industry in terms of maintaining water quality while increasing sustainability. Increased attention has been devoted to opportunistic pathogens, especially Legionella pneumophila, due to its growing importance as a portion of the waterborne disease burden in the United States. Infection occurs when a person inhales a mist containing Legionella bacteria. The top three uses for reclaimed water (cooling towers, spray irrigation, and toilet flushing) that generate aerosols were evaluated for Legionella health risks in reclaimed water using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Risks are compared using data from nineteen United States reclaimed water utilities measured with culture-based methods, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and ethidium-monoazide-qPCR. Median toilet flushing annual infection risks exceeded 10-4 considering multiple toilet types, while median clinical severity infection risks did not exceed this value. Sprinkler and cooling tower risks varied depending on meteorological conditions and operational characteristics such as drift eliminator performance. However, the greatest differences between risk scenarios were due to 1) the dose response model used (infection or clinical severity infection) 2) population at risk considered (residential or occupational) and 3) differences in laboratory analytical method. Theoretical setback distances necessary to achieve a median annual infection risk level of 10-4 are proposed for spray irrigation and cooling towers. In both cooling tower and sprinkler cases, Legionella infection risks were non-trivial at potentially large setback distances, and indicate other simultaneous management practices could be needed to manage risks. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the most influential factors for variability in risks were the concentration of Legionella and aerosol partitioning and/or efficiency across all models, highlighting the importance of strategies to manage Legionella occurrence in reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Hamilton
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | - William Johnson
- American Water Research Laboratory, 213 Carriage Lane, Delran, New Jersey 08075, USA
| | - Patrick Jjemba
- American Water Research Laboratory, 213 Carriage Lane, Delran, New Jersey 08075, USA
| | - Zia Bukhari
- American Water Research Laboratory, 213 Carriage Lane, Delran, New Jersey 08075, USA
| | - Mark LeChevallier
- American Water Research Laboratory, 213 Carriage Lane, Delran, New Jersey 08075, USA
| | - Charles N Haas
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Van Abel N, Schoen ME, Kissel JC, Meschke JS. Comparison of Risk Predicted by Multiple Norovirus Dose-Response Models and Implications for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:245-264. [PMID: 27285380 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs) to understand and mitigate risks associated with norovirus is increasingly common as there is a high frequency of outbreaks worldwide. A key component of QMRA is the dose-response analysis, which is the mathematical characterization of the association between dose and outcome. For Norovirus, multiple dose-response models are available that assume either a disaggregated or an aggregated intake dose. This work reviewed the dose-response models currently used in QMRA, and compared predicted risks from waterborne exposures (recreational and drinking) using all available dose-response models. The results found that the majority of published QMRAs of norovirus use the 1 F1 hypergeometric dose-response model with α = 0.04, β = 0.055. This dose-response model predicted relatively high risk estimates compared to other dose-response models for doses in the range of 1-1,000 genomic equivalent copies. The difference in predicted risk among dose-response models was largest for small doses, which has implications for drinking water QMRAs where the concentration of norovirus is low. Based on the review, a set of best practices was proposed to encourage the careful consideration and reporting of important assumptions in the selection and use of dose-response models in QMRA of norovirus. Finally, in the absence of one best norovirus dose-response model, multiple models should be used to provide a range of predicted outcomes for probability of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Van Abel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Schoen
- Soller Environmental, Berkeley, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John C Kissel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Roberts BN, Bailey RH, McLaughlin MR, Brooks JP. Decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qPCR and culture derived rates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:671-679. [PMID: 27585434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to establish inactivation decay constants of foodborne pathogens and coliphage in clay and sandy soils for future "downstream" analyses such as quantitative microbial risk analysis and to compare cultivation-dependent and -independent (e.g. qPCR) methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium perfringens, were seeded together with MS2 and ØX174 phages, into three waste matrices (Class B biosolids, swine lagoon effluent, cattle manure), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a control, and applied to two soil types (sandy loam, clay loam) using two management practices (incorporated, surface applied). S. enterica and L. monocytogenes inactivation rates were positively affected (e.g. slower rate) by solid wastes, while C. jejuni was quickly inactivated by day 7 regardless of waste type. The use of qPCR provided more conservative inactivation rates, with qPCR-based rates typically twice as slow as cultivation-based. The effect of soil type and management were less apparent as rates were variably affected. For instance, incorporation of waste negatively impacted (e.g. faster rate) inactivation of Salmonella when measured by qPCR, while the opposite was true when measured by cultivation. Inactivation rates were organism∗waste∗soil∗management dependent since the interactions of these main effects significantly affected most combinations. CONCLUSIONS Class B biosolids and cattle manure most often slowed inactivation when measured by cultivation, but the complex interactions between variables and organism made sweeping conclusions difficult. On the contrary cultivation-independent inactivation rates were negatively affected by solid wastes. Inactivation rates developed by cultivation-dependent and -independent assays needs further scrutiny as interprerations can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the organism∗environment combination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study compares decay rate data based on waste, soil, management and assay type which can be further used in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Roberts
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - R H Bailey
- Pathobiology and Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - M R McLaughlin
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J P Brooks
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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36
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Tozzoli R, Di Bartolo I, Gigliucci F, Brambilla G, Monini M, Vignolo E, Caprioli A, Morabito S. Pathogenic Escherichia coli and enteric viruses in biosolids and related top soil improvers in Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:239-247. [PMID: 27684893 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the presence of genomic traits associated with a set of enteric viruses as well as pathogenic Escherichia coli in top soil improvers (TSI) from Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four TSI samples originating from municipal sewage sludges, pig manure, green and household wastes were analysed by real time PCR for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV), porcine and human adenovirus (HuAdV), norovirus, rotavirus and diarrhoeagenic E. coli. None of the samples was found positive for HEV or rotavirus. Four samples were positive for the presence of nucleic acids from human norovirus, two of them being also positive for HuAdV. Real time PCR screening gave positive results for many of the virulence genes characteristic of diarrhoeagenic E. coli in 21 samples. These included the verocytotoxin-coding genes, in some cases associated with intimin-coding gene, and markers of enteroaggregative, enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive E. coli. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that enteric viruses and pathogenic E. coli may be released into the environment through the use of sludge-derived TSI. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results highlight that the TSI-related environmental risk for the food chain should be more deeply assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tozzoli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - I Di Bartolo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Gigliucci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Monini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Vignolo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Morabito
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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37
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Krzyzanowski F, de Souza Lauretto M, Nardocci AC, Sato MIZ, Razzolini MTP. Assessing the probability of infection by Salmonella due to sewage sludge use in agriculture under several exposure scenarios for crops and soil ingestion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:66-74. [PMID: 27285798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A deeper understanding about the risks involved in sewage sludge practice in agriculture is required. The aims of the present study were to determine the annual risk of infection of consuming lettuce, carrots and tomatoes cultivated in soil amended with sewage sludge. The risk to agricultural workers of accidental ingestion of sludge or amended soil was also investigated. A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment was conducted based on Salmonella concentrations from five WWTPs were used to estimate the probability of annual infection associated with crops and soil ingestion. The risk of infection was estimated for nine exposure scenarios considering concentration of the pathogen, sewage sludge dilution in soil, variation of Salmonella concentration in soil, soil attachment to crops, seasonal average temperatures, hours of post-harvesting exposure, Salmonella regrowth in lettuce and tomatoes, Salmonella inhibition factor in carrots, crop ingestion and frequency of exposure, sludge/soil ingestion by agricultural workers and frequency of exposure. Annual risks values varied across the scenarios evaluated. Highest values of annual risk were found for scenarios in which the variation in the concentration of Salmonella spp. in both soil and crops (scenario 1) and without variation in the concentration of Salmonella spp. in soil and variation in crops (scenario 3) ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-2) for all groups considered. For agricultural workers, the highest annual risks of infection were found when workers applied sewage sludge to agricultural soils (2.26×10(-2)). Sensitivity analysis suggests that the main drivers for the estimated risks are Salmonella concentration and ingestion rate. These risk values resulted from conservative scenarios since some assumptions were derived from local or general studies. Although these scenarios can be considered conservative, the sensitivity analysis yielded the drivers of the risks, which can be useful for managing risks from the fresh products chain with stakeholders' involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Krzyzanowski
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Sao Paulo, R. Pedro Vicente 625, São Paulo, SP 01109-010, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo de Souza Lauretto
- EACH - Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidade, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil.
| | - Adelaide Cássia Nardocci
- Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715 1° andar, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
- CETESB - Companhia Ambiental do Estado de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr, 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715 1° andar, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
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Mulchandani A, Westerhoff P. Recovery opportunities for metals and energy from sewage sludges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 215:215-226. [PMID: 27034156 PMCID: PMC7126837 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Limitations on current wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) biological processes and solids disposal options present opportunities to implement novel technologies that convert WWTPs into resource recovery facilities. This review considered replacing or augmenting extensive dewatering, anaerobic digestion, and off-site disposal with new thermo-chemical and liquid extraction processes. These technologies may better recover energy and metals while inactivating pathogens and destroying organic pollutants. Because limited direct comparisons between different sludge types exist in the literature for hydrothermal liquefaction, this study augments the findings with experimental data. These experiments demonstrated 50% reduction in sludge mass, with 30% of liquefaction products converted to bio-oil and most metals sequestered within a small mass of solid bio-char residue. Finally, each technology's contribution to the three sustainability pillars is investigated. Although limiting hazardous materials reintroduction to the environment may increase economic cost of sludge treatment, it is balanced by cleaner environment and valuable resource benefits for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mulchandani
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Box 3005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, United States.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Box 3005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, United States.
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Yuan SJ, Dai XH. Facile synthesis of sewage sludge-derived in-situ multi-doped nanoporous carbon material for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27570. [PMID: 27273314 PMCID: PMC4895130 DOI: 10.1038/srep27570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing efficient, low-cost, and stable carbon-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to replace the expensive platinum-based electrocatalysts remains a major challenge that hamper the practical application of fuel cells. Here, we report that N, Fe, and S co-doped nanoporous carbon material, derived via a facile one-step pyrolysis of sewage sludge, the major byproduct of wastewater treatment, can serve as an effective electrocatalyst for ORR. Except for the comparable catalytic activity with commercial 20% Pt/C via a nearly four-electron transfer pathway in both alkaline and acid medium, the as-synthesized co-doped electrocatalyst also exhibits excellent methanol crossover resistance and outstanding long-term operation stability. The organic compounds in sewage sludge act as the carbon source and the in-situ N and S dopant in the fabrication, while the inorganic compounds serve as the in-built template and the in-situ Fe dopant. Our protocol demonstrates a new approach in the economic and eco-friendly benign reuse of sewage sludge, and also provides a straightforward route for synthesizing excellent carbon-based electrocatalysts as promising candidates for ORR directly from a type of waste/pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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40
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Yuan S, Liao N, Dong B, Dai X. Optimization of a digested sludge-derived mesoporous material as an efficient and stable heterogeneous catalyst for the photo-Fenton reaction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(15)61066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Zhang Q, Kano J. A new approach for hydrogen generation from sewage sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 201:191-194. [PMID: 26642224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new process to produce hydrogen efficiently from sewage sludge (SWS) was developed with co-grinding operation of the dried SWS with calcium and nickel hydroxides (Ca(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2) and subsequent heating of the ground mixture at relatively low temperature below 600°C. A set of analytical methods were used to characterize the ground samples before heating and the gaseous and solid products after heating. Thermo-mass spectroscopic (TG-MS) analysis showed hydrogen occurrence around 450°C. Hydrogen yield over 70g per kg SWS with concentration of 93.6% was obtained with the hydroxide additions of Ca to C from SWS at 1:1 and Ni to C at 1:6, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the solid residues after heating confirmed the existences of calcium carbonate and nickel metal. Based on the obtained results, possible reaction pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Junya Kano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Jahne MA, Rogers SW, Holsen TM, Grimberg SJ, Ramler IP. Emission and Dispersion of Bioaerosols from Dairy Manure Application Sites: Human Health Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9842-9849. [PMID: 26158489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the human health risk of gastrointestinal infection associated with inhalation exposure to airborne zoonotic pathogens emitted following application of dairy cattle manure to land. Inverse dispersion modeling with the USEPA's AERMOD dispersion model was used to determine bioaerosol emission rates based on edge-of-field bioaerosol and source material samples analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Bioaerosol emissions and transport simulated with AERMOD, previously reported viable manure pathogen contents, relevant exposure pathways, and pathogen-specific dose-response relationships were then used to estimate potential downwind risks with a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. Median 8-h infection risks decreased exponentially with distance from a median of 1:2700 at edge-of-field to 1:13 000 at 100 m and 1:200 000 at 1000 m; peak risks were considerably greater (1:33, 1:170, and 1:2500, respectively). These results indicate that bioaerosols emitted from manure application sites following manure application may present significant public health risks to downwind receptors. Manure management practices should consider improved controls for bioaerosols in order to reduce the risk of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jahne
- †Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Shane W Rogers
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Stefan J Grimberg
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Ivan P Ramler
- §Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York 13617, United States
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Peccia J, Westerhoff P. We Should Expect More out of Our Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8271-6. [PMID: 26107263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge and biosolids production and management are a central component of water and sanitation engineering. The culmination of previous incremental technologies and regulations aimed at solving a current treatment problem, rather than developing the practice for the higher goals of sustainability have resulted in sludge becoming an economic and social liability. Sludge management practice must shift from treatment of a liability toward recovery of the embedded energy and chemical assets, while continuing to protect the environment and human health. This shift will require new research, treatment technologies and infrastructure and must be guided by the application of green engineering principles to ensure economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Peccia
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, Mason Laboratory, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, P.O. Box 208286, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- ‡School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Box 3005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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Sporadic isolation of sabin-like polioviruses and high-level detection of non-polio enteroviruses during sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities, after several years of inactivated poliovirus vaccination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:4491-501. [PMID: 24814793 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00108-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities between 2005 and 2008, after the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) in 2002, showed rare polioviruses, none that were wild-type or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and many other enteroviruses among 1,392 samples analyzed. Two of five polioviruses (PV) detected were Sabin-like PV2 and three PV3, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR results. Neurovirulence-related mutations were found in the 5'noncoding region (5'NCR) of all strains and, for a PV2, also in VP1 region 143 (Ile>Thr). Intertypic recombination in the 3D region was detected in a second PV2 (Sabin 2/Sabin 1) and a PV3 (Sabin 3/Sabin 2). The low mutation rate in VP1 for all PVs suggests limited interhuman virus passages, consistent with efficient polio immunization in Italy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the risk of wild or Sabin poliovirus reintroduction from abroad. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected, 448 of which were coxsackievirus B (CVB) and 294 of which were echoviruses (Echo). Fifty-six NPEVs failing serological typing were characterized by sequencing the VP1 region (nucleotides [nt] 2628 to 2976). A total of 448 CVB and 294 Echo strains were identified; among those strains, CVB2, CVB5, and Echo 11 predominated. Environmental CVB5 and CVB2 strains from this study showed high sequence identity with GenBank global strains. The high similarity between environmental NPEVs and clinical strains from the same areas of Italy and the same periods indicates that environmental strains reflect the viruses circulating in the population and highlights the potential risk of inefficient wastewater treatments. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing.
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Carey DE, McNamara PJ. The impact of triclosan on the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:780. [PMID: 25642217 PMCID: PMC4295542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a commonly used antimicrobial agent that enters wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the environment. An estimated 1.1 × 10(5) to 4.2 × 10(5) kg of TCS are discharged from these WWTPs per year in the United States. The abundance of TCS along with its antimicrobial properties have given rise to concern regarding its impact on antibiotic resistance in the environment. The objective of this review is to assess the state of knowledge regarding the impact of TCS on multidrug resistance in environmental settings, including engineered environments such as anaerobic digesters. Pure culture studies are reviewed in this paper to gain insight into the substantially smaller body of research surrounding the impacts of TCS on environmental microbial communities. Pure culture studies, mainly on pathogenic strains of bacteria, demonstrate that TCS is often associated with multidrug resistance. Research is lacking to quantify the current impacts of TCS discharge to the environment, but it is known that resistance to TCS and multidrug resistance can increase in environmental microbial communities exposed to TCS. Research plans are proposed to quantitatively define the conditions under which TCS selects for multidrug resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Rhodes ER, Boczek LA, Ware MW, McKay M, Hoelle JM, Schoen M, Villegas EN. Determining pathogen and indicator levels in class B municipal organic residuals used for land application. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:265-74. [PMID: 25602342 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.04.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic residuals that are currently used to amend soils for food production. Treatment requirements to inactivate pathogens for production of Class A biosolids are energy intensive. One less energy intensive alternative is to treat biosolids to Class B standards, but it could result in higher pathogen loads. Quantitative microbial risk assessments models have been developed on land application of Class B biosolids but contain many uncertainties because of limited data on specific pathogen densities and the use of fecal indicator organisms as accurate surrogates of pathogen loads. To address this gap, a 12-mo study of the levels and relationships between , , and human adenovirus (HAdV) with fecal coliform, somatic, and F-RNA coliphage levels in Class B biosolids from nine wastewater treatment plants throughout the United States was conducted. Results revealed that fecal coliform, somatic, and F-RNA coliphage densities were consistent throughout the year. More important, results revealed that HAdV ( = 2.5 × 10 genome copies dry g) and ( = 4.14 × 10 cysts dry g) were in all biosolids samples regardless of treatment processes, location, or season. oocysts were also detected (38% positive; range: 0-1.9 × 10 oocysts dry g), albeit sporadically. Positive correlations among three fecal indicator organisms and HAdV, but not protozoa, were also observed. Overall, this study reveals that high concentrations of enteric pathogens (e.g., , , and HAdV) are present in biosolids throughout the United States. Microbial densities found can further assist management and policymakers in establishing more accurate risk assessment models associated with land application of Class B biosolids.
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Yuan SJ, Dai XH. Heteroatom-doped porous carbon derived from “all-in-one” precursor sewage sludge for electrochemical energy storage. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07178j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique heteroatom (N, O) doped porous carbon nanomaterial with favorable charge storage capacity and excellent stability and durability was synthesized via direct pyrolysis of “all-in-one” precursor sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiao-Hu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
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Yuan SJ, Li XW, Dai XH. Efficient degradation of organic pollutants with a sewage sludge support and in situ doped TiO2under visible light irradiation conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12434k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Krzyzanowski F, Zappelini L, Martone-Rocha S, Dropa M, Matté MH, Nacache F, Razzolini MTP. Quantification and characterization of Salmonella spp. isolates in sewage sludge with potential usage in agriculture. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:263. [PMID: 25927729 PMCID: PMC4207900 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to scrutinize Salmonella spp. and its serotypes in sewage sludge samples from wastewater treatment plants, and assesses the presence of virulence genes and antibiotics resistant to the profile. Samples (n = 54) were collected and analyzed in accordance with the EPA Method 1682/2006. For positive serological reaction, 40 strains were selected for PCR analyses and detection of spvC, invA and sseL virulence genes, plasmid presence and resistance to antibiotics. Results Salmonella spp. was detected in 38.9% of the samples collected (<0.006473 to 12.19 MPN/gTS). The most prevalent serotype was Salmonella Infantis. All Salmonella spp. (n = 35) presented at least one of the three virulence genes mentioned above and 40% harboured plasmids. Salmonella Typhimurium strains were isolated harbouring at least one of the following virulence genes: spvC, invA or sseL. Four Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to tetracycline; three were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and one isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. Two Salmonella spp. strains presented multi resistance to antimicrobial agents. Conclusions The results obtained demonstrated that Salmonella spp. have been found in sewage sludge, thus it is essential to set measures to mitigate human health risks when it is intended to be applied on agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Krzyzanowski
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - Brasil, Rua Pedro Vicente 625, 01109-010, São Paulo, Brazil. .,School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Lincohn Zappelini
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - Brasil, Rua Pedro Vicente 625, 01109-010, São Paulo, Brazil. .,School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Solange Martone-Rocha
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Milena Dropa
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Maria Helena Matté
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Flávia Nacache
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Su W, Tang B, Fu F, Huang S, Zhao S, Bin L, Ding J, Chen C. A new insight into resource recovery of excess sewage sludge: feasibility of extracting mixed amino acids as an environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor for industrial pickling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:38-45. [PMID: 25036999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The work mainly presented a laboratory-scale investigation on an effective process to extract a value-added product from municipal excess sludge. The functional groups in the hydrolysate were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and the contained amino acids were measured by means of an automatic amino acid analyzer. The corrosion-inhibition characteristics of the hydrolysate were determined with weight-loss measurement, electrochemical polarization and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that the hydrolysate contained 15 kinds of amino acid, and their adsorption on the surface could effectively inhibit the corrosion reaction of the steel from the acid medium. Polarization curves indicated that the obtained hydrolysate was a mixed-type inhibitor, but mainly restricted metal dissolution on the anode. The adsorption accorded well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, involved an increase in entropy, and was a spontaneous, exothermic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Fenglian Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaosong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shiyuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liying Bin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiewei Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Cuiqun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, PR China
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