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Li SA, Wang Q, Ma H, Cao X, Song Y, Cui F, Tanentzap AJ. Photochemical processes transform dissolved organic matter differently depending on its initial composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171465. [PMID: 38453086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the most important fluxes in the global carbon cycle but its response to light exposure remains unclear at a molecular-level. The chemical response of DOM to light should vary with its molecular composition and environmental conditions while some basic hypotheses are still unclear, such as the balance between photobleaching and photo-humification and the question of oxidative properties. Here we exposed aquatic DOM from diverse freshwaters impacted by different levels of anthropogenic activity and algal exudates to environmentally-realistic light conditions. We found that photobleaching occurred in DOM with relatively high initial humic content producing low H/C molecules, whereas DOM with low initial humic content was humified. DOM pools with relatively high initial saturation and low aromaticity were prone to transform towards more unsaturated molecular formulae and high H/C molecules with a distinct decrease of bioavailability. Photo-transformation was mainly influenced by reactive intermediates, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing a dominant role in humification when the initial humus content of DOM was high. In contrast, for algal DOM with high protein content, it was likely that the autoxidation of excited state DOM was more important than indirect oxidation involving ROS. Our results reveal how photo-transformation patterns depend on the initial composition of DOM and provide new insights into the role of photochemical processes in biogeochemical cycling of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ao Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Qianru Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hua Ma
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Xinghong Cao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yingyue Song
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Andrew J Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
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Zhou R, Liu J, Zhou C, Zhang X. Phototransformation of Lignin-related Compounds in Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Solutions. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120586. [PMID: 37717330 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major terrestrial source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and studying the phototransformation of lignin monomers and their related compounds can enhance our understanding of CDOM intramolecular interactions. Coniferyl aldehyde (Coni) and sinapaldehyde (Sina) form ground-state complexes with CDOM, with equilibrium constants of 7,800 (± 1,800) and 20,000 (± 2,000) M-1, respectively. In comparison, vanillin (Van) exhibits minimal affinity for CDOM complexation. The bimolecular reaction rate constants between singlet oxygen (1O2) and these phenolic carbonyl compounds ranged from 0.46 (± 0.02) to 1.8 (± 0.1) × 107 M-1s-1, which is approximately one order of magnitude lower than their reaction rate constants (0.51 (± 0.02)-1.25 (± 0.02) × 108 M-1s-1) with the triplet excited state of CDOM (3CDOM*). In acidic CDOM solutions (pH 5.0), 1O2, H2O2, and organic peroxyl radicals had negligible impact on the transformation. Comparing the initial transformation rate in the presence and in the absence of NaN3 or furfuryl alcohol led to an overestimation of the contribution of 1O2 to the transformation of Van, Coni, or Sina. 3CDOM* scavengers could not fully inhibit the transformation of Coni or Sina. The remaining transformation is considered to arise from either the unquenched intra-CDOM phase 3CDOM* or a fraction of Coni⊂CDOM or Sina⊂CDOM complex, which underwent intramolecular photoinduced chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiya Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Hubei Water Resources Research Institute, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China.
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3
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Qiu Y, Zhang T, Zhang P. Fate and environmental behaviors of microplastics through the lens of free radical. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131401. [PMID: 37086675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), as plastics with a size of less than 5 mm, are ubiquitously present in the environment and become an increasing environmental concern. The fate and environmental behavior of MPs are significantly influenced by the presence of free radicals. Free radicals can cause surface breakage, chemical release, change in crystallinity and hydrophilicity, and aggregation of MPs. On the other hand, the generation of free radicals with a high concentration and oxidation potential can effectively degrade MPs. There is a limited review article to bridge the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions. This paper reviews the sources, types, detection methods, generation mechanisms, and influencing factors of free radicals affecting the environmental processes of MPs, the environmental effects of MPs controlled by free radicals, and the degradation strategies of MPs based on free radical-associated technologies. Moreover, this review elaborates on the limitations of the current research and provides ideas for future research on the interactions between MPs and free radicals to better explain their environmental impacts and control their risks. This article aims to keep the reader abreast of the latest development in the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions and to bridge free radical chemistry with MP control methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
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4
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Xia A, Guo X, Chai Y, Zhang W, Huang Y, Zhu X, Zhu X, Liao Q. Green light enhanced the photostability and catalytic performance of fatty acid photodecarboxylase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6674-6677. [PMID: 37096404 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00995e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Green light was documented to improve the photostability of fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP). Compared to blue light, green light increased the pentadecane yield by 27.6% and improved the residual activity of CvFAP to 5.9-fold after the preillumination. Kinetics and thermodynamics indicated that blue light facilitated a high CvFAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yingxin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Guo X, Xia A, Zhang W, Huang Y, Zhu X, Zhu X, Liao Q. Photoenzymatic decarboxylation: A promising way to produce sustainable aviation fuels and fine chemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128232. [PMID: 36332862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the fastest-growing carbon emission sources, the aviation sector is severely restricted by carbon emission reduction targets. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has emerged as the most potential alternative to traditional aviation fuel, but harsh production technologies limit its commercialization. Fatty acids photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (CvFAP), the latest discovered photoenzyme, provides promising approaches to produce various carbon-neutral biofuels and fine chemicals. This review highlights the state-of-the-art strategies to enhance the application of CvFAP in carbon-neutral biofuel and fine chemicals production, including supplementing alkane as decoy molecular, screening efficient CvFAP variants with directed evolution, constructing genetic strains, employing biphasic catalytic system, and immobilizing CvFAP in an efficient photobioreactor. Furthermore, future opportunities are suggested to enhance photoenzymatic decarboxylation and explore the catalytic mechanism of CvFAP. This review provides a broad context to improve CvFAP catalysis and advance its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
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6
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Anaerobic environment as an efficient approach to improve the photostability of fatty acid photodecarboxylase. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Duan J, Li Y, Gao J, Cao R, Shang E, Zhang W. ROS-mediated photoaging pathways of nano- and micro-plastic particles under UV irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118320. [PMID: 35339969 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is considered as an important photoaging mechanism of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). To elucidate the ROS-induced MP/NP aging processes in water under UV365 irradiation, we examined the effects of surface coatings, polymer types and grain sizes on ROS generation and photoaging intermediates. Bare polystyrene (PS) NPs generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2), while coated PS NPs (carboxyl-modified PS (PS-COOH), amino-modified PS (PS-NH2)) and PS MPs generated fewer ROS due to coating scavenging or size effects. Polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate MPs only generated •OH. For aromatic polymers, •OH addition preferentially occurred at benzene rings to form monohydroxy polymers. Excess •OH resulted in H abstraction, CC scission and phenyl ring opening to generate aliphatic ketones, esters, aldehydes, and aromatic ketones. For coated PS NPs, •OH preferentially attacked the surface coatings to result in decarboxylation and deamination reactions. For aliphatic polymers, •OH attack resulted in the formation of carbonyl groups from peracid, aldehyde or ketone via H abstraction and CC scission. Moreover, 1O2 might participate in phenyl ring opening for PS NPs and coating degradation for coated PS NPs. This study facilitates understanding the ROS-induced weathering process of NPs/MPs in water under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianan Gao
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Runzi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Enxiang Shang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, Hebei 061100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
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8
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Lim S, Shi JL, von Gunten U, McCurry DL. Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118053. [PMID: 35196612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation has been applied in water treatment for more than a century, first for disinfection, later for oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. In recent years, ozone has been increasingly applied for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for ecosystem protection and for potable water reuse. These applications triggered significant research efforts on the abatement efficiency of organic contaminants and the ensuing formation of transformation products. This endeavor was accompanied by developments in analytical and computational chemistry, which allowed to improve the mechanistic understanding of ozone reactions. This critical review assesses the challenges of ozonation of impaired water qualities such as wastewaters and provides an up-to-date compilation of the recent kinetic and mechanistic findings of ozone reactions with dissolved organic matter, various functional groups (olefins, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, aliphatic nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, carbanions, β-diketones) and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Amekura S, Shiozawa K, Kiryu C, Yamamoto Y, Fujisawa A. Edaravone, a scavenger for multiple reactive oxygen species, reacts with singlet oxygen to yield 2-oxo-3-(phenylhydrazono)-butanoic acid. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 70:240-247. [PMID: 35692681 PMCID: PMC9130065 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) is a synthetic antioxidant used as a drug to treat acute ischemic stroke in Japan and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan and the USA. Its pharmacological mechanism is thought to be scavenging of reactive oxygen species, which are intimately related with these diseases. Recently, the singlet oxygen (1O2) has attracted attention among reactive oxygen species. In this study, we investigated the reactivity of edaravone toward 1O2 and identified its reaction products. Edaravone showed a reactivity toward 1O2 greater than those of uric acid, histidine, and tryptophan, which are believed to be 1O2 scavengers in vivo. And we confirmed that 2-oxo-3-(phenylhydrazono)-butanoic acid was formed as an oxidation product. We propose a plausible mechanism for 2-oxo-3-(phenylhydrazono)-butanoic acid production by 1O2-induced edaravone oxidation. Since 2-oxo-3-(phenylhydrazono)-butanoic acid has already been identified as a radical-initiated oxidation product, free radical-induced oxidation should be seriously reconsidered. We also found that edaravone can react with not only hypochlorous anions but also 1O2 that are formed from myeloperoxidase. This result suggests that edaravone treatment can be beneficial against myeloperoxidase-related injuries such as inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Amekura
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Kyouhei Shiozawa
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Chihiro Kiryu
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Yorihiro Yamamoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Akio Fujisawa
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
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10
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Zheng F, Wang J, Xiao R, Chai W, Xing D, Lu H. Dissolved organic nitrogen in wastewater treatment processes: Transformation, biosynthesis and ecological impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116436. [PMID: 33493760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the upgrade of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to meet more stringent discharge limits for nutrients, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is present at an increasing percentage (up to 85%) in the effluent. Discharged DON is of great environmental concern due to its potentials in stimulating algal growth and forming toxic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). This article systematically reviewed the characteristics, transformation and ecological impacts of wastewater DON. Proteins, amino acids and humic substances are the abundant DON compounds, but a large fraction (nearly 50%) of DON remains uncharacterized. Biological treatment processes play a dominant role in DON transformation (65-90%), where DON serves as both nutrient and energy sources. Despite of the above progress, critical knowledge gaps remain in DON functional duality, relationship with dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species, and coupling/decoupling with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. Development of more rapid and accurate quantification methods, modeling transformation processes, and assessing DON-associated eutrophication and N-DBP formation risks should be given priority in further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Chai
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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11
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Egli CM, Stravs MA, Janssen EML. Inactivation and Site-specific Oxidation of Aquatic Extracellular Bacterial Leucine Aminopeptidase by Singlet Oxygen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14403-14412. [PMID: 33146524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular enzymes are master recyclers of organic matter, and to predict their functional lifetime, we need to understand their environmental transformation processes. In surface waters, direct and indirect photochemical transformation is a known driver of inactivation. We investigated molecular changes that occur along with inactivation in aminopeptidase, an abundant class of extracellular enzymes. We studied the inactivation kinetics and localized oxidation caused by singlet oxygen, 1O2, a major photochemically derived oxidant toward amino acids. Aminopeptidase showed second-order inactivation rate constants with 1O2 comparable to those of free amino acids. We then visualized site-specific oxidation kinetics within the three-dimensional protein and demonstrated that fastest oxidation occurred around the active site and at other reactive amino acids. However, second-order oxidation rate constants did not correlate strictly with the 1O2-accessible surface areas of those amino acids. We inspected site-specific processes by a comprehensive suspect screening for 723,288 possible transformation products. We concluded that histidine involved in zinc coordination at the active site reacted slower than what was expected by its accessibility, and we differentiated between two competing reaction pathways of 1O2 with tryptophan residues. This systematic analysis can be directly applied to other proteins and transformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Egli
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Stravs
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M L Janssen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf 8600, Switzerland
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12
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Ge Y, Lei Y, Lei X, Gan W, Shu L, Yang X. Exploration of reaction rates of chlorine dioxide with tryptophan residue in oligopeptides and proteins. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 93:129-136. [PMID: 32446448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an alternative disinfectant to chlorine, has a superior ability to inactivate microorganisms, in which protein damage has been considered as the main inactivation mechanism. However, the reactivity of ClO2 with amino acid residues in oligopeptides and proteins remains poorly investigated. In this research, we studied the reaction rate constants of ClO2 with tryptophan residues in five heptapeptides and four proteins using stopped-flow or competition kinetic method. Each heptapeptide and protein contain only one tryptophan residue and the reactivity of tryptophan residue with ClO2 was lower than that of free tryptophan (3.88 × 104 (mol/L)-1sec-1 at pH 7.0). The neighboring amino acid residues affected the reaction rates through promoting inter-peptide aggregation, changing electron density, shifting pKa values or inducing electron transfer via redox reactions. A single amino acid residue difference in oligopeptides can make the reaction rate constants differ by over 60% (e.g. 3.01 × 104 (mol/L)-1sec-1 for DDDWNDD and 1.85 × 104 (mol/L)-1sec-1 for DDDWDDD at pH 7.0 (D: aspartic acid, W: tryptophan, N: asparagine)). The reaction rates of tryptophan-containing oligopeptides were also highly pH-dependent with higher reactivity for deprotonated tryptophan than the neutral specie. Tryptophan residues in proteins spanned a 4-fold range reactivity toward ClO2 (i.e. 0.84 × 104 (mol/L)-1sec-1 for ribonuclease T1 and 3.21 × 104 (mol/L)-1sec-1 for melittin at pH 7.0) with accessibility to the oxidant as the determinating factor. The local environment surrounding the tryptophan residue in proteins can also accelerate the reaction rates by increasing the electron density of the indole ring of tryptophan or inhibit the reaction rates by inducing electron transfer reactions. The results are of significance in advancing understanding of ClO2 oxidative reactions with proteins and microbial inactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexian Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Longfei Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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13
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Arevalo GE, Cagan DA, Monsour CG, Garcia AC, McCurdy A, Selke M. A Photoprotective Effect by Cation-π-Interaction? Quenching of Singlet Oxygen by an Indole Cation-π Model System. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1200-1207. [PMID: 32472700 DOI: 10.1111/php.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the cation-π interaction on the susceptibility of a tryptophan model system toward interaction with singlet oxygen, that is, type II photooxidation. The model system consists of two indole units linked to a lariat crown ether to measure the total rate of removal of singlet oxygen by the indole units in the presence of sodium cations (i.e. indole units subject to a cation-π interaction) and in the absence of this interaction. We found that the cation-π interaction significantly decreases the total rate of removal of singlet oxygen (kT ) for the model system, that is, (kT = 2.4 ± 0.2) × 108 m-1 s-1 without sodium cation vs (kT = 6.9 ± 0.9) × 107 m-1 s-1 upon complexation of sodium cation to the crown ether. Furthermore, we found that the indole moieties undergo type I photooxidation processes with triplet excited methylene blue; this effect is also inhibited by the cation-π interaction. The chemical rate of reaction of the indole groups with singlet oxygen is also slower upon complexation of sodium cation in our model system, although we were unable to obtain an exact ratio due to differences of the chemical reaction rates of the two indole moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Arevalo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Cagan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte G Monsour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arman C Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alison McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Selke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Zhou Q, Zhang X, Zhou C. Transformation of amino acid tyrosine in chromophoric organic matter solutions: Generation of peroxide and change of bioavailability. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125662. [PMID: 31864059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studying the photochemical transformation mechanism of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) solution facilitates the understanding of DFAA's environmental fate and bioavailability change upon solar irradiation in natural surface waters. Tyrosine oxidation product (Tyr-OH) was synthesized to quantify the primary transformation product (tyrosine peroxide, Tyr-OOH) in CDOM solution. Both reactions between superoxide radical anion (O2-) and tyrosine radical (Tyr) and between singlet oxygen (1O2) and tyrosine (Tyr) yield Tyr-OOH, which is subsequently transformed into Tyr-OH. The reaction between O2- and Tyr not only generated Tyr-OOH but also caused the regeneration of Tyr. O2- and 1O2 contributed 30-44% to Tyr's transformation in CDOM solutions at pH 8.0, in which 1O2 oxidation accounted for 6-11%. The contribution of O2- to Tyr's phototransformation process was the difference between the total contribution of O2- and 1O2 and the individual contribution of 1O2. Compared with the fast assimilation of Tyr, Tyr-OH was stable in natural water under dark incubation, indicating that phototransformation decreased the bioavailability of Tyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| | - Chi Zhou
- Hubei Water Resources Research Institute, Hubei Water Resources and Hydropower Science and Technology Promotion Center Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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15
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Ruiz M, Yang Y, Lochbaum CA, Delafield DG, Pignatello JJ, Li L, Pedersen JA. Peroxymonosulfate Oxidizes Amino Acids in Water without Activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10845-10854. [PMID: 31373486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A variety of peptidic and proteinaceous contaminants (e.g., proteins, toxins, pathogens) present in the environment may pose risk to human health and wildlife. Peroxymonosulfate is a strong oxidant (EH0 = 1.82 V for HSO5-, the predominant species at environmental pH values) that may hold promise for the deactivation of proteinaceous contaminants. Relatively little quantitative information exists on the rates of peroxymonosulfate reactions with free amino acids. Here, we studied the oxidation of 19 of the 20 standard proteinogenic amino acids (all except cysteine) by peroxymonosulfate without explicit activation. Reaction half-lives at pH 7 ranged from milliseconds to hours. Amino acids possessing sulfur-containing, heteroaromatic, or substituted aromatic side chains were the most susceptible to oxidation by peroxymonosulfate, with rates of transformation decreasing in the order methionine > tryptophan > tyrosine > histidine. The rate of tryptophan oxidation did not decrease in the presence of an aquatic natural organic matter. Singlet oxygen resulting from peroxymonosulfate self-decomposition, while detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, was unlikely to be the principal reactive species. Our results demonstrate that peroxymonosulfate is capable of oxidizing 19 amino acids without explicit activation and that solvent-exposed methionine and tryptophan residues are likely initial targets of oxidation in peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | | | | | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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16
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Egli CM, Janssen EML. Proteomics Approach To Trace Site-Specific Damage in Aquatic Extracellular Enzymes During Photoinactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7671-7679. [PMID: 29920080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular enzymes are major drivers of biogeochemical nutrient and carbon cycling in surface water. While photoinactivation is regarded as a major inactivation process of these enzymes, the underlying molecular changes have received little attention. This study demonstrates how light exposure leads to a rapid loss of phosphatase, aminopeptidase, and glucosidase activities of biofilm samples and model enzymes. Here, an optimized proteomics approach allowed simultaneous observation of inactivation and molecular changes. Site-specific fingerprints of degradation kinetics have been generated and visualized in the three-dimensional proteins. Oxidation of tryptophan, the chromophoric target, initiated secondary reactions. Evidence was obtained that tyrosine residues act as intramolecular antioxidants, reflected in decelerated decay of tryptophan-containing peptides and enhanced decay of tyrosine-containing peptides. In addition, subsequent methionine oxidation and disulfide reduction contribute to heterogeneous photodamage. The proximity to tryptophan residues explains >95% of the photodamage across the protein structures. The presence of redox active organic matter or a model antioxidant in solution quenched not only photoinactivation and tryptophan oxidation but also all subsequent damage. The developed analytical approach can be applied to other research questions in environmental sciences where site-specific damage in a protein is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Egli
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich , Zürich , 8092 , Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag , Dübendorf , 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M-L Janssen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag , Dübendorf , 8600 , Switzerland
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17
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Parker KM, Sander M. Environmental Fate of Insecticidal Plant-Incorporated Protectants from Genetically Modified Crops: Knowledge Gaps and Research Opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12049-12057. [PMID: 28968072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are biopesticides expressed in genetically modified (GM) crops and are typically macromolecular in nature. First-generation insecticidal PIPs were Cry proteins expressed in GM crops containing transgenes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis; next-generation double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) PIPs have been recently approved. Like conventional synthetic pesticides, the use of either Cry protein or dsRNA PIPs results in their release to receiving environments. However, as opposed to conventional low molecular weight pesticides, the environmental fate of macromolecular PIPs remains less studied and is poorly understood. This Feature highlights the knowledge gaps and challenges that have emerged while investigating the environmental fate of Cry protein PIPs and suggests new avenues to advance the state of the research necessary for the ongoing environmental fate assessment of dsRNA PIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Parker
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Lundeen RA, Chu C, Sander M, McNeill K. Photooxidation of the Antimicrobial, Nonribosomal Peptide Bacitracin A by Singlet Oxygen under Environmentally Relevant Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8586-8595. [PMID: 27128169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacitracin is a mixture of nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) that is extensively used as an antibiotic in both human and veterinary medicine. Despite its widespread use over the past six decades, very few studies have addressed the environmental fate of bacitracin and zinc-bacitracin complexes. In this study, the photochemical transformation of bacitracin components (i.e., cyclic dodecapeptides) in the aquatic environment was investigated. A high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based approach enabled monitoring of the photochemical degradation kinetics of individual bacitracin components, investigation of the relative contribution of reactive oxygen species (e.g., singlet oxygen, (1)O2) in dissolved organic matter-sensitized photoreactions, and identification of oxidative modifications in bacitracin photoproducts. The results of this study support the hypothesis that indirect photochemical oxidation of the histidine (His) residue by (1)O2 is a major degradation pathway for bacitracin A, the most potent congener of the mixture. Furthermore, the photooxidation rate of bacitracin A with (1)O2 decreased upon bacitracin A coordination with Zn(2+), demonstrating that the photochemistry of metal-bound His is different from that of metal-free His. Overall, these results provide insight into the fate of bacitracin components in the aquatic environment and highlight the potential of utilizing this HRMS-based methodology to study transformations of other environmentally relevant NRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lundeen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Chu C, Erickson PR, Lundeen RA, Stamatelatos D, Alaimo PJ, Latch DE, McNeill K. Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Transformations of Cysteine with Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6363-6373. [PMID: 27172378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) plays numerous key roles in the biogeochemistry of natural waters. Despite its importance, a full assessment of Cys abiotic transformation kinetics, products and pathways under environmental conditions has not been conducted. This study is a mechanistic evaluation of the photochemical and nonphotochemical (dark) transformations of Cys in solutions containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The results show that Cys underwent abiotic transformations under both dark and irradiated conditions. Under dark conditions, the transformation rates of Cys were moderate and were highly pH- and temperature-dependent. Under UVA or natural sunlight irradiations, Cys transformation rates were enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to rates under dark conditions. Product analysis indicated cystine and cysteine sulfinic acid were the major photooxidation products. In addition, this study provides an assessment of the contributions of singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and triplet dissolved organic matter to the CDOM-sensitized photochemical oxidation of Cys. The results suggest that another unknown pathway was dominant in the CDOM-sensitized photodegradation of Cys, which will require further study to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheng Chu
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Erickson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel A Lundeen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Stamatelatos
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Alaimo
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University , Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
| | - Douglas E Latch
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University , Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Reardon PN, Chacon SS, Walter ED, Bowden ME, Washton NM, Kleber M. Abiotic Protein Fragmentation by Manganese Oxide: Implications for a Mechanism to Supply Soil Biota with Oligopeptides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3486-3493. [PMID: 26974439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants and microorganisms to take up organic nitrogen in the form of free amino acids and oligopeptides has received increasing attention over the last two decades, yet the mechanisms for the formation of such compounds in soil environments remain poorly understood. We used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to distinguish the reaction of a model protein with a pedogenic oxide (Birnessite, MnO2) from its response to a phyllosilicate (Kaolinite). Our data demonstrate that birnessite fragments the model protein while kaolinite does not, resulting in soluble peptides that would be available to soil biota and confirming the existence of an abiotic pathway for the formation of organic nitrogen compounds for direct uptake by plants and microorganisms. The absence of reduced Mn(II) in the solution suggests that birnessite acts as a catalyst rather than an oxidant in this reaction. NMR and EPR spectroscopies are shown to be valuable tools to observe these reactions and capture the extent of protein transformation together with the extent of mineral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Reardon
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Stephany S Chacon
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Eric D Walter
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nancy M Washton
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Markus Kleber
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Institut für Bodenlandschaftsforschung, Leibniz Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) , Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
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21
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Latch DE. The Role of Singlet Oxygen in Surface Water Photochemistry. SURFACE WATER PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622154-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, (1O2, 1Δg), is a selective oxidant produced in sunlit surface waters. It is an electrophile produced from the quenching of excited state triplet natural organic matter (3NOM) by dissolved oxygen and it reacts with electron-rich alkenes, sulfides, and phenols. The concentration of 1O2 is high near the NOM molecules that sensitize its production and significantly decreases moving away from the NOM source. This chapter discusses the formation, quenching, reactivity, and detection of 1O2 and includes examples of surface water contaminants that react with 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Latch
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University 901 12th Avenue Seattle WA 98122 USA
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22
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Choe JK, Richards DH, Wilson CJ, Mitch WA. Degradation of Amino Acids and Structure in Model Proteins and Bacteriophage MS2 by Chlorine, Bromine, and Ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13331-13339. [PMID: 26488608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are important targets of chemical disinfectants. To improve the understanding of disinfectant-protein reactions, this study characterized the disinfectant:protein molar ratios at which 50% degradation of oxidizable amino acids (i.e., Met, Tyr, Trp, His, Lys) and structure were observed during HOCl, HOBr, and O3 treatment of three well-characterized model proteins and bacteriophage MS2. A critical question is the extent to which the targeting of amino acids is driven by their disinfectant rate constants rather than their geometrical arrangement. Across the model proteins and bacteriophage MS2 (coat protein), differing widely in structure, methionine was preferentially targeted, forming predominantly methionine sulfoxide. This targeting concurs with its high disinfectant rate constants and supports its hypothesized role as a sacrificial antioxidant. Despite higher HOCl and HOBr rate constants with histidine and lysine than for tyrosine, tyrosine generally was degraded in preference to histidine, and to a lesser extent, lysine. These results concur with the prevalence of geometrical motifs featuring histidines or lysines near tyrosines, facilitating histidine and lysine regeneration upon Cl[+1] transfer from their chloramines to tyrosines. Lysine nitrile formation occurred at or above oxidant doses where 3,5-dihalotyrosine products began to degrade. For O3, which lacks a similar oxidant transfer pathway, histidine, tyrosine, and lysine degradation followed their relative O3 rate constants. Except for its low reactivity with lysine, the O3 doses required to degrade amino acids were as low as or lower than for HOCl or HOBr, indicating its oxidative efficiency. Loss of structure did not correlate with loss of particular amino acids, suggesting the need to characterize the oxidation of specific geometric motifs to understand structural degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David H Richards
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Corey J Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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23
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Chu C, Lundeen RA, Sander M, McNeill K. Assessing the Indirect Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Combined Amino Acids through the Use of Systematically Designed Histidine-Containing Oligopeptides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12798-12807. [PMID: 26425803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation is an important abiotic transformation pathway for amino acids (AAs) in sunlit waters. Although dissolved free AAs are well studied, the photooxidation of dissolved combined AAs (DCAAs) remains poorly investigated. This study is a systematic investigation of the effect of neighboring photostable AA residues (i.e., aliphatic, cationic, anionic, or aromatic residues) on the environmental indirect photochemical transformation of histidine (His) in His-containing oligopeptides. The pKa values of His residues in the studied oligopeptides were found to be between 4.3 and 8.1. Accordingly, the phototransformation rate constants of the His-containing oligopeptides were highly pH-dependent in an environmentally relevant pH range with higher reactivity for neutral His than for the protonated species. The photostable AA residues significantly modulated the photoreactivity of oligopeptides either through altering the accessibility of His to photochemically produced oxidants or through shifting the pKa values of His residues. In addition, the influence of neighboring photostable AA residues on the sorption-enhanced phototransformation of oligopeptides in solutions containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was assessed. The constituent photostable AA residues promoted sorption of His-containing oligopeptides to CDOM macromolecules through electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic effects, and/or low-barrier hydrogen bonds, and subsequently increased the apparent phototransformation rate constants by up to 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheng Chu
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel A Lundeen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Chu W, Li X, Gao N, Deng Y, Yin D, Li D, Chu T. Peptide bonds affect the formation of haloacetamides, an emerging class of N-DBPs in drinking water: free amino acids versus oligopeptides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14412. [PMID: 26394759 PMCID: PMC4585778 DOI: 10.1038/srep14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloacetamides (HAcAms), an emerging class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) of health concern, have been frequently identified in drinking waters. It has long been appreciated that free amino acids (AAs), accounting for a small fraction of the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool, can form dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) during chlorination. However, the information regarding the impacts of combined AAs, which contribute to the greatest identifiable DON portion in natural waters, is limited. In this study, we compared the formation of HAcAms from free AAs (tyrosine [Tyr] and alanine [Ala]) and combined AAs (Tyr-Ala, Ala-Tyr, Tyr-Tyr-Tyr, Ala-Ala-Ala), and found that HAcAm formation from the chlorination of AAs in combined forms (oligopeptides) significantly exhibited a different pattern with HAcAm formation from free AAs. Due to the presence of peptide bonds in tripeptides, Tyr-Tyr-Tyr and Ala-Ala-Ala produced trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) in which free AAs was unable to form TCAcAm during chlorination. Moreover, peptide bond in tripeptides formed more tri-HAcAms than di-HAcAms in the presence of bromide. Therefore, the peptide bond may be an important indicator to predict the formation of specific N-DBPs in chlorination. The increased use of algal- and wastewater-impacted water as drinking water sources will increase health concerns over exposure to HAcAms in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tengfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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25
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Onyango AN. Alternatives to the 'water oxidation pathway' of biological ozone formation. J Chem Biol 2015; 9:1-8. [PMID: 26855676 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-015-0140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that ozone (O3) is endogenously generated in living tissues, where it makes both positive and negative physiological contributions. A pathway for the formation of both O3 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was previously proposed, beginning with the antibody or amino acid-catalyzed oxidation of water by singlet oxygen ((1)O2) to form hydrogen trioxide (H2O3) as a key intermediate. A key pillar of this hypothesis is that some of the H2O2 molecules incorporate water-derived oxygen atoms. However, H2O3 decomposes extremely readily in water to form (1)O2 and water, rather than O3 and H2O2. This article highlights key literature indicating that the oxidation of organic molecules such as the amino acids methionine, tryptophan, histidine, and cysteine by (1)O2 is involved in ozone formation. Based on this, an alternative hypothesis for ozone formation is developed involving a further reaction of singlet oxygen with various oxidized organic intermediates. H2O2 having water-derived oxygen atoms is subsequently formed during ozone decomposition in water by known reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold N Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
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26
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Janssen EML, McNeill K. Environmental photoinactivation of extracellular phosphatases and the effects of dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:889-896. [PMID: 25495644 DOI: 10.1021/es504211x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases are ubiquitous extracellular enzymes in aquatic systems and play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus. Yet, the photochemical stability of phosphatase and effects of natural organic matter (DOM) are not completely understood. We demonstrate that phosphatase activity in natural biofilm samples decreased during sunlight exposure similar to well-defined bacterial phosphatase solutions. Direct photoinactivation was slowed by more than 50% in the presence of redox-active dissolved organic matter (DOM, 10 mgC L(–1)) or a model antioxidant (esculetin, 50 μM), even after light screening effects had been accounted for. Thus, DOM can not only inhibit enzymes (in the dark) or sensitize photodegradation by producing photochemically produced reactive intermediates but can also significantly quench direct photoinactivation of phosphatase. Our data further suggest that direct photooxidation of tryptophan residues within the protein structure are significantly involved in the photoinactivation of phosphatase because a loss of tryptophan-like fluorescence paralleled photoinactivation kinetics and because DOM acted as an antioxidant toward photoinactivation, a phenomenon recently established for the photooxidation of freely dissolved tryptophan. Thus, photoinactivation of phosphatase can be significantly slowed in the presence of naturally occurring antioxidants like DOM. The mechanistic link between tryptophan photooxidation and inactivation of phosphatase may have applicability to other extracellular enzymes but remains to be established.
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Pimenta FM, Jensen JK, Etzerodt M, Ogilby PR. Protein-encapsulated bilirubin: paving the way to a useful probe for singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:665-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen- and singlet-oxygen-dependent parameters that characterize the behavior of bilirubin encapsulated in a protein have been quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico M. Pimenta
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging
- Chemistry Department
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Jan K. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Michael Etzerodt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging
- Chemistry Department
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
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Feng T, Grusenmeyer TA, Lupin M, Schmehl RH. Following Oxygen Consumption in Singlet Oxygen Reactions via Changes in Sensitizer Phosphorescence. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:705-13. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Department of Chemistry; Tulane University; New Orleans LA
| | | | - Max Lupin
- Department of Chemistry; Tulane University; New Orleans LA
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL. Oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA by UVB and UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:140-55. [PMID: 25327445 DOI: 10.1111/php.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article focuses on a critical survey of the main available information on the UVB and UVA oxidative reactions to cellular DNA as the result of direct interactions of UV photons, photosensitized pathways and biochemical responses including inflammation and bystander effects. UVA radiation appears to be much more efficient than UVB in inducing oxidatively generated damage to the bases and 2-deoxyribose moieties of DNA in isolated cells and skin. The UVA-induced generation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine is mostly rationalized in terms of selective guanine oxidation by singlet oxygen generated through type II photosensitization mechanism. In addition, hydroxyl radical whose formation may be accounted for by metal-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reactions subsequent to the initial generation of superoxide anion radical contributes in a minor way to the DNA degradation. This leads to the formation of both oxidized purine and pyrimidine bases together with DNA single-strand breaks at the exclusion, however, of direct double-strand breaks. No evidence has been provided so far for the implication of delayed oxidative degradation pathways of cellular DNA. In that respect putative characteristic UVA-induced DNA damage could include single and more complex lesions arising from one-electron oxidation of the guanine base together with aldehyde adducts to amino-substituted nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INAC, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, Grenoble, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Zhang D, Yan S, Song W. Photochemically induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from effluent organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12645-12653. [PMID: 25314220 DOI: 10.1021/es5028663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from effluent organic matter (EfOM) was investigated under simulated solar irradiation. In this study, EfOM was isolated into three different fractions based on hydrophobicity. The productivity of ROS in EfOM was measured and compared with that of natural organic matter (NOM) isolates, including Suwannee River humic acid/fulvic acid (SRHA/FA) and Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA). The hydrophilic (HPI) component had a greater quantum yield of 1O2 than those of the hydrophobic (HPO) and transphilic (TPI) fractions because the HPI contained peptides and proteins. Regarding O2•-, the phenolic moieties acted as electron donating species after photochemical excitation and therefore electron transfer to oxygen. A positive correlation was found between the phenolic concentrations and the steady state O2•-concentrations. H2O2 accumulated during the irradiation process from superoxide as precursor. Potentially, due to the presence of proteins or other organic species in the HPI fraction, the decay rates of H2O2 in the dark for both the effluent wastewater and the HPI fraction were significantly faster than the rates observed in the standard NOM isolates, the HPO and TPI fractions. Autochthonous NOM showed a higher •OH productivity than terrestrial NOM. The [•OH]ss was lowest in the HPI fraction due to the lack of humic fraction and existence of soluble microbial products (SMPs), which easily reacted with •OH. Overall, the HPO and TPI fractions were the major sources of superoxide, H2O2 and •OH under simulated solar irradiation. The HPI fraction dominated the production of 1O2 and acted as a sink for H2O2 and •OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danning Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Janssen EML, Erickson PR, McNeill K. Dual roles of dissolved organic matter as sensitizer and quencher in the photooxidation of tryptophan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4916-24. [PMID: 24708197 DOI: 10.1021/es500535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The photooxidation processes of tryptophan (Trp) in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were identified and quantified by steady-state photolysis experiments, laser spectroscopy and kinetic modeling. In sunlight, Trp photooxidation is dominated by the reaction with excited triplet DOM ((3)DOM), accounting for approximately 50-70% of the total degradation, depending on the DOM concentration and source. Reaction with singlet oxygen and direct photolysis are secondary processes that are both still more important than the reaction with hydroxyl radical. Both direct photolysis and reaction with (3)DOM form Trp radical cation (Trp(•+)) via Trp photoionization and direct oxidation, respectively. The Trp(•+) can be converted back to Trp by suitable electron or hydrogen atom donors. Transient absorption spectroscopy shows that DOM itself and low-molecular-weight analogues of redox-active moieties can reduce the lifetime of photochemically produced Trp(•+) and thus quench Trp degradation. This study demonstrates that DOM plays dual roles in the photodegradation of Trp acting as a sensitizer and quencher. The photochemistry of Trp and the participation of DOM have direct implications for photochemical reactions in extracellular proteins as well as for organic compounds in aquatic systems with similar photoionization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M-L Janssen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich , CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hou WC, Beigzadehmilani S, Jafvert CT, Zepp RG. Photoreactivity of unfunctionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes involving hydroxyl radical: chiral dependency and surface coating effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3875-3882. [PMID: 24628431 DOI: 10.1021/es500013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have a variety of potential and demonstrated applications, and their production rates are increasing rapidly. This increase in production has motivated research on their transport and potential transformation and their toxicity in the environment. In this work, we examined the direct and indirect photoreactivity of SWCNTs under sunlight conditions. We found that the direct photoreactivity of pristine SWCNTs is generally low; however, indirect photoreaction involving ·OH may be significant in natural aquatic environments. Environmental photochemical reactions generating ·OH lead to distinct changes in SWCNT fluorescence efficiency in the near-infrared (NIR) region, Raman spectra, and light attenuation spectra in the UV, visible, and NIR regions, indicating that covalent functionalization of SWCNTs occurs. The reactivity of SWCNTs to ·OH is dependent on the specific chiral structure of the SWCNTs and the surfactant associated with it. An operationally defined second-order rate constant (based on the decrease in NIR fluorescence signals) for all SWCNT chiral species reacting with ·OH was estimated to be (2.91 ± 1.30) × 10(10) M(-1 )s(-1). Our work suggests that photochemical reactions may be a significant transformation pathway of SWCNTs in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Che Hou
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecosystems Research Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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