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Yang H, Luo XJ, He JZ, Zeng YH, Mai BX, Wang LZ, Bi X. Tetrabromobisphenol-A/S and their derivatives in surface particulates from workshop floors of three representative e-waste recycling sites in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118915. [PMID: 38615792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Surface particulates collected from the workshop floors of three major e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou, Qingyuan, and Guiyu) in China were analyzed for tetrabromobisphenol A/S (TBBPA/S) and their derivatives to investigate the environmental pollution caused by e-waste recycling activities. Mean concentrations of total TBBPA/S analogs in surface particulates were 31,471-116,059 ng/g dry weight (dw). TBBPA, TBBPA-BGE, and TBBPA-BDBPE were the most frequently detected in particulates with average concentration ranges of 17,929-78,406, 5601-15,842, and 5929-21,383 ng/g dw, respectively. Meanwhile, TBBPA, TBBPA-BGE, and TBBPA-BDBPE were the most abundant TBBPA/S analogs, accounting for around 96% of the total. The composition profiles of TBBPA/S analogs differed significantly among three e-waste sites. Similarly, principal component analysis uncovered different pollution patterns among different sites. The discrepancy in the profiles of TBBPA/S analogs largely relied on the e-waste types recycled in different areas. E-waste recycling led to the release of TBBPA/S analogs, and TBBPA/S analogs produced differentiation during migration from source (surface particulates) to nearby soil. More researches are necessary to find a definite relationship between pollution status and e-waste types and study differentiation behavior of TBBPA/S analogs in migration and diffusion from source to environmental medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jia-Zhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li-Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiang Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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Mahmood A, Hussain Syed J, Raza W, Tabinda AB, Mehmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Azam M. Human Health Risk Assessment by Dietary Intake and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Dechloran Plus from Selected Cities of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249543. [PMID: 33419309 PMCID: PMC7766582 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A class of intractable bio accumulative halogenated compounds polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was studied. Specifically, PBDEs and dechloran plus (DP) contamination in wheat and the assaulted environment—agricultural soil and dust—from metropolitan cities of Pakistan was the focus. The exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to humans, their probable toxicological impact on health, source apportionment, and the spatial tendency of BFRs were studied. Chromatographic analysis was performed, and concentrations (ng g−1) of ΣPBDE and ΣDP in soil, dust, and cereal crops were estimated in a range from 0.63 to 31.70 n.d. to 6.32 and n.d. to 3.47, respectively, and 0.11 to 7.05, n.d. to 4.56 and 0.05 to 4.95, respectively. Data analysis of source apportionment reflected that the existence of solid and e-waste sites, long-range transport, urban and industrial fraction can be the potential source of PBDE and DP pollution. Moreover, potential hazardous risks to human health across the study area via the dietary intake of cereal foods were deemed trifling, and were gauged on the basis of existing toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, GC Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad Tarlai Kalan, Park Road Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Waseem Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (W.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (W.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Mudassar Azam
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bio Science Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Guo J, Li Z, Ranasinghe P, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Li A. Halogenated flame retardants in sediments from the Upper Laurentian Great Lakes: Implications to long-range transport and evidence of long-term transformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121346. [PMID: 31628060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most hydrophobic halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are highly accumulative and persistent in aquatic sediments. The objective of this study was to reveal spatial distributions, temporal trends, and transformation of selected legacy and emerging HFRs in sediments of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron. We collected Ponar grab samples at 112 locations and sediment cores at 28 sites in the three lakes, and measured concentrations of 19 brominated FRs and 12 chlorinated FRs. Based on grab samples, concentrations were higher at southeastern and sites near Sleeping Bear Dunes of Lake Michigan, and Saginaw Bay and the North Channel of Lake Huron. The annual loadings of polybrominated diphenyl either (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) to sediment have leveled off or been declining since 2000, while loadings of DBDPE and Dec604 have increased since the 1960s in most cores. The concentration ratio of BB101 to BB153 increased with sediment depth, suggesting the occurrence of in situ debromination of BB153. The ratio of dechlorinated anti-Cl11DP over anti-DP increases with the increasing latitude of sampling locations, suggesting the occurrence of dechlorination of anti-DP to anti-Cl11DP during transport. This ratio also increases with increasing sediment age in most cores, implying in situ dechlorination over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuona Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prabha Ranasinghe
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wang D, Jia H, Hong WJ, Xue X, Sun Y, Li YF, Guo W. Uptake, depuration, bioaccumulation, and selective enrichment of dechlorane plus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6269-6277. [PMID: 31865567 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant with high production volume (HPV) and is widely used in our daily necessities. In the present study, a laboratory-scale microcosm was built up to simulate the uptake, depuration, bioaccumulation, and stereoselective enrichment of DP in a lower concentration and equilibration condition. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were used for 32 days exposure and 32 days depuration. The concentration ratios of syn-DP to total DP (fsyn values) in fish examined were lower than that in commercial products. Rate constants of uptake (kS) and elimination (ke) for the syn- and anti-DP were calculated using a first-order kinetic model. The uptake rate constants of syn- and anti-DP were 0.63 and 0.89 day-1, respectively. The depuration rate constants of syn-DP (0.11 day-1) were similar to anti-DP (0.096 day-1), suggesting that anti-DP is absorbed faster than syn-DP by common carp. The estimated bioconcentration factors for both syn-DP (5700 L/kg) and anti-DP (9300 L/kg) were higher than the bioconcentration hazard criteria outlined in the Stockholm Convention, suggesting the bioconcentration potential to aquatic organisms for DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Wang
- College of Navigation, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Hong
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaohong Xue
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
- College of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Weijun Guo
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
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Yin JF, Li JFT, Li XH, Yang YL, Qin ZF. Bioaccumulation and transfer characteristics of dechlorane plus in human adipose tissue and blood stream and the underlying mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134391. [PMID: 31627044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bioaccumulation and transfer characteristics of dechlorane plus (DP) were examined between human adipose tissue and matched maternal serum, and the possible transfer mechanism between tissues was further discussed. The median level of total DP was 971 pg g-1 wet weight (ww) and 1.22 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue, respectively, and was 34.7 pg g-1 ww and 3.98 ng g-1 lw for serum, respectively. DP wet levels' positive association with fat contents of five types of human tissues indicated that DP distribution might be related to lipid-driven mechanism. However, the lipid-adjusted adipose-serum partitioning ratios were estimated to be 0.35 for syn-DP and 0.35 for anti-DP, accordingly, which implied that the DP distribution between serum and adipose tissues, was not only regulated by the tissue lipid contents. Both the internal mono-dechlorination of anti-DP, and stereo-selective behavior of DP isomers were not found in DP transfer from blood to adipose tissue. The marginal positive relationship was observed between serum levels and apolipoprotein A concentrations (p = 0.095 for total DP and 0.045 for syn-DP), and neither association was found between serum levels and thyroid hormone concentrations (THs). To our best knowledge, this is the first report about the accumulation relationship of DP between human adipose tissue and blood stream with the corresponding distribution-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ji-Fang-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - You-Lin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Wenling, 333 Chuang'annan Road, Chengxi Street, Taizhou 317500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
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6
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Eljarrat E. Food contamination on flame retardants. EMERGING HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Zhang X, Di Lorenzo RA, Helm PA, Reiner EJ, Howard PH, Muir DCG, Sled JG, Jobst KJ. Compositional space: A guide for environmental chemists on the identification of persistent and bioaccumulative organics using mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104808. [PMID: 31182229 PMCID: PMC6754779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2001, twenty-eight halogenated groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned or restricted by the Stockholm Convention. Identifying new POPs among the hundreds of thousands of anthropogenic chemicals is a major challenge that is increasingly being met by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS). The first step to identification of a contaminant molecule (M) is the determination of the type and number of its constituent elements, viz. its elemental composition, from mass-to-charge (m/z) measurements and ratios of isotopic peaks (M + 1, M + 2 etc.). Not every combination of elements is possible. Boundaries exist in compositional space that divides feasible and improbable compositions as well as different chemical classes. This study explores the compositional space boundaries of persistent and bioaccumulative organics. A set of ~305,134 compounds (PubChem) was used to visualize the compositional space occupied by F, Cl, and Br compounds, as defined by m/z and isotope ratios. Persistent bioaccumulative organics, identified by in silico screening of 22,049 commercial chemicals, reside in more constrained regions characterized by a higher degree of halogenation. In contrast, boundaries surrounding non-halogenated chemicals could not be defined. Finally, a script tool (R code) was developed to select potential POPs from high resolution MS data. When applied to household dust (SRM 2585), this approach resulted in the discovery of previously unknown chlorofluoro flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Philip H Howard
- SRC, Environmental Science Center, 6502 Round Pond Road, North Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada.
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Liu X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Shen L, Brazeau AL, Adams DH, Marler H, Watts BD, Chen D. Novel Dechlorane Analogues and Possible Sources in Peregrine Falcon Eggs and Shark Livers from the Western North Atlantic Regions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3419-3428. [PMID: 30852890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During the investigation of dechlorane-related chemicals in North American wildlife, two unknown polychlorinated compounds (referred to as U1 and U2) were discovered. After extensive sample cleanup, structural information on U1 and U2 was characterized by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) or GC-quadrupole time-of-flight (QToF) MS. Mass spectral evidence suggests that both U1 and U2 are structurally related to Dechlorane 603 (Dec603; C17H8Cl12), an analogue of the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus. From the results we suspect U1 (C17H9Cl11) to be a monohydro analogue of Dec603 (i.e., one chlorine atom in Dec603 is replaced by a hydrogen atom). U1 may be formed via the degradation of Dec603's stereoisomers or present as an impurity in commercial Dec603 products. Mass spectral characterization of U2 (C17H7OCl11) suggests it is a carbonylic derivative of Dec603, likely formed via metabolic transformation of Dec603 or its photoisomer. Semiquantitative measurement revealed that U1 and U2 were present at estimated median concentrations of 49 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 59 ng/g lw in peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus) eggs, from the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, and 4.6 and 3.0 ng/g lw in shortfin mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus) livers from the western North Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of these two novel Dec603-related chemicals in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Allison L Brazeau
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive , Guelph , Ontario N1G 3M5 , Canada
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Cape Canaveral Scientific Inc. , 220 Surf Road , Melbourne Beach , Florida 32951 , United States
| | - Hillary Marler
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Bryan D Watts
- Center for Conservation Biology , The College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia 23185 , United States
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
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Sun J, Wu Y, Tao N, Lv L, Yu X, Zhang A, Qi H. Dechlorane plus in greenhouse and conventional vegetables: Uptake, translocation, dissipation and human dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:667-674. [PMID: 30384072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to evaluate the behavior of Dechlorane plus (DP) in soil-vegetable systems, this work investigated the uptake and translocation of DP by vegetables and the dissipation of DP in soil under greenhouse and conventional conditions. To address human dietary exposure to DP, estimated dietary intake via vegetable consumption was calculated. The uptake potential indexes of DP from soil into root for tomato and cucumber cultivated under different conditions ranged from 0.089 to 0.71. The ranges of uptake potential indexes of DP from resuspended soil particles into stem, leaf and fruit were 0.68-0.78, 0.27-0.42 and 0.39-0.75, respectively. The uptake potential indexes in greenhouse vegetables were generally higher than those in conventional vegetables when the vegetables had been planted in contaminated soil, indicating that greenhouse enhanced the uptake of DP with a high soil concentration by vegetables. The translocation factor (TF) values of DP in vegetables were in the range of 0.022-0.17, indicating that DP can be transported from root to fruit even though it has a high octanol water partition coefficient (KOW). The half-lives of DP dissipation in soil ranged from 70 to 102 days. The dissipation of DP in greenhouse soil was slightly slower than that in conventional soil. Higher estimated dietary intake (EDI) values of DP via greenhouse vegetables were observed due to the higher concentration of DP in greenhouse vegetables than conventional vegetables. These results suggested that greenhouses should not be adopted for vegetable production in contaminated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ninger Tao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Li Lv
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Gao H, Na G, Yao Y, Li R, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Yao Z. Distribution Characteristics and Source of Dechloranes in Soil and Lichen of the Fildes Peninsula (Antarctica). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102312. [PMID: 30347870 PMCID: PMC6210969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dechloranes (Decs) have been widely found in the environment, even in the Tibetan Plateau and remote polar regions. However, the understanding of their regional distribution characteristics in polar regions is limited. To study the long-range atmospheric transport and fates of these emerging contaminants, Decs were analyzed in soil and lichen from the Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica. The concentrations of five Decs in soil and lichen ranged from 141.46 to 838.47 pg/g dw and 237.04 to 3599.18 pg/g dw, respectively. The mean fractions of anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) (fanti) values estimated in the current soils (0.37) and lichen (0.24) were lower than those of commercial products (fanti = 0.64–0.80), which confirms that long-range atmospheric transport is a main source of DP, and the DP burdens could be driven by the accumulation of syn-DP. The average ΣDP concentration in soil in the coastal area was higher than that in the inland area and Ardley Island, while in lichen, the average DP concentration at the Ardley Island site was approximately three-fold higher than that in the coastal area and inland areas. This indicates that the distribution of DP was influenced by anthropogenic interference and animal activities in the Fildes Peninsula. The spatial variation of fanti of the three regions was clearer in soil than that in lichen. The fanti values were negatively correlated with DP concentrations in soil, suggesting that DP concentration levels play an important role in determining the isomeric composition of DP in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Yuhang Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Ziwei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
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11
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Zacs D, Ikkere LE, Bartkevics V. Emerging brominated flame retardants and dechlorane-related compounds in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from Latvian lakes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:680-690. [PMID: 29407832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) including seven emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) and eight dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) were analyzed in eels (Anguilla anguilla) sampled from five Latvian lakes. Out of the seven EBFRs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were found in eels in quantifiable concentrations, up to 6.58 and 33.0 ng g-1 lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. The mean total concentration of DRCs (∑DRC) in the samples was 0.62 ng g-1 l.w. and the geographical distribution of DRC contamination was nearly uniform among the selected lakes. Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602) was the predominant component, whereas the composition of mixture containing syn- and anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) stereoisomers showed a pronounced enrichment of the anti-DP isomer and was close to the composition of OxyChem® DP commercial product. The determined concentrations of HFRs were lower than in other studies of aquatic biota from Europe and Asia, and the obtained results reflect the acceptable environmental status of Latvian lakes with regard to the total content of HBCD (∑HBCD), considering the environmental quality standards (EQS) stated in the Directive 2013/39/EU. The highest ∑HBCD levels were observed in eels from lakes corresponding to the industrialization of those areas, while the results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the concentration of HBCD depended on the particular sampling lake, reflecting non-uniform contamination of the Latvian environment with this EBFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - L E Ikkere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - V Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Department of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
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12
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Briels N, Løseth ME, Ciesielski TM, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Kjærvik SA, Léon A, Cariou R, Covaci A, Jaspers VLB. In ovo transformation of two emerging flame retardants in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:51-57. [PMID: 29149662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are two chlorinated, alternative flame retardants that have been found in wild birds and bird eggs. Little is known about the fate and effect of these compounds in birds, especially during the vulnerable stages of embryonic development. To investigate the ability of birds to biotransform these compounds, an in ovo exposure experiment with Japanese quail eggs was performed. Quail eggs were injected in the yolk sac with 1000ng/g egg of TDCIPP (2.3 nmol/g ww), DP (1.5 nmol/g ww) or a mixture of both and were then incubated at 37.5°C for 17 days. To get a time-integrated understanding of the in ovo transformation of the compounds, one egg per treatment was removed from the incubator every day and analyzed for TDCIPP and its metabolite bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and/or for DP. By the end of the incubation period, TDCIPP was completely metabolized, while simultaneously BDCIPP was formed. The conversion of the parent compound into the metabolite did not occur proportionally and the concentration of BDCIPP showed a tendency to decrease when TDCIPP became depleted, both indicating that BDCIPP was further transformed into compounds not targeted for analysis. Further untargeted investigations did not show the presence of other metabolites, possibly due to the volatility of the metabolites. On the other hand, the DP concentration did not decrease during egg incubation. This study indicates that within the incubation period, avian embryos are able to biotransform TDCIPP, but not DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Briels
- Envitox Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Mari E Løseth
- Envitox Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Envitox Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sara A Kjærvik
- Envitox Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexis Léon
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), UMR INRA 1329, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), UMR INRA 1329, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Envitox Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Rjabova J, Viksna A, Zacs D. Development and optimization of gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry based method for the sensitive determination of Dechlorane plus and related norbornene-based flame retardants in food of animal origin. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:597-606. [PMID: 29078185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method has been developed for the trace determination of 10 dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) in food products by gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The highest sensitivity of this instrumental analysis method was achieved by selection of the GC column type, optimization of the heated zones within the instrument, and adjusting the electron impact energy. The efficiency of solid phase extraction as clean-up procedure was also optimized. Two different types of cartridges - neutral silica gel and Florisil®, as well as seven organic solvents or their mixtures - n-hexane, cyclohexane, acetone, toluene, n-hexane/ethyl acetate, n-hexane/acetone, and n-hexane/dichloromethane - were evaluated. The analytical method was characterized as selective, precise, accurate, and linear over the concentration ranges from 1.00 to 100 pg μL-1 for DRCs. Ultra-trace level sensitivity was achieved with the instrumental limits of quantification (i-LOQs) varying from ∼0.01 pg to ∼ 1 pg and method limits of quantification (m-LOQs) by the analysis of 10 g of sample varying from ∼0.04 to ∼ 5 pg g-1. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of food samples and the analyses revealed the presence of majority of selected DRCs, with the Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers occurring to a greater extent, pointing to the highest levels in cod liver and other fish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Rjabova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Arturs Viksna
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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Guo J, Romanak K, Westenbroek S, Hites RA, Venier M. Current-Use Flame Retardants in the Water of Lake Michigan Tributaries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9960-9969. [PMID: 28817260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we measured the concentrations of 65 flame retardants in water samples from five Lake Michigan tributaries. These flame retardants included organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and Dechlorane-related compounds. A total of 59 samples, including both the particulate and the dissolved phases, were collected from the Grand, Kalamazoo, Saint Joseph, and Lower Fox rivers and from the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) in 2015. OPEs were the most abundant among the targeted compounds with geometric mean concentrations ranging from 20 to 54 ng/L; OPE concentrations were comparable among the five tributaries. BFR concentrations were about 1 ng/L, and the most-abundant compounds were bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, and decabromodiphenyl ether. The highest BFR concentrations were measured in either the IHSC or the Saint Joseph River. The dechlorane-related compounds were detected at low concentrations (<1 pg/L). The fraction of target compounds in the particulate phase relative to the dissolved phase varied by chemical and tended to increase with their octanol-water partition coefficient. The chemical loading from all the five tributaries into Lake Michigan were <10 kg/year for the BFRs and about 500 kg/year for the OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen Westenbroek
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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15
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Gagné PL, Fortier M, Fraser M, Parent L, Vaillancourt C, Verreault J. Dechlorane Plus induces oxidative stress and decreases cyclooxygenase activity in the blue mussel. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 188:26-32. [PMID: 28441609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant used mainly in electrical wire and cable coating, computer connectors, and plastic roofing materials. Concentrations of DP (syn and anti isomers) are increasingly being reported in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, there is exceedingly little information on the exposure-related toxicity of DP in aquatic organisms, especially in bivalves. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of DP exposure on histopathology, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, phagocytosis capacity and efficiency, and DNA strand breakage in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) following a 29days exposure (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0μg DP/L). Blue mussels accumulated DP in muscle and digestive gland in a dose-dependent manner. LPO levels in gills were found to increase by 82% and 67% at the 0.01 and 1.0μg DP/L doses, respectively, while COX activity in gills decreased by 44% at the 1μg/L dose. No histopathological lesion was found in gonads following DP exposure. Moreover, no change in hemocyte DNA strand breakage, phagocytosis rate, and viability was observed following DP exposure. Present study showed that toxicity of DP may occur primarily via oxidative stress in the blue mussel and potentially other bivalves, and that gills represent the most responsive tissue to this exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Gagné
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Marlène Fortier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Marc Fraser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; Département Science et Technologie, Télé-université (TÉLUQ), 5800 rue Saint-Denis, bureau 1105, Montreal, QC, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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16
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Chen X, Dong Q, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Huang C, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Effects of Dechlorane Plus exposure on axonal growth, musculature and motor behavior in embryo-larval zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:7-15. [PMID: 28288352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurobehavioral toxicity of Dechlorane Plus (DP) was investigated using the embryo-larval stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Normal fertilized embryos were waterborne exposed to DP at 15, 30, 60 μg/L beginning from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf). Larval teratology, motor activity, motoneuron axonal growth and muscle morphology were assessed at different developmental stages. Results showed that DP exposure significantly altered embryonic spontaneous movement, reduced touch-induced movement and free-swimming speed and decreased swimming speed of larvae in response to dark stimulation. These changes occurred at DP doses that resulted no significant teratogenesis in zebrafish. Interestingly, in accord with these behavioral anomalies, DP exposure significantly inhibited axonal growth of primary motoneuron and induced apoptotic cell death and lesions in the muscle fibers of zebrafish. Furthermore, DP exposure at 30 μg/L and 60 μg/L significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, as well as the mRNA transcript levels of apoptosis-related genes bax and caspase-3. Together, our data indicate that DP induced neurobehavioral deficits may result from combined effects of altered neuronal connectivity and muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Zhenxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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17
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Guo J, Venier M, Salamova A, Hites RA. Bioaccumulation of Dechloranes, organophosphate esters, and other flame retardants in Great Lakes fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:1-9. [PMID: 28110879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 60 flame retardants (and related compounds) in fish samples collected in the Great Lakes basin. These analytes include dechlorane-related compounds (Decs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Composite lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) or walleye (Sander vitreus, from Lake Erie) samples were collected (N=3 for each lake) in 2010 from each of the five Great Lakes (a total of 15 samples). Among the dechlorane-related compounds, Dechlorane, Dechlorane Plus, Dechlorane-602, Dechlorane-603, and Dechlorane-604 (with zero to three bromines and with four chlorines) were detected in >73% of the fish samples. The concentrations of some of these dechlorane-related compounds were 3-10 times higher in Lake Ontario trout than in fish from the other four lakes. Tris(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tri-n-butylphosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate were found in >50% of the fish samples. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the most abundant of the flame retardants in fish, with a mean concentration of 250ng/g lipid. Our findings suggest that the Decs and BFRs with 3-6 bromines are more bioaccumulative in the fish than the OPEs and high molecular weight BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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18
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Iqbal M, Syed JH, Katsoyiannis A, Malik RN, Farooqi A, Butt A, Li J, Zhang G, Cincinelli A, Jones KC. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the freshwater ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:26-42. [PMID: 27741446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we have compiled and reviewed the previously published available literature on environmental distribution, behaviour, fate and regional trends of legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) including brominated (BFRs), organo-phosphate (OPFRs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in the freshwater ecosystem. Transport and fate is discussed briefly with the evidences of de-bromination, sedimentation and accumulation in biota. De-bromination of BDE-209 is considered of concern because the lower brominated congeners are more toxic and mobile thus posing increased risk to the freshwater ecosystem. The available data on temporal and spatial trends as yet, is too few to show any consistent trends, enabling only general conclusions to be drawn. There is a lack of temporal studies in Asia, while, overall the trends are mixed, with both increasing and decreasing concentrations of BFRs and OPFRs. OPFRs and NBFRs have replaced classical BFRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) in some countries but the amount of PBDEs in the environment is still considerable. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research are discussed emphasizing on further monitoring, advanced analytical methodologies, and risk assessment studies to completely understand the science of flame retardants in the freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14 NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Abida Farooqi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Butt
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Guo J, Venier M, Romanak K, Westenbroek S, Hites RA. Identification of Marbon in the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13232-13238. [PMID: 27993042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marbon is isomeric with Dechlorane Plus (DP). Both are produced by the Diels-Alder condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cyclic dienes, and both have elemental compositions of C18H12Cl12. Dechlorane Plus is commonly found in the environment throughout the world, but Marbon has, so far, only been detected at low levels in one sediment core collected near the mouth of the Niagara River in Lake Ontario. Here we report on the concentrations of Marbon and anti-DP in 59 water samples from five Lake Michigan tributaries [the Grand, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Lower Fox Rivers, and the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC)], 10 surface sediment samples from the IHSC, and 2 surface sediment samples from the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Three Marbon diastereomers were detected in the water and sediment samples from the IHSC, which is far from the location of its previous detection in Lake Ontario. The sum of the concentrations of the three Marbons was greater in the water from the IHSC (N = 11, median =150 pg/L) compared to those in water from the other four tributaries (N = 11-13, medians =0.9-2.0 pg/L). Marbon concentrations in sediment samples from the IHSC were up to 450 ng/g dry weight. Anti-DP was also measured for comparison. Its concentrations were not significantly different among the water samples, but its sediment concentrations in the IHSC were significantly correlated with those of Marbon. The source of Marbon contamination in the IHSC is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen Westenbroek
- United States Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Zeng YH, Tang B, Luo XJ, Zheng XB, Peng PA, Mai BX. Organohalogen pollutants in surface particulates from workshop floors of four major e-waste recycling sites in China and implications for emission lists. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:982-989. [PMID: 27387797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To examine the environmental pollution associated with e-waste recycling activities, the concentrations of organohologenated pollutants (OHPs), i.e., short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and several other halogenated flame retardants (OHFRs), were investigated in surface particulates from the workshop floors of four major e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou, Guiyu, Dali and Qingyuan) in China. The mean levels of SCCPs, MCCPs, PCBs, PBDEs and OHFRs in surface particulates ranged from 30,000-61,000, 170,000-890,000, 2700-27,000, 52,000-240,000, and 62,000-140,000ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. OHFRs, including decabromodiphenyl ethane, dechlorane plus, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, and pentabromoethylbenzene, were frequently (>50% detection frequency) detected in surface particulates with mean concentration ranges of 39,000-63,000, 310-2700, 98-16,000, 21,000-56,000, 55-5700, 1700-27,000, 42-1600, 3.2-220, and 5.8-12ng/g dw, respectively. The composition of OHPs varied depend on the e-waste items processing in different regions. Guiyu and Dali were typical sites contaminated by halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and CPs, respectively, while Qingyuan, and Taizhou were representative PCB-polluted regions. The evidence produced by this preliminary study indicated that electronic devices and plastics may account for the high content of HFRs and the metal products are likely the major source of CPs in these e-waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ping-An Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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21
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Wu PF, Yu LL, Li L, Zhang Y, Li XH. Maternal transfer of dechloranes and their distribution among tissues in contaminated ducks. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:514-519. [PMID: 26651433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The tissue concentrations of dechlorane plus and its analogues were determined in ducks collected from several e-waste recycling villages of Taizhou, China. Compared with the published literature, the relatively high concentrations of these compounds were detected in ducks, indicating serious DP contamination. Since both the duck meat and eggs were important components for diet, this result reminded us of keeping a watchful eye on human dietary exposure to DP and its analogues in this study area. The wet-weight concentrations of DP and its analogues were significantly related to tissue lipid content (p < 0.05), indicating that the lipid pools predominantly impacted the distribution of DPs in ducks. On the basis of lipid adjustment, the significantly lower levels in brain than those in liver and blood, displayed the occurrence of liver sequestration and blood-brain barrier to DP and its analogues in the duck (p < 0.05). The maternal transfer of DP and Mirex was not obviously limited, and the transferring extent of Dec 602 was over one. The stereo-selected accumulation of two DP isomers occurred among tissues with preference to syn-DP in blood, and to anti-DP in brain. The values of lipid-adjusted monodechlorinated products mainly originated from the exterior environment in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fan Wu
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lian-Lian Yu
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Long Li
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
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22
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Kang H, Moon HB, Choi K. Toxicological responses following short-term exposure through gavage feeding or water-borne exposure to Dechlorane Plus in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:226-232. [PMID: 26735721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant widely used worldwide, and has been reported in environment and humans. However, only limited information is currently available on its toxicity on aquatic organisms. In this study, we employed zebrafish to evaluate possible toxicological responses including oxidative stress and endocrine disruption following exposure to DP. DP was dissolved in corn oil and was delivered to adult male zebrafish via gavage feeding. Delivery of DP was carried out twice on days 0 and 2, at up to 3 μg/g fish wet weight. Body residue level of DP in the fish at day 6 was within a range that has been reported in hot spot areas of China. On day 6, blood, liver, testis, and brain were collected and were evaluated for oxidative damage and endocrine disruption. Following DP exposure, hepatic catalase activity significantly increased, implying its oxidative damage potential. In addition, plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations increased along with up-regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone β genes in brain. Following DP exposure, transcriptional responses of sex hormone related genes in brain were observed, suggesting possible sex hormone disrupting potentials of DP. However, water-borne exposure to DP up to 267 μg/L among the embryo and larval fish did not show any adverse effects on hatching time and transcription of thyroid hormone related genes. Our observations indicate for the first time that DP disrupts thyroid hormone balance of zebrafish by altering regulatory pathways in the brain. Handling editor: David Volz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habyeong Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Heath, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Heath, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Rjabova J, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. The occurrence of Dechlorane Plus and related norbornene-based flame retardants in Baltic wild salmon (Salmo salar). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:210-217. [PMID: 26766358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty five Baltic wild salmon (Salmo salar) specimens were analysed for the content of Dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs). Out of the ten analysed DRCs, seven compounds were detected in the muscle tissues of salmon, including Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dec 603, syn- and anti-stereoisomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane Plus monoadduct (1,3-DPMA), hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (DBHCTD), and Mirex. The concentrations of Dec 604 and two DP dechlorinated compounds - decachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (Cl10DP) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (Cl11DP) - were below the limit of detection in all samples. The aggregated concentrations of DRCs (ΣDRC) were in the range of 551-3339 pg g(-1) fresh weight (f.w.) with 1,3-DPMA being the predominant DRC component contributing up to 70% to the ΣDRC. The fractional abundance of syn- and anti-DP stereoisomers showed a pronounced enrichment of anti-DP and was close to the composition of OxyChem(®) DP commercial product. The obtained concentrations of DRCs were substantially lower than those reported in previous studies of biotic samples (among them fish, mollusks, white stork and peregrine falcon eggs) from inland freshwater reservoirs in more industrialised areas throughout Europe and North America. A statistically significant relationships between the concentrations of Dec 602 and the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Rjabova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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24
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Wang P, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang T, Sun H, Zheng S, Li Y, Liang Y, Jiang G. Sources and environmental behaviors of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds - A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:206-220. [PMID: 26760718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although Dechlorane Plus (DP) has been used as a polychlorinated flame retardant for almost half a century, its detection in the environment was not reported until 2006. The subsequent intensive research has confirmed its global ubiquity. A few reviews have presented the properties, analytical methods and environmental occurrence of DP and related compounds in the past several years. The present review emphasizes on the environmental behavior of DP isomers which is assessed by the variation of the isomer ratio of DP in various matrices. Other aspects including the analytical methods, emission sources, general environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation of DP are also summarized. In this review, three typical emission sources in the environment are categorized after introducing the measurement method of DP. The temporal-spatial distribution is then evaluated at the global scale, which provides an integrated representation of the environmental occurrence of DP and potential impact on the human health and ecosystems. The variations of DP isomer ratio in various matrices reinforce its source related distribution and their stereoselective bioaccumulation. Thereafter, DP related compounds and dechlorinated analogs are briefly summarized in regards to their occurrence in various matrices, suggesting their ubiquity in the environment and bioavailability. Further studies are required to better assess the exposures and toxicological effects of DP and its analogs. A special concern is the serious contamination in e-waste recycling areas in developing countries, where long-term monitoring data on the association of DP exposure and adverse effects to human health and ecosystems is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Haidong Zhang
- Department of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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25
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Yang Y, Ji F, Cui Y, Li M. Ecotoxicological effects of earthworm following long-term Dechlorane Plus exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2476-2481. [PMID: 26619313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP), similar to persistent organic pollutants, has been widely detected in environmental matrices, especially in sediment and soil. In this study, earthworms Eisenia fetida were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 6.25 and 12.5 mg kg(-1) DP for 28 d. Lethality, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and cellulase of E. fetida were assessed to investigate ecotoxicological effects of DP after long-term exposure. Results showed that the direct toxicity of DP was very low. However, death rate, as well as SOD activity, together with changes in activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and GSH levels, indicating that oxidative stress may play a significant role in DP exposure. In addition, DP also changes the AChE and cellulase activity of earthworms even under low DP concentration after long-term exposure. Moreover, comet assay results showed that DP exposure increased the levels of tDNA significantly (p < 0.05) even in the lowest treatment (0.1 mg kg(-1) DP). Combined with the results of enzyme activity, oxidative damage and comet assay, it can be suggested that earthworms experience more stress of DP during long-time exposure. This study provides insight into the toxicological effects of DP on earthworm model, and may be useful for risk assessment of DP on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Funian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yibin Cui
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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26
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MINOMO K, NOJIRI K, MOTEGI M, OHTSUKA N, HORII Y. Dechlorane Plus and Related Compounds in Ambient Air from Saitama, Japan . ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5985/jec.26.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro MINOMO
- Chemical Substances Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Kiyoshi NOJIRI
- Chemical Substances Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Mamoru MOTEGI
- Chemical Substances Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Nobutoshi OHTSUKA
- Chemical Substances Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Yuichi HORII
- Chemical Substances Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
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27
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Barón E, Bosch C, Máñez M, Andreu A, Sergio F, Hiraldo F, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Temporal trends in classical and alternative flame retardants in bird eggs from Doñana Natural Space and surrounding areas (south-western Spain) between 1999 and 2013. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:316-323. [PMID: 26111846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several halogenated flame retardants were detected in black kite, white stork and greater flamingo unborn eggs from Doñana Natural Space (Spain) collected in 1999, 2003, 2011 and 2013. The main components of Penta-BDE commercial mixture (BDE-47, -99 and -100) showed a decrease in the studied time interval, concurring with the ban of this mixture in the European Union (EU) in 2006. On the other hand, BDE-209, the main component of Deca-BDE mixture showed a clear trend in black kites but further monitoring is needed since its production ceased at the end of 2013. Besides, even if Dechlorane Plus (DP) was proposed by the EU as an alternative to BDE-209 no time trends were observed. Furthermore, total concentrations of PBDEs (classical FRs) are still higher than concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and alternative FRs halogenated norbornenes (HNs), which are theoretically substitutes of the already banned PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barón
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Bosch
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Máñez
- Natural Procesess Monitoring Team, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), c/Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - A Andreu
- Natural Procesess Monitoring Team, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), c/Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - F Sergio
- Department of Applied Biology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Hiraldo
- Department of Applied Biology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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28
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Kakimoto K, Nagayoshi H, Akutsu K, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Dechlorane Plus and decabromodiphenyl ether in atmospheric particles of northeast Asian cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14600-14605. [PMID: 24737022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles were collected in several cities in Japan (Sapporo, Sagamihara, Kanazawa, and Kitakyushu), Korea (Busan), and China (Beijing) using a high-volume air sampler equipped with a quartz fiber filter. The summer and winter samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for Dechlorane Plus (DP). Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was also analyzed for the samples from Kanazawa and Beijing. DP was detected in all samples. The mean total DP (ΣDP) concentration was highest (6.7 pg/m(3)) and lowest (0.87 pg/m(3)) in the winter samples from Sagamihara and Busan, respectively. The seasonal variation of DP concentrations varied by sampling site in this study. BDE-209 was detected in all the analyzed samples except for one of the Kanazawa winter samples. BDE-209 concentration was considerably higher in Beijing than in Kanazawa. Significant correlations were found between the concentrations of ΣDP and BDE-209 in the winter samples from Kanazawa and in both summer and winter samples from Beijing. This similarity in the atmospheric behavior of DP and BDE-209, especially in winter, is assumed to reflect a common end usage and release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Akutsu
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Konishi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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29
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Dou J, Jin Y, Li Y, Wu B, Li M. Potential genotoxicity and risk assessment of a chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:462-466. [PMID: 25585867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardants that is globally ubiquitous. It is a potentially persistent organic pollutant (POPs) and an environmental toxin. However, the toxicity data is still limited and cannot provide a comprehensive environmental ecological risk assessment for DP. In this study, luminous bacteria, Vicia faba and Tetrahymena thermophila were chosen as testing organisms to investigate the acute toxicity and mutagenicity of DP. The concentration gradient of DP used in this study was chosen based on its environmental levels (experiments of luminous bacteria: 0.591, 2.95, 14.8, 73.8, 369 μg L(-1); micronucleus tests: 2.4, 12, 60, 300, 1500 μg L(-1); comet assay: 2.4, 12, 60, 300, 1500 μg L(-1)). For luminous bacteria, the relative luminosities were around 100% in treated groups, which suggested that there is no acute toxicity to luminous bacteria under the studied DP concentrations. The micronucleus test showed no significant difference between treatment and control groups, indicating no genotoxicity of DP. However the comet assay conducted with T. thermophila was relatively sensitive as there was a significant increase in DNA damage when the concentrations of DP increased from 300 to 1500 μg L(-1), while the lower concentrations failed to show any treatment-related differences. Therefore, DP may pose a potential risk at concentration⩾300 μg L(-1). The results provide scientific information on the ecological risk assessment of DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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30
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Wolschke H, Meng XZ, Xie Z, Ebinghaus R, Cai M. Novel flame retardants (N-FRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in fish, penguin, and skua from King George Island, Antarctica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:513-8. [PMID: 25912262 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are frequently detected in biota from Antarctica, whereas no data are available for their replacements, such as novel flame retardants (N-FRs). This study presented the occurrence of several N-FRs, PBDEs, and PCBs in tissue samples of an Antarctic rock cod (Trematomus bernacchii), a young gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), and a brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) collected from King George Island. The total concentrations of N-FRs (ΣN-FRs; mean: 931 pg/g dry weight (dw)) were comparable to PBDEs (Σ8PBDEs; 681 pg/gdw), which were much lower than PCBs (ΣDL-PCBs; 12,800 pg/gdw). Overall, skua contained two to three orders of magnitude higher contamination than penguin and fish. In the future, more attention should be focused on the fate of N-FRs in Antarctica, where usages have increased since PBDEs were banned. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N-FRs in biota from Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Minghong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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31
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Na G, Wei W, Zhou S, Gao H, Ma X, Qiu L, Ge L, Bao C, Yao Z. Distribution characteristics and indicator significance of Dechloranes in multi-matrices at Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 28:8-13. [PMID: 25662232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Dechloranes have been widely detected in the environment around the world. However, understanding and knowledge of Dechloranes in remote regions, such as the Arctic, remain lacking. Therefore, the concentrations of 5 Dechloranes in surface seawater, sediment, soil, moss, and dung collected from Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic were measured with the concentrations 93 pg/L, 342, 325, 1.4, and 258 pg/g, respectively, which were much lower than those in Asian and European regions. The mean ratios of anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) to total DP (ƒanti) in seawater, sediment, soil, moss, dung, and atmospheric samples were 0.36, 0.21, 0.18, 0.27, 0.66, and 0.43, respectively. Results suggested that the main source of DP in seawater, sediment, soil, and moss was long-range atmospheric transport. However, the ratio identified in dung was different, for which the migration behavior of the organism is probably the main source of DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Shiyao Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Science & Technology, Dalian 116052, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lina Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; School of Biological Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Linke Ge
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chenguang Bao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
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Wang DG, Guo MX, Pei W, Byer JD, Wang Z. Trophic magnification of chlorinated flame retardants and their dechlorinated analogs in a fresh water food web. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:293-300. [PMID: 25463253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated flame retardants, particularly dechlorane plus (DP), were widely used in commercial applications and are ubiquitous in the environment. A total of seven species of aquatic organisms were collected concurrently from the region of a chemical production facility in Huai’an, China. DP and structurally related compounds including mirex, dechloranes 602, 603, 604, chlordene plus (CP), DP monoadduct (DPMA), and two dechlorinated breakdown products of DP, decachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (anti-Cl(10)-DP) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (anti-Cl(11)-DP), were detected in these aquatic organisms. Nitrogen stable isotope ratios were also measured to determine the trophic levels of the organisms. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for these chemicals were calculated with values ranging from 1.0 to 3.1. TMFs for CP, mirex, anti-DP, and ∑DP were statistically greater than 1, showing evidence of biomagnification in the food web. Concentration ratios of anti-Cl(11)-DP to anti-DP showed a significant relationship with trophic level, implying that anti-Cl(11)-DP had a higher food-web magnification potential than its precursor. The biota-sediment accumulation factors and TMFs for DP demonstrated stereoselectivity, with syn-DP having a greater bioaccumulation potential than anti-DP in the aquatic environment.
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Mahmood A, Malik RN, Syed JH, Li J, Zhang G. Dietary exposure and screening-level risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechloran plus (DP) in wheat, rice, soil and air along two tributaries of the River Chenab, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:57-64. [PMID: 24981935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
No scientific report is available for screening level-risk assessment of newly emerging contaminants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechloran plus (DP) in food crops and environmental compartments of Pakistan. Dietary exposure of PBDEs and DP via food crops; screening levels, spatial distribution pattern of PBDEs and DP in air, soil, wheat and rice were assessed along the stretch of upstream feeding tributaries (Nullah Aik and Nullah Palkhu), River Chenab, Pakistan. ∑PBDE levels in air, soil, wheat and rice ranged between 0.59 and 7.80pgm(-3), 6.88 and 37.7ngg(-1), 0.30ngg(-1) and 1.43ngg(-1) and 0.07 and 46.0ngg(-1), respectively. ∑DP concentrations calculated in air, soil, wheat and rice ranged between 0.80 and 0.10pgm(-3), 0.17 and 2.61ngg(-1), 0.90 and 0.49ngg(-1) and 0.00 and 12.5ngg(-1), respectively. The trend of PBDEs and DP distribution pattern was found as follows; industrial/urban areas>industrial/peri-urban areas>agricultural/rural areas. Estimated daily intake (EDI) for wheat and rice was ranged between 0.002 and 0.035pgkg(-1)d(-1) and 0.033 and 0.680pgkg(-1)d(-1). Human health risks for adults on the basis of EDI were lower than the recommended MRL (minimal risk level) and lowest observed adverse effect of level (LOAEL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Korosi JB, Cheng W, Blais JM. Organic Pollutants in Sediment Core Archives. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. Distribution, congener profile, and risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dechlorane plus in water and sediment from two tributaries of the Chenab River, Pakistan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:83-91. [PMID: 25149073 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There are a limited number of scientific reports available regarding polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) screening levels and ecological risk assessment in environmental compartments. The present study was aimed to assess the screening-level risk assessment, congener-specific analysis, and spatial distribution pattern of PBDEs and DP in water and sediment. Samples were collected from upstream feeding tributaries (Nullah Aik and Nullah Palkhu) of the River Chenab, Pakistan. ∑PBDE concentrations in water and sediment ranged from 0.48 to 73.4 ng L(-1) and 0.35 to 88.1 ng g(-1) (dw), respectively, whereas levels of ∑DP in water and sediment were 0.01-4.58 and 0.10-12.5 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Ratio for fsyn in sediment (ng g(-1)) and water (ng L(-1)) ranged between 0.59-0.64 and 0.60-0.68, respectively, which reflected no use of industrial mixture of DP isomers in the study area. Potential risks to ecological integrities through contaminated water and sediments in the study area were deemed marginal at the present time as assessed on the basis of the available and current toxicological data. The scarcity of data on levels, source apportionment, and detected permissible limits of PBDEs and DP warrant future auxiliary study of this group of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan,
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Zheng XB, Luo XJ, Zeng YH, Wu JP, Mai BX. Sources, gastrointestinal absorption and stereo-selective and tissue-specific accumulation of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in chicken. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:241-246. [PMID: 25113208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers, along with two dechlorinated metabolites were measured in environmental matrices, chyme and digestive tract contents and tissues of chicken from an e-waste recycling site located in South China. Soil is proved to be the main source of DP in chicken rather than food because soil contributes more than 94% of total DP in chyme. In the gastrointestinal tract absorption processes, no selective absorption was observed for DP isomers during the ingestion processes. The tissue distribution of DP isomers in chicken exhibits complicated characteristics. The lipid contents in tissues are the main factors in the tissue distribution of DP, while the different blood perfusion state and the different tissue functions also seem to influence the tissue distribution of DP. The fat, brain, and liver exhibit higher fanti values (0.65, 0.64, and 0.64) than the other tissues (0.54-0.59). The elevated fanti values of DP from the contamination source (0.52 in soil) to chicken suggest stereoselective bioaccumulation of anti-DP in chicken. The similar ratios of anti-Cl11-DP to anti-DP between soil and chicken imply that anti-Cl11-DP mainly derives from the uptake from environment rather than in vivo dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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37
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Shen L, Jobst KJ, Reiner EJ, Helm PA, McCrindle R, Taguchi VY, Marvin CH, Backus S, MacPherson KA, Brindle ID. Identification and occurrence of analogues of dechlorane 604 in Lake Ontario sediment and their accumulation in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11170-11177. [PMID: 25184555 DOI: 10.1021/es503089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dechlorane family of flame retardants, which includes Mirex (also known as Dechlorane), Dechlorane Plus (DP), and Dechloranes (Dec) 602, 603, and 604, were manufactured at a facility along the Niagara River, upstream of Lake Ontario. Some of these compounds remain in use. In a previous study, we found Mirex and Dec602 to have greater bioaccumulation potentials than Dec604 and DP based on calculated biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). In this study, analogues of Dec604, containing fewer bromines and mixed substitutions of bromine and chlorine, were identified in Lake Ontario sediment and fish using high and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometric techniques. The tribromo-Dec604 (Br3Dec604) analogue, known as Dechlorane 604 Component B (Dec604 CB), was present in lake trout and whitefish at concentrations of 10-60 ng/g lipid weight, approximately 50-200 times greater than concentrations measured for Dec604. In addition, BrDec604 and Br2Dec604 analogues, and mixed Br2Cl2Dec604, Br3ClDec604, Br2ClDec604, and BrCl2Dec604 analogues were also present. We have shown that solutions of Dec604 and Dec604 CB exposed to UV-light undergo photodebromination and give rise to the analogues found in sediment and fish. Dec604 CB and other lesser halogenated analogues of Dec604 show greater bioaccumulation potentials than Dec604, Dec602 and DP, based on BSAFs, which highlight the need to consider likely impurities and degradation products in the assessment of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University , 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario Canada L2S 3A1
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Barón E, Máñez M, Andreu AC, Sergio F, Hiraldo F, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of emerging and classical flame retardants in bird eggs of 14 species from Doñana Natural Space and surrounding areas (South-western Spain). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:118-126. [PMID: 24727066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of classical (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging FRs (dechloranes, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)) in unborn eggs of 14 different species from Doñana Natural Space and surrounding areas was studied. PBDEs, Dec-602, Dec-603 and DP were detected in all the species, whereas HBB, PBEB, DBDPE and Dec-604 were not detected in any sample. ΣPBDE and ΣDechlorane levels ranged from 1.40 to 90.7, and from 0.77 to 260 ng/g lw, respectively. BDE-209 was the most abundant BDE congener in almost all the species, whereas Dec-602 was the predominant among dechloranes. In general, levels of PBDEs and dechloranes were similar and even higher for dechloranes, probably indicating the increasing use of dechloranes as a result of legal restrictions on PBDEs. In both cases, the most contaminated specie was the white stork. Using stable isotope characterization, differences among species and possible biomagnification processes were also evaluated. PBDE levels increased as the trophic position increased, showing biomagnification capacity. The same behavior was observed for Dec-602 and Dec-603; however, DP levels were not linearly correlated with trophic level. These results show that more attention should be given to emerging FRs such as dechloranes since they show similar environmental behavior as PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barón
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Máñez
- Natural Processes Monitoring Team, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), c/Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - A C Andreu
- Natural Processes Monitoring Team, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), c/Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - F Sergio
- Department of Applied Biology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Hiraldo
- Department of Applied Biology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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39
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Zhang L, Ji F, Li M, Cui Y, Wu B. Short-term effects of Dechlorane Plus on the earthworm Eisenia fetida determined by a systems biology approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 273:239-246. [PMID: 24751489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant, has been widely detected in environmental matrices, especially in sediment and soil. DP has characteristics similar to persistent organic pollutants. However, no toxicity data of DP on terrestrial invertebrate are available. In this study, earthworms Eisenia fetida were exposed to 0.1, 1, 10, and 50mg/kg DP for 14 days. Lethality, oxidative stress and damage, neurotoxicity, and transcriptomic profiles of E. fetida were assessed on day 7 and day 14 of exposure. Results showed that the acute toxicity of DP was very low. However, DP exposure induced an increase in the oxidative stress markers malonaldehyde (MDA) and 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. High throughput sequencing-based transcriptomic analysis showed that DP exposure significantly altered gene expression and pathways related to antioxidant enzymes, stress responses, neurological dysfunctions, calcium binding, and signal transduction. The results from different toxicological endpoints indicate that DP toxicity on the earthworm is primarily through oxidative damage and neurotoxicity. Based on these results, we deduce that changes in oxidative stress and neurotoxicity might be the primary mechanisms of DP toxicity. This study provides insight into the toxicological effects of DP on earthworm model, and may be useful for risk assessment of DP on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Funian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yibin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Li L, Wang W, Lv Q, Ben Y, Li X. Bioavailability and tissue distribution of Dechloranes in wild frogs (Rana limnocharis) from an e-waste recycling area in Southeast China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:636-642. [PMID: 25079277 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP), a flame retardant used as an alternative to decabromodiphenylether, has been frequently detected in organisms, indicating its bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in aquatic and terrestrial species. However, little data is available on the bioaccumulation of DP in amphibians. Dechlorane Plus and its analogs (DPs) were detected in the liver, muscle and brain tissues of wild frogs (Rana limnocharis), which were collected from an e-waste recycling site, Southeast China. DP, Mirex, Dec 602 and a dechlorinated compound of DP (anti-Cl11-DP) varied in the range of 2.01-291, 0.650-179, 0.260-12.4, and not detected (nd)-8.67 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. No difference of tissue distribution was found for syn-DP, Mirex and Dec 602 between the liver and muscle tissue (liver/muscle concentration ratio close to 1, p > 0.05). However, higher retention was observed for anti-DP and anti-Cl11-DP in the frog muscle relative to the liver tissue (liver/muscle concentration ratio < 1, p < 0.05). Additionally, the blood-brain barrier was found to work efficiently to suppress these compounds entering brain tissues in this species (liver/brain concentration ratio > 1, p < 0.05), and the molecular weight was a key factor impacting the extent of the blood-brain barrier. Compared to levels in the muscle and brain tissue, a preferential enrichment of syn-DP was observed in the liver tissue, suggesting the occurrence of stereo-selective bioaccumulation in the wild frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wenyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Quanxia Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujie Ben
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Syed JH, Malik RN, Li J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang G, Jones KC. Levels, profile and distribution of Dechloran Plus (DP) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the environment of Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1646-1653. [PMID: 24120307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
No scientific data is available on emerging contaminants including Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Dechloran Plus (DP) levels in the environment in Pakistan. Levels of PBDEs and DP were determined in the soil, sediment and atmospheric samples along the stretch of River Ravi in Punjab Province. Average concentrations of ΣPBDEs in atmosphere, soils and sediments were 36 pg m(-3), 40 ng g(-1) and 640 ng g(-1). BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment of Pakistan. Total DP levels were calculated as 88 pg m(-3), 0.8 ng g(-1) and 1.9 ng g(-1) in air, soil and sediment samples, respectively. The lower average fractions of anti-DP showed significant differences to those of the technical mixtures, indicating the lack of DP production source in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Li Y, Yu L, Zhu Z, Dai J, Mai B, Wu J, Wang J. Accumulation and effects of 90-day oral exposure to Dechlorane Plus in quail (Coturnix coturnix). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1649-1654. [PMID: 23440862 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While a number of studies have addressed bioaccumulation of the flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP), little information is available regarding the adverse effects of DP on animals, especially on bird species. In the present study, male common quails (Coturnix coturnix) were consecutively exposed to commercial DP-25 by gavage for 90 d at 1-mg/kg/d, 10-mg/kg/d, and 100-mg/kg/d dosages. Concentrations of DP isomers in liver, muscle, and serum were determined after exposure. Liver enzyme activity involved in xenobiotic biotransformation processes and oxidative stress was measured, as well as glutathione and maleic dialdehyde content. The results showed that DP was more prone to accumulate in the liver than in muscle and serum in all exposed groups. In tested tissues, syn-DP dominated in the high-exposure groups (10 and 100 mg/kg/d), whereas anti-DP tended to accumulate in the low-exposure group (1 mg/kg/d). The concentration ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti values) in the tissues examined were close to commercial DP in the low-exposure group; however, the fanti values were significantly decreased in the high-exposure groups. Enzyme activity of 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (PROD) decreased significantly in all exposed groups compared with the control group, whereas activity of erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) and the antioxidant enzyme catalase significantly increased in high-exposure groups. The results implied that DP exposure levels influenced isomeric compositions in organs and that DP exposure altered hepatic alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (AROD) activity and contributed to the biological effects of DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Tomy GT, Sverko E, Palace V, Rosenberg B, McCrindle R, McAlees A, Smith LAP, Byer J, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M, McCarry BE. Dechlorane plus monoadducts in a Lake Ontario (Canada) food web and biotransformation by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) liver microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1376-1381. [PMID: 23427074 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Compounds related to the high-production-volume flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP) were measured in a Lake Ontario food web located downstream of a DP manufacturing plant. These compounds, 1,3- and 1,5-DP-monoadducts (DPMA), are positional isomers and are thought to arise from the incomplete reaction of DP or impurities in the DP starting material during its manufacture. The 1,3-DPMA isomer was measured (0.12-199 ng g(-1) lipid wt) in all trophic levels, whereas 1,5-DPMA was measured only sporadically in the food web and was not detectable in the apex predator, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Concentrations of DPMA isomers when detected in Lake Ontario biota were greater than that of total DP for all trophic levels. The prevalence of 1,3-DPMA in the food web, and especially in lake trout, may be due to obstruction of the existing carbon double bond to enzyme attack, rendering it less readily metabolized. To examine this hypothesis, biotransformation kinetic experiments using in vitro lake trout liver microsomal exposures were performed. Zero-order depletion rate constants for 1,3- and 1,5-DPMA were 92.2 and 134.6 pmole h(-1) , respectively, with corresponding half-lives of 2.03 ± 0.14 h (1,3-DPMA) and 1.39 ± 0.09 h (1,5-DPMA). Furthermore, the 1,5-isomer was depleted to a greater extent than 1,3-DPMA. Specific biotransformation products were not identified. These data support the hypothesis that 1,5-DPMA is more readily metabolized than 1,3-DPMA by lake trout. The present study also shows that the concentrations of these isomers, which the authors speculate might be unintended impurities or byproducts in some technical DP formulations, exceed that of the intended product in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg T Tomy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Howard PH, Muir DCG. Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce. III: byproducts, impurities, and transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5259-66. [PMID: 23594256 DOI: 10.1021/es4004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this series of studies was to identify commercial chemicals that might be persistent and bioaccumulative (PB) and that were not being considered in current wastewater and aquatic environmental measurement programs. In this study, we focus on chemicals that are not on commercial chemical lists such as U.S. EPA's Inventory Update Rule but may be found as byproducts or impurities in commercial chemicals or are likely transformation products from commercial chemical use. We evaluated the 610 chemicals from our earlier publication as well as high production volume chemicals and identified 320 chemicals (39 byproducts and impurities, and 281 transformation products) that could be potential PB chemicals. Four examples are discussed in detail; these chemicals had a fair amount of information on the commercial synthesis and byproducts and impurities that might be found in the commercial product. Unfortunately for many of the 610 chemicals, as well as the transformation products, little or no information was available. Use of computer-aided software to predict the transformation pathways in combination with the biodegradation rules of thumb and some basic organic chemistry has allowed 281 potential PB transformation products to be suggested for some of the 610 commercial chemicals; more PB transformation products were not selected since microbial degradation often results in less persistent and less bioaccumulative metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Howard
- SRC, Inc. Defense and Environmental Solutions, 7502 Round Pond Road, North Syracuse, New York 13212, United States.
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Mo L, Wu JP, Luo XJ, Sun YX, Zheng XB, Zhang Q, Zou FS, Mai BX. Dechlorane Plus flame retardant in kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) from an electronic waste recycling site and a reference site, South China: influence of residue levels on the isomeric composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:57-62. [PMID: 23246747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were examined in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) and their prey fishes collected from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site and a reference site in South China, to investigate the possible influence of DP residue levels on the isomeric compositions. ∑DP (sum of syn-DP and anti-DP) concentrations in kingfishers from the e-waste recycling site ranged from 29 to 150 (median of 58) ng/g lipid weight (lw), which were one order of magnitude greater than those from the reference site (median = 3.9 ng/g lw). The isomer fractions of anti-DP (f(anti)) in kingfishers from the e-waste recycling site (mean of 0.65) were significantly smaller than those from the reference site (0.76). Additionally, the f(anti) values were negatively correlated to logarithm of ∑DP concentrations in the kingfishers (r(2) = 0.41, p < 0.0001). These results suggested that DP residue levels could influence its isomeric composition in the piscivorous bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang DG, Alaee M, Byer JD, Brimble S, Pacepavicius G. Human health risk assessment of occupational and residential exposures to dechlorane plus in the manufacturing facility area in China and comparison with e-waste recycling site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:329-36. [PMID: 23354373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A screening level human health risk assessment based on the worst-case scenario was conducted on the occupational and residential exposures to dechlorane plus (DP) in the manufacturing facility region and an electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site in China, which are two of the most polluted areas of DP in the world. Total estimated exposure doses (EEDs) via dietary intake, dermal contact, and inhalation was approximately 0.01 mg kg(-1) d(-1) for people living in the manufacturing facility region. In comparison, total EEDs (approximate 0.03 μg kg(-1), d(-1)) were 300-fold lower in people living near an e-waste recycling site in China. Chronic oral, dermal, and inhalation reference doses (RfDs) were estimated to be 5.0, 2.0, and 0.01 mg kg(-1)d (-1), respectively. The oral RfD was markedly greater than Mirex (2×10(-4) mg kg(-1) d(-1)) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209; 7×10(-3) mg kg(-1) d(-1)), which have been or might be replaced by DP as a flame retardant with less toxicity. Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate the probability densities and functions for the hazard index which was calculated from the EEDs and RfDs to assess the human health risk. The hazard index was three orders of magnitude lower than 1, suggesting that occupational and residential exposures were relatively safe in the manufacturing facility region and e-waste recycling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China.
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Chen SJ, Feng AH, He MJ, Chen MY, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Current levels and composition profiles of PBDEs and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta, southern China: comparison with historical data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:205-211. [PMID: 23277320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants were measured in surface sediments collected during 2009-2010 from the Pearl River Delta, southern China (a large manufacturing base for electronics/electrical products), to evaluate the influence of China's RoHS directive (adopted in 2006) on their environmental occurrence. The concentrations in sediments from different water systems ranged from 3.67 to 2,520 ng/g (average of 17.1-588 ng/g) for PBDEs and from 0.22 to 5,270 ng/g (average of 11.3-454 ng/g) for the alternative retardants. Although the PBDE levels have decreased significantly compared with those in sediments collected in 2002 in this region, the levels of alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) have exceeded those of BDE209 (two predominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in China) in the majority of sediments. This finding suggests a different contaminant pattern of HFRs in current sediments due to the replacement of the deca-BDE mixture with DBDPE in this region. In addition, sediment concentrations of discontinued PBDEs in the rural area are clearly elevated due to e-waste dismantling. The congener profiles of PBDEs in the current sediments (with more abundant lower-brominated congeners) differed substantially from those in 2002 and from the technical products, suggesting that biological or photolytic debromination of PBDEs may have occurred in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Li Y, Yu L, Wang J, Wu J, Mai B, Dai J. Accumulation pattern of Dechlorane Plus and associated biological effects on rats after 90 d of exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2149-2156. [PMID: 23245762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that Dechlorane Plus (DP) is widespread in the environments. However, different isomer-specific enrichment pattern of syn-DP and anti-DP was reported in biological samples from the field. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were consecutively exposed to commercial DP 25 by gavage for 90 d at different doses (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) to investigate the accumulation pattern of syn-DP and anti-DP in liver, muscle, and serum of rats. The possible biological effects of DP on rats were also examined. Results showed that DP preferentially accumulated in the liver rather than in muscle at all exposure levels. No significant stereoselectivity of anti-DP or syn-DP in tissues was observed in the low DP exposure groups (0 and 1 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) with f(anti) values (defined as the concentration of the anti-DP divided by the sum of concentrations of anti- and syn-DP) ranging from 0.74 to 0.78. However, f(anti) values reduced (f(anti) ranged from 0.26 to 0.30) significantly in the high DP exposure groups (10 and 100 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) and syn-DP was predominant in all tissues. Biochemical parameters in serum, the mRNA expression levels of certain enzymes and their activities in liver were detected. There was no observable-effect in histopathology and death during the experiment, although the mRNA expression levels of some genes in the low dosage group decreased significantly and enzyme activity of CYP 2B2 increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Analysis of Halogenated Flame Retardants by Gas Chromatography Coupled to LRMS, HRMS, MS–MS, and TOF-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62623-3.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ. Multi-class, multi-residue analysis of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel flame retardants in fish using fast, low-pressure gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 758:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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