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Graves SD, Mason JJ, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Séguin JY, Blais JM, Hanson ML, Hollebone BP, Palace VP, Clark I, Cundall L, Layton-Matthews D, Leybourne MI, Orihel DM. Radio- and stable carbon isotope analysis reveals minimal assimilation of petrogenic carbon into an oligotrophic freshwater food web after experimental spills of diluted bitumen. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138608. [PMID: 37028727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Following an oil spill into water, bacteria can biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons which could lead to petrogenic carbon assimilation by aquatic biota. We used changes in the isotope ratios of radio- (Δ14C) and stable (δ13C) carbon to examine the potential for assimilation of petrogenic carbon into a freshwater food web following experimental spills of diluted bitumen (dilbit) into a boreal lake in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Different volumes (1.5, 2.9, 5.5, 18, 42, 82, and 180 L) of Cold Lake Winter Blend (a heavy crude blend of bitumen and condensate) dilbit were applied to seven 10-m diameter littoral limnocorrals (approximate volume of 100 m3), and two additional limnocorrals had no added dilbit to serve as controls. Particulate organic matter (POM) and periphyton from oil-treated limnocorrals had lower δ13C (up to 3.2‰ and 2.1‰ for POM and periphyton, respectively) than the control at every sampled interval (3, 6 and 10 weeks for POM and 6, 8 and 10 weeks for periphyton). Dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively) had lower Δ14C in the oil-treated limnocorrals relative to the control (up to 122‰ and 440‰ lower, respectively). Giant floater mussel (Pyganodon grandis) housed for 25 days in aquaria containing oil-contaminated water from the limnocorrals did not show significant changes in δ13C values of muscle tissue compared to mussels housed in control water. Overall, the changes in δ13C and Δ14C observed indicated small amounts (up to 11% in DIC) of oil carbon incorporation into the food web. The combined δ13C and Δ14C data provide evidence for minimal incorporation of dilbit into the food web of this oligotrophic lake, suggesting that microbial degradation and subsequent incorporation of oil C into the food web may play a relatively small role in the ultimate fate of oil in this type of ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Luis Rodriguez-Gil
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada; International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bruce P Hollebone
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change, Canada
| | - Vince P Palace
- International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Canada
| | - Ian Clark
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Leah Cundall
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Layton-Matthews
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Canada
| | - Matthew I Leybourne
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Canada
| | - Diane M Orihel
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Canada.
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Zito P, Podgorski DC, Tarr MA. Emerging Chemical Methods for Petroleum and Petroleum-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:429-450. [PMID: 37314877 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that oil chemistry and oils spills have been studied for many years, there are still emerging techniques and unknown processes to be explored. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a revival of oil spill research across a wide range of fields. These studies provided many new insights, but unanswered questions remain. Over 1,000 journal articles related to the Deepwater Horizon spill are indexed by the Chemical Abstract Service. Numerous ecological, human health, and organismal studies were published. Analytical tools applied to the spill include mass spectrometry, chromatography, and optical spectroscopy. Owing to the large scale of studies, this review focuses on three emerging areas that have been explored but remain underutilized in oil spill characterization: excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy, black carbon analysis, and trace metal analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
- Chemical Analysis and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David C Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
- Chemical Analysis and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
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Mumtaz MM, Nickle RA, Lambert JC, Johnson MS. Advances in Assessing Hazard and Risk to Emerging Threats and Emergency Response: Comparing and Contrasting Efforts of Three Federal Agencies. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:1-9. [PMID: 34718822 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Federal statutes authorize several agencies to protect human populations from chemical emergencies and provide guidance to evacuate, clean, and re-occupy affected areas. Each of the authorized federal agencies have developed programs to provide managers, public health officials, and regulators, with a rapid assessment of potential hazards and risks associated with chemical emergencies. Emergency responses vary based on exposure scenarios, routes, temporal considerations, and the substance(s) present. Traditional chemical assessments and derivation of toxicity values are time-intensive, typically requiring large amounts of human epidemiological and experimental animal data. When a rapid assessment of health effects is needed, an integrated computational approach of augmenting extant toxicity data with in vitro (new alternative toxicity testing methods) data can provide a quick, evidence-based solution. In so doing, multiple streams of data can be used, including literature searches, hazard, dose-response, physicochemical, and environmental fate and transport property data, in vitro cell bioactivity testing and toxicogenomics. The field of toxicology is moving, ever so slowly, towards increased use of this approach as it transforms from observational to predictive science. The challenge is to objectively and transparently derive toxicity values using this approach to protect human health and the environment. Presented here are examples and efforts toward rapid risk assessment that demonstrate unified, parallel, and complementary work to provide timely protection in times of chemical emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mumtaz
- Office of the Associate Director of Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA
| | - R A Nickle
- Hazardous Materials Team, Office of Emergency Management, Office of the Associate Director, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA
| | - J C Lambert
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, OH
| | - M S Johnson
- Toxicology Directorate, U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
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4
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Metaplasia of respiratory and digestive tissues in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247739. [PMID: 34492016 PMCID: PMC8423294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaplasia is a well documented and deleterious effect of crude oil components on oysters. This reversible transformation of one cell type to another is a common response to petroleum-product exposure in molluscs. It has been shown experimentally in previous work that eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to petroleum products will exhibit metaplasia of digestive tissues. Here we document for the first time that wild adult oysters inhabiting coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico during and in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010) exhibited metaplasia in both ctenidial (respiratory and suspension feeding) and digestive tract tissues at significantly higher frequencies than geographic controls of C. virginica from Chesapeake Bay. Metaplasia included the loss of epithelial cilia, transformations of columnar epithelia, hyperplasia and reduction of ctenidial branches, and vacuolization of digestive tissues. Evidence for a reduction of metaplasia following the oil spill (2010-2013) is suggestive but equivocal.
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Hernández-Guzmán FA, Macías-Zamora JV, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Quezada-Hernández C, Ortiz-López R. Source identification of n-alkanes and isoprenoids using diagnostic ratios and carbon isotopic composition on crude oils and surface waters from the Gulf of Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:633. [PMID: 34490544 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic ratios and compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) are two tools that can help identify and differentiate the petrogenic and biogenic sources of hydrocarbons found in environmental samples. The present study aims to evaluate the concentration and type of n-alkanes and isoprenoids found in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Mexico (n = 14), and through the typical diagnostic ratios reported for n-alkanes and its carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) to establish and differentiate the possible source of the hydrocarbons. Additionally, crude oil samples (n = 10) extracted in the Gulf of Mexico were evaluated by CSIA as a possible source of hydrocarbons to the study area. We found that the CSIA of δ13C for n-alkanes (n-C11 to n-C30) and isoprenoids (pristane and phytane) found in the surface water samples varied from - 25.55 to - 37.59‰ and from - 23.78 to - 33.97‰ in the crude oil samples, values which are more related to petrogenic sources. An analysis of the δ13C for pristane vs. phytane suggests that only three surface water samples show an origin in common that those observed in crude oils of the Gulf of Mexico. A low incidence of odd- and even-numbered n-alkanes higher than n-C25 in the water samples indicate low to negligible presence of terrigenous sources into the area, which was supported by the carbon isotopic composition of the individual n-alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Vinicio Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Cristina Quezada-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Roxana Ortiz-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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McKenna AM, Chen H, Weisbrod CR, Blakney GT. Molecular Comparison of Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid/Liquid Extraction of Water-Soluble Petroleum Compounds Produced through Photodegradation and Biodegradation by FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4611-4618. [PMID: 33660499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We apply two widely used extraction techniques, liquid/liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene polymer with a proprietary nonpolar surface priority pollutant (PPL) to water-soluble compounds generated through photodegradation and biodegradation of petroleum. We compare the molecular composition of bio- and photodegraded water-soluble organic (WSO) acids by 21 T negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). We highlight the compositional differences between the two extraction techniques for abiotic and biotic degradation processes and identify known toxic species (naphthenic acids) produced through hydrocarbon biodegradation identified by liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) that are not detected with solid-phase extraction (SPE) of the same sample. Photodegraded WSO compounds extracted by SPE-PPL correspond to species with higher O/C ratio and carbon number compared to LLE extracted compounds. Naphthenic acids, a recalcitrant class of nonaromatic carboxylic acids and known acute toxicants formed through biodegradation of oil, are detected in LLE extracts (up to C30 and double-bond equivalents, DBE < 3) but are not detected in SPE-PPL extracts. This suggests that LLE and SPE-PPL retain different water-soluble oil species based on the dominant type of oil weathering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University,1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University,1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University,1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Gregory T Blakney
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University,1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
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7
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Zhang X, Blalock B, Huberty W, Chen Y, Hung F, Russo PS. Microbubbles and Oil Droplets Stabilized by a Class II Hydrophobin in Marinelike Environments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4380-4386. [PMID: 30873841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are abundant amphipathic proteins produced by fungi. They have been interacting with oils in natural environments for millions of years; therefore, it is sensible to consider them as surfactants and dispersants for cleaning oil spills. To better understand the properties of these amphipathic proteins in seawater, a particular hydrophobin known as cerato-ulmin (CU; mass 7627 g/mol) was studied. CU is adept at forming strong membranes, as indicated by the capacity to stabilize gas-filled bubbles and oil-filled droplets with cylindrical and other nonspherical shapes. The limits of this unusual ability were tested using a wide variety of solvent conditions, including various salt solutions, alcohols, simple hydrocarbons (i.e., cyclohexane, dodecane), acids, and bases. CU concentrations ranged from 20 to 200 μg/mL. The bubbles and other structures made by CU in the presence of various gases span an enormous range of size, from nanometers to millimeters. After larger objects float to the surface, smaller structures remain, and these were found by light scattering to have a hydrodynamic diameter of ∼200 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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8
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Boulais M, Vignier J, Loh AN, Chu FLE, Lay CR, Morris JM, Krasnec MO, Volety A. Sublethal effects of oil-contaminated sediment to early life stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:743-751. [PMID: 30228066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil drilling rig resulted in the release of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This event coincided with the spawning season of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Although oil bound to sediments constitutes an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure to benthic organisms, toxicity of sediment-associated DWH oil has not been investigated in any bivalve species. Here, we evaluated the sublethal effects of acute exposure of gametes, embryos and veliger larvae of the Eastern oyster to different concentrations of unfiltered elutriates of sediment contaminated with DWH oil. Our results suggest that gametes, embryos and veliger larvae are harmed by exposure to unfiltered elutriates of contaminated sediment. Effective concentrations for fertilization inhibition were 40.6 μg tPAH50 L-1 and 173.2 μg tPAH50 L-1 for EC201h and EC501h values, respectively. Embryo exposure resulted in dose-dependent abnormalities (EC20 and EC50 values were 77.7 μg tPAH50 L-1 and 151 μg tPAH50 L-1, respectively) and reduction in shell growth (EC2024h value of 1180 μg tPAH50 L-1). Development and growth of veliger larvae were less sensitive to sediment-associated PAHs compared to embryos. Fertilization success and abnormality of larvae exposed as embryos were the most sensitive endpoints for assessing the toxicity of oil-contaminated sediment. Bulk of measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were sediment-bound and caused toxic effects at lower tPAH50 concentrations than high energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAF) preparations from the same DWH oil. This study suggests risk assessments would benefit from further study of suspended contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrina Boulais
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Julien Vignier
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Ai Ning Loh
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Fu Lin E Chu
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Gloucester Point, 23062, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aswani Volety
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
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9
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Short-term low salinity mitigates effects of oil and dispersant on juvenile eastern oysters: A laboratory experiment with implications for oil spill response activities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203485. [PMID: 30192837 PMCID: PMC6128549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico were exposed to oil and various associated clean-up activities that may have compromised oyster reef health. Included in the exposure was oil, dispersant, and in some locales, atypical salinity regimes. Oil and dispersants can be detrimental to oysters and the effects of salinity depend on the level. In addition to these extrinsic factors, genetic diversity of oyster populations may help the oysters respond to stressors, as demonstrated in other systems. We used a 3×3×2 factorial design to experimentally examine the effects of oil/dispersed oil, intraspecific genetic diversity, and salinity on juvenile (ca. 25 mm shell height) oyster survivorship and growth during a 21-d exposure in a closed, recirculating system. The genetic effect was weak overall, oil and dispersed oil negatively affected juvenile oyster survivorship, and low salinity mitigated mortality in oil and dispersed oil treatments. Survivorship was about 40% greater in low-salinity than in mesohaline water for both oil and dispersed oil treatments, bringing survivorship in low salinity oil-only treatments to a similar level with low salinity controls (no oil). Oyster growth was minimal after 21 d but appeared to be negatively affected by oil and dispersed oil, and had a significant interaction with salinity. Our results may be informative for future decisions regarding oil spill response activities and suggest that a pulse of low salinity water may be a viable short-term mitigation option for oysters if filtration characteristics, exposure time, and water temperatures are all considered, in addition to weighing the costs and benefits of this type of response on other organisms and habitats.
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Wise JP, Wise JTF, Wise CF, Wise SS, Gianios C, Xie H, Walter R, Boswell M, Zhu C, Zheng T, Perkins C, Wise JP. A three year study of metal levels in skin biopsies of whales in the Gulf of Mexico after the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 205:15-25. [PMID: 29277452 PMCID: PMC5825280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In response to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon and the massive release of oil that followed, we conducted three annual research voyages to investigate how the oil spill would impact the marine offshore environment. Most investigations into the ecological and toxicological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil crisis have mainly focused on the fate of the oil and dispersants, but few have considered the release of metals into the environment. From studies of previous oil spills, other marine oil industries, and analyses of oil compositions, it is evident that metals are frequently encountered. Several metals have been reported in the MC252 oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including the nonessential metals aluminum, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and lead; genotoxic metals, such as these are able to damage DNA and can bioaccumulate in organisms resulting in persistent exposure. In the Gulf of Mexico, whales are the apex species; hence we collected skin biopsies from sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), and Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The results from our three-year study of monitoring metal levels in whale skin show (1) genotoxic metals at concentrations higher than global averages previously reported and (2) patterns for MC252-relevant metal concentrations decreasing with time from the oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - James T F Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Sandra S Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Christy Gianios
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ron Walter
- Texas State University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Mikki Boswell
- Texas State University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Cairong Zhu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No.17 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China
| | | | - Christopher Perkins
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Misarti N, Gier E, Finney B, Barnes K, McCarthy M. Compound-specific amino acid δ 15 N values in archaeological shell: Assessing diagenetic integrity and potential for isotopic baseline reconstruction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1881-1891. [PMID: 28833664 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reconstructing stable isotope (SI) ratios at the base of paleo-food webs is often challenging. For coastal systems, the SI ratios of organic matter in archeological shell represents a possible solution, providing a direct record of primary consumer SI ratios in the littoral zone. However, shell is often porous, with organic compounds susceptible to diagenetic alteration or contamination. If molecular isotopic information is well preserved, compound-specific amino acid isotope analysis (CSI-AA) has the potential to provide direct proxies for baseline SI ratios, bypassing many contamination issues, and to allow assessment of the diagenetic state. METHODS We collected shell from both archeological middens and nearby littoral zones in coastal Alaska, and used a simple organic extraction approach based on decalcification with sequential weak HCl additions to liberate organic material. We measured CSI-AA patterns, molar AA distributions, and the CSI-AA degradation parameter (ΣV), in the context of bulk SI ratios in fossil shell, modern shell, and soft tissue from five common taxa (urchin, limpet, mussel, periwinkle, chiton). RESULTS CSI-AA patterns in both soft tissue and shell were consistent with primary consumers, and were indistinguishable in most modern and fossil shell pairs, showing that amino acid δ15 N values can be well preserved in archeological shell. AA molar distributions were also similar, although most fossil shell was enriched in Asx and Gly. Comparison between CSI-AA results from modern specimens confirmed that the source AA group (tracking isotopic baselines) are transferred without substantial modification into the shell record. In contrast, the Trophic AA group had elevated δ15 N values in shell versus soft tissue for all taxa examined, suggesting that a correction factor will be required for any CSI-AA proxies using these AAs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this new data indicates that the CSI-AA analysis of fossil shell represents a promising new approach to determining isotopic baselines in coastal paleo-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Misarti
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gier
- Physical and Biological Sciences, Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Finney
- Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | | | - Matthew McCarthy
- Physical and Biological Sciences, Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Loh A, Yim UH, Ha SY, An JG, Kim M. Contamination and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Oysters After the Wu Yi San Oil Spill in Korea. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:103-117. [PMID: 28695254 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
After the collision of the Singapore-registered oil tanker M/V Wu Yi San into the oil terminal of Yeosu, Korea on January 31, 2014, approximately 900 m3 of oil and oil mixture were released from the ruptured pipelines. The oil affected more than 10 km of coastline along Gwangyang Bay. Emergency oil spill responses recovered bulk oil at sea and cleaned up the stranded oil on shore. As part of an emergency environmental impact assessment, region-wide monitoring of oil contamination in oyster had been conducted for 2 months. Highly elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected at most of the spill affected sites. Four days after the spill, the levels of PAHs in oysters increased dramatically to 627-81,000 ng/g, the average of which was 20 times higher than those found before the spill (321-4040 ng/g). The level of PAHs in these oysters increased until 10 days after the spill and then decreased. Due to the strong tidal current and easterly winter winds, the eastern part of the Bay-the Namhae region-was heavily contaminated compared with other regions. The accumulation and depuration of spilled oil in oyster corresponded with the duration and intensity of the cleanup activities, which is the first field observation in oil spill cases. Human health risk assessments showed that benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations exceeded levels of concern in the highly contaminated sites, even 60 days after the spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Loh
- Oil and POPs Research Group, South Sea Research Institute, KIOST, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, South Sea Research Institute, KIOST, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea.
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, South Sea Research Institute, KIOST, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, South Sea Research Institute, KIOST, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, South Sea Research Institute, KIOST, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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13
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Granneman JE, Jones DL, Peebles EB. Associations between metal exposure and lesion formation in offshore Gulf of Mexico fishes collected after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:462-477. [PMID: 28214010 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to: (1) examine patterns of short- and long-term metal exposure within the otoliths of six offshore fish species in varying states of health, as indicated by the presence of external skin lesions, and (2) determine if there was a change in otolith metal concentrations concurrent with the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Otoliths collected from 2011 to 2013 in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) were analyzed for a suite of trace metals known to be associated with DWH oil. We found that lesioned fish often had elevated levels of otolith 60Ni and 64Zn before, during, and after the DWH oil spill. In addition, metal exposure varied according to species-specific life history patterns. These findings indicate that lesioned individuals were exposed to a persistent source of trace-metals in the GoM prior to the oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Granneman
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - David L Jones
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Ernst B Peebles
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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14
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Reich KJ, López-Castro MC, Shaver DJ, Iseton C, Hart KM, Hooper MJ, Schmitt CJ. δ13C and δ15N in the endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys kempii after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Hohn AA, Thomas L, Carmichael RH, Litz J, Clemons-Chevis C, Shippee SF, Sinclair C, Smith S, Speakman TR, Tumlin MC, Zolman ES. Assigning stranded bottlenose dolphins to source stocks using stable isotope ratios following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Dietl GP, Durham SR. Geohistorical records indicate no impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on oyster body size. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160763. [PMID: 28018663 PMCID: PMC5180161 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Documentation of the near- and long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, one of the largest environmental disasters in US history, is still ongoing. We used a novel before-after-control-impact analysis to test the hypothesis that average body size of intertidal populations of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting impacted areas in Louisiana decreased due to increased stress/mortality related to the oil spill. Time-averaged death assemblages of oysters were used to establish a pre-spill baseline of body-size structure for four impacted and four control locations along a 350 km stretch of Louisiana's coastline. Post-spill body sizes were then measured from live oysters at each site in order to evaluate the differences in body size between oiled (i.e. impact) and unoiled (i.e. control) locations before and after the spill. Our results indicate that average body size of oysters remained relatively unchanged after the oil spill. There were also no temporal patterns in temperature, salinity or disease prevalence that could have explained our results. Together, these findings suggest that oysters either recovered rapidly following the immediate impact of the DWH oil spill, or that its impact was not severe enough to influence short-term population dynamics of the oyster beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Dietl
- Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen R. Durham
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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17
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Vander Zanden HB, Bolten AB, Tucker AD, Hart KM, Lamont MM, Fujisaki I, Reich KJ, Addison DS, Mansfield KL, Phillips KF, Pajuelo M, Bjorndal KA. Biomarkers reveal sea turtles remained in oiled areas following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:2145-2155. [PMID: 27755731 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessments of large-scale disasters, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, are problematic because while measurements of post-disturbance conditions are common, measurements of pre-disturbance baselines are only rarely available. Without adequate observations of pre-disaster organismal and environmental conditions, it is impossible to assess the impact of such catastrophes on animal populations and ecological communities. Here, we use long-term biological tissue records to provide pre-disaster data for a vulnerable marine organism. Keratin samples from the carapace of loggerhead sea turtles record the foraging history for up to 18 years, allowing us to evaluate the effect of the oil spill on sea turtle foraging patterns. Samples were collected from 76 satellite-tracked adult loggerheads in 2011 and 2012, approximately one to two years after the spill. Of the 10 individuals that foraged in areas exposed to surface oil, none demonstrated significant changes in foraging patterns post spill. The observed long-term fidelity to foraging sites indicates that loggerheads in the northern Gulf of Mexico likely remained in established foraging sites, regardless of the introduction of oil and chemical dispersants. More research is needed to address potential long-term health consequences to turtles in this region. Mobile marine organisms present challenges for researchers to monitor effects of environmental disasters, both spatially and temporally. We demonstrate that biological tissues can reveal long-term histories of animal behavior and provide critical pre-disaster baselines following an anthropogenic disturbance or natural disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Vander Zanden
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 S 1460 E Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
- Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research and Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525 Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - Alan B Bolten
- Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research and Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525 Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Anton D Tucker
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, Florida, 34236, USA
| | - Kristen M Hart
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 3321 College Ave, Davie, Florida, 33314, USA
| | - Margaret M Lamont
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71St St, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
| | - Ikuko Fujisaki
- Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Ave, Davie, Florida, 33314, USA
| | - Kimberly J Reich
- Texas A & M Galveston, P.O. Box 1675, Galveston, Texas, 77553, USA
| | - David S Addison
- Conservancy of Southwest Florida, 1495 Smith Preserve Way, Naples, Florida, 34102, USA
| | - Katherine L Mansfield
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Dr, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Katrina F Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Dr, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Mariela Pajuelo
- Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research and Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525 Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Karen A Bjorndal
- Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research and Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525 Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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18
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López-Duarte PC, Fodrie FJ, Jensen OP, Whitehead A, Galvez F, Dubansky B, Able KW. Is Exposure to Macondo Oil Reflected in the Otolith Chemistry of Marsh-Resident Fish? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162699. [PMID: 27682216 PMCID: PMC5040417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic and physiological responses in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) in the northern Gulf of Mexico have confirmed oil exposure of resident marsh fish following the Macondo blowout in 2010. Using these same fish, we evaluated otolith microchemistry as a method for assessing oil exposure history. Laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of sagittal otoliths to assess whether a trace metal signature could be detected in the otoliths of F. grandis collected from a Macondo-oil impacted site in 2010, post-spill relative to pre-spill, as well as versus fish from areas not impacted by the spill. We found no evidence of increased concentrations of two elements associated with oil contamination (nickel and vanadium) in F. grandis otoliths regardless of Macondo oil exposure history. One potential explanation for this is that Macondo oil is relatively depleted of those metals compared to other crude oils globally. During and after the spill, however, elevated levels of barium, lead, and to a lesser degree, copper were detected in killifish otoliths at the oil-impacted collection site in coastal Louisiana. This may reflect oil contact or other environmental perturbations that occurred concomitant with oiling. For example, increases in barium in otoliths from oil-exposed fish followed (temporally) freshwater diversions in Louisiana in 2010. This implicates (but does not conclusively demonstrate) freshwater diversions from the Mississippi River (with previously recorded higher concentrations of lead and copper), designed to halt the ingress of oil, as a mechanism for elevated elemental uptake in otoliths of Louisiana marsh fishes. These results highlight the potentially complex and indirect effects of the Macondo oil spill and human responses to it on Gulf of Mexico ecosystems, and emphasize the need to consider the multiple stressors acting simultaneously on inshore fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola C. López-Duarte
- Rutgers University Marine Field Station, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tuckerton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Joel Fodrie
- Institute of Marine Sciences & Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olaf P. Jensen
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Galvez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Able
- Rutgers University Marine Field Station, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tuckerton, New Jersey, United States of America
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19
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Paruk JD, Adams EM, Uher-Koch H, Kovach KA, Long D, Perkins C, Schoch N, Evers DC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood related to lower body mass in common loons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:360-368. [PMID: 27177142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We captured 93 wintering adult and subadult Common Loons (Gavia immer) in coastal Louisiana from 2011 to 2015 following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We tested blood samples for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and measured physiological variables including hematocrit, hemoglobin and total blood protein. PAH concentrations in loon blood differed from year to year and by age class. High PAH concentrations were significantly related to lower body masses in both adult and subadult birds and higher serum protein levels in adults only. PAH concentrations had marginal relations with both hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. The types of PAHs detected also underwent a major shift over time. The PAHs detected in 2011, 2012, and 2015 were primarily low molecular weight (three carbon rings); however, in 2013, most detected PAHs were high molecular weight (four carbon rings). It is unclear what events led to the increase in PAH concentrations and the shift in type of PAHs over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Paruk
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
| | - Evan M Adams
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
| | - Hannah Uher-Koch
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
| | - Kristin A Kovach
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
| | - Darwin Long
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
| | - Christopher Perkins
- University of Connecticut, 3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Nina Schoch
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
| | - David C Evers
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
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20
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Beyer J, Trannum HC, Bakke T, Hodson PV, Collier TK. Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:28-51. [PMID: 27301686 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill constituted an ecosystem-level injury in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Much oil spread at 1100-1300m depth, contaminating and affecting deepwater habitats. Factors such as oil-biodegradation, ocean currents and response measures (dispersants, burning) reduced coastal oiling. Still, >2100km of shoreline and many coastal habitats were affected. Research demonstrates that oiling caused a wide range of biological effects, although worst-case impact scenarios did not materialize. Biomarkers in individual organisms were more informative about oiling stress than population and community indices. Salt marshes and seabird populations were hard hit, but were also quite resilient to oiling effects. Monitoring demonstrated little contamination of seafood. Certain impacts are still understudied, such as effects on seagrass communities. Concerns of long-term impacts remain for large fish species, deep-sea corals, sea turtles and cetaceans. These species and their habitats should continue to receive attention (monitoring and research) for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde C Trannum
- NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Bakke
- NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter V Hodson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Delta Independent Science Board, 980 Ninth Street, Suite 1500, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
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21
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Jenny MJ, Walton WC, Payton SL, Powers JM, Findlay RH, O'Shields B, Diggins K, Pinkerton M, Porter D, Crane DM, Tapley J, Cunningham C. Transcriptomic evaluation of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, deployed during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Evidence of an active hydrocarbon response pathway. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 120:166-181. [PMID: 27564836 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine organisms were impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill which released ∼5 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico in the spring and summer of 2010. Crassostrea virginica, the American oyster, is a keystone species in these coastal estuaries and is routinely used for environmental monitoring purposes. However, very little is known about their cellular and molecular responses to hydrocarbon exposure. In response to the spill, a monitoring program was initiated by deploying hatchery-reared oysters at three sites along the Alabama and Mississippi coast (Grand Bay, MS, Fort Morgan, AL, and Orange Beach, AL). Oysters were deployed for 2-month periods at five different time points from May 2010 to May 2011. Gill and digestive gland tissues were harvested for gene expression analysis and determination of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. To facilitate identification of stress response genes that may be involved in the hydrocarbon response, a nearly complete transcriptome was assembled using Roche 454 and Illumina high-throughput sequencing from RNA samples obtained from the gill and digestive gland tissues of deployed oysters. This effort resulted in the assembly and annotation of 27,227 transcripts comprised of a large assortment of stress response genes, including members of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, Phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and xenobiotic transporters. From this assembly several potential biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure were chosen for expression profiling, including the AHR, two cytochrome P450 1A genes (CYP1A-like 1 and CYP1A-like 2), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), glutathione S-transferase theta (GST theta) and multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3). Higher expression levels of GST theta and MRP3 were observed in gill tissues from all three sites during the summer to early fall 2010 deployments. Linear regression analysis indicated a statistically significant relationship between total PAH levels in digestive gland tissue samples with CYP1A-like 2, CuZnSOD, GST theta and MRP3 induction. These observations provide evidence of a potentially conserved AHR pathway in invertebrates and yield new insight into the development of novel biomarkers for use in environmental monitoring activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jenny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - William C Walton
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Samantha L Payton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Robert H Findlay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Britton O'Shields
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mark Pinkerton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Danielle Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Daniel M Crane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tapley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Charles Cunningham
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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22
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Langdon CJ, Stefansson ES, Pargee SM, Blunt SM, Gage SJ, Stubblefield WA. Chronic effects of non-weathered and weathered crude oil and dispersant associated with the Deepwater Horizon incident on development of larvae of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2029-2040. [PMID: 26749151 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of chronic exposure of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae to the water-accommodated fractions of fresh and weathered oils collected from the Deepwater Horizon incident, with and without additions of the dispersant Corexit 9500A, as well as to solutions of Corexit alone. Both shell growth of larvae exposed to test materials for a period of 10 d and larval settlement after 28 d of exposure were the most sensitive endpoints, with the 10-d growth endpoint being less variable among replicates. Growth and settlement endpoints were more sensitive than larval survival and normal development after 10 d and 28 d. Acute-to-chronic ratios calculated in the present study suggest that acute toxicities of oils and dispersant for oysters are not predictive of chronic effect levels for growth and settlement; therefore, chronic bioassays are necessary to assess these sublethal effects, in addition to standard 48-h acute toxicity tests. Comparison of 10% effective concentration (EC10) values for chronic 10-d growth and 28-d settlement endpoints with concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether (a marker for Corexit) in seawater samples, collected during and after the Deepwater Horizon incident, indicated it was unlikely that elevated concentrations of water-soluble fractions of oil and dispersant in the nearshore environment had significant adverse effects on the growth and settlement of eastern oyster larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2029-2040. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Langdon
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily S Stefansson
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Suzanne M Pargee
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Susanna M Blunt
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Susan J Gage
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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23
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Brown-Peterson NJ, Krasnec M, Takeshita R, Ryan CN, Griffitt KJ, Lay C, Mayer GD, Bayha KM, Hawkins WE, Lipton I, Morris J, Griffitt RJ. A multiple endpoint analysis of the effects of chronic exposure to sediment contaminated with Deepwater Horizon oil on juvenile Southern flounder and their associated microbiomes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 165:197-209. [PMID: 26092636 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to oiled sediments can negatively impact the health of fish species. Here, we examine the effects of chronic exposure of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, to a sediment-oil mixture. Oil:sediment mixtures are persistent over time and can become bioavailable following sediment perturbation or resuspension. Juvenile flounder were exposed for 32 days under controlled laboratory conditions to five concentrations of naturally weathered Macondo MC252 oil mixed into uncontaminated, field-collected sediments. The percent composition of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the weathered oil did not change after mixing with the sediment. Spiked exposure sediments contained 0.04-395mg/kg tPAH50 (sum of 50 individual PAH concentration measurements). Mortality increased with both exposure duration and concentration of sediment-associated PAHs, and flounder exposed to concentrations above 8mg/kg tPAH50 showed significantly reduced growth over the course of the experiment. Evident histopathologic changes were observed in liver and gill tissues of fish exposed to more than 8mg/kg tPAH50. All fish at these concentrations showed hepatic intravascular congestion, macrovesicular hepatic vacoulation, telangiectasia of secondary lamellae, and lamellar epithelial proliferation in gill tissues. Dose-dependent upregulation of Cyp1a expression in liver tissues was observed. Taxonomic analysis of gill and intestinal commensal bacterial assemblages showed that exposure to oiled sediments led to distinct shifts in commensal bacterial population structures. These data show that chronic exposure to environmentally-relevant concentrations of oiled sediments produces adverse effects in flounder at multiple biological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Brown-Peterson
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States.
| | - Michelle Krasnec
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
| | - Ryan Takeshita
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
| | - Caitlin N Ryan
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
| | - Kimberly J Griffitt
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States.
| | - Claire Lay
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
| | - Gregory D Mayer
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
| | - Keith M Bayha
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States.
| | - William E Hawkins
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States.
| | - Ian Lipton
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
| | - Jeffrey Morris
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States.
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24
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Palchoudhury S, Lead JR. A facile and cost-effective method for separation of oil-water mixtures using polymer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14558-14563. [PMID: 25409536 DOI: 10.1021/es5037755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Catastrophic oil spills and oil from waste waters such as bilge and fracking waters pose major environmental concerns. The limitations of existing cleanup techniques for benign oil remediation has inspired a recent scientific impetus to develop oil-absorbing smart nanomaterials. Magnetic nanocomposites were here designed to allow easy recovery from various systems. In this study, sorption of reference MC252 oil with easy-to-synthesize and low-cost hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated iron oxide nanoparticles is reported for the first time. The one-step modified polyol synthesis in air directly generates water-soluble nanoparticles. Stable polyvinylpyrrolidone-coatings are known to minimize environmental alterations of nanoparticles from aggregation and other processes. Iron oxide provides effective magnetic actuation, while both PVP and iron oxide have low toxicity. These nanoparticles gave quantitative (near 100%) oil removal under optimized conditions. The facile synthesis and ease of use represents a significant improvement over existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soubantika Palchoudhury
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk (CENR), Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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25
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Schlacher TA, Connolly RM. Effects of acid treatment on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in ecological samples: a review and synthesis. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Schlacher
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld 4558 Australia
| | - Rod M. Connolly
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coast and Estuaries, and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Campus Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
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26
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Fry B, Anderson LC. Minimal incorporation of Deepwater Horizon oil by estuarine filter feeders. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:282-287. [PMID: 24461698 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural abundance carbon isotope analyses are sensitive tracers for fates and use of oil in aquatic environments. Use of oil carbon in estuarine food webs should lead to isotope values approaching those of oil itself, -27‰ for stable carbon isotopes reflecting oil origins and -1000‰ for carbon-14 reflecting oil age. To test for transfer of oil from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill into estuarine food webs, filter-feeding barnacles (Balanus sp.) and marsh mussels (Geukensia demissa) were collected from Louisiana estuaries near the site of the oil spill. Carbon-14 analyses of these animals from open waters and oiled marshes showed that oil use was <1% and near detection limits estimated at 0.3% oil incorporation. Respiration studies showed no evidence for enhanced microbial activity in bay waters. Results are consistent with low dietary impacts of oil for filter feeders and little overall impact on respiration in the productive Louisiana estuarine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fry
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Laurie C Anderson
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Geology and Geological Engineering and Museum of Geology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
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27
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Wise JP, Wise JTF, Wise C, Wise SS, Gianios C, Xie H, Thompson WD, Perkins C, Falank C, Wise JP. Concentrations of the genotoxic metals, chromium and nickel, in whales, tar balls, oil slicks, and released oil from the gulf of Mexico in the immediate aftermath of the deepwater horizon oil crisis: is genotoxic metal exposure part of the deepwater horizon legacy? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2997-3006. [PMID: 24552566 PMCID: PMC3983321 DOI: 10.1021/es405079b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concern regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis has largely focused on oil and dispersants while the threat of genotoxic metals in the oil has gone largely overlooked. Genotoxic metals, such as chromium and nickel, damage DNA and bioaccumulate in organisms, resulting in persistent exposures. We found chromium and nickel concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 8.46 ppm in crude oil from the riser, oil from slicks on surface waters and tar balls from Gulf of Mexico beaches. We found nickel concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 94.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 15.9 ± 3.5 ppm and chromium concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 73.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 12.8 ± 2.6 ppm in tissue collected from Gulf of Mexico whales in the wake of the crisis. Mean tissue concentrations were significantly higher than those found in whales collected around the world prior to the spill. Given the capacity of these metals to damage DNA, their presence in the oil, and their elevated concentrations in whales, we suggest that metal exposure is an important understudied concern for the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pierce Wise
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - James T. F. Wise
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - Catherine
F. Wise
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - Sandra S. Wise
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - Christy Gianios
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - Hong Xie
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - W. Douglas Thompson
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
- Department
of Applied Medical Sciences, University
of Southern Maine, 96
Falmouth Street, P.O. Box 9300, Portland, Maine 04104-9300, United States
| | - Christopher Perkins
- Center
for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise
Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04104, United States
- Maine
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
- Department
of Applied Medical Sciences, University
of Southern Maine, 96
Falmouth Street, P.O. Box 9300, Portland, Maine 04104-9300, United States
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Sen S, Field JM. Genotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62645-5.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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