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Rijk I, Ekblad A, Dahlin AS, Enell A, Larsson M, Leroy P, Kleja DB, Tiberg C, Hallin S, Jones C. Biochar and peat amendments affect nitrogen retention, microbial capacity and nitrogen cycling microbial communities in a metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated urban soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 936:173454. [PMID: 38795987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Soil contaminants may restrict soil functions. A promising soil remediation method is amendment with biochar, which has the potential to both adsorb contaminants and improve soil health. However, effects of biochar amendment on soil-plant nitrogen (N) dynamics and N cycling microbial guilds in contaminated soils are still poorly understood. Here, a metal- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil was amended with either biochar (0, 3, 6 % w/w) and/or peat (0, 1.5, 3 % w/w) in a full-factorial design and sown with perennial ryegrass in an outdoor field trial. After three months, N and the stable isotopic ratio δ15N was measured in soil, roots and leaves, along with microbial responses. Aboveground grass biomass decreased by 30 % and leaf N content by 20 % with biochar, while peat alone had no effect. Peat in particular, but also biochar, stimulated the abundance of microorganisms (measured as 16S rRNA gene copy number) and basal respiration. Microbial substrate utilization (MicroResp™) was altered differentially, as peat increased respiration of all carbon sources, while for biochar, respiration of carboxylic acids increased, sugars decreased, and was unaffected for amino acids. Biochar increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea, while peat stimulated ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter-type nitrite oxidizers and comB-type complete ammonia oxidizers. Biochar and peat also increased nitrous oxide reducing communities (nosZI and nosZII), while peat alone or combined with biochar also increased abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers. However, biochar and peat lowered leaf δ15N by 2-4 ‰, indicating that processes causing gaseous N losses, like denitrification and ammonia volatilization, were reduced compared to the untreated contaminated soil, probably an effect of biotic N immobilization. Overall, this study shows that in addition to contaminant stabilization, amendment with biochar and peat can increase N retention while improving microbial capacity to perform important soil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rijk
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden; Structor Miljöteknik AB, Sweden
| | - Alf Ekblad
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - A Sigrun Dahlin
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden; Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Prune Leroy
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Dan B Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden; Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), Sweden
| | | | - Sara Hallin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Christopher Jones
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
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Larsson MO, Arp HPH, Carabante I, Kumpiene J. Evaluation and Modelling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Bioavailability in Soils Affected by Coal Tar Asphalt. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124481. [PMID: 38971489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
There are large masses of coal tar asphalt present in old roads, containing high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Uncertainty surrounding the risk they pose causes problems during road reconstruction and for the reuse of the asphalt present. To help elucidate potential risks, a parsimonious linear equilibrium partitioning model for the bioavailability of PAHs in soils contaminated by tar asphalt particles was developed. Furthermore, a set of partitioning coefficients for PAHs between sampled coal tar binders and water were determined experimentally, as well as measurements of freely dissolved concentrations using polyoxymethylene samplers in batch tests and column recirculation experiments with various mixtures of different soils (peat and sandy loam) and tar asphalts. The model predictions of freely dissolved concentrations were conservative and within an order of magnitude of measurements in both batch and column tests. The model presented here only relies on soil organic carbon content and the fraction coal tar binder in the soil to model PAH partitioning. This model could be used for more realistic. low tier risk assessments towards rational prioritization of sensitive areas for risk reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oscar Larsson
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, SE-971 87 LULEÅ Sweden, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivan Carabante
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, SE-971 87 LULEÅ Sweden, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, SE-971 87 LULEÅ Sweden, Luleå, Sweden
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Zhang X, Li J, Li M, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xian Q. The effects of co-existing acridine on adsorption-desorption behavior of carbazole in soils: Co-sorption and mechanism insight. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134205. [PMID: 38579583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbazole (CBZ) and acridine (ACR) are polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) widely found in combined contaminated soils, while investigations on organic-organic interactions have been very limited. In this study, batch experiments were carried out on five soils with different properties, taking CBZ as a representative of PANHs and ACR as a co-existing contaminant. The adsorption isotherms of CBZ (50-1000 μg/L) were nonlinear. Soil organic matter (SOM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed positive correlations with CBZ adsorption-desorption coefficients. The adsorption mechanisms of CBZ involved hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and cation-π bonding. Different concentrations of ACR had varying effects on CBZ. The adsorption of CBZ was inhibited with 250 μg/L ACR. The cooperative adsorption was observed on three soils with increasing ACR concentration (1000 μg/L) and led to more pronounced nonlinear isotherms. The S-shaped isotherms of ACR indicated that ACR was adsorbed to the soil surface in a perpendicular configuration. New adsorption sites were created allowing for increased CBZ adsorption through π-π interaction with ACR. Therefore, variations in soil properties and potential impacts of co-existing contaminants should be well considered when assessing the combined pollution of site soil. This will contribute to a more accurate estimation of environmental and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Li Q, Chen R, Xu Y, Chen C, Xiong J, Tan W, Fang L. Examining diverse remediation mechanisms of biochar in soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of various ring structures: A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171178. [PMID: 38402988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Biochar is a widely recognized solution for addressing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. However, it is unclear how the different physicochemical properties of PAHs affect remediation mechanisms, thereby affecting the remediation efficiency of biochar. In this study, a meta-analysis of 56 studies with 2236 observations was conducted to quantify the contributions of the preparation parameters and physicochemical properties of biochar, soil properties, and application measures to remediation efficiency. The research results revealed that PAH contents in the contaminated soil were significantly reduced by an average of 24.99 % after the application of biochar. Random Forest analysis identified feedstock, biochar SSA, soil pH, and rate of biochar application to be the most critical factors among the four categories. The reduction of PAH contents in the contaminated soil first decreased from 37.61 % to 17.44 % and then increased to 40.29 % with an increase in the number of aromatic rings from 2 to 6. Our study results suggest that biochar prepared from bio-waste at low temperatures could be favorable for reducing the content of NAP in soil. Wood-derived biochar pyrolyzed at a relatively high temperature is recommended for remediation of soil contaminated with PAHs with 5 or 6 aromatic rings. Our study provides a new perspective and an optimized strategy for the remediation of PAH-contaminated soils with biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzi Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Aabbar I, Biache C, Cossu-Leguille C, Bojic C, Lorgeoux C, Masfaraud JF, Faure P. Effect of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH & Polar-PAC) availability on their ecotoxicity towards terrestrial organisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133646. [PMID: 38330651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The exposure of terrestrial organisms to soils freshly contaminated by polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs, including PAHs and polar-PACs) is known to cause significant toxicity effects. However, historically contaminated soils, such as former coking plant soils, usually induce a limited toxic impact, due to the "aging" phenomenon which is the result of several processes causing a reduction of PAC availability over time. For a better understanding of these behaviors, this study aimed to compare the toxic responses of terrestrial organisms exposed to aged contaminated soils and their counterparts submitted to a moderate heating process applied to increase PAC availability. Two aged "raw" soils (limited PAC availability) were selected for their representativeness of former industrial soils in terms of PAC contamination. These soils were submitted either to moderate heating (expected PAC availability increase) or solvent-extraction (expected PAC removal). Physico-chemical parameters, contamination levels and availability were determined for these three soil modalities. Additionally, standardized limit bioassays on plants and earthworms were performed to assess soil ecotoxicity. The findings demonstrated that historically contaminated soils exposed to moderate heating induced the highest ecotoxic responses from terrestrial organisms. Heating increased PAC (bio)availability, without modifying any other soil physico-chemical properties. These results pointed out the importance of considering the contamination availability parameter in risk evaluation and also provide a possible tool for protective long-term risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Aabbar
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-5400 Nancy, France
| | - Coralie Biache
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-5400 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Clément Bojic
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Faure
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-5400 Nancy, France
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Nordberg K, Björk G, Abrahamsson K, Josefsson S, Lundin L. Historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, Swedish west coast as reflected in a high-resolution sediment record and compared to the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116014. [PMID: 38183834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We present the historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, a relatively unexploited area, on the Swedish west coast. PACs encompass various compounds, including PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs. These compounds, have environmental implications due to their harmful properties. Using a high-resolution sediment record, PAC variations including standard PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs were investigated over the last approximately 170 years, comparing them with other European records. The sediment record reveals a significant increase in PAC levels during the 1940s-1950s, followed by peaks in the 1960s and 1970s, and a subsequent decrease in the 1980s. These trends align with industrial growth and evolving stronger environmental regulations in the region. The highest recorded concentration of PACs (1950-1970) reached levels comparable to present-day polluted urban environments. The study also compared PAH levels with EQS values. Results indicated that PAH levels exceeded EQS standards, potentially posing risks to sediment-dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Nordberg
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Björk
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Abrahamsson
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, PO Box 670, SE 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå Univ., Linneus väg 6, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Nilén G, Larsson M, Hyötyläinen T, Keiter SH. A complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds causes embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio), and in vitro bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167307. [PMID: 37804991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are prevalent in the environment, typically found in complex mixtures and high concentrations. Our understanding of the effects of PACs, excluding the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), remains limited. Zebrafish embryos and in vitro bioassays were utilized to investigate the embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects of a soil sample from a former gasworks site in Sweden. Additionally, targeted chemical analysis was conducted to analyze 87 PACs in the soil, fish, water, and plate material. CALUX® assays were used to assess the activation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors, as well as the inhibition of the androgen receptor. Larval behavior was measured by analyzing activity during light and darkness and in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, qPCR analyses were performed on a subset of 36 genes associated with specific adverse outcomes, and the total lipid content in the larvae was measured. Exposure to the sample resulted in embryotoxic effects (LC50 = 0.480 mg dry matter soil/mL water). The mixture also induced hyperactivity in darkness and hypoactivity in light and in response to the mechanical stimulus. qPCR analysis revealed differential regulation of 15 genes, including downregulation of opn1sw1 (eye pigmentation) and upregulation of fpgs (heart failure). The sample caused significant responses in three bioassays (ERα-, DR-, and PAH-CALUX), and the exposed larvae exhibited elevated lipid levels. Chemical analysis identified benzo[a]pyrene as the predominant compound in the soil and approximately half of the total PAC concentration was attributed to the 16 PAHs. This study highlights the value of combining in vitro and in vivo methods with chemical analysis to assess toxic mechanisms at specific targets and to elucidate the possible interactions between various pathways in an organism. It also enhances our understanding of the risks associated with environmental mixtures of PACs and their distribution during toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nilén
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Tang L, Zhao X, Chen X, Jiang Y, Gudda F, Wang Y, Ling W. Distribution of bound-PAH residues and their correlations with the bacterial community at different depths of soil from an abandoned chemical plant site. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131328. [PMID: 37043862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The situ pollutant residue and microbial characteristics in contaminated environments are crucial for ecological restoration and soil utilization. This work reported the variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues and the bacterial community at different depths in an aged-abandoned site. These results unveiled that over 90% of low molecular weight (LMW) and medium molecular weight (MMW), 52.84-76.88% of high molecular weight (HMW) bound-PAH (BP) residues were sequestrated in humin (HM). The stresses of PAH and soil depth enhanced the frequency of bacteria associations, especially positive associations. We enriched and cultured PAH degradation bacteria (PDB) from the sampling site mainly consisting of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, which were originally 0.39-0.52% abundant in the sampling site. The abundances of PDB and PAH-degradation genes (PDGs) were higher at shallower depths and increased with high PAH concentration. Simultaneously, Pearson correlation analysis and experimental verification found that the process of PAH binding with SOM limited the further increase of PDB and PDGs in PAH-contaminated sites. These findings may illustrate possible ecological risks of contaminated soils and provide guidance for the isolation and application of PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuwen Chen
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fredrick Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Qin Z, Bian R, Liu LY, Stubbings WA, Zhao X, Li F, Wu F, Wang S. Determination of polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients for diverse organophosphate esters (OPEs) and prediction of the free-dissolved OPEs in OPE-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162528. [PMID: 36894077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing attention on the estimation of bioavailability of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil or sediment has urged the development of techniques to measure soil-/sediment-associated porewater concentrations of OPEs. In this study, we investigated the sorption dynamics of 8 OPEs to polyoxymethylene (POM) spanning one order of magnitude of aqueous OPE concentrations and proposed POM-water partitioning coefficients (Kpom/w) for OPEs. The results showed that the Kpom/w values were mainly affected by the hydrophobicity of OPEs. OPEs with high solubility preferentially partitioned into the aqueous phase indicated by the low log Kpom/w values; while lipophilic OPEs were observed to be taken up by POM. The concentration of lipophilic OPEs in the aqueous phase had a strong impact on their sorption dynamics on POM, with higher aqueous concentrations accelerating the sorption dynamics and shortening the time for equilibration. We proposed that the required time to reach equilibration for targeted OPEs should be 42 d. The proposed equilibration time and Kpom/w values were further validated by applying POM to soil artificially contaminated with OPEs to measure OPEs soil-water partitioning coefficients (Ks). The variations of Ks among soil types implied the need to elucidate the effects of soil properties and chemical properties of OPEs on their distribution between soil and water in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Renjie Bian
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Gondwal TK, Mandal P. Characterization of organic contaminants associated with road dust of Delhi NCR, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51906-51919. [PMID: 36820981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic organic contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and CHNS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur species) are explosively associated with road dust particles. A few organic contaminants are toxic in nature and have an unpleasant effect on human health. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States-Environmental Protection Agency has considered several PAHs and PCBs as carcinogens for human beings. In the proposed study, the anthropogenic contaminants present in road dust were assessed in six representative diversified sites i.e. industrial, commercial, office, residential, construction and traffic intersection in Delhi NCR, India. Roadside dust samples were gathered in premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons and characterized for PAHs, PCBs and CHNS. The concentration of total PAHs (16 Nos) and PCBs (6 Nos) of the selected sites ranged from 0.27 µg/kg to 605.80 µg/kg and 0.01 µg/kg to 41.26 µg/kg, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance study suggested that the presence of O = C = O, Si-O, carbonyl, acidic or aliphatic esters group were associated with road dust particles. Hydrogen and sulphur concentrations were not detected in the selected road dust samples. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations varied from 2.24% to 16.82% and 0.69% to 14.5%, respectively, seasonally. In the premonsoon season, road dust was distinguishably contaminated as compared to monsoon and postmonsoon season, which might be due to movement of contaminated road dust from adjacent locations. It was perceived that Delhi NCR organic contamination in road dust was much below as compared to other countries. It may be concluded that due to the presence of significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the road dust, to a greater extent, road dust can be fertile and might be advantageous for green belt development to mitigate air pollution. The utilization of road dust will further bring down the burden of landfill sites and may lead towards sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Kumar Gondwal
- Widmans Laboratory, IMT Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, 122050, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
- CSIR-NEERI, Zonal Centre, New Delhi, 110 028, India
| | - Papiya Mandal
- CSIR-NEERI, Zonal Centre, New Delhi, 110 028, India.
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11
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Kończak M, Godlewska P, Wiśniewska M, Oleszczuk P. Chemical properties of soil determine the persistence and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge- or sewage sludge/biomass-derived biochar-amended soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120909. [PMID: 36563992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study the persistence (organic solvent extractable) and bioavailability (freely dissolved) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils with various properties amended with sewage sludge (BCSSL)- or sewage sludge/biomass (BCSSLW)-derived biochars was examined. Biochars produced at 600 °C were applied to soils (acidic, neutral, or alkaline) at a dose of 2% and subsequently incubated for 180 days. Here, the use of biochars regarding the soil's type was examined for the first time. Depending on the soil pH and the feedstock, the content of sum of 16 organic solvent extractable PAHs was found to decrease from 7.5 to 37% (soil + BCSSL) and from 24 to 40% (soil + BCSSLW). The decrease in the content of sum of 16 freely dissolved PAHs ranged from 18 to 36% (soil + BCSSL) and from 17 to 54% (soil + BCSSLW). In acidic BCSSL-amended soil and the alkaline BCSSLW-amended soil no statistically significant differences in the content of sum of 16 freely dissolved PAHs were noted between the beginning and end of the study. BCSSLW was characterized by a greater reduction content of organic solvent extractable PAHs in the acidic and alkaline soils, while in the neutral one - BCSSL. In turn, a larger reduction in freely dissolved PAH content in the acidic and neutral soils could be seen in the presence of BCSSLW, whereas in the alkaline soil in the presence of BCSSL. The persistence and bioavailability of PAHs in the biochar-amended soils were closely related to the chemical properties of these soils. This was confirmed by numerous statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) relationships between organic solvent extractable PAHs and pH, cation exchange capacity, available magnesium, potassium and phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon as well as between freely dissolved PAH and pH, dissolved organic carbon, available potassium and phosphorus content, and electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kończak
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Godlewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiśniewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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12
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Almouallem W, Michel J, Dorge S, Joyeux C, Trouvé G, Le Nouen D. A comparative study of the sorption of O-PAHs and PAHs onto soils to understand their transport in soils and groundwater. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:61-75. [PMID: 36182167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivates (O-PAHs) are identified in soils and groundwater of industrialized sites and contribute to the risk for Humans and the Environment. Nevertheless, data are scarce in literature concerning their retention and transfer in soils and no soil - water partition coefficients are available for these compounds. Sorption of two PAHs, fluorene and acenaphthene and two O-PAHs, 9H-fluorenone and dibenzofuran onto two soils with different organic carbon contents was evaluated and compared by determining their sorption isotherms. Effect of ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio, on fluorene and fluorenone sorption was also evaluated. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within less than 24 hr of mixing and linear sorption models best fit the isotherm data. Acenaphthene and dibenzofuran are similarly sorbed onto the soil. KD of fluorene is higher than the one of fluorenone, showing a smaller affinity of fluorenone towards the solid phase. This means that O-PAH could form larger contamination plumes in groundwater than PAHs. Decreasing the L/S ratio from 100 to 50 and 30, increases the sorption of fluorenone onto the soil by 56% and 67% respectively, while the sorption of fluorene is slightly increased. Increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase also modifies the sorption of fluorenone, contrary to the sorption of fluorene which is slightly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Almouallem
- French National Institute for Industrial and Environment and Risks, Direction Sites & Territoires, Verneuil en Halatte, F-60550, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| | - J Michel
- French National Institute for Industrial and Environment and Risks, Direction Sites & Territoires, Verneuil en Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - S Dorge
- University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - C Joyeux
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| | - G Trouvé
- University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - D Le Nouen
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
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13
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Esmaeili A, Knox O, Leech C, Hasenohr S, Juhasz A, Wilson SC. Modelling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability in historically contaminated soils with six in-vitro chemical extractions and three earthworm ecotypes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157265. [PMID: 35817096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of organic contaminant bioavailability for risk assessment in ecological applications is hindered by limited validation on relevant bioassay species. Here, six in-vitro chemical extraction methods (butanol, non-buffered and buffered hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD, Buf-HPCD), Tenax, potassium persulfate oxidation, polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction (POM)) were tested for PAH bioaccumulation prediction in three earthworm ecotypes with dissimilar exposures, Amynthas sp., Eisenia fetida, and Lumbricus terrestris, in historically contaminated soils from manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. Extractions were compared directly and modelled in a calculation approach using equilibrium partitioning theory (EqPT) with a novel combination of different organic carbon/octanol-water partitioning parameters (KOC and KOW). In the direct comparison approach Buf-HPCD showed the closest prediction of accumulation for burrowing Amynthas sp. and L. terrestris (within 1.5 and 3.1, respectively), but Tenax and POM showed the closest approximation for E. fetida (within 1.1 and 0.9, respectively). The optimum method for predicting PAH bioaccumulation in the calculation approach depended on earthworm species and the partitioning parameters used in equations of the four models, but overall POM, which was independent of KOC, showed the closest approximation of accumulation, within a factor of 2.5 across all species. This work effectively identifies the optimum in-vitro based approaches for PAH bioavailability prediction in earthworms as a model soil health indicator for ecological risk assessment within regulatory and remediation decision frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Esmaeili
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Oliver Knox
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Calvin Leech
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Stefan Hasenohr
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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14
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Zheng X, Xu W, Dong J, Yang T, Shangguan Z, Qu J, Li X, Tan X. The effects of biochar and its applications in the microbial remediation of contaminated soil: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129557. [PMID: 35999729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The amendment of biochar for soil bioremediation can improve soil conditions, influence soil microbial community, and achieve co-application of biochar-microbe to promote the removal of pollutants. This paper summarizes the positive effects of biochar on microorganisms, including acting as a shelter, providing nutrients, and improving soil conditions (soil aggregation, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and enzymatic activity). These effects will cause variations in microbial abundance, activity, and community structure. Biochar can act as an electron mediator to promote electron transfer in the process of microbial degradation. And the application of biochar in soil bioremediation is also introduced. Nevertheless, toxic substances carried by biochar that may threaten microbial community shouldn't be overlooked. With this review, we can better understand biochar's involvement in soil bioremediation, which will help us choose and modify biochar in a targeted manner for the desired purpose in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihua Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jie Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zichen Shangguan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing Qu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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15
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Wietzoreck M, Bandowe BAM, Hofman J, Martiník J, Nežiková B, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Lammel G. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2743-2765. [PMID: 34415461 PMCID: PMC9213387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hofman
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Martiník
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Nežiková
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany.
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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Qiao M, Qi W, Liu H, Qu J. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface water environment: Occurrence, ecotoxicity, and sources. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107232. [PMID: 35427839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) have been ubiquitously detected in atmospheric, soil, sediment, and water environments, some of which show higher concentrations and toxicities than the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The occurrence, source, fate, risks and methods of analysis for OPAHs in the atmosphere, soil, and the whole environment (comprising the atmosphere, soil, water, and biota) have been reviewed, but reviews focusing on OPAHs in the water environment have been lacking. Due to the higher polarity and water solubility of OPAHs than PAHs, OPAHs exist preferentially in water environments. In this review, the occurrence, ecological toxicity and source of OPAHs in surface water environments are investigated in detail. Most OPAHs show higher concentrations than the corresponding PAHs in surface water environments. OPAHs pose non-ignorable ecological risks to surface water ecosystems. Wastewater treatment plant effluent, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, photochemical and microbiological transformation, and sediment release are possible sources for OPAHs in surface water. This review will fill important knowledge gaps on the migration and transformation of typical OPAHs in multiple media and their environmental impact on surface water environments. Further studies on OPAHs in the surface environment, including their ecotoxicity with the co-existing PAHs and mass flows of OPAHs from atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, transformation from PAHs, and sediment release, are also encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Pham DT, Tarafdar A, Kim PG, Kwon JH. Profiling and assessing soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in playground dust and soil using ex situ equilibrium passive sampling. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133083. [PMID: 34848229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer risk can be associated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in playground dust and soil. This study investigated the profiles and sources of PAHs from poured rubber-surfaced playground dust and uncovered playground surface soil, by applying an ex-situ equilibrium passive sampling technique. Surface dust and soil samples were collected from 15 different playgrounds in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The total 16 EPA PAHs concentrations in surface dust and soil varied from 198 to 919 μg kg-1 dw and 68-169 μg kg-1 dw, respectively. 4- to 6-ring PAHs were dominant, accounting for approximately 53.8%-94.5% of the total PAHs in surface dust and soil. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggested that a mixed coal combustion and vehicular emission was likely the main source of PAHs in the surface dust and soil. The higher total organic carbon content can explain the higher PAH accumulation and lower fugacities of PAHs. The fugacity comparison of phenanthrene and pyrene in dust, soil, air, and playground surface material indicated that atmospheric deposition is the main source of PAHs in the dust and soil on rubber-surfaced and uncovered surfaced playgrounds. This study contributes to the understanding of PAHs sources in dust and soil samples in children's playground and helps policymaker determine the right contamination sources for risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Thanh Pham
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Usman M, Jellali S, Anastopoulos I, Charabi Y, Hameed BH, Hanna K. Fenton oxidation for soil remediation: A critical review of observations in historically contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127670. [PMID: 34772554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fenton-based treatments have received tremendous attention in recent decades as viable strategies for soil decontamination. Historically contaminated soils are characterized by particular contamination types, pollution composition patterns, soil constituents, and complex soil-pollutant interactions arising due to long-term pollutant aging. These major pitfalls dictate the remediation efficiency in a significantly different way in soils with a history of contamination than that in a spiked soil. It becomes, therefore, highly challenging to treat historically contaminated soils. Despite the immense amount of collected research data in these soils, to our knowledge, no comprehensive review of this topic has been published. This article is intended to provide a critical review of the applications, limitations, and implications of various Fenton-based processes exclusively in these soils. These processes are differentiated on the basis of experimental conditions, reaction chemistry, efficiency, and impacts on soil biota. These processes are critically evaluated to illustrate the promising techniques with a brief description of related challenges and their potential solutions. Moreover, coupling Fenton oxidation with other remediation techniques such as bioremediation, chemical reduction, and soil washing has also been discussed. The last part of this review describes the effects of these processes onto soil quality and native biota, and how they can be addressed. It is also highly demanding to identify the processes which are not likely to evolve in practice either due to their poor efficiency, treatment cost, or environmental impacts. Future critical research directions have been identified to promote research for the upscaling of this technique for real field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman.
| | - Salah Jellali
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
| | - Ioannis Anastopoulos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, UoI Kostakii Campus, 47040 Arta, Greece
| | - Yassine Charabi
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
| | - Bassim H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalil Hanna
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, 35708 Rennes, France
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19
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Qin S, Qi S, Li X, Shi Q, Li H, Mou X, Zhang Y. Magnetic poly(β-cyclodextrin) combined with solubilizing agents for the rapid bioaccessibility measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118260. [PMID: 34601030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid determination of the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils is challenging due to their slow desorption rates and the insufficient extraction efficiency of the available methods. Herein, magnetic poly(β-cyclodextrin) microparticles (Fe3O4@PCD) were combined with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) or methanol (MeOH) as solubilizing agents to develop a rapid and effective method for the bioaccessibility measurement of PAHs. Fe3O4@PCD was first validated for the rapid and quantitative adsorption of PAHs from MeOH and HPCD solutions. The solubilizing agents were then coupled with Fe3O4@PCD to extract PAHs from soil-water slurries, affording higher extractable fractions than the corresponding solution extraction and comparable to or higher than single Fe3O4@PCD or Tenax extraction. The desorption rates of labile PAHs could be markedly accelerated in this process, which were 1.3-12.0 times faster than those of single Fe3O4@PCD extraction. Moreover, a low HPCD concentration was sufficient to achieve a strong acceleration of the desorption rate without excessive extraction of the slow desorption fraction. Finally, a comparison with a bioaccumulation assay revealed that the combination of Fe3O4@PCD with HPCD could accurately predict the PAH concentration accumulated in earthworms in three field soil samples, indicating that the method is a time-saving and efficient procedure to measure the bioaccessibility of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoshui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Qiuyun Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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20
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Méndez García M, García de Llasera MP. A review on the enzymes and metabolites identified by mass spectrometry from bacteria and microalgae involved in the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149035. [PMID: 34303250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) are dangerous pollutants widely distributed in the environment. The use of microorganisms represents an important tool for HMW PAHs bioremediation, so, the understanding of their biochemical pathways facilitates the development of biodegradation strategies. For this reason, the potential role of species of microalgae, bacteria, and microalga-bacteria consortia in the degradation of HMW PAHs is discussed. The identification of their metabolites, mostly by GC-MS and LC-MS, allows a better approach to the enzymes involved in the key steps of the metabolic pathways of HMW PAHs biodegradation. So, this review intends to address the proteomic research on enzyme activities and their involvement in regulating essential biochemical functions that help bacteria and microalgae in the biodegradation processes of HMW PAHs. It is noteworthy that, given that to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focused on the mass spectrometry identification of the HMW PAHs metabolites; whereby and due to the great concern of the presence of HMW PAHs in the environment, this material could help the urgency of developing new bioremediation methods. The elucidation of the metabolic pathways of persistent pollutant degrading microorganisms should lead to a better knowledge of the enzymes involved, which could contribute to a very ecological route to the control of environmental contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico.
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21
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Kumpiene J, Larsson MO, Carabante I, Arp HPH. Roads with underlying tar asphalt - spreading, bioavailability and toxicity of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117828. [PMID: 34358872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some of the older Swedish roads contain road tar underneath a surface layer of bituminous asphalt. This road tar, also known as tar asphalt, contains large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). There is concern about PAHs spreading from the bottom layers of these older roads to the surrounding environment, and that because of this spreading road tar asphalt should not be recycled but rather placed in landfills. However, a risk assessment of PAH spreading below roads has not yet been conducted. The first aim of this study was to assess this potential spreading of PAHs from underlying tar asphalt to the sand beneath, the soil next to the roads, as well as nearby groundwater. The second aim was to measure the bioavailability and estimate the toxicity of PAHs in all relevant media using polyoxymethylene (POM) passive samplers. Four road sections and nearby groundwater in northern Sweden were investigated, including a control road without tar asphalt. PAHs were detected in all analysed solid media at varying concentrations: in asphalt from 2.3 to 4800 mg kg-1, in underlying sand from <1.5 to 460 mg kg-1 and in slope soil from <1.5 to 36 mg kg-1. However, the spread of PAHs from the asphalt to roadside soil and groundwater was very limited. Groundwater at most of the road sections contained very low or non-detectable levels of PAHs (<0.08-0.53 μg L-1, excluding one site where fuel contamination is hypothesized). The PAHs generally showed low bioavailability. Only asphalt with PAH content >1200 mg kg-1 exhibited bioavailable concentrations that exceeded threshold concentrations for serious risk. The most PAH contaminated sand and soil samples exhibited low toxicity when considering bioavailability, only in some cases exceeding chronic toxicity threshold concentrations. These results were compared with the Swedish EPA's guideline values for PAH in contaminated soil, which is shown to overpredict toxicity for these sites. Further research on the leaching and transportation processes of PAHs from subsurface tar asphalt is recommended for developing risk analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | | | - Ivan Carabante
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Geotechnics and Environment Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Titaley IA, Lam MM, Bülow R, Enell A, Wiberg K, Larsson M. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in historically contaminated soil by targeted and non-targeted chemical analysis combined with in vitro bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117910. [PMID: 34426193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from a contaminated site in Sweden were analyzed to identify the presence of 78 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The target analysis revealed large contributions not only from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but also from alkylated- and oxygenated-PAHs (alkyl- and oxy-PAHs, respectively), and N-heterocyclics (NPACs). PAC profiles indicated primarily pyrogenic sources, although contribution of petrogenic sources was also observed in one sample as indicated by a high ratio of alkylated naphthalene compared to naphthalene. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-activity of the soil extracts was assessed using the H4IIe-pGudluc 1.1 cells bioassay. When compared with the calculated total AhR-activity of the PACs in the target list, 35-97% of the observed bioassay activity could be explained by 62 PACs with relative potency factors (REPs). The samples were further screened using GC coupled with Orbitrap™ high resolution MS (GC-HRMS) to investigate the presence of other PACs that could potentially contribute to the AhR-activity of the extracts. 114 unique candidate compounds were tentatively identified and divided into four groups based on their AhR-activity and environmental occurrence. Twelve substances satisfied all the criteria, and these compounds are suggested to be included in regular screening in future studies, although their identities were not confirmed by standards in this study. High unexplained bio-TEQ fractions in three of the samples may be explained by tentatively identified compounds (n = 35) with high potential of being toxic. This study demonstrates the benefit of combining targeted and non-targeted chemical analysis with bioassay analysis to assess the diversity and effects of PACs at contaminated sites. The applied prioritization strategy revealed a number of tentatively identified compounds, which likely contributed to the overall bioactivity of the soil extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Monika M Lam
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Bülow
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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Bandowe BAM, Shukurov N, Leimer S, Kersten M, Steinberger Y, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of an industrial area in semi-arid Uzbekistan: spatial distribution, relationship with trace metals and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4847-4861. [PMID: 34041653 PMCID: PMC8528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition patterns, transport and fate of PAHs in semi-arid and arid soils such as in Central Asia are not well known. Such knowledge is required to manage the risk posed by these toxic chemicals to humans and ecosystems in these regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we determined the concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, 6 alkylated PAHs, and biphenyl in soils from 11 sampling locations (0-10, 10-20 cm soil depths) along a 20-km transect downwind from the Almalyk metal mining and metallurgical industrial complex (Almalyk MMC), Uzbekistan. The concentrations of Σ29 PAHs and Σ16 US-EPA PAHs were 41-2670 ng g-1 and 29-1940 ng g-1, respectively. The highest concentration of Σ29 PAHs occurred in the immediate vicinity of the copper smelting factory of the Almalyk MMC. The concentrations in topsoil decreased substantially to a value of ≤ 200 ng g-1 (considered as background concentration) at ≥ 2 km away from the factory. Low molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAH mixtures at less contaminated sites and high molecular weight PAHs at the most contaminated site. The concentration of Σ16 US-EPA PAHs did not exceed the precautionary values set by the soil quality guidelines of, e.g., Switzerland and Germany. Similarly, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration in soils near the Almalyk MMC did not exceed the value set by the Canadian guidelines for the protection of humans from carcinogenic PAHs in soils. Consequently, the cancer risk due to exposure to PAHs in these soils can be considered as low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nosir Shukurov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Geology and Mineral Resources, Olimlar street 64, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 100041
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kersten
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hu T, Mao Y, Liu W, Shi M, Cheng C, Xu A, Su Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Qi S, Xing X. Deposition records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in peat core from Dajiuhu, Shennongjia, Central China: human activity imprint since the industrial revolution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56234-56246. [PMID: 34046838 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a kind of organic pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. This study aims to assess the effects of changes in China's socio-economic indicators represented by energy consumption and number of motor vehicles, on PAHs and black carbon (BC) deposition. For this, a 50-cm peat core from Dajiuhu peatland, Central China, was collected and divided into 50 subsamples to establish a sedimentary record of about 200 years with radioactive 210Pb. The Σ16PAH concentration ranged from 212.67 to 830.10 ng·g-1, mainly composed of 2- and 3-ring PAHs, and BC ranged from 7.89 to 36.48%. The deposition characteristics of BC first increased and then decreased from the core bottom to the top. The predominant of the carcinogenic PAHs (C-PAHs) was Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) before 1949, and then changed to Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF). Ratio of Fla/Pyr, (3+4)-ring/(5+6)-ring PAHs, and BaA/(BaA+Chr), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) suggested that long-range atmospheric transmission (LRAT) and pyrogenic were the main PAHs sources, but that local PAH emission contribution gradually increased since 1990, and mixed (petroleum and combustion) sources were the dominant since 2000. The high concentration of Phenanthrene (Phe) and Naphthalene (Nap) were likely from plant product. Furthermore, increased concentrations of 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs showed significant correlations with increased coal and petroleum consumption and the number of motor vehicles, respectively, and this influence has strengthened after 2000. These were caused by rapid urbanization and industrialization following the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in 1978, and a new round of urbanization after 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - An Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yewang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Shennongjia National Park Administration, Shennongjia, 442400, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
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25
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Brennan AA, Mount DR, Johnson NW. Stochastic Framework for Addressing Chemical Partitioning and Bioavailability in Contaminated Sediment Assessment and Management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10.1021/acs.est.1c01537. [PMID: 34310120 PMCID: PMC11137493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling to quantify net partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants between the porewater and solid phase has advanced risk management for contaminated sediments. Direct porewater (Cfree) measures represent the best way to predict adverse effects to biota. However, when the need arises to convert between solid-phase concentration (Ctotal) and Cfree, a wide variation in observed sediment-porewater partition coefficients (KTOC) is observed due to intractable complexities in binding phases. We propose a stochastic framework in which a given Ctotal is mapped to an estimated range of Cfree through variability in passive sampling-derived KTOC relationships. This mapping can be used to pair estimated Cfree with biological effects data or inversely to translate a measured or assumed Cfree to an estimated Ctotal. We apply the framework to both an effects threshold for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity and an aggregate adverse impact on an assemblage of species. The stochastic framework is based on a "bioavailability ratio" (BR), which reflects the extent to which potency-weighted, aggregate PAH partitioning to the solid-phase is greater than that predicted by default, KOW-based KTOC values. Along a continuum of Ctotal, we use the BR to derive an estimate for the probability that Cfree will exceed a threshold. By explicitly describing the variability of KTOC and BR, estimates of risk posed by sediment-associated contaminants can be more transparent and nuanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Brennan
- Water Resources Science, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - David R Mount
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Nathan W Johnson
- Water Resources Science, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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26
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Esmaeili A, Knox O, Juhasz A, Wilson SC. Advancing prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in plants for historically contaminated soils using Lolium multiflorum and simple chemical in-vitro methodologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:144783. [PMID: 33581513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study compared chemical extraction methods for the prediction of PAH bioaccumulation in ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) roots in four Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) historically (>50 years) contaminated soils. The in-vitro methods compared were butanol (BuOH), non-buffered and buffered 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extractions (HPCD, Buf-HPCD), potassium persulfate oxidation (KPS), solid phase extraction using Tenax resin (Tenax), and polyoxymethylene solid-phase extraction (POM). Extractions were directly compared with bioaccumulation and modelled using equilibrium partitioning theory (EqPT) with a combination of different partitioning parameters (KOC and KOW values) that aimed to improve predictions. The PAH accumulation in plant roots showed good correlation with concentrations in soils, and higher concentrations of the 4-6 ring PAHs compared with 2-3 ring PAHs. Plant accumulation of 16 PAHs in L. multiflorum was estimated within a factor of 5 using direct comparison for all bioaccessibility extraction methods. Accumulation values predicted using the calculation approach depended on the combination of KOC, KOW parameters and root components (total lipid vs total dry weight) used in calculations. Using KOC values derived from historically contaminated soils improved accuracy of predicted total root accumulation although precision was low. The combined contribution of PAH in lipid and carbohydrate root components (total dry weight) overestimated accumulation and a lipid only approach using generic partitioning parameters provided more accurate and precise approximation of bioaccumulation in roots of L. multiflorum in the soils. Overall, Tenax, POM and HPCD-based extractions showed promising results for predicting L. multiflorum root accumulation using the different approaches. This work significantly extends current knowledge for integrating simple chemical extractions into ecological risk assessment frameworks for the prediction of plant PAH bioavailability in historically contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Esmaeili
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Oliver Knox
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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27
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Liu Y, Xie S, Sun Y, Ma L, Lin Z, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. In-situ and ex-situ measurement of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil air based on passive sampling: PAH exchange kinetics, non-equilibrium correction and comparison with traditional estimations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124646. [PMID: 33250309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to accurately estimate chemical activity of hydrophobic organic contaminants in field soils. Ex-situ and in-situ determinations were developed for this purpose based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive sampling and non-equilibrium correction by release of performance reference compounds (PRCs) previously spiked to the samplers. This work investigated kinetic processes of target contaminants' uptake into and PRCs' release from the sampler in an ex-situ soil suspension incubated for 100 days. A close agreement of kinetic parameters for pyrene's (target) uptake into and deuterated pyrene's (PRC) release from LDPE indicated their similar exchange kinetics. Three kinetic models were developed to correct uptake of target compounds in non-equilibrium conditions via release processes of PRCs. The second-order kinetic model was recommended for ex-situ measurements. The PRC-based non-equilibrium corrections were further applied to in-situ static passive sampling from several weeks to months in a PAH-contaminated field site. Two-weeks' deployments were sufficient for quantifying lighter PAHs (logKOA < 8.0), but not recommended to accurately estimate heavier PAHs (logKOA > 9.0), even if over four months. Concentration estimates from the in-situ and ex-situ passive samplings were comparable in order of magnitude with traditional estimation from equilibrium partitioning models considering both organic and black carbon fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shuya Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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Wilcke W, Bigalke M, Wei C, Han Y, Musa Bandowe BA. Global distribution of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral topsoils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:717-729. [PMID: 33825209 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N-47° S, 71° W-118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA-PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g-1 . We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol-water partition coefficient <3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p < .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p < .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA-PAH contamination levels >400 ng g-1 , there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, Univ. of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Key Lab. of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Dep. of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Li S, Jia M, Li Z, Ke X, Wu L, Christie P. Ecotoxicity of arsenic contamination toward the soil enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus at different biological levels: Laboratory studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111218. [PMID: 32927160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of arsenic (As) contamination toward small soil fauna living in soil pore water such as soil enchytraeids has rarely been studied but is important in the assessment of soil pollution. Here, the endpoints of As ecotoxicity to Enchytraeus crypticus were studied at three biological levels, i.e., individual (morphology and body tissue As concentrations), population (survival, reproduction and growth) and cell biochemistry (antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD and SOD and peroxidation malondialdehyde MDA). Contact filter paper tests without soil and single species tests with OECD artificial and field soils were conducted. Arsenic contamination resulted in severe morphological pathologies in E. crypticus and the symptoms and degree of damage increased gradually with increasing As concentration and exposure time up to 48 h. The abnormal morphological effects occurred before the impairment of fecundity. The population endpoints responded to the As concentration and the EC50 values increased in the following sequence: reproduction, juvenile body weight, adult body weight, juvenile length and adult length. Changes in biochemistry parameters were induced rapidly and changed with increasing As concentration and exposure time. The activity peak values of enzymes were 3-5 times higher and the activity maximum values of MDA were 1-3 time higher than their controls. The sensitivity of enzyme activities was generally much higher than that of MDA and CAT generally showed the highest enzyme activity. The results indicate that As contamination can be very harmful to soil enchytraeids and the endpoints of the ecotoxicity tests of soil enchytraeids can be used to complement existing soil As assessment systems or may be used alone for the assessment of soil As pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingyun Jia
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xin Ke
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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30
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Titaley IA, Simonich SLM, Larsson M. Recent Advances in the Study of the Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compound (PAC)-Contaminated Soils: Transformation Products, Toxicity, and Bioavailability Analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:873-882. [PMID: 35634165 PMCID: PMC9139952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) encompass a diverse group of compounds, often found in historically contaminated sites. Different experimental techniques have been used to remediate PACs-contaminated soils. This brief review surveyed over 270 studies concerning remediation of PACs-contaminated soils and found that, while these studies often measured the concentration of 16 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pre- and post-remediation, only a fraction of the studies included the measurement of PAC-transformation products (PAC-TPs) and other PACs (n = 33). Only a few studies also incorporated genotoxicity/toxicity/mutagenicity analysis pre- and post-remediation (n = 5). Another aspect that these studies often neglected to include was bioavailability, as none of the studies that included measurement of PAH-TPs and PACs included bioavailability investigation. Based on the literature analysis, future remediation studies need to consider chemical analysis of PAH-TPs and PACs, genotoxicity/toxicity/mutagenicity, and bioavailability analyses pre- and post-remediation. These assessments will help address numerous concerns including, among others, the presence, properties, and toxicity of PACs and PAH-TPs, risk assessment of soil post-remediation, and the bioavailability of PAH-TPs. Other supplementary techniques that help assist these analyses and recommendations for future analyses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Corresponding Author: Phone: +1 541 737 9208, Fax: +1 541 737 0497
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
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Pulleyblank C, Kelleher B, Campo P, Coulon F. Recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in contaminated soils using aminopropyl silica solid phase extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127314. [PMID: 32540543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, fate, and toxicology of oxy-, hydroxy-, and carboxy- substituted PAH (OPAH, OHPAH, COOHPAH, respectively) alongside PAH in contaminated soils have received increasing attention over the past two decades; however, there are still to date no standardized methods available for their identification and quantitation in soil. Here we investigated and developed the first method using aminopropylsilica solid phase extraction (SPE) for these compounds. We further investigated the efficacy of the developed method for three soils representing a range of contamination levels and soil textural characteristics and evaluated the impact of different sample preparation steps on the recovery of targeted compounds. Average recovery of PAH, OPAH, and OHPAH standards were 99%, 84%, and 86%, respectively for the SPE method. In contrast, COOHPAH exhibited the lowest recovery (0-82%) and poor inter-batch reproducibility. Soil texture and contamination levels influenced full method efficiency. Specifically, soils with higher proportion of clay contributed to the loss of the higher molecular weight OHPAH prior to SPE. Soil with the highest contamination showed enhanced recovery of some lower-concentration mid weight PAH and OPAH, while the least contaminated soil showed greater sensitivity to evaporative losses during sample preparation. Recommendations for reducing matrix effects as well as the practice of using deuterated PAH surrogate standards for OPAH analysis are further discussed. Quantitation of recovered PAH and oxygenated PAH across the three soils showed high reproducibility (<10% relative standard deviation for a majority of compounds), supporting the use of this method for PAH, OPAH, and OHPAH at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coren Pulleyblank
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, UK
| | - Brian Kelleher
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Pablo Campo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, UK.
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Li J, Wang AT, Ye TR, Wang Q, Qiu JL, Fang B, Yuan GL. Unraveling the behaviors and significances of waste biomass ashes as underlying emission sources of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115217. [PMID: 32707351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Domestic consumption of biomass fuels has been found as a leading source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pristine regions. The biomass ashes would serve as both source and vector for PAHs, which may threaten residents' health. However, research focusing on the behaviors of waste biomass ashes acting as emission resources of PAHs is still lacking. In present study, occurrence and fate of PAHs released from disposal biomass ashes in the Tibetan Plateau were investigated by evaluating their patterns and levels in soils at different distances from the Lhasa landfill. Concentrations of 16 PAHs averaged at 1009 ng/g dry weight and 103 ng/g dry weight in landfill cover soils and surrounding soils, respectively. The spatial distributions of PAHs evidenced the local source of biomass ashes in landfill, while the fractionations of PAHs in soils profiles emphasized the post-deposal leaching. Since PAH compositions altered significantly during their transport and sequestration, the rectification factors were suggested to adjust the source diagnostic ratios. In study area, the emission flux of PAHs from waste biomass ashes to soils was 0.93 ton/year; extended to the Tibetan Plateau, the flux was estimated to be 13.1-32.5 ton/year. This study confirmed that waste biomass ashes would represent significant contributions of PAH emissions in this pristine region, which might remarkably exacerbate the total emissions of PAHs in Tibet by more than 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - An-Ting Wang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tian-Rui Ye
- Beijing No.4 High School International Campus, Beijing, 100031, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun-Lang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bin Fang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Kirkok SK, Kibet JK, Kinyanjui TK, Okanga FI. A review of persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, furans, and their associated nitrogenated analogues. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Lee SY, Kwon JH. Enhancement of Toxic Efficacy of Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Transformed by Sphingobium quisquiliarum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176416. [PMID: 32899285 PMCID: PMC7503419 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are abundant in crude oils and refined petroleum products and are considered as major contributors to the toxicity of spilled oils. In this study, the microbial degradation of model (alkylated) PAHs (i.e., phenanthrene, 3-methylphenanthrene, 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (36DMPhe), pyrene, and 1-methylpyrene (1MP)) by the bacterium Sphingobium quisquiliarum EPA505, a known degrader of PAHs, was studied. To evaluate the toxic potential of the metabolic products, reaction mixtures containing metabolites of 36DMPhe and 1MP were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their effects on the luminescence inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri were evaluated. Although the luminescence inhibition of 36DMPhe and 1MP at their solubility levels was not observed, inhibition was observed in their metabolite fractions at the solubility limit of their parent molecule. This indicates that initial biotransformation increases the toxicity of alkylated PAHs because of the increased solubility and/or inherent toxicity of metabolites. Qualitative analysis of the metabolite fractions suggested that mono-oxidation of the methyl group is the main metabolic pathway of 36DMPhe and 1MP.
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Ma J, Sheng GD, O'Connor P. Microplastics combined with tetracycline in soils facilitate the formation of antibiotic resistance in the Enchytraeus crypticus microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114689. [PMID: 32388302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that microplastics can adsorb antibiotics and may consequently exacerbate effects on the health of exposed organisms. Our current understanding of the combined effects of microplastics and antibiotics on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil invertebrates is limited. This study aimed to investigate changes in the microbiome and ARGs in Enchytraeus crypticus following exposure to a soil environment that contained both microplastics and antibiotics. Tetracycline (TC), polyamide (PA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were used to construct microcosms of polluted soil environments (TC, PA, PVC, PA+TC, PVC+TC). The differences in microbiomes and ARGs were determined by bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and high throughput quantitative PCR. The results show that compared with the Control or microplastics alone treatments, TC was significantly accumulated in E. crypticus when exposed to TC alone or in combination with microplastics (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences about TC accumulation between TC, PA+TC, and PVC+TC treated E. crypticus (P > 0.05). Microplastics and TC significantly disturbed the microbial community, and decreased the microbial alpha diversity of E. crypticus (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between TC, microplastics and their combined exposure treatments, and no toxic synergies on the diversity of E. crypticus microbiome between tetracycline and microplastics in soil environment. All the treatments increased the diversity of ARGs in E. crypticus (39-49 ARGs vs. 25 ARGs of control). In particular, treatments combining PVC and TC or PA and TC exposure resulted in greater ARGs abundance than the treatments when E. crypticus was exposed to PVC, PA or TC alone. These results add to our understanding of the combined effects of microplastics and antibiotics on the ARGs and microbiome of soil invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environmental Observatory and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - G Daniel Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Patrick O'Connor
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Yang T, Diao X, Cheng H, Wang H, Zhou H, Zhao H, Chen CM. Comparative study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) in corals, sediments and seawater from coral reefs of Hainan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114719. [PMID: 32417574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated levels of PAHs and HMs in fourteen species from seven genera of scleractinian corals, adjacent sediments, and surface seawater in Hainan, China. The sources of contaminations were analyzed as well. The results showed that scleractinian corals had a relatively higher bioaccumulation capacity for PAHs from sediments than for HMs. There were inter-species differences for these contaminants enriched in corals. Pavona varians and Porites lutea could accumulate PAHs more readily. While higher concentrations of Cr, Mn and Pb occurred in Favites flexuosa, other metal levels, such as for Ni, Cu, Zn and As, were found to be elevated in Pocillopora damicornis, as well as for Cd in Acropora echinata. It was found that PAHs originated from petrogenic and pyrolytic sources, and were mainly linked to onshore and on-sea activities, such as motorboats. Mn, Ni, As and Cd were from crustal materials or natural weathering, while Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb were non-crustal origin connecting with the use of anti-fouling boat paint and agricultural and/or aquacultural chemicals. This study suggested that corals could serve as good bioindicators for two types of chemical pollution in the reef system, especially for the two species P. varians and P. lutea for PAHs contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Huamin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hailong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chien Min Chen
- Department of Environmental Resources and Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Taiwan, China
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Titaley IA, Eriksson U, Larsson M. Rapid extraction method of polycyclic aromatic compounds in soil using basic silica selective pressurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma J, Sheng GD, Chen QL, O'Connor P. Do combined nanoscale polystyrene and tetracycline impact on the incidence of resistance genes and microbial community disturbance in Enchytraeus crypticus? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:122012. [PMID: 31927355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been proved that nanoplastics can effectively adsorb pollutants and thus influence their behavior and availability. The combined toxic effects of nanoplastic and its adsorbed pollutant on the soil fauna are still not well known. We used high-throughput quantitative PCR to explore the effects of oral nanoscale polystyrene and tetracycline exposure on antibiotic resistance genes in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus, and used bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification sequencing to examine the response of the microbiome of E. crypticus. After 14 days of tetracycline and nanoscale polystyrene exposure, we terminated exposure and monitored the restoration of ARGs and microbiome in the E. crypticus. Results showed that the number of ARGs, especially macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB), tetracycline ARGs, as well as multidrug ARGs, increased with exposure to nanoscale polystyrene and tetracycline. The abundance of Aminoglycoside and Beta_Lactamase ARGs in E. crypticus also significantly increased. The exposure significantly perturbed the abundance of families Microbacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Rhodocyclaceae and Sphinomonadaceae. After terminating exposure for 14 days, the diversity and abundance of ARGs were not completely restored, while the microbiome was not permanently changed but reversibly impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environmental Observatory and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, 315830, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - G Daniel Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Patrick O'Connor
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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Volchko Y, Berggren Kleja D, Back PE, Tiberg C, Enell A, Larsson M, Jones CM, Taylor A, Viketoft M, Åberg A, Dahlberg AK, Weiss J, Wiberg K, Rosén L. Assessing costs and benefits of improved soil quality management in remediation projects: A study of an urban site contaminated with PAH and metals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135582. [PMID: 31776003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in the soil may threaten soil functions (SFs) and, in turn, hinder the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). A framework for ecological risk assessments (ERAs) within the APPLICERA - APPLICable site-specific Environmental Risk Assessment research project promotes assessments that consider other soil quality parameters than only contaminant concentrations. The developed framework is: (i) able to differentiate the effects of contamination on SFs from the effects of other soil qualities essential for soil biota; and (ii) provides a robust basis for improved soil quality management in remediation projects. This study evaluates the socio-economic consequences of remediation alternatives stemming from a Tier 1 ERA that focusses on total contaminant concentrations and soil quality standards and a detailed, site-specific Tier 3 Triad approach that is based on the APPLICERA framework. The present study demonstrates how Tier 1 and Tier 3 ERAs differ in terms of the socio-economic consequences of their remediation actions, as well as presents a novel method for the semi-quantitative assessment of on-site ES. Although the presented Tier 3 ERA is more expensive and time-consuming than the more traditional Tier 1 ERA approach, it has the potential to lower the costs of remediation actions, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, reduce other environmental impacts, and minimise socio-economic losses. Furthermore, the remediation actions stemming from the Tier 3 ERA were predicted to exert far less negative ES effects than the actions proposed based on the results of the Tier 1 ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniya Volchko
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pär-Erik Back
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Astrid Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Åberg
- Sweco Environment AB, S:t Larsgatan 16, SE-582 24 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7926, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7926, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7926, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Rosén
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Vila J, Tian Z, Wang H, Bodnar W, Aitken MD. Isomer-selective biodegradation of high-molecular-weight azaarenes in PAH-contaminated environmental samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135503. [PMID: 31780161 PMCID: PMC6981052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles, or azaarenes, normally co-occur with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. We recently reported that nontarget analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry of samples from four PAH-contaminated sites revealed a previously unrecognized diversity and abundance of azaarene isomers and their methylated derivatives. Here we evaluated their biodegradability by natural microbial communities from each site in aerobic microcosm incubations under biostimulated conditions. The removal of total quantifiable azaarenes ranged from 15 to 85%, and was related to the initial degree of weathering for each sample. While three-ring azaarenes were readily biodegradable, the five-ring congeners were the most recalcitrant. Microbial-mediated removal of four-ring congeners varied for different isomers, which might be attributed to the position of the nitrogen atom that also influences the physicochemical properties of azaarenes and possibly the susceptibility to transformation by relevant microbial enzymes. The presence of methyl groups also influenced azaarene biodegradability, which decreased with increasing degree of methylation. Several oxidation products of azaarenes were detected, including ketones and dioxygenated derivatives of three- and four-ring compounds. Our results indicate the susceptibility of some azaarenes to bioremediation, while suggesting the potential implications for risk from the persistence of less-biodegradable isomers and the formation of oxidized-azaarene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Vila
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
| | - Hanyan Wang
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3260, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
| | - Michael D Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
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Bao H, Wang J, Zhang H, Li J, Li H, Wu F. Effects of biochar and organic substrates on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial community structure in PAHs-contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121595. [PMID: 31744730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A incubation experiment was conducted to investigate whether combined amendment of biochar (B) and compost (CP), mushroom residue (M) and corn straw (Y) could enhance biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. After 77 days of incubation, both B + M and B + Y significantly (p < 0.01) increased removal rate of PAHs compared with amendment of biochar alone. However, B+CP resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) decreasing of PAHs removal. Compared with no biochar and no organic substrates addition (CK) and B, both B+M and B+Y significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and were favorable for the microbial growth reflected by microbial biomass carbons (MBC) and emission of carbon dioxide. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that B + CP, B + M and B + Y separated the bacterial community compared with CK and B. However, the community composition structure in B + CP was different from that of B + M and B + Y. Moreover, the abundance of some PAHs degraders and PAH degradation genes predicted by PICRUSt software was promoted by B + M or B + Y, whereas that was inhibited under B + CP. The present study suggested that both B + M and B + Y could accelerate biodegradation of PAHs mainly through increasing the concentration of DOC and the abundances of microbial PAH degraders in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Dreij K, Lundin L, Le Bihanic F, Lundstedt S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108989. [PMID: 31835119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are found everywhere in our environment, including air, soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations, distribution, sources and potential health risk of 43 PACs in soils collected from 25 urban parks in Stockholm City, Sweden. These PACs included 21 PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, and 4 azaarenes whose concentrations ranged between 190 and 54 500, 30.5-5 300, 14.9-680, and 4.17-590 ng/g soil, respectively. Fluoranthene was found at the highest levels ranging between 17.7 and 9800 ng/g, benzo[a]pyrene between 9.64 and 4600 ng/g, and the highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene up to 740 ng/g. The most abundant oxy-PAH was 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (2.09-2300 ng/g). Primary sources of PAHs were identified by use of diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization modelling and found to be pyrogenic including vehicle emissions and combustion of biomass. Estimating the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS) associated with exposure to PAHs in these soils indicated that the PAH levels in some parks constitute a considerable increased risk level for adults and children (total ILCR > 1 × 10-4). Compared to worldwide urban parks contamination, we conclude that the PAC soil levels in parks of Stockholm City in general are low, but that some parks are more heavily contaminated and should be considered for clean-up actions to limit human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Staffan Lundstedt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå Univeristy, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives in soils of an industrial heritage city of Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134303. [PMID: 33736201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about polar derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils is limited despite the extensive study of the environmental presence and persistence of non-polar parent PAHs. Polar PAHs have greater potential to be more toxic at low environmental concentrations compared to their homocyclic analogues. For both polar and non-polar PAHs, combustion of fossil fuels is often the main source especially in industrialised environments. This study investigated the concentration profiles of PAHs and its associated polar PAHs such as nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen heterocyclic PAHs (N/S/O-heterocyclic PAHs) in a well-known industrial heritage city of Australia. The most abundant polar PAHs were 9-fluorenone (oxy-PAHs), 2-nitrofluorene (NPAHs) and carbazole (heterocyclic-PAHs). A positive correlation (r = 0.5, p < 0.01) between ∑13PAHs and ∑19 polar PAHs was observed, implying a possible spatial association between parent and polar PAHs. The concentrations of polar PAHs in soil samples, across various landuse patterns, were used to calculate the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from incidental ingestion of soils. The computed ELCR values ranged from 8.2*10-7 (industrial soils) to 2.3*10-6 (residential soils), indicating negligible cancer risks. This is the first known study on the occurrence and concentrations of polar and non-polar PAHs in any Australian city, and the results may serve a baseline purpose for improved risk assessment of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Phil Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Vitale CM, Knudsmark Sjøholm K, Di Guardo A, Mayer P. Accelerated equilibrium sampling of hydrophobic organic chemicals in solid matrices: A proof of concept on how to reach equilibrium for PCBs within 1 day. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124537. [PMID: 31551203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) is increasingly used to measure freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activities in sediments and soils. However, for the most hydrophobic chemicals (Log Kow > 6) such equilibrium sampling requires often very long sampling times in the order of weeks to months. The aim of the present study was to explore two strategies for markedly increasing the HOC mass transfer from matrix to sampler with the overall goal to shorten equilibration times down to a few hours. Two Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) approaches were thus developed and tested in sediment and soil contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In the first method, the SPME fiber was immersed directly in the aqueous suspension of the sample under vigorous agitation. In the second method equilibration took place via the headspace and was accelerated by elevating the temperature. Headspace-SPME at 80 °C provided fast equilibration within approximately 2 h without contacting the sample and thus avoiding fiber fouling. Both SPME methods were calibrated by passive dosing from preloaded silicone rods and yielded similar results, supporting the validity of HS-SPME at elevated temperatures on a proof of principle level. Finally, by using 13C labelled PCB standards, total concentrations were simultaneously measured, which in turn allowed calculation of matrix-water distribution coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Vitale
- University of Insubria, Department of Science and High Technology, Como, 22100, Italy; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Karina Knudsmark Sjøholm
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Frederiksberg, C 1871, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- University of Insubria, Department of Science and High Technology, Como, 22100, Italy.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Musa Bandowe BA, Wei C, Han Y, Cao J, Zhan C, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs and azaarenes) in soils from China and their relationship with geographic location, land use and soil carbon fractions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:1268-1276. [PMID: 31470489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of risks arising from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), particularly from the polar PACs [azaarenes (AZAs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)] requires us to understand the drivers of their spatial distribution. We determined the concentrations of 29 PAHs, 4 AZAs, 15 OPAHs and 11 NPAHs and their relationships with land use (urban vs. rural and forest vs. agriculture), climate (Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, temperate, sub tropical and tropical) and three C fractions (soil organic C, char, soot) in 36 mineral topsoils (0-5 cm) of China. The average concentrations±standard deviation of the Σ29PAHs, Σ16PAHs, Σ4AZAs, Σ15OPAHs and Σ11NPAHs were 352 ± 283, 206 ± 215, 5.7 ± 3.7, 108 ± 66.8 and 3.2 ± 3.4 ng g-1, respectively. PAH, OPAH, NPAH and AZA concentrations were frequently not correlated within or across the regions reflecting different sources and turnover of PAHs and their derivatives. Temperate urban soils showed the highest and tropical rural soils the lowest concentrations of PACs. Forest soils had higher PACs concentrations than agricultural soils. Longitude correlated positively with the ∑29PAHs concentrations, because of increasing emissions of PAHs from East to West. The tropical and plateau regions with the lowest PAH concentrations, were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) with LMW/high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs ratios >1, while the other two climatic regions with more industrial sites showed the opposite. Latitude correlated with NPAHs likely because of enhanced formation by photochemical reactions during transport in the atmosphere. The concentrations of the ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and their individual components were only occasionally correlated with those of carbon fractions (soil organic C, soot and char) suggesting a small role of soil C pool properties in driving PACs concentrations. Our results demonstrate that the strongest drivers of PACs concentrations are land use and distance to PAC emission sources followed by climate and size and properties of the soil organic C pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Kończak M, Gao Y, Oleszczuk P. Carbon dioxide as a carrier gas and biomass addition decrease the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar produced from sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:26-34. [PMID: 31022617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic-solvent extractable (Ctot) and freely dissolved (Cfree) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (US EPA 16 PAHs) were determined in biochars produced from the mixture of sewage sludge and sewage sludge and willow (8:2 or 6:4, w/w). The pyrolysis was carried out at 500, 600, and 700 °C using two different carrier gases (N2 or CO2). Addition of willow and the change of carrier gas from N2 to CO2 reduced Ctot PAHs (from 7.0 to 52%) and Cfree PAHs (15-29%) content. Co-application of willow and SSL and the use of CO2 as a carrier gas also beneficially affected the PAHs profile. The biochars produced with willow addition and/or in a CO2 atmosphere were characterized by a lower (from 9.0 to 62.8%) percentage of 3-6-ring PAHs (Ctot) than the biochars derived from sewage sludge alone in N2 atmosphere. The contribution of individual Cfree PAHs did not differ significantly between biochars. The presence of willow during pyrolysis influenced the direction of the changes in the Ctot PAH content depending on the pyrolysis temperature. For SSL alone, regardless of the carrier gas used, the content of Ctot PAHs was observed to decrease with increasing temperature, whereas in the presence of willow temperature did not affect significantly (P ≥ 0.05) the Ctot PAHs content. The change of carrier gas from N2 to CO2 increased the affinity of the biochars to PAHs as confirmed by the distribution coefficients log KTOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kończak
- Department of Hydrology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 2cd Kraśnicka Ave., 20-718, Lublin, Poland
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources 8 and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
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Han M, Kong J, Yuan J, He H, Hu J, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, Sun C. Method development for simultaneous analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro-, oxy-, hydroxy- derivatives in sediments. Talanta 2019; 205:120128. [PMID: 31450405 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is important to establish an available analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (nitro-PAHs), oxygenated forms of PAHs (oxy-PAHs), and hydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs) in sediment samples due to the fact that they co-exist in various environmental mediates, particularly in sediment. In this study, an analytical method has been developed and validated for the quantification of PAHs, nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, and OH-PAHs in sediment samples. The sediment samples were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction and cleaned up with SPE alumina-n combining with aminopropyl cartridges. The extracts were further fractionated by using different solvents. The fractionated extracts were analyzed via gas chromatography of single and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the electron ionization and negative ion chemical ionization with selective ion monitoring and selective reaction monitoring mode and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Each group of analytes was determined by different instrument modes such as GC-EI-SIM for PAHs, GC-NICI-SRM for nitro-PAHs, GC-EI-SRM for the oxy-PAHs and LC-ESI-MS/MS for OH-PAHs. A total of 44 analytes (16 PAHs, 14 nitro-PAHs, 9 oxy-PAHs, and 5 OH-PAHs) and 6 deuterated surrogates were performed. Most of recovery percentage varied from 52.8% up to 114.1% for the targeted analytes verified at three concentration levels (100 ng/g, 400 ng/g and 1000 ng/g for PAHs and 10 ng/g, 50 ng/g and 400 ng/g for their derivatives). The repeatability determined by the relative standard deviation percentage of triplicate trials was less than 10% for most analytes. The limit of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 ng/g for PAHs, 0.002-0.067 ng/g for nitro-PAHs, 0.01-0.1 ng/g for oxy-PAHs, and 0.003-0.006 ng/g for OH-PAHs. Most of the compounds were detectable in the sediments collected from a local River, which illustrates the developed method could be a practical and suitable technique for detection of PAHs and their derivatives in real sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Information and Computing Science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Jijie Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Julong Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China.
| | - Jiapeng Hu
- College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Oleszczuk P, Rakowska M, Bucheli TD, Godlewska P, Reible DD. Combined Effects of Plant Cultivation and Sorbing Carbon Amendments on Freely Dissolved PAHs in Contaminated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4860-4868. [PMID: 30920807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report freely dissolved concentrations ( Cfree) of PAHs in soils amended with 2.5% biochar and activated carbon (AC) during a long-term (18-months) field experiment. The study evaluates also the impact of different plants (clover, grass, willow) on Cfree PAHs. The cumulative effect of treatments on nitrogen and available forms of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium is also assessed. The direct addition of biochar to soil did not cause any immediate reduction of the sum of 16 Cfree PAHs, while AC resulted in a slight reduction of 5- and 6 ring compounds. The efficiency of binding of Cfree PAHs by biochar and AC increased with time. For biochar, the maximum reduction of 4-6-ring PAHs (18-67%) was achieved within 6 months. For 2- and 3-ring PAHs, a gradual decrease of Cfree was observed which reached 60-66% at 18 months. AC proved to be better in reducing Cfree PAHs than biochar, though for 2- and 3-ring PAHs, the differences in AC and biochar performances were smaller than those for 4-6-ring PAHs. After 18 months, a significantly lower content of Cfree PAHs was observed in the soil with plants compared to the unplanted soil. Except for potassium, AC or biochar did not negatively impact nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska , Square, 20-031 Lublin , Poland
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Magdalena Rakowska
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope, Environmental Analytics , Reckenholzstrasse 191 , 8046 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Paulina Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska , Square, 20-031 Lublin , Poland
| | - Danny D Reible
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
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Ding J, Zhu D, Li H, Ding K, Chen QL, Lassen SB, Ke X, O'Connor P, Zhu YG. The gut microbiota of soil organisms show species-specific responses to liming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:715-723. [PMID: 31096401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liming is a common agronomic practice used for alleviating soil acidification to improve plant growth. However, it is still unclear how liming can affect the gut microbiota composition of soil fauna, and subsequently the nutrient cycling and litter decomposition mediated by soil fauna. In the present study the effect of liming on the gut microbiota of two types of soil fauna, Folsomia candida, and Enchytraeus crypticus was investigated by using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed that there are differences between the gut microbial communities of the two types of soil fauna as well as between the gut microbiome of the soil fauna and the surrounding soil. Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillaceae were the predominant families in the gut microbiota of E. crypticus, while Rickettsiaceae and Moraxellaceae were the predominant families in the gut microbiota of F. candida. Liming affected the gut microbiota of E. crypticus at both the taxonomical and core microbiota level. The gut microbiota of F. candida was not affected by liming. Structural equation models suggest that 97% of the variation in the E. crypticus gut microbiota could be explained by liming-induced changes in soil properties and the soil microbial community. The indirect effects of liming, caused by a shift in the soil microbial community, contributed more in reshaping the gut microbiota of E. crypticus than the direct effects of the changed soil properties did. These findings suggest that the effects of liming on the gut microbiota composition in soil fauna are species-specific and are likely dependent on the response of the host to changes in soil properties and the soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kai Ding
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Simon Bo Lassen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Xin Ke
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Patrick O'Connor
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
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50
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McCarrick S, Cunha V, Zapletal O, Vondráček J, Dreij K. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:678-687. [PMID: 30616058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are a group of environmental pollutants found in complex mixtures together with PAHs. In contrast to the extensively studied PAHs, which have been established to have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, much less is known about the effects of oxy-PAHs. The present work aimed to investigate the genotoxic potency of a set of environmentally relevant oxy-PAHs along with environmental soil samples in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We found that all oxy-PAHs tested induced DNA strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner and some of the oxy-PAHs further induced micronuclei formation. Our results showed weak effects in response to the oxy-PAH containing subfraction of the soil sample. The genotoxic potency was confirmed in both HBEC and HepG2 cells following exposure to oxy-PAHs by an increased level of phospho-Chk1, a biomarker used to estimate the carcinogenic potency of PAHs in vitro. We further exposed zebrafish embryos to single oxy-PAHs or a binary mixture with PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and found the mixture to induce comparable or greater effects on the induction of DNA strand breaks compared to the sum of that induced by B[a]P and oxy-PAHs alone. In conclusion, oxy-PAHs were found to elicit genotoxic effects at similar or higher levels to that of B[a]P which indicates that oxy-PAHs may contribute significantly to the total carcinogenic potency of environmental PAH mixtures. This emphasizes further investigations of these compounds as well as the need to include oxy-PAHs in environmental monitoring programs in order to improve health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Zapletal
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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