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Kouiti M, Castillo-Hermoso MÁ, Youlyouz-Marfak I, Khan KS, Thangaratinam S, Olmedo-Requena R, Zamora J, Jiménez-Moléon JJ. Persistent organic pollutant exposure as a risk factor of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2024; 131:579-588. [PMID: 38044810 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings related to the association between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are inconclusive. OBJECTIVES To estimate the strength of the association between POP exposure and GDM in a systematic review with meta-analysis. SEARCH STRATEGY MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched until July 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA Cohort and case-control studies analysing the association between POPs and GDM. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed the risk of bias using the Quality in Prognosis Studies scale (QUIPS). Standardised mean differences were pooled using random-effect models. MAIN RESULTS Sixteen articles including 12 216 participants were selected. The risk of bias was high in four articles (25%), moderate in 11 (68.75%) and low in one (6.25%). Small mean difference between GDM cases and controls was observed for PFHpA (0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1-0.35, I2 = 0.0%), PCB180 (0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.56; I2 = 25.3%), BDE47 (0.23, 95% CI 0.0-0.45, I2 = 0%), BDE99 (0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.59; I2 = 0%), BDE100 (0.42, 95% CI 0.19-0.64; I2 = 0%) and HCB (0.22, 95% CI 0.01-0.42, I2 = 39.6%). No considerable difference was observed for the rest of POPs. CONCLUSION Small mean differences between GDM cases and controls were observed for some POPs. However, evidence shows mostly moderate quality and results were heterogeneous. Improved research methodology is needed to assess POPs and GDM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Kouiti
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | | | - Ibtissam Youlyouz-Marfak
- Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Saeed Khan
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shakila Thangaratinam
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rocío Olmedo-Requena
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Zamora
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Juan Jiménez-Moléon
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Klimczak M, Liu G, Fernandes AR, Kilanowicz A, Falandysz J. An updated global overview of the manufacture and unintentional formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131786. [PMID: 37302193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review updates information on the historical manufacture and unintentional production of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The direct toxicity of PCNs as a result of occupational human exposure and through contaminated feed in livestock was recognised decades ago, making PCNs a precursor chemical for consideration in occupational medicine and occupational safety. This was confirmed by the listing of PCNs by the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant in the environment, food, animals and humans. PCNs were manufactured globally between 1910 ∼ 1980, but reliable data on the volumes produced or national outputs are scarce. A total figure for global production would be useful for the purposes of inventory and control and it is clear that combustion related sources such as waste incineration, industrial metallurgy and use of chlorine are current major sources of PCNs to the environment. The upper bound estimate of total global production has been put at 400,000 metric tons but the amounts (at least, many 10 s of tonnes) that are currently emitted unintentionally every year through industrial combustion processes should also be inventoried along with estimates for emissions from bush and forest fires. This would however require considerable national effort, financing and co-operation from source operators. The historical (1910-1970 s) production and resulting emissions through diffusive/evaporative releases through usage, are still reflected in documented occurrence and patterns of PCNs in human milk in Europe and other locations worldwide. More recently, PCN occurrence in human milk from Chinese provinces has been linked to local unintentional emissions from thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Klimczak
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10-100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 12-100049, China.
| | - Awyn R Fernandes
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
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Guo W, Yu JZ, Chan W. Face Mask as a Versatile Sampling Device for the Assessment of Personal Exposure to 54 Toxic Compounds in Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37406339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), which contains hundreds of toxic compounds, significantly increases the risk of developing many human diseases, including lung cancer. The most common method of assessing personal exposure to ETS-borne toxicants is by sampling sidestream smoke generated by a smoking machine through a sorbent tube or filter, followed by solvent extraction and instrumental analysis. However, the ETS sampled may not truly represent the ETS in the ambient environment, due to complicating factors from the smoke released by the burning end of the cigarette and from the absorption of the chemicals in the respiratory tract of the smoker. In this study, we developed and validated an alternative air sampling method involving breathing through a face mask to simultaneously determine personal exposure to 54 ETS-borne compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds in real smoking scenarios. The newly developed method was used to evaluate the risk associated with exposure to ETS released from conventional cigarettes (CCs) and that from novel tobacco products such as e-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs), with the observation of cancer risk associated with exposure to ETS released from CCs significantly higher than that from ECs and HTPs. It is anticipated that this method offers a convenient and sensitive way to collect samples for assessing the health impacts of ETS exposure.
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Yu J, Li H, Liu Y, Wang C. PCDD/Fs in indoor environments of residential communities around a municipal solid waste incineration plant in East China: Occurrence, sources, and cancer risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107902. [PMID: 37031517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can pose several adverse outcomes on human health. However, there is limited information on public health associated with indoor PCDD/F exposure in residential environments. Here, we examined PCDD/F concentrations in indoor air and indoor dust samples obtained from households near a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant. Our measurements revealed that the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in indoor air ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 pg TEQ/m3, which were below intervention thresholds (0.6 pg TEQ/m3). Additionally, the TEQ concentrations of PCDD/Fs in indoor dust ranged from 0.30 to 11.56 ng TEQ/kg. Higher PCDD/F levels were found in household dust in the town of Taopu compared to those in the town of Changzheng. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PCDD/Fs suggested that waste incineration was the primary source of PCDD/Fs in indoor air, whereas PCDD/Fs in indoor dust came from multiple sources. The results of the health risk assessment showed the carcinogenic risk due to indoor PCDD/F exposure was higher for adults than for nursery children and primary school children. The carcinogenic risks of PCDD/Fs for age groups residing near the MSWI plant were all less than the risk threshold (10-5). Our findings will help to better understand the levels of PCDD/F exposure among urban populations living in residential communities around the MSWI plant and to formulate corresponding control measures to reduce probabilistic risk implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Li T, Hu J, Xu C, Jin J. PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in Soil around an Industrial Park in Northwest China: Levels, Source Apportionment, and Human Health Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3478. [PMID: 36834182 PMCID: PMC9962420 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in soil samples collected around an industrial park in Northwest China, to investigate the potential impacts of park emissions on the surrounding environment. The total concentration ranges of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in the soil samples were in 13.2-1240, 141-832, and 3.60-156 pg/g, respectively. The spatial distribution and congener patterns of PCBs, PCNs, and PCCD/Fs indicated that there might be multiple contamination sources in the study area, so source apportionments of PCBs, PCNs, and PCCD/Fs were performed by a positive matrix factorization model based on the concentrations of all target congeners together. The results revealed that these highly chlorinated congeners (CB-209, CN-75, and OCDF) might be derived from phthalocyanine pigments, the legacy of Halowax 1051 and 2,4-D products, which together contributed nearly half of the total concentration of target compounds (44.5%). In addition to highly chlorinated congeners, the local industrial thermal processes were mainly responsible for the contamination of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in the surrounding soil. The total carcinogenic risk of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in a few soil samples (0.22 × 10-6, 0.32 × 10-6, and 0.40 × 10-6) approached the threshold of potential carcinogenic risk (1.0 × 10-6). Since these pollutants can continuously accumulate in the soil, the contamination of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in surrounding soil deserves continuous attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Environment: Occupational and Exposure Events, Effects on Human Health and Fertility. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070365. [PMID: 35878270 PMCID: PMC9323099 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade or so, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) garnered renewed attention in the scientific community due to new evidence pointing at their continued presence in the environment and workplaces and the potential human risks related to their presence. PCBs move from the environment to humans through different routes; the dominant pathway is the ingestion of contaminated foods (fish, seafood and dairy products), followed by inhalation (both indoor and outdoor air), and, to a lesser extent, dust ingestion and dermal contact. Numerous studies reported the environmental and occupational exposure to these pollutants, deriving from building materials (flame-retardants, plasticizers, paints, caulking compounds, sealants, fluorescent light ballasts, etc.) and electrical equipment. The highest PCBs contaminations were detected in e-waste recycling sites, suggesting the need for the implementation of remediation strategies of such polluted areas to safeguard the health of workers and local populations. Furthermore, a significant correlation between PCB exposure and increased blood PCB concentrations was observed in people working in PCB-contaminated workplaces. Several epidemiological studies suggest that environmental and occupational exposure to high concentrations of PCBs is associated with different health outcomes, such as neuropsychological and neurobehavioral deficits, dementia, immune system dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In addition, recent studies indicate that PCBs bioaccumulation can reduce fertility, with harmful effects on the reproductive system that can be passed to offspring. In the near future, further studies are needed to assess the real effects of PCBs exposure at low concentrations for prolonged exposure in workplaces and specific indoor environments.
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Ren M, Zhang H, Fan Y, Zhou H, Cao R, Gao Y, Chen J. Suppressing the formation of chlorinated aromatics by inhibitor sodium thiocyanate in solid waste incineration process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149154. [PMID: 34333438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing the formation of chlorinated aromatics (Cl-aromatics) by chemical inhibitors is an important measure to reduce dioxin emission from the solid waste incineration plants. In this study, we first investigated the reduction effect of a novel inhibitor sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) on the emission of dioxins in 2 full-scale solid waste incineration systems. Injection of NaSCN solution into the higher temperature flue gas resulted in about 60% reduction in the concentration of total tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in stack flue gas. The suppression effect was further verified by a laboratory study on the chlorination of naphthalene over model fly ashes with or without NaSCN addition. By characterizing the reaction products between NaSCN and key catalysts Cu and Fe chlorides, two main suppression mechanisms were proposed: (i) reduction of highly active cupric chloride (CuCl2) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) to less active cuprous chloride (CuCl) and ferrous chloride (FeCl2), (ii) sulfidation of Cu chlorides. The laboratory study indicated that the unreacted NaSCN in the combustion flue gas could be mainly decomposed into Na2S, C3N4, Na2S2O3, NaS2, Na2SO4, CO2, SO2, NO2 and COS. These decomposition products are low toxic or can be effectively removed by the air pollution control devices. CAPSULE: NaSCN suppressed the formation of chlorinated aromatics in combustion flue gas mainly through inducing the reduction of highly active Cu (II) and Fe (III) chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Yun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Hongquan Zhou
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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Lei R, Xu Z, Xing Y, Liu W, Wu X, Jia T, Sun S, He Y. Global status of dioxin emission and China's role in reducing the emission. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126265. [PMID: 34102354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The global status of dioxin emissions across 150 countries/regions were compiled in this study. China, the major emitter of dioxin and the largest developing country, was chosen as an example to illustrate its emission reductions. The global dioxin emissions were about 97.0 kg TEQ/year, Asia and Africa emitted the most dioxins among the continents. Globally, open burning processes were the most important sources of dioxins. Dioxin emissions in developed countries have remained at low and stable level, while those in developing countries have remained at relatively high level or have continued to increase in recent years. It can be speculated that the global dioxin emissions will increase first and then decrease in the future. Chinese dioxin emissions were stable around 9 kg toxic equivalent (TEQ) in recent years, while 17 subcategories are the key sources of dioxin control in the future. Moreover, according to analysis toward China's dioxin emission trend and sources, there is a large space for dioxins reduction in industries such as metal production, waste incineration and disposal. The results indicated that there is at least 30-70% of reduction scope in China based on three scenarios, and this will reduce the world's annual dioxin emissions by 2.7-6.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenci Xu
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shurui Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yang L, Liu G, Shen J, Wang M, Yang Q, Zheng M. Environmental characteristics and formations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106450. [PMID: 33684732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have similar or higher toxicities than the notorious dioxins. Toxicities, formation mechanisms, and environmental fates of PBDD/Fs are lacking because accurate quantification, especially of higher brominated congeners, is challenging. PBDD/F analysis is difficult because of photolysis and thermal degradation and interference from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Here, literatures on PBDD/F analysis and environmental occurrences are reviewed to improve our understanding of PBDD/F environmental pollution and human exposure levels. Although PBDD/Fs behave similarly to dioxins, different congener profiles between PBDD/Fs and dioxins in the environment indicates their different sources and formation mechanisms. Herein, potential sources and formation mechanisms of PBDD/Fs were critically discussed, and current knowledge gaps and future directions for PBDD/F research are highlighted. An understanding of PBDD/F formation pathways will allow for development of synergistic control strategies for PBDD/Fs, dioxins, and other dioxin-like POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Wu D, Qi J, Li Q, Chen J, Chen Y, Chen J. Extreme Exposure Levels of PCDD/Fs Inhaled from Biomass Burning Activity for Cooking in Typical Rural Households. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7299-7306. [PMID: 34014073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), emitted during biomass combustion, are carcinogenic chemicals. The association between indoor biomass burning and PCDD/Fs inhalation exposure levels is still poorly understood. This study first reports direct measurement of personal exposure to PCDD/Fs in real-world households with wood combustion. In homes where biomass burning is used for cooking, toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) PCDD/Fs concentrations were found to be 545 ± 251 fg I-TEQ/m3 in kitchens, with levels of 4.5-, 6.9-, and 13.3-fold higher than those in living rooms (122 ± 92 fg I-TEQ/m3), bedrooms (79 ± 27 fg I-TEQ/m3), and ambient air (41 ± 15 fg I-TEQ/m3), respectively. PCDD/Fs exposure levels in populations using biomass fuels for cooking (353 ± 110 fg I-TEQ/m3) were 4.3-fold higher than those in the control groups (82 ± 32 fg I-TEQ/m3). Additionally, the average cancer risks for biomass cooking person were approximately 3.1-fold higher than those in factory workers. Overall, residents of household that use biomass fuels for cooking have the highest known risk of PCDD/Fs exposure. These results highlight that aiming to mitigate the PCDD/Fs exposure risk in the general population, the focus of dioxin emission source control measures should shift from industrial sectors to residential biomass combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juan Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou 221140, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Xu S, Liu W, Liu GB, Wang S, Li C, Pan K. Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated Naphthalenes, and Metals in Atmosphere Around Industrial Parks in Jiangsu, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:683-689. [PMID: 33590262 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected around industrial parks in Jiangsu, China, to allow the concentrations, profiles, and risk assessment of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and metals to be investigated. The concentrations of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were 1324.26-2080.98 fg/m3 (11.35-42.57 fg I-TEQ/m3) and 10,404.9-29,322.9 fg/m3 (1.32-7.19 fg I-TEQ/ m3), respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were observed at site C. PBDD/Fs were mainly dominated by PBDFs. The main contributor to the ΣPBDD/Fs in all samples was 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, which accounted for 25.75%-39.4%. For PCNs, the predominating homologues were tetra-, tri- and penta-CNs, which contributed 30.7%-43.3%, 24.7%-31.0%, and 10.6%-21.6%, respectively. As for metals, the pollution of As, Mn, Cr, and Ni in most samples exceeded National Ambient Air Quality Standards of China. Assessing the risk of inhalation exposure showed that there were potential carcinogenic risks to local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang-Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Yang X, Wu J, Li M, Qi M, Wang R, Hu J, Jin J. Particle size distributions and health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in atmospheric particles around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128742. [PMID: 33127115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen samples of atmospheric particles in four size fractions (diameter: > 10 μm, 5-10 μm, 2.5-5 μm, and <2.5 μm) were collected around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. The levels, particle size distributions, and potential health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in these samples were analyzed. The concentration ranges for the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs were 3.13-5.77 pg m-3, 0.43-0.56 pg m-3, and 4.76-9.89 pg m-3, respectively. All of the compounds accumulated strongly in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in particles of various sizes were similar, and were consistent with those in stack gases from local secondary copper smelters. However, the congener profiles of dl-PCBs and PCNs in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm differed from those for the other particle size fractions. The proportion of highly chlorinated homologs in particles with diameters of <2.5 μm was much higher than that of particles with diameters of >2.5 μm. The results of a risk assessment indicated that the contribution of PCDD/Fs to the total carcinogenic risk (PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs + PCNs) was >95%. For the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs, 78%, 71%, and 86% of the carcinogenic risk was associated with the <2.5 μm fraction, respectively. This study improves our understanding of the particle size distributions and human health risks of exposure to PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs in the atmosphere around secondary copper smelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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Li C, Zheng M, Cao D, Yang L, Wu J, Yang Y, Liu G. Recognition of the molecular characterization and mechanisms of heterogeneously formed organic pollutants from metallurgical industries by FT-ICR-MS and GC/Q-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124603. [PMID: 33316679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of numerous targeted and non-targeted organic pollutants from industrial activities are one of the major contributors to the global air pollution. However, comprehensive recognition of their molecular characterization and real industrial scale mechanisms have never been achieved. Herein, by using high resolution mass spectrometry, we firstly give an insight into the molecular characterization and mechanisms of organic pollutants formed on fly ashes from secondary smelting of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn and electric arc furnace steel-making. We found that lipid-like, unsaturated hydrocarbon and carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecule-like structures were the major chemical classes. Methylation- and oxidation-related reactions were suggested to be the major formation mechanisms. The predominance of carboxyl-rich structures in the fly ash further proved the contribution of metallurgical industrial emissions to air pollution. Findings in this study could be significant for further understanding the contribution of industrial emissions to air pollutions and conducting their source emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Agilent Technologies (China), Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Liu R, Ma S, Yu Y, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Field study of PAHs with their derivatives emitted from e-waste dismantling processes and their comprehensive human exposure implications. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106059. [PMID: 32882668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extensive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling might be an important emission source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixture, which might induce negative effects on the employees. In the present work, atmospheric pollution patterns of PAHs and their derivatives were determined in five different workshops to dismantle waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) via thermal treatment. The results showed that mass concentrations of PAHs, chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), brominated PAHs (BrPAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) as well as carbazole (CBZ) were ranged from 1.53 × 104-2.02 × 105, 32.3-364, 8.29-1.13 × 103, 923-1.39 × 104 and 225-1.95 × 103 pg·m-3, respectively. Electric heating furnaces (EHF) workshops emitted relatively higher contaminants than other disposal sectors. OPAHs was found to be the most predominant derivatives of PAHs with 9,10-anthraquinone (83.0%) has the absolute superior in EHFTV, while benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (>45.0%) was found to be the highest congener in other workshops, respectively. 9,10-Cl2Phe exhibited the largest contributions to the ΣClPAHs whereas the composition profiles of BrPAHs varied among five workshops. In addition to direct chlorination of parent PAHs, thermal degradation of halogenated flame retardants incorporated into plastic materials might dominate the generation of Cl/BrPAHs from e-waste dismantling activities. The specific isomeric ratios of BrPAHs (3-BrFlu/1-BrPyr and 1-BrPyr/3-BrFlu) might be used to discriminate other emission sources from pyrolysis of WPCBs. However, their specific application as novel tracers for source identification should be further verified with more studies. The emitted PAHs mixture with their derivatives in all dismantling workshops posed carcinogenic risks to these dismantling workers via inhalation, particularly the workshop using electric heating furnaces to treat router. Nevertheless, new loadings of PAHs derivatives observed from e-waste dismantling activities, as well as their comprehensive health risk assessment provides us with a fresh perspective on the source appointment and potential adverse consequences of PAHs. More attention needs to be paid to the potential carcinogenic risks of exposure to PAHs and their derivatives from e-waste dismantling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yangyi Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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15
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Xu C, Hu J, Wu J, Wei B, Zhu Z, Yang L, Zhou T, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils in an industrial park in Northwestern China: Levels, source apportionment, and potential human health risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109895. [PMID: 31706238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen soil samples collected in an industrial park located in Ningxia Province, Northwestern China were analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCN, PCDD/F, and PCB concentration ranges were 183-3340, 7.00-215, and 45.1-355 pg/g, respectively. Positive matrix factorization showed that secondary ferrous metal smelters and cement kilns contributed more than 70% of the total PCN concentration. Historical use of Halowax 1051 also affected the PCN concentrations in soil. Principal component analysis indicated that the PCDD/F concentrations in soil in the study area were mainly affected by thermal processes in secondary ferrous metal smelters. CB-209 was an important contributor to total PCBs in the study area, and likely originated from the phthalocyanine-type pigments used in a local recycled paper mill. Samples S10, S1, S17, and S6 had high ∑TEQ (PCDD/Fs + PCNs + PCBs) concentrations, and the carcinogenic risks of PCDD/Fs, PCNs, and PCBs for workers from these samples were 0.487 × 10-6, 0.234 × 10-6, 0.230 × 10-6, and 0.210 × 10-6, respectively. According to our results, the health risks of PCDD/Fs, PCNs, and PCBs for workers in this area should be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baokai Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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16
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Yang L, Zheng M, Zhu Q, Yang Y, Li C, Liu G. Inventory of Polychlorinated Naphthalene Emissions from Waste Incineration and Metallurgical Sources in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:842-850. [PMID: 31859492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are highly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are a relatively new addition to the Stockholm Convention as of 2015. The levels of unintentional emissions of PCNs from important industrial thermal sources on national scales are unclear but are important for understanding potential human exposure. In this study, an inventory was compiled of PCN emissions from priority industrial sources of unintentional POPs in China. Estimated emissions from four typical POP sources in the reference year (2014) in China were 511.6 kg by mass and 7650.8 mg of toxic equivalent. Waste incineration, secondary nonferrous smelting, electric arc furnace steelmaking, and iron ore sintering plants contributed 38.8, 15.4, 29.2, and 16.6%, respectively, to the total emissions. The Eastern Seaboard of China and the Hebei region in North China, which have intensive industrial activity and high population densities, were dominant contributors of PCNs. Only 18.6% of the counties where waste incineration plants were located emitted PCNs at a level higher than 1.00 × 10-1 mg of toxic equivalent, whereas 80% of the counties where metallurgical plants were located emitted PCNs at this level. These results indicate effective implementation of POP control in the waste incineration industry in China. This study clarifies the unintentionally emission levels of PCNs in China and provides important information for strategy development to control source emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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17
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Wang M, Li Q, Liu W. Temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalene emissions from sintering plants in China between 2005 and 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113096. [PMID: 31521997 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese Government has established stringent policies since 2005 to control SO2, particulate matter, and NOx emissions from sintering plants with the aim of tackling severe air pollution in China. Notably, sintering is also important sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), but it is not clear whether the air pollution control policies have led to decreased PCN emissions. In this study, the PCN concentrations in 144 stack gas, 87 discarded fly ash, and 24 desulfurization by-product samples from 24 Chinese sintering plants were determined. This study revealed that desulfurization processes decreased PCN emissions by 47.2%-72.2%. However, these PCNs were not completely eliminated, and transformed to desulfurization by-product. PCN emission in such previously ignored solid residues, including of desulfurization by-product and fine particles, produced in the process of cutting down air pollutants emissions from Chinese sintering plants between 2005 and 2015 was found contained 324 kg, and these residues therefore need to be managed better than currently. Furthermore, PCN concentrations were higher from produced in old plants than produced in new plants, so it is necessary to increase the rate at which out-of-date sintering plants are eliminated. Phasing out old sintering processes decreased total PCN emissions in China by 1549 kg between 2005 and 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Guanglong W, Yangzhao S, Jiahong X, Yong L. Research on pollution prevention and control BAT of PCDD/Fs in secondary copper industry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:308-311. [PMID: 31202930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary copper industry has received more and more attention due to its high Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emissions. Best available technologies (BAT) plays an important role in prevention of PCDD/Fs pollution for secondary copper industry and is recommended by the Stockholm Convention on POPs. In this study, AHP-Delphi method-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the 5 smelting technologies that are usually applied in secondary copper industry. The result shows that the Kaldo smelting technology and Ausmelt/ISA smelting technology rank top because of its superior technical performance and good environmental benefits. Then, Kaldo furnace and bag filter were selected as a preliminary validation study on the feasibility of BAT. The results of PCDD/Fs analysis showed that the combination of Kaldo furnace and bag filter can meet the requirements of PCDD/Fs pollution prevention and should be recommended for the treatment of low grades copper scrap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Guanglong
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035, Beijing, China.
| | - Sun Yangzhao
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035, Beijing, China
| | - Xie Jiahong
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yong
- (b)Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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19
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Jin J, Wang S, Hu J, Wu J, Li M, Wang Y, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China: Levels, sources, and sex differences. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 177:86-92. [PMID: 30974247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the environment in China have been studied extensively. However, there have been no reports on PCNs in human serum samples from China. In this context, we collected 480 serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China. The concentration range for the sum of the mono-to octa-CNs was 14300-50700 pg/g lipid. The most predominant congener was CN-5/7, which accounted for 21.6%-51.1% of the total PCN concentration. Further analysis indicated that residues of PCN industrial technical products in the local environment appear to be the main source of CN-5/7 in the serum samples. On the other hand, the sum of the tetra-to octa-CNs concentration was obviously higher in males (1390 ± 929 pg/g lipid) than in females (267 ± 25 pg/g lipid). Moreover, the concentrations of combustion-related PCNs in the male 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 years groups were obviously higher than those in the female samples. Therefore, industrial thermal processes are important sources of PCNs in male serum in addition to PCN products. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs in the pooled serum samples ranged from 0.12 to 0.40 pg/g lipid. CN-10 and CN-66/67 were the dominant TEQ congeners in male serum, and CN-10, CN-1, and CN-2 were the main TEQ congeners in female serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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20
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Wu X, Wu G, Xie J, Wang Q, Liu G, Liu W, Yang L, Zheng M. Thermochemical formation of multiple unintentional persistent organic pollutants on metallurgical fly ash and their correlations. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:492-501. [PMID: 30953894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical processes are currently the predominant anthropogenic sources of multiple unintentional persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated and brominated PAHs (Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs). Understanding the formation of multiple POPs is important for source control. These POPs could be formed through fly ash-mediated heterogeneous reactions. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the thermochemical (150-450 °C) formation of these POPs on fly ash samples collected from a secondary aluminum smelter, secondary lead smelter, and iron ore sintering plant. The maximum concentrations of PCNs and PCBs were 154.5 and 181.3 times those in the original fly ash, respectively. Formation variations of PAHs, Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs, and PBDEs were different from that of PCBs and PCNs. The PAHs concentration, which was the highest among the POPs in the original fly ash, decreased sharply by 95% at 150 °C. The ∑19Cl-PAHs and ∑19Br-PAHs increased marginally at 250 °C before decreasing slightly at 350 °C. The PBDE concentrations decreased under 250 °C and increased at 350 °C. PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs showed good correlations, all of which had a negative relationship with the PAHs. There were no significant correlations between PAHs and Cl/Br-PAHs. Low brominated congeners could be formed by destruction of higher brominated congeners because of thermal instability of the PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanglong Wu
- Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Jiahong Xie
- Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Fan Y, Ren M, Zhang H, Geng N, Li Y, Zhang N, Zhao L, Gao Y, Chen J. Levels and fingerprints of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ashes from the typical industrial thermal processes: Implication for the co-formation mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:298-305. [PMID: 30825856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and iron and steel making plants are two of important sources of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (CAHs). In this study, the typical CAHs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) in fly ash samples collected from MSWI, iron ore sintering (IOS) and steel smelting (SS) plants were simultaneously identified and quantified. The total concentrations of quantified CAHs in different fly ashes showed a large variation (5.88-4255 ng/g). Cl-PAHs were found to be predominant CAH species in most of fly ash samples, and the concentrations of mono-chlorinated PAHs in all fly ashes were obviously higher than those of di-chlorinated PAHs. The fingerprints of CAHs in MSWI fly ashes were mainly characterized by the high content of PCDDs, especially the hexa-CDD homologue. However, in IOS and SS fly ashes, tetra- to hexa-CDF homologues showed the higher abundance, and tetra-to octa-CDFs predominated over tetra- to octa-CDDs by factors of 3-26. The strong concentration correlations were observed between tetra- to octa-CDF homologues, middle-chlorinated PCN and PCB homologues, between tetra- to octa-CDD homologues, between low-chlorinated PCB and PCN homologues, between di-chlorinated PAH homologues, and between deca-CB and highly chlorinated PCN homologues. These results implied that the main formation mechanism of CAHs might be significantly varied with the change of chlorination degree and aromatic ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Meihui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Li H, Liu W, Tang C, Lei R, Zhu W. Emission profiles and formation pathways of 2,3,7,8-substituted and non-2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in secondary copper smelters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:473-481. [PMID: 30176459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary copper smelting production is one of the largest polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emission sources in the world. However, the formations and emissions of non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs have rarely been studied. Toxicology and metabolism studies have proved that non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs may also be toxic to mammals. To better explore the pathways and mechanisms involved in transformation among non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/F and 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F congeners, their full picture was investigated in stack gas and fly ash samples collected in typical secondary copper smelting plants. The concentration ranges for 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in the stack gas samples were 0.09-5.24 ng/Nm3 and 0.11-7.47 ng/Nm3, respectively. The corresponding concentration ranges in the fly ash samples were 20-2712 ng/g and 2.7-818 ng/g. PCDD/F emissions were mainly from the oxidation stage, and these emissions contributed to 42.6-44.8% of the total emissions from the secondary copper smelting processes. Lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs partitioned more into the stack gas, whereas higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs were more likely to concentrate in the fly ash. Non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs were more likely than 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs to associate with the gas phase. Chlorination transformation may occur among PCDD congeners, including 2,3,7,8-PCDD and non-2,3,7,8-PCDD congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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Hu J, Wu J, Xu C, Zha X, Hua Y, Yang L, Jin J. Preliminary investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran, polychlorinated naphthalene, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in ambient air in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:935-942. [PMID: 30144761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples collected in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau (China) were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and dioxin-like (dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCDD/F, PCN, and dl-PCB concentrations were 1.18-2.18, 21.9-75.1, and 0.49-0.90 pg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of these compounds were clearly higher than that observed at a remote site and were comparable with those found in ambient air in industrial areas in other locations. A principal component analysis indicated that emissions from local industrial sites (a secondary aluminum smelter, a cement kiln, and a lead-zinc smelter) at which thermal processes are performed were the sources of PCDD/Fs to the air. The combustion-related PCN congener profiles suggested that industrial thermal processes strongly affect PCN concentrations in ambient air at the industrial park. The results clearly indicated that the industrial park is a source of environmental PCDD/Fs and PCNs at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Zha
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Hua
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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24
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Li H, Liu W, Tang C, Lei R, Wu X, Gao L, Su G. Emissions of 2,3,7,8-substituted and non-2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from secondary aluminum smelters. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:92-100. [PMID: 30316161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The secondary aluminum smelting industry is an important source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). However, the formations and emissions of non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs have rarely been studied. Non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs may also be metabolically toxic to mammalians. In this study, four typical secondary aluminum smelters were selected as demonstration smelters and the composition of the raw material they used was adjusted to investigate the influence on PCDD/F emissions and profiles. In addition to 17 congeners of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, 64 congeners of non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs were firstly reported. Strong, positive correlations were found between non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in stack gas and fly ash samples were 120.7-870.4 pg/Nm3 and 13.40-292.9 ng/g, respectively. Those of non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in the stack gas and fly ash samples were 84.03-1183.7 pg/Nm3 and 7.20-344.7 ng/g, respectively. The raw material composition was a key factor affecting PCDD/F emissions and profiles. An analysis of Gibbs free energies (ΔGf) showed that non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs could be transformed into 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, which would increase the PCDD/F environmental risks. The emission inventories of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, and International Toxic Equivalents from Chinese secondary aluminum smelters in 2013 were 8247 g, 7253 g, and 608.6 g, respectively. The results of this study could contribute to potential risk evaluations and effective reduction of non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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Xu Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Jin R, Wu X, Li C, Liu G. Chlorinated and Brominated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Metallurgical Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7334-7342. [PMID: 29873485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated several metallurgical industries, including iron ore sintering, secondary aluminum smelting, and secondary lead smelting, as potential sources of Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs. Stack gas emissions of 19 Cl-PAH and 19 Br-PAH congeners from the investigated metallurgical plants were in the ranges of 68.3-156 ng Nm-3 and 2.9-13.5 ng Nm-3, respectively. Cl/Br-PAHs in ambient air surrounding the investigated metallurgical plants were also quantified, and the ranges were 7.0-554 pg m-3 for Cl-PAHs and 3.0-126 pg m-3 for Br-PAHs. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs in the ambient air samples were in the ranges of 0.03-3.61 pg TEQ m-3 and 0.001-0.23 pg TEQ m-3, respectively. These TEQs were slightly higher than or comparable to those of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Congener profiles of Cl-PAHs emitted from iron ore sintering, secondary aluminum smelting, and secondary lead smelting facilities were clarified and their congener profiles were obviously different from that from waste incinerators. Comparisons of Cl/Br-PAH congener profiles between surrounding air samples and stack gas emissions indicated that metallurgical emissions affected the surrounding environment to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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26
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Klimczak M, Darago A, Bruchajzer E, Domeradzka-Gajda K, Stepnik M, Kuzajska K, Kilanowicz A. The effects of hexachloronaphthalene on selected parameters of heme biosynthesis and systemic toxicity in female wistar rats after 90-day oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:695-705. [PMID: 29663608 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalenes (HxCNs) are the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes, a group of compounds lately included into the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study presents the effects of 90-day intragastric administration of HxCN to female Wistar rats at doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg body weight. The study examined selected parameters of the heme synthesis pathway, oxidative stress, hepatic cytochromes level, and basic hematology indicators. A micronucleus test was also performed. The subchronic exposure of rats to HxCN resulted in disruption of heme biosynthesis, hematological disturbances, and hepatotoxicity. The highest dose of HxCN inhibited aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D). Accumulation of higher carboxylated porphyrins in the liver and increased excretion of 5-aminolevulinic acid in the urine was observed after a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. The most sensitive effect of HxCN in rats was very strong induction of hepatic CYP1A1 activity, which was observed after the lowest dose. The highest dose of HxCN induced significant thrombocytopenia, thymic atrophy and hepatotoxicity, expressed as hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Adam Darago
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Domeradzka-Gajda
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Sw. Teresy 8, Lodz, 91-348, Poland
| | - Maciej Stepnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Sw. Teresy 8, Lodz, 91-348, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuzajska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
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27
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Han Y, Liu W, Zhu W, Rao K, Xiao K, Gao L, Su G, Liu G. Sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in Chinese mitten crabs. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:522-530. [PMID: 29329084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Chinese mitten crabs from several areas were determined. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) for the mean PCDD/F and total PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCBs were 2.9 ± 2.7 and 5.7 ± 4.0 pg TEQ g-1, respectively. The mean concentrations of PCBs and dl-PCBs were 282 and 59 times the concentrations of PCDD/Fs, respectively. PCDD/F and PCB sources in the crab food web were assessed. The total TEQ of PCDD/F and PCB supplied by crab compound feed was 2.1 times the TEQ in crab meat. Broken corn, aquatic biota, and water contributed around 12% of the total TEQ inputs for crab meat. The contribution from sediment was around 164 times that from crab meat, and sediment may be the most important source of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in cultured crabs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stable isotope ratios for nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) supported the TEQ results. The mean total PCDD/F and dl-PCB TEQ exposure for humans consuming crabs was 3.4 pg TEQ per kilogram of body weight per day. The PCDD/Fs and PCBs in >80% of the crab samples would not cause the tolerable daily intake to be exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
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28
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Lu D, Liu Q, Yu M, Yang X, Fu Q, Zhang X, Mu Y, Jiang G. Natural Silicon Isotopic Signatures Reveal the Sources of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1088-1095. [PMID: 29284089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate pollution is a critical environmental problem affecting human health and sustainable development. Understanding of the sources of aerosol particles is of extreme importance for regional air pollution control. Here we show that natural Si isotopic signature can be used as a new tool to elucidate the sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Through the analysis of Si isotopic composition (δ30Si) of PM2.5 and its primary sources collected in a typical pollution region - Beijing, we recognized the direct source tracing ability of Si isotopes for PM2.5. The different primary sources of PM2.5 had different Si isotopic signatures. The δ30Si value of PM2.5 ranged from -1.99‰ to -0.01‰ and showed a distinct seasonal trend (isotopically lighter in spring/winter and heavier in summer/autumn). The variations in δ30Si of PM2.5 revealed that Si-isotopically light sources were important sources for Beijing's severe haze pollution and that coal burning was a major cause for the aggregating haze weather in spring/winter in Beijing. We also analyzed several typical haze events by using Si isotopic signatures. As the first study on the natural Si isotopes in the atmospheric environment, this study may reveal an important tool to advance the particulate pollution research and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Kahn LG, Han X, Koshy TT, Shao Y, Chu DB, Kannan K, Trasande L. Adolescents exposed to the World Trade Center collapse have elevated serum dioxin and furan concentrations more than 12years later. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:268-278. [PMID: 29246432 PMCID: PMC5800899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001 released a dust cloud containing numerous environmental contaminants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). PCDD/Fs are toxic and are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes including cancer, diabetes, and impaired reproductive and immunologic function. Prior studies have found adults exposed to the WTC disaster to have elevated levels of PCDD/Fs. This is the first study to assess PCDD/F levels in WTC-exposed children. METHODS This analysis includes 110 participants, a subset of the 2014-2016 WTC Adolescent Health Study, a group of both exposed youths who lived, attended school, or were present in lower Manhattan on 9/11 recruited from the WTC Health Registry (WTCHR) and unexposed youths frequency matched on age, sex, race, ethnicity, and income. Our sample was selected to maximize the contrast in their exposure to dust from the WTC collapse. Questionnaire data, including items about chronic home dust and acute dust cloud exposure, anthropometric measures, and biologic specimens were collected during a clinic visit. Serum PCDD/F concentrations were measured according to a standardized procedure at the New York State Department of Health Organic Analytical Laboratory. We used multivariable linear regression to assess differences in PCCD/Fs between WTCHR and non-WTCHR participants. We also compared mean and median PCDD/F and toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations in our cohort to 2003-4 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) levels for youths age 12-19. RESULTS Median PCDD/F levels were statistically significantly higher among WTCHR participants compared to non-WTCHR participants for 16 out of 17 congeners. Mean and median TEQ concentrations in WTCHR participants were >7 times those in non-WTCHR participants (72.5 vs. 10.1 and 25. 3 vs. 3.39pg/g lipid, respectively). Among WTCHR participants, median concentrations of several PCDD/Fs were higher than the NHANES 95th percentiles. After controlling for dust cloud exposure, home dust exposure was significantly associated with higher PCDD/F level. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents in lower Manhattan on the day of the WTC attack and exposed to particulate contamination from the WTC collapse had significantly elevated PCDD/F levels >12years later compared to a matched comparison group, driven by chronic home dust exposure rather than acute dust cloud exposure. PCDD/F and TEQ levels substantially exceeded those in similar-aged NHANES participants. Future studies are warranted to explore associations of PCDD/Fs with health and developmental outcomes among individuals exposed to the WTC disaster as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Tony T Koshy
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 650 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Dinh Binh Chu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 650 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Wagner School of Public Service, 295 Lafayette Street, New York, NY 10012, USA; NYU College of Global Public Health, 726 Broadway, New York, NY 10012, USA.
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Yang L, Liu G, Zheng M, Jin R, Zhu Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Xu Y. Atmospheric occurrence and health risks of PCDD/Fs, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes by air inhalation in metallurgical plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1146-1154. [PMID: 27989480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical plants are important sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). It is significant to evaluate the air levels and human risks of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in metallurgical plants considering their adverse effects on human health and thousands of metallurgical plants being in operation in China. The estimated inhalation intakes of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs together in eight iron ore sintering plants, three secondary copper plants, four secondary aluminum plants, and one secondary lead plant were 4.9-213.4, 21.4-4026.4, 28.7-630, and 11.7fgTEQkg-1day-1, respectively, and the corresponding cancer risks were estimated to be 8.7×10-7 to 3.8×10-5, 5.1×10-6 to 1.1×10-4, 3.8×10-6 to 7.1×10-4, and 2.1×10-6, respectively. The estimated cancer risk were higher than 100 per million people for three secondary aluminum and copper smelters among the sixteen metallurgical plants, indicating high cancer risks. Stack gas samples from metallurgical plants were also collected and analyzed for comparing their emission profiles with that of air samples. The comparison of PCDD/F, PCB and PCN profiles between air samples and stack gas samples by similarity calculation and principal component analysis suggested the influence of stack gas emissions from metallurgical plants on surrounding air. These results are helpful for understanding the exposure risk to PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in numerous metallurgical plants being operation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu Y, Hu K, Jia H, Jin G, Glatt H, Jiang H. Potent mutagenicity of some non-planar tri- and tetrachlorinated biphenyls in mammalian cells, human CYP2E1 being a major activating enzyme. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2663-2676. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Xia D, Gao L, Zheng M, Wang S, Liu G. Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes by isotope dilution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang M, Liu G, Jiang X, Zheng M, Yang L, Zhao Y, Jin R. Thermochemical Formation of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Mediated by Secondary Copper Smelter Fly Ash, and Implications for Emission Reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7470-7479. [PMID: 27347728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions mediated by fly ash are important to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) formation. However, the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) through heterogeneous reactions is not yet well understood. Experiments were performed to investigate the thermochemical formation of PBDD/Fs at 150-450 °C through heterogeneous reactions on fly ash from a secondary copper smelter. The maximum PBDD/F concentration was 325 times higher than the initial PBDD/F concentration in the fly ash. The PBDD/F concentration after the experiment at 150 °C was five times higher than the initial concentration. PBDD/Fs have not previously been found to form at such a low temperature. Secondary-copper-smelter fly ash clearly promoted PBDD/F formation, and this conclusion was supported by the low activation energies that were found in Arrhenius's law calculations. Thermochemical formation of PBDD/Fs mediated by fly ash deposited in industrial facilities could explain "memory effects" that have been found for PCDD/Fs and similar compounds released from industrial facilities. Abundant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that were formed through fly ash-mediated reactions could be important precursors for PBDD/Fs also formed through fly ash-mediated reactions. The amounts of PBDEs that formed through fly ash-mediated reactions suggested that secondary copper smelters could be important sources of reformed PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Wang M, Liu W, Hou M, Li Q, Han Y, Li H, Yan N, Zheng M. Mono- to Octachlorinated Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Emissions from Sintering Plants Synergistically Controlled by the Desulfurization Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5207-5215. [PMID: 27124088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of desulfurization systems in sintering plants on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations, profiles, and emission factors was studied. Mono- to tri-CDD/Fs and tetra- to octa-CDD/F concentrations were 4.4 ± 2.3 and 10.5 ± 8.3 ng m(-3), respectively, at the inlets and 0.87 ± 0.48 and 0.47 ± 0.22 ng m(-3), respectively, after desulfurization. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 0.95 ± 0.093 and 0.51 ± 0.040 ng of I-TEQ m(-3) at the inlets and after desulfurization, respectively. The congener profiles and homologue distributions were dominated by 2-MoCDF and MoCDF, respectively. The PCDD/F removal efficiencies achieved by desulfurization increased as the chlorination level increased. The PCDD/Fs became adsorbed to gypsum. Annual mono- to tri-CDD/Fs PCDD/F and TEQ (tetra- to octa-CDD/F) emission factors for flue gas and gypsum between 2003 and 2012 were determined. The total amounts of mono- to tri-CDD/Fs emitted in flue gas and gypsum between 2003 and 2012 were 10.7 and 10.2 kg, respectively. The total TEQs emitted in flue gas and gypsum between 2003 and 2012 were estimated to be 15486 and 1878 g of I-TEQ, respectively. PCDD/Fs adsorbed to gypsum are not effectively eliminated. The PCDD/F concentrations increased as the fly ash surface area increased moving through the electrostatic precipitator stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Wang M, Liu G, Jiang X, Li S, Liu W, Zheng M. Formation and emission of brominated dioxins and furans during secondary aluminum smelting processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:60-67. [PMID: 26706932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aluminum smelting (SAl) processes have previously been found to be important sources of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). It is crucial that the key factors that influence the formation and emission of PBDD/Fs are identified to allow techniques for decreasing PBDD/F emissions during SAl processes to be developed. In this study, stack gas samples were collected from four typical secondary aluminum smelters that used different raw materials, and the samples were analyzed to allow differences between PBDD/F emissions from different SAl plants to be assessed. The composition of the raw materials was found to be one of the key factors influencing the amounts of PBDD/Fs emitted. The PBDD/F emission factors (per tonne of aluminum produced) for the plants using 100% (Plant1), 80% (Plant2), and 50% (Plant3) dirty aluminum scrap in the raw material feed were 180, 86, and 14 μg t(-1), respectively. The amounts of PBDD/Fs emitted at different stages of the smelting process (feeding-fusion, refining, and casting) were compared, and the feeding-fusion stage was found to be the main stage in which PBDD/Fs were formed and emitted. Effective aluminum scrap pretreatments could significantly decrease PBDD/F emissions. Much higher polybrominated dibenzofuran concentrations than polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations were found throughout the SAl process. The more-brominated congeners (including octabromodibenzo-p-dioxin, octabromodibenzofuran, heptabromodibenzo-p-dioxins, and heptabromodibenzofurans) were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations. The results could help in the development of techniques and strategies for controlling PBDD/F emissions during metallurgical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sumei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu G, Zheng M, Jiang X, Jin R, Zhao Y, Zhan J. Insights into the emission reductions of multiple unintentional persistent organic pollutants from industrial activities. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:420-424. [PMID: 26386431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Industrial activities result in unintentional production of multiple types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at various concentrations. Because of the potential adverse effect of these POPs on the environment, biota and human health, methods for controlling emission of POPs are required. Development and application of techniques for controlling emissions of POPs can be a technical and economic burden for the industry involved. Therefore, from the point of view of cost-benefit analysis, reducing emissions of multiple pollutants at the same time is optimal for sustainable industrial development. Although techniques have been developed for reducing the emissions of individual POPs, such as dioxins, further work is required on multi-POP control emissions from industrial activities. This paper discusses three important aspects that need to be taken to achieve multi-POP control. These aspects include the establishment of a comprehensive system for evaluating the risk from emissions of multiple POPs, determination of indicators for total emissions of multiple POPs, and the preparation and application of functional materials to inhibit formation of multiple POPs. These discussion might be helpful for the future research on the multi-POP control in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiayu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
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Hong Y, Chen J, Zhang F, Zhang H, Xu L, Yin L, Chen Y. Effects of urbanization on gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in a coastal city, China: levels, sources, and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14919-14931. [PMID: 25994262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in Xiamen from May 2009 to March 2010 to evaluate the impacts of urbanization on the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmospheric environment. In a newly developing area (NDA), the concentrations of 16 PAHs (gas + particle) were significantly higher than that a historically urbanized area (HUA) (p value <0.05), while the trend of 28 PCBs was reversed. Diagnostic ratios and principle component analysis (PCA) implied that atmospheric PAHs in the NDA were mainly derived from petrogenic combustion, including mixed sources of vehicle emissions, biomass burning and oil combustion, while pyrogenic combustion (e.g., traffic and coal combustion) was considered the major source of PAHs in the HUA. Atmospheric PCBs in both HUA and NDA were dominated by TriCBs and PeCBs related to the use of commercial mixtures (Aroclors 1242 and 1254). Based on the toxicological equivalent factor (TEF) approach, total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent values in the HUA and NDA were 1.12 and 2.02 ng m(-3), respectively, exceeding the standard threshold values (1.0 ng m(-3)) of China and WHO. Average daily intake of dioxin-like compounds was 0.2 pg kg(-1) day(-1) in the HUA, which are below the WHO tolerable daily intake level. The results showed that the contribution to the toxic equivalency (TEQ) was dominated by PCB169, PCB105, and PCB81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuwang Zhang
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China
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Wang M, Liu G, Jiang X, Xiao K, Zheng M. Formation and potential mechanisms of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on fly ash from a secondary copper smelting process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8747-8755. [PMID: 25572269 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary copper smelting (SeCu) is widely considered to be an important source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs; PCDD/Fs). Laboratory experiments were performed using SeCu fly ash as a matrix for thermochemical reactions to investigate the effects of fly ash on the formation of PCDD/Fs and the potential mechanisms. Thermochemical reactions on SeCu fly ash over a temperature range of 250-450 °C and reaction times of 10-120 min caused the PCDD/F concentrations in the fly ash to increase significantly. The PCDD/F concentrations formed in the thermal reactions were about 99-139 times higher than the PCDD/F concentrations in the original fly ash, clearly indicating that fly ash promoted the formation of PCDD/Fs. The PCDFs dominated the PCDDs, and the PCDF/PCDD concentration ratio was about 30-40. Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and the heptachlorodibenzofurans were the most dominant homologs that were formed. A comparison of the PCDD/F patterns produced in the thermochemical reactions and the patterns in the original fly ash suggested that the chlorination of less chlorinated PCDFs might be an important pathway in the formation of higher chlorinated furans. The results of this study indicated that SeCu fly ash has a high PCDD/F formation potential. It is crucial to have the fly ash filter at low temperature and that fly ash in the cooling system should be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
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Liu G, Zheng M, Cai Z. Occurrence, profile and possible sources of PCNs in Hong Kong soils, and a comparison with PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13656-13663. [PMID: 24996945 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been proposed for inclusion in the annexes of the Stockholm Convention by the European Union, signifying a probable increase in monitoring PCN levels at a global level. Investigations on PCN levels in the environment of Hong Kong have not been reported. In this preliminary investigation, PCN levels in surface soils samples were determined by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS techniques, and compared with those of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The concentrations of PCNs in the soil samples were 35-883 pg g(-1) (average, 201; and median, 94 pg g(-1)), which were lower than those of PCBs PCDDs and PCDFs. This comparison suggested that PCNs are currently not priority POPs compared with dioxins and PCBs in Hong Kong soils. PCDDs were the most important contributor to the sum of toxic equivalents of PCNs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. OCDD was the most dominant dioxin congener in Hong Kong surface soils. PCB-118 was the most abundant in 12 dl-PCB congeners. PCN congeners indicating thermal related sources (CN52/60, CN66/67 and CN73) were relatively abundant in their respective homologs, which suggested PCN contamination from thermal sources. The ratio of CN73 to CN74 in soil samples suggested the contribution of PCN contaminations in soils from both thermal-related sources and evaporative emissions of technical PCN mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Hu J, Zheng M, Liu W, Nie Z, Li C, Liu G, Xiao K. Characterization of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in the environment surrounding secondary copper and aluminum metallurgical facilities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:6-12. [PMID: 24980607 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs) were determined in ambient air from around five secondary non-ferrous metal processing plants in China, to investigate the potential impacts of the emissions of these plants on their surrounding environments. The target compounds were polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and PCN concentrations in the ambient air downwind of the plants were 4.70-178, 8.23-7520 and 152-4190 pg/m(3), respectively, and the concentrations upwind of the plants were lower. Clear correlations were found between ambient air and stack gas concentrations of the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs among the five plants, respectively. Furthermore, the UP-POPs homolog and congener patterns in the ambient air were similar to the patterns in the stack gas samples. These results indicate that UP-POPs emissions from the plants investigated have obvious impacts on the environments surrounding the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Changliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Zhang H, Xiao K, Liu J, Wang T, Liu G, Wang Y, Jiang G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:555-560. [PMID: 24880545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were nominated as persistent organic pollutants candidate in the Stockholm Convention in 2011. In this study, the profiles, concentrations and spatial distributions of PCNs were analyzed in 30 sewage sludge samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in China. Concentrations of Σ75PCNs in sludge samples were in the range of 1.05-10.9 ng/g dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 3.98 ng/g dw. The predominant homologues in the sludge were mono- to tetra-CNs, accounting for approximately 85% of total PCNs. The total toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) of dioxin-like PCN congeners ranged from 0.04 to 2.28 pg/g dw with a mean value of 0.36 pg/g dw, which were lower than the maximum permissible TEQ concentrations in sludge for land application in China. Levels of PCNs and TEQs in sludge were relatively higher in samples from highly industrialized and developed cities in eastern China, implying a possible link between PCN contamination and the local economic development, but more studies are warranted to corroborate this. Industrial sources might be important contributors of PCNs to sewage sludge in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Thanh Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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