1
|
Trueba-Santiso A, Torrentó C, Soder-Walz JM, Fernández-Verdejo D, Rosell M, Marco-Urrea E. Dual C-Cl isotope fractionation offers potential to assess biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,2,3-trichloropropane by Dehalogenimonas cultures. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142170. [PMID: 38679177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP) are hazardous chemicals frequently detected in groundwater near agricultural zones due to their historical use in chlorinated fumigant formulations. In this study, we show that the organohalide-respiring bacterium Dehalogenimonas alkenigignens strain BRE15 M can grow during the dihaloelimination of 1,2-DCP and 1,2,3-TCP to propene and allyl chloride, respectively. Our work also provides the first application of dual isotope approach to investigate the anaerobic reductive dechlorination of 1,2-DCP and 1,2,3-TCP. Stable carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation values for 1,2-DCP (ƐC = -13.6 ± 1.4 ‰ and ƐCl = -27.4 ± 5.2 ‰) and 1,2,3-TCP (ƐC = -3.8 ± 0.6 ‰ and ƐCl = -0.8 ± 0.5 ‰) were obtained resulting in distinct dual isotope slopes (Λ12DCP = 0.5 ± 0.1, Λ123TCP = 4 ± 2). However direct comparison of ΛC-Cl among different substrates is not possible and investigation of the C and Cl apparent kinetic isotope effects lead to the hypothesis that concerted dichloroelimination mechanism is more likely for both compounds. In fact, whole cell activity assays using cells suspensions of the Dehalogenimonas-containing culture grown with 1,2-DCP and methyl viologen as electron donor suggest that the same set of reductive dehalogenases was involved in the transformation of 1,2-DCP and 1,2,3-TCP. This study opens the door to the application of isotope techniques for evaluating biodegradation of 1,2-DCP and 1,2,3-TCP, which often co-occur in groundwaters near agricultural fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Trueba-Santiso
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les Sitges s/n, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Grup MAiMA, SGR Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Hidrogeologia (MAGH), Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c/ Martí Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesica M Soder-Walz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les Sitges s/n, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Verdejo
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les Sitges s/n, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup MAiMA, SGR Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Hidrogeologia (MAGH), Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c/ Martí Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Marco-Urrea
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les Sitges s/n, Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bouchard D, Hunkeler D, Marchesi M, Aravena R, Buscheck T. Field demonstration for the solvent-based sampling method to perform compound-specific isotope analysis on gas-phase VOC. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 262:104310. [PMID: 38335897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The solvent-based sampling method for collecting gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and conducting compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) was deployed during a controlled field study. The solvent-based method used methanol as a sink to accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons during the sampling of soil air and effluent gas. For each gaseous sample collected, carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) was conducted for a selection of five VOCs (benzene, toluene, o-xylene, cyclopentane and octane) emitted by a synthetic hydrocarbon source emplaced in the subsurface. The δ13C values obtained for gaseous VOCs (collected from soil gas and effluent gas) were compared to measurements obtained for the same VOCs present in the source material (none aqueous phase liquid - NAPL) and dissolved in groundwater to evaluate the reliability of the solvent-based sampling method in providing accurate isotope measurements. Since the NAPL source was composed of only 12 VOCs, potential bias related to the analytical procedure (such as co-elution) were avoided, hence emphasizing on field-related bias. This field evaluation demonstrated the capacity of the solvent-based method to produce precise and accurate δ13C measurements. The isotopic discrepancies between the gaseous and the NAPL values were < 1 ‰ for 39 out of the 41 comparison points, thus deemed not statistically different based on a common isotopic uncertainty error of ±0.5 ‰. Moreover, the current field study is the first field study to report δ13C measurements for up to five gas-phase VOCs obtained from the same sample, which appears to be of interest for VOC fate or forensic studies. The possibility to use several VOC isotopic measurements enabled by the sampling method would contribute to strengthen the connection assessment between gaseous VOCs and the suspected emitting source. Accordingly, the field results presented herein support the application of this sampling methodology to conduct CSIA assessment in the frame of VOC vapor studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bouchard
- GHD, 4600 Boul Cote Vertu, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Marchesi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Ramon Aravena
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tim Buscheck
- Chevron Technical Center, 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heckel B, Elsner M. Exploring Mechanisms of Biotic Chlorinated Alkane Reduction: Evidence of Nucleophilic Substitution (S N2) with Vitamin B 12. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6325-6336. [PMID: 35467338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated alkanes are notorious groundwater contaminants. Their natural reductive dechlorination by microorganisms involves reductive dehalogenases (RDases) containing cobamide as a cofactor. However, underlying mechanisms of reductive dehalogenation have remained uncertain. Here, observed products, radical trap experiments, UV-vis, and mass spectra demonstrate that (i) reduction by cobalamin (vitamin B12) involved chloroalkyl-cobalamin complexes (ii) whose formation involved a second-order nucleophilic substitution (SN2). Dual element isotope analysis subsequently linked insights from our model system to microbial reductive dehalogenation. Identical observed isotope effects in reduction of trichloromethane by Dehalobacter CF and cobalamin (Dehalobacter CF, εC = -27.9 ± 1.7‰; εCl = -4.2 ± 0.‰; λ = 6.6 ± 0.1; cobalamin, εC = -26.0 ± 0.9‰; εCl = -4.0 ± 0.2‰; λ = 6.5 ± 0.2) indicated the same underlying mechanism, as did identical isotope effects in the reduction of 1,2-dichloroethane by Dehalococcoides and cobalamin (Dehalococcoides, εC = -33.0 ± 0.4‰; εCl = -5.1 ± 0.1‰; λ = 6.5 ± 0.2; cobalamin, εC = -32.8 ± 1.7‰; εCl = -5.1 ± 0.2‰; λ = 6.4 ± 0.2). In contrast, a different, non-SN2 reaction was evidenced by different isotope effects in reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane with Dehalogenimonas (εC = -23.0 ± 2.0‰; εCl = -12.0 ± 0.8‰; λ = 1.9 ± 0.02) illustrating a diversity of biochemical reaction mechanisms manifested even within the same class of enzymes (RDases). This study resolves open questions in our understanding of bacterial reductive dehalogenation and, thereby, provides important information on the biochemistry of bioremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heckel
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Illy VD, Cohen GJV, Verardo E, Höhener P, Guiserix N, Atteia O. Using 1,1,1-Trichloroethane degradation data to understand NAPL dissolution and solute transport at real sites. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 245:103934. [PMID: 34922184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analytical and numerical models describing the evolution of contaminant concentrations in the plume associated with the dissolution of NAPL source and degradation processes were presented in the literature. At real sites and particularly in complex aquifers like chalk, it is difficult to understand how the sources of contaminants evolve with time. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) is one of the few compounds with a well-known hydrolysis constant, that can help to improve knowledge of the contaminant sources and transport rates of dissolved contaminants in groundwater by dating the spill. In this work, different scenarios that could explain the evolution of the concentrations of 1,1,1-TCA and its degradation product 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) at a real contaminated site were investigated by analytical and numerical modelling. The results show that (1) the peaks of concentration time series do not correspond to a single contamination event even in the case of a complex medium, (2) the multiphasic behavior of the concentration time series is dictated by the dissolution in a heterogeneous medium, and (3) the persistence of the concentrations can arise from a small residual organic phase or transport in dual domain medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeureux D Illy
- EA 4592, Géoressources et Environnement, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 1 Avenue Dr Schweitzer, 33400 Talence, France; Renault SAS, 1 Allée du Golf, Guyancourt 78 280, France.
| | - Gregory J V Cohen
- EA 4592, Géoressources et Environnement, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 1 Avenue Dr Schweitzer, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Elicia Verardo
- EA 4592, Géoressources et Environnement, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 1 Avenue Dr Schweitzer, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Laboratoire de Chimie Environnementale-UMR 7376, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Olivier Atteia
- EA 4592, Géoressources et Environnement, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 1 Avenue Dr Schweitzer, 33400 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hart S, Bertolo RA, Agostini MS, Feig R, Lojkasek-Lima P, Gouvea JCR, Barreto FS, Aravena R. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evaluation of VOC commingled plumes in a weathered fractured bedrock aquifer treated with thermal and bioremediation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 245:103940. [PMID: 34999305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethanes and ethenes isotopic analyses in groundwater and hydrogeochemical results from a former industrial area in Sao Paulo (Brazil) were used to confirm the existence and allow further characterization of source areas and their commingled plumes, both before and after thermal and bioremediation treatments. Prior to full scale remediation, a recently identified off-site source area with unknown history and limited access for further intrusive works presented lower δ13C values (-6.5‰ to -1.8‰ for 1,2-DCA) than the downgradient on-site source area (+8.6‰ to +20.0‰). Intermediate δ13C values for 1,2-DCA were identified further downgradient from the sources, within commingled plumes patterns. The isotope and concentration results show the typical degradation patterns associated with biotic reductive dechlorination for chlorinated ethenes and dihaloelimination for 1,2-DCA. Results following remediation treatments show further levels of isotopic enrichment, for chlorinated ethenes and chlorinated ethanes in the tropically weathered and deeper fractured bedrock (gneisses) groundwater. Hydrogeochemical results, isotopic mass balance and Carbon-Chlorine isotope slopes data are coherent with remediation treatment and a complex commingled plume setting. The results of this study confirmed the Temporal Conceptual Model proposed by Hart et al. (2021) and identified the need for further studies to evaluate isotopic dynamics under thermal remediation, including thermal-induced hydrolysis processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SashaT Hart
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Reginaldo A Bertolo
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria S Agostini
- BASF S.A., Av. Brasil, 791, Building E 250, 12521-140 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil
| | - Roland Feig
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Paulo Lojkasek-Lima
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José C R Gouvea
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Barreto
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon Aravena
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu X, Gujarati PD, Okwor N, Sivey JD, Reber KP, Xu W. Reactivity of chloroacetamides toward sulfide + black carbon: Insights from structural analogues and dynamic NMR spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150064. [PMID: 34525700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetamides are commonly used in herbicide formulations, and their occurrence has been reported in soils and groundwater. However, how their chemical structures affect transformation kinetics and pathways in the presence of environmental reagents such as hydrogen sulfide species and black carbon has not been investigated. In this work, we assessed the impact of increasing Cl substituents on reaction kinetics and pathways of six chloroacetamides. The contribution of individual pathways (reductive dechlorination vs. nucleophilic substitution) to the overall decay of selected chloroacetamides was differentiated using various experimental setups; both the transformation rates and product distributions were characterized. Our results suggest that the number of Cl substituents affected reaction pathways and kinetics: trichloroacetamides predominantly underwent reductive dechlorination whereas mono- and dichloroacetamides transformed via nucleophilic substitution. Furthermore, we synthesized eight dichloroacetamide analogs (Cl2CHC(=O)NRR') with differing R groups and characterized their transformation kinetics. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy was employed to quantify the rotational energy barriers of dichloroacetamides. Our results suggest that adsorption of dichloroacetamides on black carbon constrained R groups from approaching the dichloromethyl carbon and subsequently favored nucleophilic attack. This study provides new insights to better predict the fate of chloroacetamides in subsurface environments by linking their structural characteristics to transformation kinetics and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | | | - Neechi Okwor
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang G, Liu Y, Wang X, Dong X, Jiang N, Wang H. Application of dual carbon-bromine stable isotope analysis to characterize anaerobic micro-degradation mechanisms of PBDEs in wetland bottom-water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117854. [PMID: 34800854 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), one kind of persistent organic pollutants, were widely detected in coastal wetlands. Microbial reductive debromination is one of the most important attenuation processes for PBDEs in anaerobic environment, whereas the underlying reaction mechanisms remain elusive. Dual-element stable isotope analysis was recently recognized to distinguish different reaction mechanism for degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, the dual carbon-bromine isotope effects associated with the anaerobic microbial degradation were first investigated to characterize the reaction mechanisms for BDE-47 and BDE-153. Presence of lower brominated congeners indicated stepwise debromination as the main degradation pathway, with the preferential removal of bromine in para position > meta/ortho position. The pronounced isotope fractionation was observed for both carbon and bromine, with similar carbon (εC) and bromine isotope enrichment factor (εBr) between BDE-47 (εC = -5.98‰, εBr = -2.44‰) and BDE-153 (εC = -5.57‰, εBr = -2.06‰) during the microbial degradation. Compared to εC and εBr, the correlation of carbon and isotope effects (ΛC/Br = Δδ81Br/Δδ13C) was almost the same between BDE-47 (0.436) and BDE-153 (0.435), indicating the similar reaction mechanism. The calculated carbon and bromine apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEC and AKIEBr) were 1.0773 and 1.0098 for BDE-47 and 1.0716 and 1.0125 for BDE-153, within range reported for degradation of halogenated compounds following nucleophilic substitution. Combination analysis of degradation products, ΛC/Br and AKIE, all the results pointed to that the anaerobic reductive debromination of BDE-47 and BDE-153 followed the nucleophilic aromatic substitution, with the addition of cofactor to the benzene ring concomitant with dissociation of carbon-bromine bond via the inner-sphere electron transfer, and the cleavage of C-Br bond was the rate-determining step. This study contributed to the development of dual carbon-bromine isotope analysis as a robust approach to probe the fate of PBDEs in contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Na Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Höhener P, Imfeld G. Quantification of Lambda (Λ) in multi-elemental compound-specific isotope analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129232. [PMID: 33338724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In multi-elemental compound-specific isotope analysis the lambda (Λ) value expresses the isotope shift of one element versus the isotope shift of a second element. In dual-isotope plots, the slope of the regression lines typical reveals the footprint of the underlying isotope effects allowing to distinguish degradation pathways of an organic contaminant molecule in the environment. While different conventions and fitting procedures are used in the literature to determine Λ, it remains unclear how they affect the magnitude of Λ. Here we generate synthetic data for benzene δ2H and δ13C with two enrichment factors εH and εC using the Rayleigh equation to examine how different conventions and linear fitting procedures yield distinct Λ. Fitting an error-free data set in a graph plotting the δ2H versus δ13C overestimates Λ by 0.225%⋅εH/εC, meaning that if εH/εCis larger than 22, Λ is overestimated by more than 5%. The correct fitting of Λ requires a natural logarithmic transformation of δ2H versus δ13C data. Using this transformation, the ordinary linear regression (OLR), the reduced major-axis (RMA) and the York methods find the correct Λ, even for large εH/εC. Fitting a dataset with synthetic data with typical random errors let to the same conclusion and positioned the suitability of each regression method. We conclude that fitting of non-transformed δ values should be discontinued. The validity of most previous Λ values is not compromised, although previously obtained Λ values for large εH/εC could be corrected using our error estimation to improve comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille University - CNRS, UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Marseille, France.
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST, 1 Rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Asfaw BA, Sakaguchi-Söder K, Bernstein A, Siebner H, Schüth C. Optimization of compound-specific chlorine stable isotope analysis of chloroform using the Taguchi design of experiments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8922. [PMID: 32770575 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chloroform, a probable human carcinogen, is commonly detected in various concentration levels in many surface water and groundwater sources. Compound-specific chlorine stable isotope analysis (Cl-CSIA) is significant in investigating the fate of chlorinated contaminants in the environment. Analytical conditions should, however, be thoroughly examined for any isotopic fractionation. In this study, we simultaneously optimize three analytical parameters for a robust online Cl-CSIA of chloroform using the Taguchi design of experiments. METHODS For Cl-CSIA, a purge-and-trap autosampler coupled to a gas chromatograph in tandem with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, with electron ionization in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, was used. Using the Taguchi method, the dominant parameter affecting the results of Cl-CSIA for chloroform was identified through concurrent investigation of the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of three parameters, each at three levels: purging time (5, 10, 15 min), transfer time (80, 120, 160 s), and dwell time (20, 60, 100 ms). Moreover, the optimum combination of the levels was identified. RESULTS The purging time, with a maximum S/N, resulted in the highest influence on the isotope ratios determined. It was further refined through additional experiments to sufficiently extract chloroform from the aqueous phase. Accordingly, 8 min of purging time, 120 s transfer time and 100 ms dwell time were the optimum conditions for Cl-CSIA of chloroform. Post-optimization, a precision of ±0.28 ‰ was achieved for 8.4 nmol of chloroform (equivalent to 0.89 μg or approx. 25 nmol Cl-mass on column). CONCLUSIONS A simple online method for Cl-CSIA of chloroform was optimized with the Taguchi design of experiments. The Taguchi method was very useful for the optimization of the analytical conditions. However, the purging conditions should be fine-tuned and selected so that sufficient extraction of a target compound is confirmed to acquire a stable and higher precision of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Abrha Asfaw
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahn Straße 9, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Kaori Sakaguchi-Söder
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahn Straße 9, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
- Institut IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun Straße 7, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, Beer-Sheva, 84990, Israel
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, Beer-Sheva, 84990, Israel
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahn Straße 9, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang MI, Previdsa M, Edwards EA, Sleep BE. Two distinct Dehalobacter strains sequentially dechlorinate 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane at a field site treated with granular zero valent iron and guar gum. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116310. [PMID: 32858243 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethanes are environmental pollutants found frequently at many contaminated industrial sites. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) can be dechlorinated and detoxified via abiotic transformation or biologically by the action of dechlorinating microorganisms such as Dehalobacter (Dhb). At a field site, it is challenging to distinguish abiotic vs. biotic mechanisms as both processes share common transformation products. In this study, we evaluated using the Dhb 16S rRNA gene and specific reductive dehalogenase genes as biomarkers for 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) dechlorination. We analyzed samples from laboratory groundwater microcosms and from an industrial site where a mixture of granular zero valent iron (ZVI) and guar gum was injected for 1,1,1-TCA remediation. Abiotic and biotic transformation products were monitored and the changes in dechlorinating organisms were tracked using quantitative PCR (qPCR) with primers targeting the Dhb 16S rRNA gene and two functional genes cfrA and dcrA encoding enzymes that dechlorinate 1,1,1-TCA to 1,1-DCA and 1,1-DCA to chloroethane (CA), respectively. The abundance of the cfrA- and dcrA-like genes confirmed that the two dechlorination steps were carried out by two distinct Dhb populations at the site. The biomarkers used in this study proved useful for monitoring different Dhb populations responsible for step-wise dechlorination and tracking biodegradation of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-DCA where both abiotic (e.g., with ZVI) and biotic processes co-occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ivy Yang
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Michael Previdsa
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Brent E Sleep
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu SC, Huang JW, Liang C. Reductive Degradation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane with Alkaline Green Tea/Ferrous Ion in Aqueous Phase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siang Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chenju Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Kümmel S, Yao J, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Dual C-Cl isotope analysis for characterizing the anaerobic transformation of α, β, γ, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane in contaminated aquifers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116128. [PMID: 32777634 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are widespread and persistent environmental pollutants, which cause heavy contamination in soil, sediment and groundwater. An anaerobic consortium, which was enriched on β-HCH using a soil sample from a contaminated area of a former pesticide factory, was capable to transform α, β, γ, and δ-HCH via tetrachlorocyclohexene isomers stoichiometrically to benzene and chlorobenzene. The carbon and chlorine isotope enrichment factors (εC and εCl) of the dehalogenation of the four isomers ranged from -1.9 ± 0.3 to -6.4 ± 0.7‰ and from -1.6 ± 0.2 to -3.2 ± 0.6‰, respectively, and the correlation of δ37Cl and δ13C (Λ values) of the four isomers ranged from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 2.4 ± 0.2. The evaluation of Λ and the apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIE) for carbon and chlorine may lead to the hypothesis that the two eliminated chlorine atoms of α- and γ-HCH were in axial positions, the same as for the β-HCH conformer which has six chlorine atoms in axial positions after ring flip. The dichloroelimination of δ-HCH resulted in distinct AKIE and Λ values as one chlorine atom is in axial whereas the other chlorine atoms are in the equatorial positions. Significant chlorine and carbon isotope fractionations of HCH isomers were observed in the samples from a contaminated aquifer (Bitterfeld, Germany). The 37Cl/35Cl and 13C/12C isotope fractionation patterns of HCH isomers from laboratory experiments were used diagnostically in a model to characterize microbial dichloroelimination in the field study. The comparison of isotope fractionation patterns indicates that the transformation of HCH isomers at the field was mainly governed by microbial dichloroelimination transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Liu J, Renpenning J, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Dual C-Cl Isotope Analysis for Characterizing the Reductive Dechlorination of α- and γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane by Two Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strains and an Enrichment Culture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7250-7260. [PMID: 32441516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are persistent organic contaminants that threaten human health. Microbial reductive dehalogenation is one of the most important attenuation processes in contaminated environments. This study investigated carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation of α- and γ-HCH during the reductive dehalogenation by three anaerobic cultures. The presence of tetrachlorocyclohexene (TeCCH) indicated that reductive dichloroelimination was the first step of bond cleavage. Isotope enrichment factors (εC and εCl) were derived from the transformation of γ-HCH (εC, from -4.0 ± 0.5 to -4.4 ± 0.6 ‰; εCl, from -2.9 ± 0.4 to -3.3 ± 0.4 ‰) and α-HCH (εC, from -2.4 ± 0.2 to -3.0 ± 0.4 ‰; εCl, from -1.4 ± 0.3 to -1.8 ± 0.2 ‰). During α-HCH transformation, no enantioselectivity was observed, and similar εc values were obtained for both enantiomers. The correlation of 13C and 37Cl fractionation (Λ = Δδ13C/Δδ37Cl ≈ εC/εCl) of γ-HCH (from 1.1 ± 0.3 to 1.2 ± 0.1) indicates similar bond cleavage during the reductive dichloroelimination by the three cultures, similar to α-HCH (1.7 ± 0.2 to 2.0 ± 0.3). The different isotope fractionation patterns during reductive dichloroelimination and dehydrochlorination indicates that dual-element stable isotope analysis can potentially be used to evaluate HCH transformation pathways at contaminated field sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Julian Renpenning
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zimmermann J, Halloran LJS, Hunkeler D. Tracking chlorinated contaminants in the subsurface using compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis: A review of principles, current challenges and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125476. [PMID: 31830644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many chlorinated hydrocarbons have gained notoriety as persistent organic pollutants in the environment. Engineered and natural remediation efforts require a monitoring tool to track the progress of degradation processes. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a robust method to evaluate the origin and fate of contaminants in the environment and does not rely on concentration measurements. While carbon CSIA has established itself in the routine assessment of contaminated sites, studies incorporating chlorine isotopes have only recently become more common. Although some aspects of chlorine isotope analysis are more challenging than carbon isotope analysis, having additional isotopic data yields valuable information for contaminated site management. This review provides an overview of chlorine isotope fractionation of chlorinated contaminants in the subsurface by different processes and presents analytical techniques and unresolved challenges in chlorine isotope analysis. A summary of successful field applications illustrates the potential of using chlorine isotope data. Finally, approaches in modelling chlorine isotope fractionation due to degradation, diffusion, and sorption processes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Zimmermann
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Landon J S Halloran
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ojeda AS, Phillips E, Sherwood Lollar B. Multi-element (C, H, Cl, Br) stable isotope fractionation as a tool to investigate transformation processes for halogenated hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:567-582. [PMID: 31993605 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00498j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful tool to evaluate transformation processes of halogenated compounds. Many halogenated hydrocarbons allow for multiple stable isotopic systems (C, H, Cl, Br) to be measured for a single compound. This has led to a large body of literature describing abiotic and biotic transformation pathways and reaction mechanisms for contaminants such as chlorinated alkenes and alkanes as well as brominated hydrocarbons. Here, the current literature is reviewed and a new compilation of Λ values for multi-isotopic systems for halogenated hydrocarbons is presented. Case studies of each compound class are discussed and thereby the current strengths of multi-element isotope analysis, continuing challenges, and gaps in our current knowledge are identified for practitioners of multi-element CSIA to address in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sullivan Ojeda
- Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Understanding Groundwater Mineralization Changes of a Belgian Chalky Aquifer in the Presence of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Degradation Reactions. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An abandoned industrial site in Belgium, located in the catchment of a chalk aquifer mainly used for drinking water, has been investigated for groundwater pollution due to a mixture of chlorinated solvents with mainly 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) at high concentrations. The observed elevated groundwater mineralization was partly explained by chemical reactions associated with hydrolysis and dehydrohalogenation (HY/DH) of 1,1,1-TCA in the chalky aquifer. Leaching of soluble compounds from a backfilled layer located in the site could also have influenced the groundwater composition. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the hydrochemical processes controlling groundwater mineralization through a characterization of the backfill and groundwater chemical composition. This is essential in the context of required site remediation to define appropriate remediation measures to soil and groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected for chemical analyses of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, major ions, and several minor ones. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a leaching test according to CEN/TS 14405 norm were carried out on the backfill soil. δ34S and δ18O of sulphate in groundwater and in the backfill eluates were also compared. Both effects influencing the groundwater hydrochemistry around the site were clarified. First, calcite dissolution under the 1,1,1-TCA degradation reactions results in a water mineralization increase. It was assessed by geochemical batch simulations based on observed data. Second, sulphate and calcium released from the backfill have reached the groundwater. The leaching test provided an estimation of the minimal released quantities.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang D, Wu L, Yao J, Vogt C, Richnow HH. Carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during abiotic hydrolysis and aerobic biodegradation of phthalate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:559-566. [PMID: 30641383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the changes of carbon and hydrogen isotope signatures of three phthalate esters (PAEs) during (i) abiotic hydrolysis over the pH range of 2, 7 and 10, and (ii) aerobic biodegradation initiated by hydrolysis by Rhodococcus opacus strain DSM 43250. Significant carbon isotopic fractionation was exhibited under all investigated conditions. Hydrogen isotopic fractionation was observed in some experiments and is hypothesized to be a secondary isotope effect due to the absence of a hydrogen bond cleavage during hydrolysis. Dual stable isotope analysis (Λ = Δδ2H/Δδ13C) resulting from abiotic hydrolysis and aerobic biodegradation showed similar magnitudes for dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). The calculated carbon apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEC) for the hydrolytic pathway (CO bond cleavage) of PAEs fall within an expected range of 1.03-1.09, with the exception of lower AKIEC values for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) during hydrolysis at pH 2 and aerobic biodegradation. The lower AKIEC of DBP at pH 2 and aerobic biodegradation is likely related to a transition state from reactant-like to tetrahedral intermediate-like structure. Abiotic and biotic hydrolysis of PAEs resulted in similar AKIEC and Λ values due to the CO bond cleavage pathway, indicating the potential of dual isotope analysis to detect and quantify hydrolytic processes of PAEs in the environment. The pronounced primary carbon and typically low secondary or absent hydrogen isotopic fractionation might form a typical pattern to identify the hydrolytic reaction of PAEs in the environment. The characteristic Λ values of the hydrolytic reaction were different from Λ values of chemical oxidation of PAEs and showed diagnostic potential of dual HC isotope analysis to analyze reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang W, Wu Y. Sequential coupling of bio-augmented permeable reactive barriers for remediation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane contaminated groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12042-12054. [PMID: 30827025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sequential coupling of high-density luffa sponge (HDLS) immobilized microorganism and permeable reactive barriers (IM Bio-PRBs) was superior to intimate coupling of free microorganism and permeable reactive barriers (FM Bio-PRBs) for remediation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane contaminated groundwater. IM Bio-PRBs had much better performance to removal 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) and prevent the transport of 1,1,1-TCA and inorganic ions (NO3-, PO43-, and SO42-). The majority of them were prevented and accumulated in upgradient of IM Bio-PRBs. 1,1,1-TCA and inorganic ions in there contributed to the much faster growth of microorganism in upgradient aquifer. Therefore, the removal of 1,1,1-TCA and consumption of inorganic ions in upgradient of Bio-PRBs played a constructive role in reducing the processing load of following zero-valent iron (ZVI) PRBs and the negative effect of free microorganism cells (biological clogging) and inorganic ions (chemical clogging) on Bio-PRB permeability. In addition, IM Bio-PRBs were more conducive to accelerate the removal of 1,1,1-TCA in long-term remediation and 1,1,1-TCA residual concentration significantly lower than the safety standard of 0.2 mg L-1. The change of terminal by-products of 1,1,1-TCA contaminated groundwater in Bio-PRBs showed that 1,1,1-TCA could be effectively de-chlorinated and mineralized in Bio-PRBs. The reductant H2S (prolong the service life of ZVI-PRBs) was much more produced and utilized in IM Bio-PRBs. Taken together, sequentially coupled IM Bio-PRBs had a better overall performance, and its service life could be prolonged. It was a different design and idea to update conventional PRB remediation technology and theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rosell M, Palau J, Mortan SH, Caminal G, Soler A, Shouakar-Stash O, Marco-Urrea E. Dual carbon - chlorine isotope fractionation during dichloroelimination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane by an enrichment culture containing Dehalogenimonas sp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:422-429. [PMID: 30121041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethanes are frequent groundwater contaminants but compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) has been scarcely applied to investigate their degradation pathways. In this study, dual carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation was used to investigate for the first time the anoxic biodegradation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) using a Dehalogenimonas-containing culture. The isotopic fractionation values obtained for the biodegradation of 1,1,2-TCA were ɛC = -6.9 ± 0.4‰ and ɛCl = -2.7 ± 0.3‰. The detection of vinyl chloride (VC) as unique byproduct and a closed carbon isotopic mass balance corroborated that dichloroelimination was the degradation pathway used by this strain. Combining the values of δ13C and δ37Cl resulted in a dual element C-Cl isotope slope of Λ = 2.5 ± 0.2‰. Investigation of the apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEs) expected for cleavage of a CCl bond showed an important masking of the intrinsic isotope fractionation. Theoretical calculation of Λ suggested that dichloroelimination of 1,1,2-TCA was taking place via simultaneous cleavage of two CCl bonds (concerted reaction mechanism). The isotope data obtained in this study can be useful to monitor natural attenuation of 1,1,2-TCA via dichloroelimination and provide insights into the source and fate of VC in contaminated groundwaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Rosell
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Palau
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Siti Hatijah Mortan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Orfan Shouakar-Stash
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Isotope Tracer Technologies Inc., Waterloo, Ontario N2 V 1Z5, Canada
| | - Ernest Marco-Urrea
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marchesi M, Alberti L, Shouakar-Stash O, Pietrini I, de Ferra F, Carpani G, Aravena R, Franzetti A, Stella T. 37Cl-compound specific isotope analysis and assessment of functional genes for monitoring monochlorobenzene (MCB) biodegradation under aerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:784-793. [PMID: 29161603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory approach was adopted in this study to explore the potential of 37Cl-CSIA in combination with 13C-CSIA and Biological Molecular Tools (BMTs) to estimate the occurrence of monochloroenzene (MCB) aerobic biodegradation. A new analytical method for 37Cl-CSIA of MCB was developed in this study. This methodology using a GC-IRMS allowed to determine δ37Cl values within an internal error of ±0.3‰. Samples from a heavily MCB contaminated site were collected and MCB aerobic biodegradation microcosms with indigenous cultures in natural and enhanced conditions were set up. The microcosms data show a negligible fractionation for 13C associated to MCB mass decrease of >95% over the incubation time. Conversely, an enrichment factor of -0.6±0.1‰ was estimated for 37Cl, which is a reflection of a secondary isotope effect. Moreover, the dual isotope approach showed a pattern for aerobic degradation which differ from the theoretical trend for reductive dehalogenation. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) results showed a significant increase in todC gene copy number with respect to its initial levels for both natural attenuation and biostimulated microcosms, suggesting its involvement in the MCB aerobic degradation, whereas phe gene copy number increased only in the biostimulated ones. Indeed, 37Cl fractionation in combination with the dual carbon‑chlorine isotope approach and the todC gene copy number represent valuable indicators for a qualitative assessment of MCB aerobic biodegradation in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marchesi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Alberti
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Orfan Shouakar-Stash
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada; Isotope Tracer Technologies Inc., Waterloo N2V 1Z5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilaria Pietrini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca de Ferra
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energy, Istituto Eni Donegani Environmental Technologies, via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Carpani
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energy, Istituto Eni Donegani Environmental Technologies, via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramon Aravena
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Stella
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heckel B, McNeill K, Elsner M. Chlorinated Ethene Reactivity with Vitamin B12 Is Governed by Cobalamin Chloroethylcarbanions as Crossroads of Competing Pathways. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heckel
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang J, Meng L, Guo L. In situ remediation of chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater using ZVI/organic carbon amendment in China: field pilot test and full-scale application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5051-5062. [PMID: 28819708 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated solvents in groundwater pose threats to human health and the environment due to their carcinogenesis and bioaccumulation. These problems are often more severe in developing countries such as China. Thus, methods for chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater remediation are urgently needed. This study presents a technique of in situ remediation via the direct-push amendment injection that enhances the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents in groundwater in the low-permeability aquifer. A field-based pilot test and a following real-world, full-scale application were conducted at an active manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China. The chlorinated solvents found at the clay till site included 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and chloroethane (CA). A commercially available amendment (EHC®, Peroxychem, Philadelphia, PA) combining zero-valent iron and organic carbon was used to treat the above pollutants. Pilot test results showed that direct-push EHC injection efficiently facilitated the in situ reductive remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The mean removal rates of 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1-DCA, and 1,1-DCE at 270 days post-injection were 99.6, 99.3, and 73.3%, respectively, which were obviously higher than those of VC and CA (42.3 and 37.1%, respectively). Clear decreases in oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen concentration, and increases in Fe2+ and total organic carbon concentration, were also observed during the monitoring period. These indicate that EHC promotes the anaerobic degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons primarily via long-term biological reductive dechlorination, with instant chemical reductive dechlorination acting as a secondary pathway. The optimal effective time of EHC injection was 0-90 days, and its radius of influence was 1.5 m. In full-scale application, the maximum concentrations of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-DCA in the contaminate plume fell below the relevant Dutch Intervention Values at 180 days post-injection. Moreover, the dynamics of the target pollutant concentrations mirrored those of the pilot test. Thus, we have demonstrated that the direct-push injection of EHC successfully leads to the remediation of chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater in a real-world scenario. The parameters determined by this study (e.g., effectiveness, injection amount, injection depth, injection pressures, and radius of influence) are applicable to other low-permeability contaminated sites where in situ remediation by enhanced reductive dechlorination is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Meng
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Guo
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Optimization of the solvent-based dissolution method to sample volatile organic compound vapors for compound-specific isotope analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1520:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
Torrentó C, Palau J, Rodríguez-Fernández D, Heckel B, Meyer A, Domènech C, Rosell M, Soler A, Elsner M, Hunkeler D. Carbon and Chlorine Isotope Fractionation Patterns Associated with Different Engineered Chloroform Transformation Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6174-6184. [PMID: 28482655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To use compound-specific isotope analysis for confidently assessing organic contaminant attenuation in the environment, isotope fractionation patterns associated with different transformation mechanisms must first be explored in laboratory experiments. To deliver this information for the common groundwater contaminant chloroform (CF), this study investigated for the first time both carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation for three different engineered reactions: oxidative C-H bond cleavage using heat-activated persulfate, transformation under alkaline conditions (pH ∼ 12) and reductive C-Cl bond cleavage by cast zerovalent iron, Fe(0). Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation values were -8 ± 1‰ and -0.44 ± 0.06‰ for oxidation, -57 ± 5‰ and -4.4 ± 0.4‰ for alkaline hydrolysis (pH 11.84 ± 0.03), and -33 ± 11‰ and -3 ± 1‰ for dechlorination, respectively. Carbon and chlorine apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEs) were in general agreement with expected mechanisms (C-H bond cleavage in oxidation by persulfate, C-Cl bond cleavage in Fe(0)-mediated reductive dechlorination and E1CB elimination mechanism during alkaline hydrolysis) where a secondary AKIECl (1.00045 ± 0.00004) was observed for oxidation. The different dual carbon-chlorine (Δδ13C vs Δδ37Cl) isotope patterns for oxidation by thermally activated persulfate and alkaline hydrolysis (17 ± 2 and 13.0 ± 0.8, respectively) vs reductive dechlorination by Fe(0) (8 ± 2) establish a base to identify and quantify these CF degradation mechanisms in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrentó
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Université de Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Palau
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Université de Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Heckel
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin Meyer
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Domènech
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich , Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Université de Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heckel B, Rodríguez-Fernández D, Torrentó C, Meyer A, Palau J, Domènech C, Rosell M, Soler A, Hunkeler D, Elsner M. Compound-Specific Chlorine Isotope Analysis of Tetrachloromethane and Trichloromethane by Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry vs Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Method Development and Evaluation of Precision and Trueness. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3411-3420. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heckel
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Centre
d’Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Armin Meyer
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Palau
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre
d’Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Domènech
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre
d’Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Höhener P. Simulating stable carbon and chlorine isotope ratios in dissolved chlorinated groundwater pollutants with BIOCHLOR-ISO. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2016; 195:52-61. [PMID: 27894785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BIOCHLOR is a well-known simple tool for evaluating the transport of dissolved chlorinated solvents in groundwater, ideal for rapid screening and teaching. This work extends the BIOCHLOR model for the calculation of stable isotope ratios of carbon and chlorine isotopes in chloroethenes. An exact solution for the three-dimensional reactive transport of a chain of degrading compounds including sorption is provided in a spreadsheet and applied for modeling the transport of individual isotopes 12C, 13C, 35Cl, 37Cl from a constant source. The model can consider secondary isotope effects that can occur in the breaking of CCl bonds. The model is correctly reproducing results for δ13C and δ37Cl modeled by a previously published 1-D numerical model without secondary isotope effects, and is also reproducing results from a microcosm experiment with secondary chlorine isotope effects. Two applications of the model using field data from literature are further given and discussed. The new BIOCHLOR-ISO model is distributed as a spreadsheet (MS EXCEL) along with this publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7376, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, 3 place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Combination of zero-valent iron and anaerobic microorganisms immobilized in luffa sponge for degrading 1,1,1-trichloroethane and the relevant microbial community analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:783-796. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Stable isotope fractionation concepts for characterizing biotransformation of organohalides. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Kuntze K, Kozell A, Richnow HH, Halicz L, Nijenhuis I, Gelman F. Dual Carbon-Bromine Stable Isotope Analysis Allows Distinguishing Transformation Pathways of Ethylene Dibromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9855-9863. [PMID: 27526716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated dual carbon-bromine isotope fractionation of the common groundwater contaminant ethylene dibromide (EDB) during chemical and biological transformations, including aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, alkaline hydrolysis, Fenton-like degradation, debromination by Zn(0) and reduced corrinoids. Significantly different correlation of carbon and bromine isotope fractionation (ΛC/Br) was observed not only for the processes following different transformation pathways, but also for abiotic and biotic processes with, the presumed, same formal chemical degradation mechanism. The studied processes resulted in a wide range of ΛC/Br values: ΛC/Br = 30.1 was observed for hydrolysis of EDB in alkaline solution; ΛC/Br between 4.2 and 5.3 were determined for dibromoelimination pathway with reduced corrinoids and Zn(0) particles; EDB biodegradation by Ancylobacter aquaticus and Sulfurospirillum multivorans resulted in ΛC/Br = 10.7 and 2.4, respectively; Fenton-like degradation resulted in carbon isotope fractionation only, leading to ΛC/Br ∞. Calculated carbon apparent kinetic isotope effects ((13)C-AKIE) fell with 1.005 to 1.035 within expected ranges according to the theoretical KIE, however, biotic transformations resulted in weaker carbon isotope effects than respective abiotic transformations. Relatively large bromine isotope effects with (81)Br-AKIE of 1.0012-1.002 and 1.0021-1.004 were observed for nucleophilic substitution and dibromoelimination, respectively, and reveal so far underestimated strong bromine isotope effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kuntze
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Kozell
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ludwik Halicz
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw , 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Faina Gelman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zakon Y, Halicz L, Lev O, Gelman F. Compound-specific bromine isotope ratio analysis using gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1951-1956. [PMID: 27501429 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brominated organic compounds (BOCs) are common persistent toxic pollutants. Compound-specific stable bromine isotope ratio analysis is one of the potential approaches for investigating BOC transformations in the environment. In the present study, we demonstrate that precise bromine isotope analysis of BOCs can be successfully performed by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS) systems that are widely available in analytical laboratories. METHODS Optimization and validation of the GC/qMS method were performed by analysis of bromoform, 3-bromophenol and 4-bromotoluene. In addition, comparison of the results obtained by GC/qMS and GC/multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) for 1,2-dibromoethane and 3-bromophenol samples with different bromine isotope composition was carried out to evaluate the analytical performance of the developed method. RESULTS Precisions in the range 0.2-0.3‰ were attained for sample amounts in the range of tens to thousands pmol. Good correlation between the results obtained by GC/qMS and GC/MC-ICPMS for laboratory standard materials (1,2-dibromoethane and 3-bromophenol) (regression coefficient R(2) > 0.98) was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The GC/qMS method for bromine isotope analysis shows a good performance and can be applied routinely for studying transformations of BOCs. Due to the observed dependence of the measured isotope ratios on the amount of the analyte and the calculation scheme applied, normalization of the results versus appropriate standards is required for source attribution applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeni Zakon
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ludwik Halicz
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Faina Gelman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Patterson BM, Lee M, Bastow TP, Wilson JT, Donn MJ, Furness A, Goodwin B, Manefield M. Concentration effects on biotic and abiotic processes in the removal of 1,1,2-trichloroethane and vinyl chloride using carbon-amended ZVI. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2016; 188:1-11. [PMID: 26934432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A permeable reactive barrier, consisting of both zero valent iron (ZVI) and a biodegradable organic carbon, was evaluated for the remediation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) contaminated groundwater. During an 888 day laboratory column study, degradation rates initially stabilized with a degradation half-life of 4.4±0.4 days. Based on the accumulation of vinyl chloride (VC) and limited production of 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), the dominant degradation pathway was likely abiotic dichloroelimination to form VC. Degradation of VC was not observed based on the accumulation of VC and limited ethene production. After a step reduction in the influent concentration of 1,1,2-TCA from 170±20 mg L(-1) to 39±11 mg L(-1), the degradation half-life decreased 5-fold to 0.83±0.17 days. The isotopic enrichment factor of 1,1,2-TCA also changed after the step reduction from -14.6±0.7‰ to -0.72±0.12‰, suggesting a possible change in the degradation mechanism from abiotic reductive degradation to biodegradation. Microbiological data suggested a co-culture of Desulfitobacterium and Dehalococcoides was responsible for the biodegradation of 1,1,2-TCA to ethene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Patterson
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Matthew Lee
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Trevor P Bastow
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - John T Wilson
- Scissortail Environment Solutions, LLC. Ada, OK 74821, USA
| | - Michael J Donn
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Andrew Furness
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Goodwin Remediation Consulting, Victoria 3018, Australia
| | - Mike Manefield
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Palau J, Jamin P, Badin A, Vanhecke N, Haerens B, Brouyère S, Hunkeler D. Use of dual carbon-chlorine isotope analysis to assess the degradation pathways of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in groundwater. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 92:235-243. [PMID: 26874254 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful tool to track contaminant fate in groundwater. However, the application of CSIA to chlorinated ethanes has received little attention so far. These compounds are toxic and prevalent groundwater contaminants of environmental concern. The high susceptibility of chlorinated ethanes like 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) to be transformed via different competing pathways (biotic and abiotic) complicates the assessment of their fate in the subsurface. In this study, the use of a dual C-Cl isotope approach to identify the active degradation pathways of 1,1,1-TCA is evaluated for the first time in an aerobic aquifer impacted by 1,1,1-TCA and trichloroethylene (TCE) with concentrations of up to 20 mg/L and 3.4 mg/L, respectively. The reaction-specific dual carbon-chlorine (C-Cl) isotope trends determined in a recent laboratory study illustrated the potential of a dual isotope approach to identify contaminant degradation pathways of 1,1,1-TCA. Compared to the dual isotope slopes (Δδ(13)C/Δδ(37)Cl) previously determined in the laboratory for dehydrohalogenation/hydrolysis (DH/HY, 0.33 ± 0.04) and oxidation by persulfate (∞), the slope determined from field samples (0.6 ± 0.2, r(2) = 0.75) is closer to the one observed for DH/HY, pointing to DH/HY as the predominant degradation pathway of 1,1,1-TCA in the aquifer. The observed deviation could be explained by a minor contribution of additional degradation processes. This result, along with the little degradation of TCE determined from isotope measurements, confirmed that 1,1,1-TCA is the main source of the 1,1-dichlorethylene (1,1-DCE) detected in the aquifer with concentrations of up to 10 mg/L. This study demonstrates that a dual C-Cl isotope approach can strongly improve the qualitative and quantitative assessment of 1,1,1-TCA degradation processes in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Palau
- University of Neuchâtel, Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Building UniMail, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Pierre Jamin
- University of Liège, Fac. Applied Sciences, Dpt ArGEnCo, Geo³-Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Building B52, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Alice Badin
- University of Neuchâtel, Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Building UniMail, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Haerens
- AECOM, Maria-Theresiastraat 34A, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serge Brouyère
- University of Liège, Fac. Applied Sciences, Dpt ArGEnCo, Geo³-Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Building B52, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- University of Neuchâtel, Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Building UniMail, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jin B, Rolle M. Position-specific isotope modeling of organic micropollutants transformation through different reaction pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:94-103. [PMID: 26708763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of organic micropollutants occurs via different reaction pathways. Compound specific isotope analysis is a valuable tool to identify such degradation pathways in different environmental systems. We propose a mechanism-based modeling approach that provides a quantitative framework to simultaneously evaluate concentration as well as bulk and position-specific multi-element isotope evolution during the transformation of organic micropollutants. The model explicitly simulates position-specific isotopologues for those atoms that experience isotope effects and, thereby, provides a mechanistic description of isotope fractionation occurring at different molecular positions. To demonstrate specific features of the modeling approach, we simulated the degradation of three selected organic micropollutants: dichlorobenzamide (BAM), isoproturon (IPU) and diclofenac (DCF). The model accurately reproduces the multi-element isotope data observed in previous experimental studies. Furthermore, it precisely captures the dual element isotope trends characteristic of different reaction pathways as well as their range of variation consistent with observed bulk isotope fractionation. It was also possible to directly validate the model capability to predict the evolution of position-specific isotope ratios with available experimental data. Therefore, the approach is useful both for a mechanism-based evaluation of experimental results and as a tool to explore transformation pathways in scenarios for which position-specific isotope data are not yet available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Massimo Rolle
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kozell A, Yecheskel Y, Balaban N, Dror I, Halicz L, Ronen Z, Gelman F. Application of dual carbon-bromine isotope analysis for investigating abiotic transformations of tribromoneopentyl alcohol (TBNPA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4433-4440. [PMID: 25723316 DOI: 10.1021/es504887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of polybrominated organic compounds, used as flame retardant additives, belong to the group of persistent organic pollutants. Compound-specific isotope analysis is one of the potential analytical tools for investigating their fate in the environment. However, the isotope effects associated with transformations of brominated organic compounds are still poorly explored. In the present study, we investigated carbon and bromine isotope fractionation during degradation of tribromoneopentyl alcohol (TBNPA), one of the widely used flame retardant additives, in three different chemical processes: transformation in aqueous alkaline solution (pH 8); reductive dehalogenation by zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) in anoxic conditions; oxidative degradation by H2O2 in the presence of CuO nanoparticles (nCuO). Two-dimensional carbon-bromine isotope plots (δ(13)C/Δ(81)Br) for each reaction gave different process-dependent isotope slopes (Λ(C/Br)): 25.2 ± 2.5 for alkaline hydrolysis (pH 8); 3.8 ± 0.5 for debromination in the presence of nZVI in anoxic conditions; ∞ in the case of catalytic oxidation by H2O2 with nCuO. The obtained isotope effects for both elements were generally in agreement with the values expected for the suggested reaction mechanisms. The results of the present study support further applications of dual carbon-bromine isotope analysis as a tool for identification of reaction pathway during transformations of brominated organic compounds in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozell
- †Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
- ‡Department of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yinon Yecheskel
- §Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Balaban
- ∥Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Ishai Dror
- §Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ludwik Halicz
- †Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
- ⊥Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Zeev Ronen
- ∥Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Faina Gelman
- †Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|