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Lu K, Hu Q, Zhai L, Zhu Z, Xu Y, Ding Z, Zeng H, Dong S, Gao S, Mao L. Mineralization of Few-Layer Graphene Made It Bioavailable in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15255-15265. [PMID: 37768274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have emphasized the toxicity of graphene-based nanomaterials to algae, however, the fundamental behavior and processes of graphene in biological hosts, including its transportation, metabolization, and bioavailability, are still not well understood. As photosynthetic organisms, algae are key contributors to carbon fixation and may play an important role in the fate of graphene. This study investigated the biological fate of 14C-labeled few-layer graphene (14C-FLG) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii). The results showed that 14C-FLG was taken up by C. reinhardtii and then translocated into its chloroplast. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 14C-FLG altered the metabolic profiles (including sugar metabolism, fatty acid, and tricarboxylic acid cycle) of C. reinhardtii, which promoted the photosynthesis of C. reinhardtii and then enhanced their growth. More importantly, the internalized 14C-FLG was metabolized into 14CO2, which was then used to participate in the metabolic processes required for life. Approximately 61.63%, 25.31%, and 13.06% of the total radioactivity (from 14CO2) was detected in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins of algae, respectively. Overall, these results reveal the role of algae in the fate of graphene and highlight the potential of available graphene in bringing biological effects to algae, which helps to better assess the environmental risks of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhai
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunsong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaohui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shipeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Guo WB, Wu C, Pan K, Yang L, Miao AJ. Pre-exposure to Fe 2O 3 or TiO 2 Nanoparticles Inhibits Subsequent Biological Uptake of 55Fe-Labeled Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4831-4840. [PMID: 36938933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are frequently exposed to various nanoparticles (NPs) in the natural environment. Thus, studies of NP bioaccumulation should include organisms that have been previously exposed to NPs. Our study investigated the effects of pre-exposure of Tetrahymena thermophila (T. thermophila) to Fe2O3 or TiO2 NPs on the protozoan's subsequent uptake of 55Fe-labeled Fe2O3 (55Fe2O3) NPs. Molecular mechanisms underlying the pre-exposure effects were explored in transcriptomic and metabolomic experiments. Pre-exposure to either NPs inhibited the subsequent uptake of 55Fe2O3 NPs. The results of the transcriptomic experiment indicated that NP pre-exposure influenced the expression of genes related to phagosomes and lysosomes and physiological processes such as glutathione and lipid metabolism, which are closely associated with the endocytosis of 55Fe2O3 NPs. The differentially expressed metabolites obtained from the metabolomic experiments showed an enrichment of energy metabolism and antioxidation pathways in T. thermophila pre-exposed to NPs. Together, these results demonstrate that the pre-exposure of T. thermophila to Fe2O3 or TiO2 NPs inhibited the protozoan's subsequent uptake of 55Fe2O3 NPs, possibly by mechanisms involving the alteration of endocytosis-related organelles, the induction of oxidative stress, and a lowering of the intracellular energy supply. Thus, NP pre-exposure represents a scenario which can inform increasingly realistic estimates of NP bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
| | - Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China PRC
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
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Chang XL, Chen L, Liu B, Yang ST, Wang H, Cao A, Chen C. Stable isotope labeling of nanomaterials for biosafety evaluation and drug development. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ünlü C, Budak E, Kestir SM. Altering natural photosynthesis through quantum dots: effect of quantum dots on viability, light harvesting capacity and growth of photosynthetic organisms. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:444-451. [PMID: 35184797 DOI: 10.1071/fp21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots are versatile fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals with unique photophysical properties. They have been used in various research fields of biotechnology effectively for almost three decades including cell imaging, protein tracking, energy transfer, etc. With their great potential as energy donors or acceptors, quantum dots have also been used in many studies about altering growth rate and photosynthetic activity of photosynthetic organisms by manipulating their light harvesting capacity. In this review, effect of quantum dots on growth rate of photosynthetic organisms and light harvesting capacity of photosynthetic organisms were discussed in details together with toxic effects of cadmium-based and carbon-based quantum dots on photosynthetic organisms. In short, as one of the promising materials of nanotechnology, quantum dots have become one of the essential research topics in photosynthesis research area and will help researchers to manipulate natural photosynthesis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caner Ünlü
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey; and Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey; and Istanbul Technical University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (ITUNano), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esranur Budak
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacide Melek Kestir
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Lai Y, Dong L, Sheng X, Chao J, Yu S, Liu J. Monitoring the Cd 2+ release from Cd-containing quantum dots in simulated body fluids by size exclusion chromatography coupled with ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5529-5536. [PMID: 35212781 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of Cd2+ release from Cd-containing quantum dots (QDs) is of fundamental importance to elucidate its toxicity to organisms, but remains a great challenge due to the lack of appropriate analytical method. Herein, a facile method based on size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed for separating and quantifying the QDs and counterpart ions. By using the mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (EDTA) as the mobile phase, the defect of QD and ion adsorption onto the SEC column was overcome, thus realizing the accurate quantification of ionic species. Besides, the concentration of QDs was achieved through subtracting the ion concentration from the total concentration. Selecting CdSe@ZnS as the typical QDs, the Cd2+ release process in four typical simulated body fluids, namely, simulated gastric fluid, simulated sweat, Gamble's solution, and artificial lysosomal fluid, was monitored using the developed SEC-ICP-MS method. The media pH is identified as the decisive factor which controls the dissolution of ZnS shells and also the Cd2+ release kinetics and final concentration. Our results suggest that the oral pathway for QD uptake poses the biggest risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Lai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jingbo Chao
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China. .,Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
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Shen C, Haque ME, Wang D, Zheng W, Yin Y, Huang Y. Observed equilibrium partition and second-order kinetic interaction of quantum dot nanoparticles in saturated porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 240:103799. [PMID: 33799018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study integrated batch experiments and theoretical calculations to understand the equilibrium adsorption and kinetic interaction of CdSeS/ZnS alloyed quantum dots nanoparticles (QDNPs) in sand porous media under different ionic strengths (ISs; 0.001-0.2 M NaCl). Our experimental results showed that equilibrium was reached for QDNP concentration between solid phase and bulk solution due to reversible adsorption of the QDNPs on sand surfaces. Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy calculations showed that the repulsive energy barriers were low and primary energy wells were shallow (i.e., comparable to the average kinetic energy of a colloid) at all tested solution ISs. Hence, the QDNPs could mobilize into and simultaneously escape from the primary wells by Brownian diffusion, resulting in the reversible adsorption. Additional batch experiments confirmed that a fraction of adsorbed QDNPs was released even without any perturbation of system conditions. The release was more evident at a lower IS because the primary energy wells spanned more narrowly at low ISs and thus the nanoparticles have a higher possibility to escape out. The batch kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption of QDNPs followed first- and second-order kinetic interactions at low and high ISs, respectively. These results indicate that the well-known colloid filtration theory that assumes irreversible first-order kinetics for colloid deposition is not suitable for describing the QDNP adsorption. The findings in our work can aid better description and prediction of fate and transport of QDNPs in subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Shen
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Emdadul Haque
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Dengjun Wang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK 74820, United States
| | - Wenjuan Zheng
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yaru Yin
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanfang Huang
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots cause genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Allium cepa plants. Mutat Res 2021; 865:503338. [PMID: 33865544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs), are considered as promising tools for biomedical applications. They have potential applications in agricultural industries, novel pesticide formulations, use in bio-labels and devices to aid genetic manipulation and post-harvest management. Since interactions with higher plants are of important environmental and ecological concern we investigated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CdSe QDs in a model plant (Allium cepa) and established relationships between QDs genotoxic activity and oxidative stress. Allium cepa bulbs with intact roots were exposed to three concentrations of CdSe QDs (12.5, 25 and 50 nM). Cell viability and mitotic frequencies was measured for cytotoxicity, and to assess the genotoxicity DNA lesions, chromosome aberrations and micronuclei were evaluated. We report that QDs exerted significant genotoxic effects, associated with oxidative stress. This could be correlated with the retention of Cd in Allium roots as a dose-dependent increase with the highest uptake at 50 nM of CdSe QD. Oxidative stress induced by CdSe QD treatment activated both, antioxidant (SOD, CAT) scavengers and antioxidant (GPOD, GSH) enzymes. Concentrations as low as 25 nM CdSe QDs were cytotoxic and 50 nM CdSe QDs was found to be genotoxic to the plant. These findings enable to determine the concentrations to be used when practical applications using nanodevices of this type on plants are being considered.
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. Toxicity evaluation of cadmium-containing quantum dots: A review of optimizing physicochemical properties to diminish toxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111609. [PMID: 33588242 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have received extensive attention because of their excellent optical properties and wide utilization in biological and biomedical areas. Nonetheless, there have been intense concerns on the cytotoxicity assessment of cadmium-containing QDs due to free cadmium ions release and nano-size effects. This paper reviews the representative synthetic strategies for preparation of cadmium-containing QDs and their applications. Then the toxicity assessments of QDs from cell studies to animal models are discussed, which can aid in improving our understanding of the cytotoxicity of QDs, and the toxicity mechanism is proposed. Several critical physicochemical properties of QDs are discussed and suggestions are provided for optimizing QDs design in view of minimal cytotoxicity. Finally, accurate detection techniques and systematic methodologies for the toxicity assessment of QDs are expected to achieve further breakthroughs in the future, especially in-situ, real-time, and rapid quantitative analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Chakraborty D, Ethiraj KR, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Mitigating the toxic effects of CdSe quantum dots towards freshwater alga Scenedesmus obliquus: Role of eco-corona. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116049. [PMID: 33213955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of semiconducting nanoparticles such as quantum dots in biomedical and industrial products can lead to their inadvertent release into the freshwater system. Natural exudates in the aquatic system comprising extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and protein-rich metabolites can eventually adsorb onto the quantum dots (QDs) surface and form an eco-corona. The alterations in the physio-chemical and toxicological behavior of CdSe/ZnS QDs under the influence of eco-corona in the freshwater system have not been explored yet. In the present study, lake water medium conditioned with exudate secreted by Scenedesmus obliquus was utilized as an eco-corona forming matrix. The time-based evolution of the eco-corona on the differently charged CdSe/ZnS QDs was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Aging of amine-QDs in algal exudate for 72 h showed enhanced aggregation (Mean Hydrodynamic Diameter- 1969 nm) as compared to carboxyl-QDs (1543 nm). Further, eco-coronation tends to impart an overall negative charge to the QDs. The fluorescence intensity of amine-QDs was quenched by 84% due to the accumulation of higher eco-corona. An integrative effect of surface charge and accumulated eco-corona layer influenced the Cd2+ ion leaching from the QDs. An enhancement in the algal cell viability treated with carboxyl - CdSe/ZnS (90%) and amine- CdSe/ZnS QDs (94%) aged for 72 h suggested that eco-corona can effectively mitigate the inherent toxicity of the QDs. The oxidative stress markers in the algal cells (LPO, SOD, and CAT) were in correlation with the cytotoxicity results. The algal photosynthetic efficiency depended on the deposition of eco-coronated QDs on the cell surface. Cellular uptake results indicated low Cd2+ concentration of nearly 13.9 and 11.5% for carboxyl- and amine- CdSe/ZnS QDs respectively. This suggests that eco-coronation directly influences the bioavailability of engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K R Ethiraj
- School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - N Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Morel E, Dozois J, Slaveykova VI, Wilkinson KJ. Distinguishing the effects of Ce nanoparticles from their dissolution products: identification of transcriptomic biomarkers that are specific for ionic Ce in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metallomics 2020; 13:6029132. [PMID: 33570134 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerium (Ce) is a rare earth element that is incorporated in numerous consumer products, either in its cationic form or as engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Given the propensity of small oxide particles to dissolve, it is unclear whether biological responses induced by ENPs will be due to the nanoparticles themselves or rather due to their dissolution. This study provides the foundation for the development of transcriptomic biomarkers that are specific for ionic Ce in the freshwater alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, exposed either to ionic Ce or to two different types of small Ce ENPs (uncoated, ∼10 nm, or citrate-coated, ∼4 nm). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to analyse mRNA levels of four ionic Ce-specific genes (Cre17g.737300, MMP6, GTR12, and HSP22E) that were previously identified by whole transcriptome analysis in addition to two oxidative stress biomarkers (APX1 and GPX5). Expression was characterized for exposures to 0.03-3 µM Ce, for 60-360 min and for pH 5.0-8.0. Near-linear concentration-response curves were obtained for the ionic Ce and as a function of exposure time. Some variability in the transcriptomic response was observed as a function of pH, which was attributed to the formation of metastable Ce species in solution. Oxidative stress biomarkers analysed at transcriptomic and cellular levels confirmed that different effects were induced for dissolved Ce in comparison to Ce ENPs. The measured expression levels confirmed that changes in Ce speciation and the dissolution of Ce ENPs greatly influence Ce bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Morel
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Dozois
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66, boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Kevin J Wilkinson
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Nguyen MK, Moon JY, Lee YC. Microalgal ecotoxicity of nanoparticles: An updated review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110781. [PMID: 32497816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology and its related industries are becoming a rapidly explosive industry that offers many benefits to human life. However, along with the increased production and use of nanoparticles (NPs), their presence in the environment creates a high risk of increasing toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Therefore, a large number of studies focusing on the toxicity of these NPs to the aquatic organisms are carried out which used algal species as a common biological model. In this review, the influences of the physio-chemical properties of NPs and the response mechanisms of the algae on the toxicity of the NPs were discussed focusing on the "assay" studies. Besides, the specific algal toxicities of each type of NPs along with the NP-induced changes in algal cells of these NPs are also assessed. Almost all commonly-used NPs exhibit algal toxicity. Although the algae have similarities in the symptoms under NP exposure, the sensitivity and variability of each algae species to the inherent properties of each NPs are quite different. They depend strongly on the concentration, size, characteristics of NPs, and biochemical nature of algae. Through the assessment, the review identifies several gaps that need to be further studied to make an explicit understanding. The findings in the majority of studies are mostly in laboratory conditions and there are still uncertainties and contradictory/inconsistent results about the behavioral effects of NPs under field conditions. Besides, there remains unsureness about NP-uptake pathways of microalgae. Finally, the toxicity mechanisms of NPs need to be thoughtfully understood which is essential in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Kim Nguyen
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Department of Beauty Design Management, Hansung University, 116 Samseongyoro-16 gil, Seoul, 02876, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Tatsi K, Hutchinson TH, Handy RD. Consequences of surface coatings and soil ageing on the toxicity of cadmium telluride quantum dots to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110813. [PMID: 32544745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation potential and toxic effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to earthworms are poorly understood. Two studies were conducted following OECD TG 222 on Eisenia fetida to assess the effects of CdTe QDs with different coatings and soil ageing respectively. Earthworms were exposed to carboxylate (COOH), ammonium (NH4+), or polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated CdTe QDs, or a micron scale (bulk) CdTe material, at nominal concentrations of 50, 500 and 2000 mg CdTe QD kg-1 dry weight (dw) for 28 days in Lufa 2.2 soil. In the fresh soil study, earthworms accumulated similar amounts of Cd and Te in the CdTe-bulk exposures, while the accumulation of Cd was higher than Te during the exposures to CdTe QDs. However, neither the total Cd, nor Te concentrations in the earthworms, were easily explained by the extractable metal fractions in the soil or particle dissolution. There were no effects on survival, but some retardation of growth was observed at the higher doses. Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity with disturbances to tissue electrolytes, as well as tissue Cu and Mn were observed, but without depletion of total glutathione in the fresh soil experiment. Additionally, juvenile production was the most sensitive endpoint, with estimated nominal EC50 of values >2000, 108, 65, 96 mg CdTe kg-1 for bulk, PEG-, COOH- and NH4+-coated CdTe QDs, respectively. In the aged soil study, the accumulation of Cd and Te was higher than in the fresh soil study in all CdTe QD exposures. Survival of the adult worms was reduced in the top CdTe-COOH and -NH4+ QD exposures by 55 ± 5 and 60 ± 25%, respectively; and with decreases in growth. The nominal EC50 values for juvenile production in the aged soil were 165, 88, 78 and 63 mg CdTe kg-1 for bulk, PEG-, COOH- and NH4+-coated CdTe QDs, respectively. In conclusion, exposure to nanoscale CdTe QDs, regardless of coating, caused more severe toxic effects that the CdTe bulk material and the toxicity increased after soil ageing. There were some coating-mediated effects, likely due to differences in the metal content and behaviour of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Tatsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- School of Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK; Visiting Professor, Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Zhao L, Guo Z, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu R. New insights into the release mechanism of Cd 2+ from CdTe quantum dots within single cells in situ. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110569. [PMID: 32278141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium-quantum dots (Cd-QDs) possess unique properties as optoelectronic devices for sensitive detection in food and biomedicine fields. However, the toxic effects of Cd-QDs to single cells is still controversial, due to the release mechanism of QDs to Cd2+in situ and the cytotoxic effects of QDs and Cd2+ respectively are still unclear. In this paper, the release rule of Cd2+ from CdTe QDs within single cells was investigated in situ by using flow cytometry method and the dose-response relationships were explored. Besides, an all-inclusive microscopy system was optimized for live cell imaging to observe the real-time entry process of CdTe QDs into cells. We found that intracellular CdTe QDs and Cd2+ contents were increased based on the dosage and exposing time. A dissociated saturation of Cd2+ from CdTe QDs was exist within cells. CdTe QDs induced more serious cytotoxicity on kidney cells than hepatocytes. The toxicity of oxidative stress, cell apoptosis effects induced by CdTe QDs and Cd2+ are also in consistent with this result. This research develops analytical method to quantify the uptake and release of Cd-QDs to primary cells in situ and can provide technical support in studying the cytotoxicity portion contributed by nanoparticles (NPs) and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hongxin Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, China.
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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14
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Gonçalves JM, Rocha T, Mestre NC, Fonseca TG, Bebianno MJ. Assessing cadmium-based quantum dots effect on the gonads of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 156:104904. [PMID: 32174334 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the sex-specific effects induced by CdTe QDs, on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in comparison to its dissolved counterpart. A 14 days exposure to CdTe QDs and dissolved Cd was conducted (10 μg Cd L-1), analysing Cd accumulation, oxidative stress, biotransformation, metallothionein and oxidative damage in the gonads. Both Cd forms caused significant antioxidant alterations, whereby QDs were more pro-oxidant, leading to oxidative damage, being females more affected. Overall, biochemical impairments on gonads of M. galloprovincialis demonstrate that the reproductive toxicity induced by CdTe QDs in mussels are sex-dependent and mediated by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. It is crucial to acknowledge how gametes are affected by metal-based nanoparticles, such as Cd-based QDs. As well as understanding the potential changes they may undergo at the cellular level during gametogenesis, embryogenesis and larval development potentially leading to serious impacts on population sustainability and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gonçalves
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - T Rocha
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - N C Mestre
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - T G Fonseca
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - M J Bebianno
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal.
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15
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Paydary P, Larese-Casanova P. Water chemistry influences on long-term dissolution kinetics of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 90:216-233. [PMID: 32081318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widespread usage of engineered metallic quantum dots (QDs) within consumer products has evoked a need to assess their fate within environmental systems. QDs are mixed-metal nanocrystals that often include Cd2+ which poses a health risk as a nanocrystal or when leached into water. The goal of this work is to study the long-term metal cation leaching behavior and the factors affecting the dissolution processes of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdSe/ZnS QDs in aphotic conditions. QD suspensions were prepared in different water conditions, and release of Zn2+ and Cd2+ cations were monitored over time by size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In most conditions with dissolved O2 present, the ZnS shell degraded fairly rapidly over ~1 week, while some of the CdSe core remained up to 80 days. Additional MPA, Zn2+, and Cd2+ temporarily delayed dissolution, indicating a moderate role for capping agent detachment and mineral solubility. The presence of H2O2 and the ligand ethylenediaminetetraacetate accelerated dissolution, while NOM had no kinetic effect. No dissolution of CdSe core was observed when O2 was absent or when QDs formed aggregates at higher concentrations with O2 present. The shrinking particle model with product layer diffusion control best describes Zn2+ and Cd2+ dissolution kinetics. The longevity of QDs in their nanocrystal form appears to be partly controlled by environmental conditions, with anoxic, aphotic environments preserving the core mineral phase, and oxidants or complexing ligands promoting shell and core mineral dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Paydary
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Philip Larese-Casanova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Chen W, Li X, Wang F, Javaid S, Pang Y, Chen J, Yin Z, Wang S, Li Y, Jia G. Nonepitaxial Gold-Tipped ZnSe Hybrid Nanorods for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902231. [PMID: 31769587 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, colloidal gold (Au)-ZnSe hybrid nanorods (NRs) with controlled size and location of Au domains are synthesized and used for hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting. Au tips are found to grow on the apices of ZnSe NRs nonepitaxially to form an interface with no preference of orientation between Au(111) and ZnSe(001). Density functional theory calculations reveal that the Au tips on ZnSe hybrid NRs gain enhanced adsorption of H compared to pristine Au, which favors the hydrogen evolution reaction. Photocatalytic tests reveal that the Au tips on ZnSe NRs effectively enhance the photocatalytic performance in hydrogen generation, in which the single Au-tipped ZnSe hybrid NRs show the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 437.8 µmol h-1 g-1 in comparison with a rate of 51.5 µmol h-1 g-1 for pristine ZnSe NRs. An apparent quantum efficiency of 1.3% for hydrogen evolution reaction for single Au-tipped ZnSe hybrid NRs is obtained, showing the potential application of this type of cadmium (Cd)-free metal-semiconductor hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) in solar hydrogen production. This work opens an avenue toward Cd-free hybrid NP-based photocatalysis for clean fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Fei Wang
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Shaghraf Javaid
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Yingping Pang
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Yunguo Li
- Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guohua Jia
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
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Lian F, Wang C, Wang C, Gu S, Cao X. Variety-dependent responses of rice plants with differential cadmium accumulating capacity to cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs): Cadmium uptake, antioxidative enzyme activity, and gene expression. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134083. [PMID: 31473548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The excess release of engineered nanomaterials into farmland poses a serious threat to food security. Although rice varieties exhibit substantial variation in cadmium accumulation, their responses to Cd-based nanoparticles are largely unknown. In this work, we investigated the accumulation of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs at 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0mg-Cd/L) in two rice varieties with different Cd accumulation capacity. It was found that 5.0mg-Cd/L of CdTe QDs had minor growth inhibition to the high-Cd-accumulating variety (T705) relative to the low-Cd-accumulating variety (X24) after 7-day exposure. The two rice varieties had comparable Cd content in roots; however, T705 exhibited higher Cd content in shoots than X24. Transmission electron and confocal laser scanning microscopic observations demonstrated that more CdTe QDs can be transported and accumulated from roots to shoots in T705. The activities and gene expression of antioxidative enzymes in leaves of T705 increased more significantly than those of X24. Our findings for the first time validated that Cd accumulation divergence exists in different rice varieties when they are exposed to Cd-based QDs, the genetic basis for which needs to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Changrong Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shiguo Gu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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18
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Choi SA, Jeong Y, Lee J, Huh YH, Choi SH, Kim HS, Cho DH, Lee JS, Kim H, An HR, Lee S, Park EC, Kim SW, Hwang KR, Moon E, Oh YK, Lee HU. Biocompatible liquid-type carbon nanodots (C-paints) as light delivery materials for cell growth and astaxanthin induction of Haematococcus pluvialis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 109:110500. [PMID: 32228981 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of the application of biocompatible liquid type fluorescent carbon nanodots (C-paints) to microalgae by improving microalgae productivity. C-paints were prepared by a simple process of ultrasound irradiation using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a passivation agent. The resulting C-paints exhibited a carbonyl-rich surface with good uniformity of particle size, excellent water solubility, photo-stability, fluorescence efficiency, and good biocompatibility (<10.0 mg mL-1 of C-paints concentration). In the practical application of C-paints to microalgae culture, the most effective and optimized condition leading to growth promoting effect was observed at a C-paints concentration of 1.0 mg mL-1 (>20% higher than the control cell content). A C-paints concentration of 1-10.0 mg mL-1 induced an approximately >1.8 times higher astaxanthin content than the control cells. The high light delivery effect of non-cytotoxic C-paints was applied as a stress condition for H. pluvialis growth and was found to play a major role in enhancing productivity. Notably, the results from this study are an essential approach to improve astaxanthin production, which can be used in various applications because of its therapeutic effects such as cancer prevention, anti-inflammation, immune stimulation, and treatment of muscle-soreness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Choi
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesul Jeong
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiye Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hae Choi
- New Drug Development Center, K-BIOHEALTH, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Cho
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Division of Material Analysis and Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim An
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Suok Lee
- Division of Material Analysis and Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Edmond Changkyun Park
- Drug and disease target group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kyung-Ran Hwang
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Moon
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea..
| | - Hyun Uk Lee
- Division of Material Analysis and Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Mishra A, Medhi K, Malaviya P, Thakur IS. Omics approaches for microalgal applications: Prospects and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121890. [PMID: 31378447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent impetus of phycological research, microalgae have emerged as a potential candidate for various arena of application-driven research. Omics-based tactics are used for disentangling the regulation and network integration for biosynthesis/degradation of metabolic precursors, intermediates, end products, and identifying the networks that regulate the metabolic flux. Multi-omics coupled with data analytics have facilitated understanding of biological processes and allow ample access to diverse metabolic pathways utilized for genetic manipulations making microalgal factories more efficient. The present review discusses state-of-art "Algomics" and the prospect of microalgae and their role in symbiotic association by using omics approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Microalgal based uni- and multi-omics approaches are critically analyzed in wastewater treatment, metal toxicity and remediation, biofuel production, and therapeutics to provide an imminent outlook for an array of environmentally sustainable and economically viable microalgal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Mishra
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kristina Medhi
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Piyush Malaviya
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K), India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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20
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Light-mediated effects of CdTe-MSA quantum dots on the autofluorescence of freshwater green microalgae: Spectroscopic studies. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111629. [PMID: 31610433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) serve as optically detectable models of nanoparticles and are commonly applied as photoluminescent markers in biological systems. The unicellular algae represent a popular model system suitable to evaluate pollution-induced effects. There is growing experimental evidence that release of metal ions cannot account for potential toxicity of metal containing nanoparticles, however, the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Surrounding environment and illumination conditions are among the most important factors affecting the stability of QDs as well as the interaction between nanoparticles and cells such as microalgae. The measurements of changes in photoluminescence (PL) of QDs and autofluorescence (AF) of microalgae can thus be used as a non-invasive screening method for detecting mutual effects of nanoparticles and algae cells on each other under natural conditions. In this study, CdTe quantum dots (a peak of PL at 550 nm) capped with a mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) were introduced into aqueous ionic medium containing wild type green freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus and Chlorella sp. cells under artificial and natural ambient illumination. The spectroscopy and microscopy techniques were applied to observe both the influence of the microalgae on the spectral properties of negatively charged CdTe-MSA quantum dots and the effects of nanoparticles on the microalgae. The presence of algae cells revealed a protecting effect on both medium-dependent and radiation-induced changes in photoluminescence properties of QDs, which could be related with the increased stability of the capping layer. The effects on cellular AF intensity and the interaction of QDs with cellular surface depended on type of microalgae. The observed changes in AF spectral properties and AF induction signals can't be explained only by the photodegradation of QDs and have revealed the ability of nanoparticles to retard the photoadaptation of wild type microalgae under naturally varying illumination conditions.
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21
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. The cytotoxicities in prokaryote and eukaryote varied for CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and differed from cadmium ions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:336-344. [PMID: 31202934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study focused on the bioaccumulation and cytotoxicities of Cd2+, CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and CdSe/ZnS QDs in Escherichia coli (E. coli, represents prokaryotic system) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium, represents eukaryotic system), respectively. Two types of QDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer results showed that the bioaccumulation amounts of CdSe QDs by E. coli and P. chrysosporium were larger than those of CdSe/ZnS QDs due to the smaller particle size and less negative surface charges of CdSe QDs. Confocal microscopy and TEM results showed that there was an interaction between QDs and cells, and QDs have entered into the cells eventually, leading to the change of cell morphology. Plasma membrane fluidities and membrane H+-ATPase activities of E. coli and P. chrysosporium decreased gradually with the increasing concentrations of Cd2+, CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs. Results of the cell viabilities and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels indicated that the induced cytotoxicities were decreased as follows: CdSe QDs > CdSe/ZnS QDs > Cd2+. These findings suggested that the cytotoxicity of QDs was not only attributed to their heavy metal components, but also related to their nanosize effects which could induce particle-specific toxicity. The above results offer valuable information for exploring the cytotoxicity mechanism of QDs in prokaryote and eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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22
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Peharec Štefanić P, Jarnević M, Cvjetko P, Biba R, Šikić S, Tkalec M, Cindrić M, Letofsky-Papst I, Balen B. Comparative proteomic study of phytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on tobacco plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22529-22550. [PMID: 31161543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties, increases their release into the environment and potential detrimental impact on living organisms. Plants may serve as a potential pathway for AgNPs bioaccumulation and a route into the food chain, hence investigation of AgNP phytotoxic effects are of particular importance. Since proteins are directly involved in stress response, studies of their abundance changes can help elucidate the mechanism of the AgNP-mediated phytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated proteomic changes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to AgNPs and ionic silver (AgNO3). A high overlap of differently abundant proteins was found in root after exposure to both treatments, while in leaf, almost a half of the proteins exhibited different abundance level between treatments, indicating tissue-specific responses. Majority of the identified proteins were down-regulated in both tissues after exposure to either AgNPs or AgNO3; in roots, the most affected proteins were those involved in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli and oxidative stress, while in leaf, both treatments had the most prominent effect on photosynthesis-related proteins. However, since AgNPs induced higher suppression of protein abundance than AgNO3, we conclude that AgNP effects can, at least partially, be attributed to nanoparticle form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peharec Štefanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Jarnević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Cvjetko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Biba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Šikić
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Mirogojska cesta 16, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 1016, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology, Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Austrian Cooperative Research (ACR), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Biljana Balen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Pang C, Gong Y. Current Status and Future Prospects of Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Botany. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7561-7568. [PMID: 31246021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of botanical applications of nanomaterials has produced a new generation of technologies that can profoundly impact botanical research. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are an archetype nanomaterial and have received significant interest from diverse research communities, owing to their unique and optimizable optical properties. In this review, we describe the most recent progress on QD-based botanical research and discuss the uptake, translocation, and effects of QDs on plants and the potential applications of QDs in botany. A critical evaluation of the current limitations of QD technologies is discussed, along with the future prospects in QD-based botanical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Pang
- School of Life Sciences , Shanxi Normal University , Linfen , Shanxi 041004 , People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Shanxi Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials and Technology , Linfen , Shanxi 041004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gong
- School of Life Sciences , Shanxi Normal University , Linfen , Shanxi 041004 , People's Republic of China
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Yan K, Liu Y, Yang Q, Liu W, Guo R, Sui J, Yan Z, Chen J. Evaluation of the novel nanoparticle material - CdSe quantum dots on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus: Concentration-time-dependent responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:728-736. [PMID: 30658309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), as a kind of novel nanomaterial, have the extensive applications in various fields, inevitably leading to increasing risks for the ecological environment. The mobilization of cadmium including metal smelting and subsequent machining for multifarious applications has caused the release of cadmium element into the environment. In this study, we evaluated the potential toxicity of a novel nanoparticle material CdSe QDs, using two green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus. The impact of CdSe QDs and cadmium ions on algae and the sensitivity of the two algae on target compounds were also considered and compared. Our results showed the algal growth rates and chlorophyll content decreased with increasing exposure concentrations and durations. Moreover, the glutathione levels were decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase increased, exhibiting their pivotal functions in defeating toxic stress. The increment of malondialdehyde levels revealed that the stresses of CdSe QDs and cadmium ions were contributed to the occurrence of oxidative damage. Our study also indicated that the impact of CdSe QDs was stronger than that of cadmium nitrate and the algal response was also species-specific. In addition, the TEM photographs of the algal ultrastructure showed the presence of surface attachment and uptake of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang Eco & Tech Development Zone, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiulian Yang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weixia Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinhong Sui
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
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Wang P, Zhang B, Zhang H, He Y, Ong CN, Yang J. Metabolites change of Scenedesmus obliquus exerted by AgNPs. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:310-318. [PMID: 30528022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With increasing emission of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the environment, it is important to understand the effects of ambient concentration of AgNPs. The biological effects of AgNPs on Scenedesmus obliquus, a ubiquitous freshwater microalgae, was evaluated. AgNPs exerted a minor inhibitory effect at low doses. Non-targeted metabolomic studies were conducted to understand and analyze the effect of AgNPs on algal cells from a molecular perspective. During the 48 hr of exposure to AgNPs, 30 metabolites were identified, of which nine had significant changes compared to the control group. These include d-galactose, sucrose, and d-fructose. These carbohydrates are involved in the synthesis and repair of cell walls. Glycine, an important constituent amino acid of glutathione, increased with AgNP exposure concentration increasing, likely to counteract an increased intracellular oxidative stress. These results provide a new understanding of the toxicity effects and mechanism of AgNPs. These metabolites could be useful biomarkers for future research, employed in the early detection of environmental risk from AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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26
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Johnson CA, Chern M, Nguyen TT, Dennis AM, Goldfarb JL. Ligands and media impact interactions between engineered nanomaterials and clay minerals. NANOIMPACT 2019; 13:112-122. [PMID: 31819907 PMCID: PMC6901284 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The exponential growth in technologies incorporating engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) requires plans to handle waste ENM disposal and accidental environmental release throughout the material life cycle. These scenarios motivate efforts to quantify and model ENM interactions with diverse background particles and solubilized chemical species in a variety of environmental systems. In this study, quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles and clay minerals were mixed in a range of water chemistries in order to develop simple assays to predict aggregation trends. CdSe QDs were used as a model ENM functionalized with either negatively charged or zwitterionic small molecule ligand coatings, while clays were chosen as an environmentally relevant sorbent given their potential as an economical water treatment technology and ubiquitous presence in nature. In our unbuffered experimental systems, clay type impacted pH, which resulted in a change in zwitterionic ligand speciation that favored aggregation with kaolinite more than with montmorillonite. With kaolinite, the zwitterionic ligand-coated QD exhibited greater than ten times the relative attachment efficiency for QD-clay heteroaggregation compared to the negatively charged ligand coated QD. Under some conditions, particle oxidative dissolution and dynamic sorption of ions and QDs to surfaces complicated the interpretation of the removal kinetics. This work demonstrates that QDs stabilized by small molecule ligands and electrostatic surface charges are highly sensitive to changes in water chemistry in complex media. Natural environments enable rapid dynamic physicochemical changes that will influence the fate and mobility of ENMs, as seen by the differential adsorption of water-soluble QDs to our clay media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Margaret Chern
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jillian L Goldfarb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Wang J, Wang J, Liu J, Li J, Zhou L, Zhang H, Sun J, Zhuang S. The evaluation of endocrine disrupting effects of tert-butylphenols towards estrogenic receptor α, androgen receptor and thyroid hormone receptor β and aquatic toxicities towards freshwater organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:396-402. [PMID: 29753247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic compounds have posed public concern for potential threats to human health and ecosystem. Tert-butylphenols (TBPs), as one group of emerging contaminants, showed potential endocrine disrupting effects and aquatic toxicities. In the present study, we detected concentrations of 2,4-DTBP ranging from <0.001 to 0.057 μg/L (detection limit: 0.001 μg/L) in drinking water source from the Qiantang River in East China in April 2016. The endocrine disrupting effects of 2-TBP, 2,4-DTBP and 2,6-DTBP toward human estrogen receptor α (ERα), androgen receptor (AR) and thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) were evaluated using human recombinant two-hybrid yeast bioassay. Their aquatic toxicities were investigated with indicator organisms including Photobacterium phosphoreum, Vibrio fischeri and freshwater green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 2-TBP and 2,4-DTBP exhibited moderate antagonistic effects toward human ERα and AR in a concentration-dependent manner. 2-TBP significantly inhibited the light emission of P. phosphoreum. 2-TBP, 2,4-DTBP and 2,6-DTBP significantly inhibited the growth of C. reinhardtii and reduced the chlorophyll content. Our results suggest the potential adverse effects of TBPs on human health and aquatic organisms. The data will facilitate further risk assessment of TBPs and related contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingpeng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Jianzhi Li
- Shandong Solid Waste and Hazardous Chemicals Pollution Control Center, Ji'nan, 250117, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- College of Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Yu Z, Hao R, Zhang L, Zhu Y. Effects of TiO 2, SiO 2, Ag and CdTe/CdS quantum dots nanoparticles on toxicity of cadmium towards Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018. [PMID: 29533210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are inevitably released into the aquatic environment for being widely used and may affect the toxicity of other contaminants already present in the environment, such as trace metals. However, the effects of NPs on the ecotoxicity of cadmium (Cd), a common environmental trace metal pollutant, are not well explored. In this study, effects of four widely used NPs TiO2 (n-TiO2), SiO2 (n-SiO2), Ag (n-Ag) and CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QD) on the toxicity of Cd to the freshwater algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were assessed respectively. Cd reduced the algae biomass, impaired the photosynthetic activities, and led to intracellular oxidative stress of algae. At non-toxic concentrations, both n-TiO2 (100 mg L-1) and n-SiO2 (400 mg L-1) attenuated the toxicity of Cd towards the algae for reducing the intracellular Cd contents, and the former was more pronounced. QD (0.5 mg L-1) increased the toxicity of Cd to algae, but n-Ag (0.2 mg L-1) had no significant influence on the Cd toxicity to algae. The microscopic observations on the ultrastructure of algae cells presented the same phenomena and n-TiO2, n-SiO2 aggregations were clearly observed outside the cell wall. Furthermore, the regulation of NPs to the Cd toxicity towards algae was related to the intracellular nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule, rather than the phototaxis of algae. Above all, this study provided a basic understanding about the difference in joint toxicity of different kinds of NPs and Cd to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Hao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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29
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Zhu J, Yu Z, He L, Cao X, Liu S, Song X. Molecular Mechanism of Modified Clay Controlling the Brown Tide Organism Aureococcus anophagefferens Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7006-7014. [PMID: 29768919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The data and experiences in mitigating harmful algal blooms (HABs) by modified clay (MC) show that a bloom does not continue after the dispersal of the MC, even though the density of the residual cells in the water is still high, at 20-30% of the initial cell density. This interesting phenomenon indicates that in addition to flocculation, MC has an additional control mechanism. Here, transcriptome sequencing technology was used to study the molecular mechanism of MC in controlling HABs. In residual cells treated with MC, the photosynthetic light reaction was the most affected physiological process. Some genes related to the light harvesting complex, photosystem (PS) I and PS II, were significantly up-regulated ( p < 0.05), and several transcripts increased by as much as 6-fold. In contrast, genes associated with the dark reaction did not significantly change. In addition to genes associated with photosynthesis, numerous genes related to energy metabolism, stress adaptation, cytoskeletal functioning, and cell division also responded to MC treatment. These results indicated that following treatment with MC, the normal physiological processes of algal cells were disrupted, which inhibited cell proliferation and growth. Thus, these findings provide scientific proof that HABs are controlled by MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Shuya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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30
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TiO₂, SiO₂ and ZrO₂ Nanoparticles Synergistically Provoke Cellular Oxidative Damage in Freshwater Microalgae. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8020095. [PMID: 29419775 PMCID: PMC5853726 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) are the most widely used engineered nanomaterials. The individual toxicities of metal-based NPs have been plentifully studied. However, the mixture toxicity of multiple NP systems (n ≥ 3) remains much less understood. Herein, the toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), silicon dioxide (SiO2) NPs and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) NPs to unicellular freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus was investigated individually and in binary and ternary combination. Results show that the ternary combination systems of TiO2, SiO2 and ZrO2 NPs at a mixture concentration of 1 mg/L significantly enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species level in the algae. Moreover, the ternary NP systems remarkably increased the activity of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, together with an increase in lipid peroxidation products and small molecule metabolites. Furthermore, the observation of superficial structures of S. obliquus revealed obvious oxidative damage induced by the ternary mixtures. Taken together, the ternary NP systems exerted more severe oxidative stress in the algae than the individual and the binary NP systems. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of the assessment of the synergistic toxicity of multi-nanomaterial systems.
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31
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Tehrani MH, Companys E, Dago A, Puy J, Galceran J. Free indium concentration determined with AGNES. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:269-275. [PMID: 28850847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indium is increasingly used in electronic devices, from which it can be mobilized towards environmental compartments. Speciation of In in waters is important for its direct ecotoxicological effects, as well as for the fate of this element in the environment (e.g. fluxes from or towards sediments). Free indium concentrations in the environment can be extremely low due to hydrolysis, especially important in trivalent cations, to precipitation and to complexation with different ligands. In this work, the free indium concentration (which is a toxicologically and geochemically relevant fraction) in aqueous solutions at pH3 has been measured with an adapted version of the electroanalytical technique AGNES (Absence of Gradients and Nernstian Equilibrium Stripping). Speciation measurements in mixtures of indium with the ligands NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) and oxalate indicate that the values of their stability constants in the NIST46.6 database are less adequate than those published in some more recent literature. The extraordinary lability and mobility of In-oxalate complexes allow the measuring of free indium concentrations below nmol/L in just 25s of deposition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan H Tehrani
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Encarna Companys
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Angela Dago
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Puy
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Galceran
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Modlitbová P, Novotný K, Pořízka P, Klus J, Lubal P, Zlámalová-Gargošová H, Kaiser J. Comparative investigation of toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cd-based quantum dots and Cd salt in freshwater plant Lemna minor L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:334-341. [PMID: 28858706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of two different sources of cadmium, i.e. CdCl2 and Cd-based Quantum Dots (QDs), for freshwater model plant Lemna minor L. Cadmium telluride QDs were capped with two coating ligands: glutathione (GSH) or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). Growth rate inhibition and final biomass inhibition of L. minor after 168-h exposure were monitored as toxicity endpoints. Dose-response curves for Cd toxicity and EC50168h values were statistically evaluated for all sources of Cd to uncover possible differences among the toxicities of tested compounds. Total Cd content and its bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in L. minor after the exposure period were also determined to distinguish Cd bioaccumulation patterns with respect to different test compounds. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) with lateral resolution of 200µm was employed in order to obtain two-dimensional maps of Cd spatial distribution in L. minor fronds. Our results show that GSH- and MPA-capped Cd-based QDs have similar toxicity for L. minor, but are significantly less toxic than CdCl2. However, both sources of Cd lead to similar patterns of Cd bioaccumulation and distribution in L. minor fronds. Our results are in line with previous reports that the main mediators of Cd toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic plants are Cd2+ ions dissolved from Cd-based QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Modlitbová
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Novotný
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pořízka
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Klus
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Lubal
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Zlámalová-Gargošová
- Faculty of Chemistry - The Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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33
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Lao M, Companys E, Weng L, Puy J, Galceran J. Speciation of Zn, Fe, Ca and Mg in wine with the Donnan Membrane Technique. Food Chem 2018; 239:1143-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pulido-Reyes G, Leganes F, Fernández-Piñas F, Rosal R. Bio-nano interface and environment: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3181-3193. [PMID: 28731222 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The bio-nano interface is the boundary where engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) meet the biological system, exerting the biological function for which they have been designed or inducing adverse effects on other cells or organisms when they reach nontarget scenarios (i.e., the natural environment). Research has been performed to determine the fate, transport, and toxic properties of ENMs, but much of it is focused on pristine or so-called as-manufactured ENMs, or else modifications of the materials were not assessed. We review the most recent progress regarding the bio-nano interface and the transformations that ENMs undergo in the environment, paying special attention to the adsorption of environmental biomolecules on the surface of ENMs. Whereas the protein corona has received considerable attention in the fields of biomedics and human toxicology, its environmental analogue (the eco-corona) has been much less studied. A section dedicated to the analytical methods for studying and characterizing the eco-corona is also presented. We conclude by presenting and discussing the key problems and knowledge gaps that need to be resolved in the near future regarding the bio-nano interface and the eco-corona. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3181-3193. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Hu L, Zeng G, Chen G, Huang Z, Wan J, Chen A, Yu Z, Yang J, He K, Qin L. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:303-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Chen LQ, Ding CZ, Ling J. Intensive epidermal adsorption and specific venous deposition of carboxyl quantum dots in zebrafish early-life stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:44-52. [PMID: 28578195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To properly assess the environmental risk of quantum dots (QDs), it is necessary to determine their fate in living organisms, including adsorption, distribution and bioaccumulation under representative environmental or physiological conditions. We comprehensively investigated the fate of QDs with carboxyl terminal functional groups (carboxyl-QDs) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo and larvae subjected to either waterborne exposure or cardiovascular system microinjection. On waterborne exposure, carboxyl-QDs exhibited an intensive adsorption and accumulation in the chorion of embryos, and their predominate target organs were the gill and intestinal tract in larvae. On microinjection, carboxyl-QDs were rapidly delivered into the cardiovascular system and specifically deposited in veins and the capillary network system of zebrafish larvae, but not in the arterial system. Taken together, we found that the exact tissue condition including epidermal structures, mucus secretion and vascular microstructures strongly affected the adsorption, uptake and distribution of carboxyl-QDs in zebrafish. This work highlights the intensive tissue epidermal adsorption and accumulation of carboxyl-QDs and their specific vein and capillary deposition in the cardiovascular system in zebrafish early-life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiang Chen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng Zhi Ding
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ling
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
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Non-invasive continuous monitoring of pro-oxidant effects of engineered nanoparticles on aquatic microorganisms. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:19. [PMID: 28270155 PMCID: PMC5341439 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are key drivers for the development of highly sophisticated new technologies. As all new attainments, the rapidly increasing used of ENMs raise concerns about their safety for the environment and humans. There is growing evidence showing that if engineered nanomaterials are released into the environment, there is a possibility that they could cause harm to aquatic microorganisms. Among the divers effects triggering their toxicity the ability of ENMs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of oxidizing biomolecules is currently considered a central mechanism of toxicity. Therefore, development of sensitive tools for quantification of the ROS generation and oxidative stress are highly sought. After briefly introducing ENMs-induced ROS generation and oxidative stress in the aquatic microorganisms (AMOs), this overview paper focuses on a new optical biosensor allowing sensitive and dynamic measurements of H2O2 in real-time using multiscattering enhanced absorption spectroscopy. Its principle is based on sensitive absorption measurements of the heme protein cytochrome c whose absorption spectrum alters with the oxidation state of constituent ferrous FeII and ferric FeIII. For biological applications cytochrome c was embedded in porous random media resulting in an extended optical path length through multiple scattering of light, which lowers the limit of detection to a few nM of H2O2. The sensor was also integrated in a microfluidic system containing micro-valves and sieves enabling more complex experimental conditions. To demonstrate its performance, abiotic absorption measurements of low concentrations of dye molecules and 10 nm gold particles were carried out achieving limits of detection in the low nM range. Other biologically relevant reactive oxygen species can be measured at sub-μM concentrations, which was shown for glucose and lactate through enzymatic reactions producing H2O2. In ecotoxicological investigations H2O2 excreted by aquatic microorganisms exposed to various stressors were measured. Pro-oxidant effects of nano-TiO2 and nano-CuO towards green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were explored in various exposure media and under different light illuminations. Dynamics of Cd2+ induced effects on photosynthetic activity, sensitisation and recovery of cells of C. reinhardtii was also studied.
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Xiao Y, Ho KT, Burgess RM, Cashman M. Aggregation, Sedimentation, Dissolution, and Bioavailability of Quantum Dots in Estuarine Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1357-1363. [PMID: 27951641 PMCID: PMC6116523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To understand their fate and transport in estuarine systems, the aggregation, sedimentation, and dissolution of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) in seawater were investigated. Hydrodynamic size increased from 40 to 60 nm to >1 mm within 1 h in seawater, and the aggregates were highly polydispersed. Their sedimentation rates in seawater were measured to be 4-10 mm/day. Humic acid (HA), further increased their size and polydispersity, and slowed sedimentation. Light increased their dissolution and release of dissolved Cd. The ZnS shell also slowed release of Cd ions. With sufficient light, HA increased the dissolution of QDs, while with low light, HA alone did not change their dissolution. The benthic zone in estuarine systems is the most probable long-term destination of QDs due to aggregation and sedimentation. The bioavailability of was evaluated using the mysid Americamysis bahia. The 7-day LC50s of particulate and dissolved QDs were 290 and 23 μg (total Cd)/L, respectively. For mysids, the acute toxicity appears to be from Cd ions; however, research on the effects of QDs should be conducted with other organisms where QDs may be lodged in critical tissues such as gills or filtering apparatus and Cd ions may be released and delivered directly to those tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- National Research Council at Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Kay T. Ho
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Michaela Cashman
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences, Kingston, RI 02881
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Behavior and Potential Impacts of Metal-Based Engineered Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7010021. [PMID: 28336855 PMCID: PMC5295211 DOI: 10.3390/nano7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The specific properties of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have not only led to rapidly increasing applications in various industrial and commercial products, but also caused environmental concerns due to the inevitable release of NPs and their unpredictable biological/ecological impacts. This review discusses the environmental behavior of metal-based NPs with an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms and kinetics. The focus is on knowledge gaps in the interaction of NPs with aquatic organisms, which can influence the fate, transport and toxicity of NPs in the aquatic environment. Aggregation transforms NPs into micrometer-sized clusters in the aqueous environment, whereas dissolution also alters the size distribution and surface reactivity of metal-based NPs. A unique toxicity mechanism of metal-based NPs is related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent ROS-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, aggregation, dissolution and ROS generation could influence each other and also be influenced by many factors, including the sizes, shapes and surface charge of NPs, as well as the pH, ionic strength, natural organic matter and experimental conditions. Bioaccumulation of NPs in single organism species, such as aquatic plants, zooplankton, fish and benthos, is summarized and compared. Moreover, the trophic transfer and/or biomagnification of metal-based NPs in an aquatic ecosystem are discussed. In addition, genetic effects could result from direct or indirect interactions between DNA and NPs. Finally, several challenges facing us are put forward in the review.
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40
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Tang Y, Xin H, Malkoske T, Yin D. The Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Algae. BIOACTIVITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5864-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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41
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Rocha TL, Mestre NC, Sabóia-Morais SMT, Bebianno MJ. Environmental behaviour and ecotoxicity of quantum dots at various trophic levels: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:1-17. [PMID: 27745949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide application of quantum dots (QDs) in electronics, pharmacy and nanomedicine, limited data is available on their environmental health risk. To advance our current understanding of the environmental impact of these engineered nanomaterials, the aim of this review is to give a detailed insight on the existing information concerning the behaviour, transformation and fate of QDs in the aquatic environment, as well as on its mode of action (MoA), ecotoxicity, trophic transfer and biomagnification at various trophic levels (micro-organisms, aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates). Data show that several types of Cd-based QDs, even at low concentrations (<mgCdL-1), induce different toxic effects compared to their dissolved counterpart, indicating nano-specific ecotoxicity. QD ecotoxicity at different trophic levels is highly dependent on its physico-chemical properties, environmental conditions, concentration and exposure time, as well as, species, while UV irradiation increases its toxicity. The state of the art regarding the MoA of QDs according to taxonomic groups is summarised and illustrated. Accumulation and trophic transfer of QDs was observed in freshwater and seawater species, while limited biomagnification and detoxification processes were detected. Finally, current knowledge gaps are discussed and recommendations for future research identified. Overall, the knowledge available indicates that in order to develop sustainable nanotechnologies there is an urgent need to develop Cd-free QDs and new "core-shell-conjugate" QD structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lopes Rocha
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nélia C Mestre
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria João Bebianno
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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42
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Wu Q, Huang L, Li Z, An W, Liu D, Lin J, Tian L, Wang X, Liu B, Qi W, Wu W. The Potential Application of Raw Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles as CT Photographic Developer. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:232. [PMID: 27121440 PMCID: PMC4848277 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of science and technology, new applications about nanoparticles should be explored to achieve full-scale knowledge. Therefore, in this work, the toxicity and potential application of raw cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS) in vivo were further studied through ICP-OES and CTs. Surprisingly, CdS exhibited an excellent photographic property, except for finding the accumulation of CdS in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney with a strong dependence on time; it is also found that there were a significant uptake in the pancreas for an obvious CT imaging. And the following investigations showed that the raw CdS could damage the tissues accumulating nanoparticles. Through this work, it can be seen that the raw CdS being modified might be an excellent photographic developer for detecting cancers or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Lingxin Huang
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Zhan Li
- />Lanzhou Institute of Chemistry Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Wenzhen An
- />School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Dan Liu
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Jin Lin
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Longlong Tian
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Xinling Wang
- />College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011 China
| | - Bo Liu
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Wei Qi
- />Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Wangsuo Wu
- />Radiochemical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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43
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Xiao A, Wang C, Chen J, Guo R, Yan Z, Chen J. Carbon and Metal Quantum Dots toxicity on the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:211-7. [PMID: 27467021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we investigated the cytotoxicity of two types of quantum dots(QDs) (carbon quantum dots(CQDs): N, S doped CQDs, N doped CQDs, no doped CQDs; metal QDs(MQDs): CdTe QDs, CdS QDs, CuInS2/ZnS QDs) on Chlorella pyrenoidosa(C. Pyrenoidosa) at different concentrations. We compared the toxicity of different QDs on C. Pyrenoidosa through determination of the algal growth inhibition, acute toxicity tests (EC50), Chlorophyll a(Chla) contents, protein contents, the activity of enzymatic and metabolites contents. When C. Pyrenoidosa was treated by various concentrations of QDs, the Chla contents were consistent to the number of algae cells, showing a good dose-response relationship. At the 96h, the EC50 of N, S doped CQDs, N doped CQDs, no doped CQDs and CdTe QDs, CdS QDs, CuInS2/ZnS QDs were 38.56, 185.83, 232.47, 0.015, 4.88, 459.5mg/l, respectively. The toxicity order of them was: CuInS2/ZnS QDs<no doped CQDs<N doped CQDs<N,S doped CQDs<CdS QDs<CdTe QDs. The activity of antioxidant enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) was enhanced and the non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathion (GSH) level was decreased with the increasing of QDs concentration, respectively. The accumulation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation caused by reactive oxygen species(ROS), was enhanced when algae were exposed to QDs. In conclusion, the toxicity of CQDs was smaller than MQDs, but the toxicity of CuInS2/ZnS QDs was the smallest.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xiao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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44
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Reyes VC, Spitzmiller MR, Hong-Hermesdorf A, Kropat J, Damoiseaux RD, Merchant SS, Mahendra S. Copper status of exposed microorganisms influences susceptibility to metallic nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1148-1158. [PMID: 26387648 PMCID: PMC5439594 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although interactions of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) with various microorganisms have been previously explored, few studies have examined how metal sensitivity impacts NP toxicity. The present study investigated the effects of copper NPs (Cu-NP) exposure on the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in the presence and absence of the essential micronutrient copper. The toxic ranges for Cu-NPs and the ionic control, CuCl2 , were determined using a high-throughput adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-based fluorescence assay. The Cu-NPs caused similar mortality in copper-replete and copper-deplete cells (median inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 14-16 mg/L) but were less toxic than the ionic control, CuCl2 (IC50: 7 mg/L). Using this concentration range, the Cu-NP impacts on cell morphology, copper accumulation, chlorophyll content, and expression of stress genes under both copper supply states were assessed. Osmotic swelling, membrane damage, and chloroplast and organelle disintegration were observed by transmission electron microscopy at both conditions. Despite these similarities, copper-deplete cells showed greater accumulation of loosely bound and tightly bound copper after exposure to Cu-NPs. Furthermore, copper-replete cells experienced greater loss of chlorophyll content, 19% for Cu-NPs, compared with only an 11% net decrease in copper-deplete cells. The tightly bound copper was bioavailable as assessed by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of CYC6, a biomarker for Cu deficiency. The increased resistance of copper-deplete cells to Cu-NPs suggests that these cells potentially metabolize excess Cu-NPs or better manage sudden influxes of ions. The results suggest that toxicity assessments must account for the nutritional status of impacted organisms and use toxicity models based on estimations of the bioavailable fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. Reyes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Melissa R. Spitzmiller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Anne Hong-Hermesdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Janette Kropat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- Molecular Screening Shared Resource, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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45
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Koman VB, von Moos NR, Santschi C, Slaveykova VI, Martin OJF. New insights into ROS dynamics: a multi-layered microfluidic chip for ecotoxicological studies on aquatic microorganisms. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1041-50. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1144826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr B. Koman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadia R. von Moos
- Department of Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute F.-a. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vera I. Slaveykova
- Department of Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute F.-a. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Hu L, Zhang C, Zeng G, Chen G, Wan J, Guo Z, Wu H, Yu Z, Zhou Y, Liu J. Metal-based quantum dots: synthesis, surface modification, transport and fate in aquatic environments and toxicity to microorganisms. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13016j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense interest in metal-based QDs is diluted by the fact that they cause risks to aquatic environments.
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47
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Zhou C, Vitiello V, Pellegrini D, Wu C, Morelli E, Buttino I. Toxicological effects of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on marine planktonic organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 123:26-31. [PMID: 26409651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot nanoparticles (QDs) are proposed as novel materials for photovoltaic technologies, light emitting devices, and biomedical applications. In this study we investigated the effect of CdSe/ZnS QDs on the growth rate of four microalgae: the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the cryptophyte Rhinomonas reticulata, the prymnesiophyte Isochrysis galbana and the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. In addition we analyzed the effect of QDs on the copepod Acartia tonsa. A classical acute test (48-h) with embryos was carried out to evaluate naupliar survival. Moreover, a 4-day chronic test with adult copepods was conducted to evaluate their fecundity (embryos f(-1)day(-1)) and egg hatching success. QDs in the range from 1 to 4nM gradually inhibited the growth rate of P. tricornutum, I. galbana, R. reticulata and D. tertiolecta with an EC50 of 1.5, 2.4, 2.5 and 4.2nM, respectively. Acute tests with A. tonsa (QD concentration tested from 0.15 to 1.5nM) showed an increased naupliar mortality in response to QD treatment, exhibiting an EC50 of 0.7nM. Chronic test showed no negative effect on egg production, except on the last two days at the highest QD concentration (2.5nM). No significant reduction of the percentage of egg hatching success was recorded during the exposure. Toxicity assessment of QDs was also investigated at the molecular level, studying heat shock protein 70 gene expression (hsp 70). Our results indicate that hsp70 was upregulated in adults exposed 3 days to 0.5nM QDs. Overall, these results suggest that species unable to swim along the water column, like P. tricornutum and early hatched copepods, could be more exposed to toxic effects of QDs which tend to aggregate and settle in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- ISPRA, Piazzale dei marmi 12, 57123 Livorno, Italy; CAISIAL, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Lincheng Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, PR China
| | | | | | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Lincheng Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, PR China
| | - Elisabetta Morelli
- Istituto di Biofisica (CNR), Area della Ricerca di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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48
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Rocha TL, Gomes T, Mestre NC, Cardoso C, Bebianno MJ. Tissue specific responses to cadmium-based quantum dots in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:10-18. [PMID: 26478991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Cd-based quantum dots (QDs) have generated interest from the life sciences community due to their potential applications in nanomedicine, biology and electronics. However, these engineered nanomaterials can be released into the marine environment, where their environmental health hazards remain unclear. This study investigated the tissue-specific responses related to alterations in the antioxidant defense system induced by CdTe QDs, in comparison with its dissolved counterpart, using the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were exposed to CdTe QDs and dissolved Cd for 14 days at 10 μgCd L(-1) and biomarkers of oxidative stress [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (total, Se-independent and Se-dependent GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities] were analyzed along with Cd accumulation in the gills and digestive gland of mussels. Results show that both Cd forms changed mussels' antioxidant responses with distinct modes of action (MoA). There were tissue- and time-dependent differences in the biochemical responses to each Cd form, wherein QDs are more pro-oxidant when compared to dissolved Cd. The gills are the main tissue affected by QDs, with effects related to the increase of SOD, GST and GPx activities, while those of dissolved Cd was associated to the increase of CAT activity, Cd accumulation and exposure time. Digestive gland is a main tissue for accumulation of both Cd forms, but changes in antioxidant enzyme activities are smaller than in gills. A multivariate analysis revealed that the antioxidant patterns are tissue dependent, indicating nano-specific effects possibly associated to oxidative stress and changes in redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lopes Rocha
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Gomes
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nélia C Mestre
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Cardoso
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bebianno
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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49
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Morelli E, Salvadori E, Basso B, Tognotti D, Cioni P, Gabellieri E. The response of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to quantum dot exposure: Acclimation and changes in protein expression. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 111:149-157. [PMID: 26183536 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has a great potential to improve life and environmental quality, however the fate of nanomaterials in the ecosystems, their bioavailability and potential toxicity on living organisms are still largely unknown, mainly in the marine environment. Genomics and proteomics are powerful tools for understanding molecular mechanisms triggered by nanoparticle exposure. In this work we investigated the effect of exposure to CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, using different physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches. The results show that acclimation to QDs reduced the growth inhibition induced by nanoparticles in P. tricornutum cultures. The increase of glutathione observed at the end of the lag phase pointed to cellular stress. Transcriptional expression of selected stress responsive genes showed up-regulation in the QD-exposed algae. A comparison of the proteomes of exposed and unexposed cells highlighted a large number of differentially expressed proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first report on proteome analysis of a marine microalga exposed to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Morelli
- National Research Council - Institute of Biophysics, Section of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Salvadori
- National Research Council - Institute of Biophysics, Section of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Basso
- National Research Council - Institute of Biophysics, Section of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danika Tognotti
- National Research Council - Institute of Biophysics, Section of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cioni
- National Research Council - Institute of Biophysics, Section of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edi Gabellieri
- National Research Council - Institute of Biophysics, Section of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Rocha TL, Gomes T, Pinheiro JP, Sousa VS, Nunes LM, Teixeira MR, Bebianno MJ. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of cadmium-based Quantum Dots in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:207-214. [PMID: 25982546 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health hazards of Quantum Dots (QDs) are of emergent concern, but limited data is available about their toxicokinetics (TK) and tissue distribution in marine bivalves. This study investigated the QDs behavior in seawater, their TK and tissue distribution in Mytilus galloprovincialis, in comparison with soluble Cd. Mussels were exposed to CdTe QDs and soluble Cd for 21 days at 10 μgCd L(-1) followed by a 50 days depuration. TK of QDs in mussels is related to the homo-aggregate uptake, surface charge, aggregation and precipitation as key factors. There were tissue- and time-dependent differences in the TK of both Cd forms, and soluble Cd is the most bioavailable form. Digestive gland is a preferential site for QDs storage and both Cd forms are not eliminated by mussels (t1/2>50 days). Results indicate that the TK model of CdTe QDs in marine mussels is distinct from their soluble counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lopes Rocha
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Gomes
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Pinheiro
- IBB/CBME, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Serrão Sousa
- CENSE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Nunes
- CERIS - IST, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Ribau Teixeira
- CENSE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bebianno
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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