1
|
Ji W, Osbourn A, Liu Z. Understanding metabolic diversification in plants: branchpoints in the evolution of specialized metabolism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230359. [PMID: 39343032 PMCID: PMC11439499 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants are chemical engineers par excellence. Collectively they make a vast array of structurally diverse specialized metabolites. The raw materials for building new pathways (genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes) are commonly recruited directly or indirectly from primary metabolism. Little is known about how new metabolic pathways and networks evolve in plants, or what key nodes contribute to branches that lead to the biosynthesis of diverse chemicals. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of biosynthetic branchpoints. We also consider examples in which new metabolites are formed through the joining of precursor molecules arising from different biosynthetic routes, a scenario that greatly increases both the diversity and complexity of specialized metabolism. Given the emerging importance of metabolic gene clustering in helping to identify new enzymes and pathways, we further cover the significance of biosynthetic gene clusters in relation to metabolic networks and dedicated biosynthetic pathways. In conclusion, an improved understanding of the branchpoints between metabolic pathways will be key in order to be able to predict and illustrate the complex structure of metabolic networks and to better understand the plasticity of plant metabolism. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Ji
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, NorwichNR4 7UH, UK
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang YL, Chang YC, Kurniawan A, Chang PC, Liou TY, Wang WD, Chuang HW. Employing Genomic Tools to Explore the Molecular Mechanisms behind the Enhancement of Plant Growth and Stress Resilience Facilitated by a Burkholderia Rhizobacterial Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6091. [PMID: 38892282 PMCID: PMC11172717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The rhizobacterial strain BJ3 showed 16S rDNA sequence similarity to species within the Burkholderia genus. Its complete genome sequence revealed a 97% match with Burkholderia contaminans and uncovered gene clusters essential for plant-growth-promoting traits (PGPTs). These clusters include genes responsible for producing indole acetic acid (IAA), osmolytes, non-ribosomal peptides (NRPS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), siderophores, lipopolysaccharides, hydrolytic enzymes, and spermidine. Additionally, the genome contains genes for nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization, as well as a gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. The treatment with BJ3 enhanced root architecture, boosted vegetative growth, and accelerated early flowering in Arabidopsis. Treated seedlings also showed increased lignin production and antioxidant capabilities, as well as notably increased tolerance to water deficit and high salinity. An RNA-seq transcriptome analysis indicated that BJ3 treatment significantly activated genes related to immunity induction, hormone signaling, and vegetative growth. It specifically activated genes involved in the production of auxin, ethylene, and salicylic acid (SA), as well as genes involved in the synthesis of defense compounds like glucosinolates, camalexin, and terpenoids. The expression of AP2/ERF transcription factors was markedly increased. These findings highlight BJ3's potential to produce various bioactive metabolites and its ability to activate auxin, ethylene, and SA signaling in Arabidopsis, positioning it as a new Burkholderia strain that could significantly improve plant growth, stress resilience, and immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Long Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Andi Kurniawan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
- Department of Agronomy, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Po-Chun Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liou
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Der Wang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Huey-wen Chuang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng Y, Chen N, Ji Z, Ye Q, Huang P, Chen X, Cui G, Duan L, Zhang F. Adjusting Catalytic Activity of β-Amyrin Synthase GgBAS by Utilizing the Plasticity Residues of an Active Site. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3933-3941. [PMID: 38666964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
β-Amyrin synthase (bAS) is a representative plant oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), and previous studies have identified many functional residues and mutants that can alter its catalytic activity. However, the regulatory mechanism of the active site architecture for adjusting the catalytic activity remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the function of key residues and their regulatory effects on the catalytic activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra β-amyrin synthase (GgbAS) through molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed mutagenesis experiments. We identified the plasticity residues located in two active site regions and explored the interactions between these residues and tetracyclic/pentacyclic intermediates. Based on computational and experimental results, we further categorize these plasticity residues into three types: effector, adjuster, and supporter residues, according to their functions in the catalytic process. This study provides valuable insights into the catalytic mechanism and active site plasticity of GgbAS, offering important references for the rational enzyme engineering of other OSC enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Nianhang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhongju Ji
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qiongyu Ye
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang C, Halitschke R, O'Connor SE. OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASE 1 and 2 influence triterpene biosynthesis and defense in Nicotiana attenuata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2580-2599. [PMID: 38101922 PMCID: PMC10980520 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are a class of bioactive compounds with diverse biological functions, playing pivotal roles in plant defense against biotic stressors. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) serve as gatekeepers in the biosynthesis of triterpenes. In this study, we utilized a Nicotiana benthamiana heterologous expression system to characterize NaOSC1 from Nicotiana attenuata as a multifunctional enzyme capable of synthesizing lupeol, dammarenediol II, 3-alpha,20-lupanediol, and 7 other triterpene scaffolds. We also demonstrated that NaOSC2 is, in contrast, a selective enzyme, producing only the β-amyrin scaffold. Through virus-induced gene silencing and in vitro toxicity assays, we elucidated the roles of NaOSC1 and NaOSC2 in the defense of N. attenuata against Manduca sexta larvae. Metabolomic and feature-based molecular network analyses of leaves with silenced NaOSC1 and NaOSC2 unveiled 3 potential triterpene glycoside metabolite clusters. Interestingly, features identified as triterpenes within these clusters displayed a significant negative correlation with larval mass. Our study highlights the pivotal roles of NaOSC1 and NaOSC2 from N. attenuata in the initial steps of triterpene biosynthesis, subsequently influencing defense against M. sexta through the modulation of downstream triterpene glycoside compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hasan SN, Banerjee J, Patra S, Kar S, Das S, Samanta S, Wanigasekera D, Pavithra U, Wijesekera K, Napagoda M, Giri B, Dash SK, Bag BG. Self-assembled renewable nano-sized pentacyclic triterpenoid maslinic acids in aqueous medium for anti-leukemic, antibacterial and biocompatibility studies: An insight into targeted proteins-compound interactions based mechanistic pathway prediction through molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125416. [PMID: 37336373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Maslinic acid is a naturally occurring dihydroxy, mono-carboxy bioactive triterpenoid. Its bulky structure was the main hindrance in the path of biological activity. Sodium and potassium salts of nano-sized triterpenoid maslinic acid were prepared from maslinic acid and its self-assembly property was studied in aqueous and aqueous-organic binary liquid mixtures. Morphology of the compounds studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Optical Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed vesicular morphology of the self-assemblies. Selective cytotoxicity was performed in leukemic (K-562 and KG-1a) and PBMC cells. Among the three self-assemblies (maslinic acid 1, sodium maslinate 2 and potassium maslinate 3), sodium maslinate 2 showed better antileukemic efficacy. Sodium maslinate 2 induced apoptosis in leukemic cells by elevating ROS levels and disrupting the cellular antioxidant system. From the in-silico studies, it was confirmed that 2 interacted with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic proteins of leukemic cells and killed those cells by inducing apoptotic pathways. The compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed significant antibacterial efficacy against E.coli strain through binding with several periplasmic membrane fusion protein (MFP) and limiting the efflux system leading to arrestation of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Nurul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumen Patra
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukhendu Kar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Dharani Wanigasekera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Upekshi Pavithra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Kanchana Wijesekera
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80 000, Sri Lanka
| | - Mayuri Napagoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India.
| | - Braja Gopal Bag
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song Z, Chen D, Sui S, Wang Y, Cen S, Dai J. Characterization of a Malabaricane-Type Triterpene Synthase from Astragalus membranaceus and Enzymatic Synthesis of Astramalabaricosides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023. [PMID: 37336771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a large and medicinally important group of natural products with a wide range of biological and pharmacological effects. Among them, malabaricane-type triterpenoids are a rare group of terpenoids with a 6,6,5-tricyclic ring system, and a few malabaricane triterpene synthases have been characterized to date. Here, an arabidiol synthase AmAS for the formation of the malabaricane-type 6,6,5-tricyclic triterpenoid skeleton in astramalabaricosides biosynthesis was characterized from Astragalus membranaceus. Multiple sequence alignment, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking of AmAS reveal that residues Q256 and Y258 are essential for AmAS activity, and the triad motif IIH725-727 was the critical residue necessary for its product specificity. Mutation of IIH725-727 with VFN led to the formation of seven tricyclic, tetracyclic, and pentacyclic triterpenoids (1-7). Glycosylation of malabaricane-type triterpenoids in the biosynthesis of astramalabaricosides was also explored. Three triterpenoids (1, 5, and 6) displayed potent inhibitory effects against influenza A virus in vitro. These findings provide insights into malabaricane-type triterpenoids biosynthesis in A. membranaceus and access to diverse bioactive triterpenoids for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Songyang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jungui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alagna F, Reed J, Calderini O, Thimmappa R, Cultrera NGM, Cattivelli A, Tagliazucchi D, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Osbourn A, Baldoni L. OeBAS and CYP716C67 catalyze the biosynthesis of health-beneficial triterpenoids in olive (Olea europaea) fruits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2047-2063. [PMID: 36880371 PMCID: PMC10952584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive properties of olive (Olea europaea) fruits and olive oil are largely attributed to terpenoid compounds, including diverse triterpenoids such as oleanolic, maslinic and ursolic acids, erythrodiol, and uvaol. They have applications in the agri-food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Some key steps involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds are still unknown. Genome mining, biochemical analysis, and trait association studies have been used to identify major gene candidates controlling triterpenoid content of olive fruits. Here, we identify and functionally characterize an oxidosqualene cyclase (OeBAS) required for the production of the major triterpene scaffold β-amyrin, the precursor of erythrodiol, oleanolic and maslinic acids, and a cytochrome P450 (CYP716C67) that mediates 2α oxidation of the oleanane- and ursane-type triterpene scaffolds to produce maslinic and corosolic acids, respectively. To confirm the enzymatic functions of the entire pathway, we have reconstituted the olive biosynthetic pathway for oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenoids in the heterologous host, Nicotiana benthamiana. Finally, we have identified genetic markers associated with oleanolic and maslinic acid fruit content on the chromosomes carrying the OeBAS and CYP716C67 genes. Our results shed light on the biosynthesis of olive triterpenoids and provide new gene targets for germplasm screening and breeding for high triterpenoid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Alagna
- Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable SourcesNational Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Trisaia Research Centre75026RotondellaItaly
| | - James Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Ornella Calderini
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Ramesha Thimmappa
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Amity Institute of Genome EngineeringAmity University Uttar PradeshNoida201313India
| | - Nicolò G. M. Cultrera
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Cattivelli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia42100Reggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Davide Tagliazucchi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia42100Reggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council (CNR)06128PerugiaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gossart N, Berhin A, Sergeant K, Alam I, André C, Hausman JF, Boutry M, Hachez C. Engineering Nicotiana tabacum trichomes for triterpenic acid production. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111573. [PMID: 36563941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we aimed at implementing the biosynthesis of triterpenic acids in Nicotiana tabacum glandular trichomes. Although endogenous genes coding for enzymes involved in such biosynthetic pathway are found in the Nicotiana tabacum genome, implementing such pathway specifically in glandular trichomes required to boost endogenous enzymatic activities. Five transgenes coding for a farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, a squalene synthase, a squalene epoxidase, a beta-amyrin synthase and a beta-amyrin 28-monooxygenase were introduced in N.tabacum, their expression being driven by pMALD1, a trichome-specific transcriptional promoter. This study aimed at testing whether sinking isoprenoid precursors localized in plastids, by exploiting potential cross-talks allowing the exchange of terpenoid pools from the chloroplast to the cytosol, could be a way to improve overall yield. By analyzing metabolites extracted from entire leaves, a low amount of ursolic acid was detected in plants expressing the five transgenes. Our study shows that the terpene biosynthetic pathway could be, in part, redirected in N.tabacum glandular trichomes with no deleterious phenotype at the whole plant level (chlorosis, dwarfism,…). In light of our results, possible ways to improve the final yield are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gossart
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alice Berhin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Iftekhar Alam
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Christelle André
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jean-François Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marszalek-Zenczak M, Satyr A, Wojciechowski P, Zenczak M, Sobieszczanska P, Brzezinski K, Iefimenko T, Figlerowicz M, Zmienko A. Analysis of Arabidopsis non-reference accessions reveals high diversity of metabolic gene clusters and discovers new candidate cluster members. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104303. [PMID: 36778696 PMCID: PMC9909608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) are groups of genes involved in a common biosynthetic pathway. They are frequently formed in dynamic chromosomal regions, which may lead to intraspecies variation and cause phenotypic diversity. We examined copy number variations (CNVs) in four Arabidopsis thaliana MGCs in over one thousand accessions with experimental and bioinformatic approaches. Tirucalladienol and marneral gene clusters showed little variation, and the latter was fixed in the population. Thalianol and especially arabidiol/baruol gene clusters displayed substantial diversity. The compact version of the thalianol gene cluster was predominant and more conserved than the noncontiguous version. In the arabidiol/baruol cluster, we found a large genomic insertion containing divergent duplicates of the CYP705A2 and BARS1 genes. The BARS1 paralog, which we named BARS2, encoded a novel oxidosqualene synthase. The expression of the entire arabidiol/baruol gene cluster was altered in the accessions with the duplication. Moreover, they presented different root growth dynamics and were associated with warmer climates compared to the reference-like accessions. In the entire genome, paired genes encoding terpene synthases and cytochrome P450 oxidases were more variable than their nonpaired counterparts. Our study highlights the role of dynamically evolving MGCs in plant adaptation and phenotypic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasiia Satyr
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Wojciechowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Zenczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Tetiana Iefimenko
- Department of Biology, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo Y, Jiang Y, Chen L, Li C, Wang Y. Applications of protein engineering in the microbial synthesis of plant triterpenoids. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 8:20-32. [PMID: 36381964 PMCID: PMC9634032 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a class of natural products widely used in fields related to medicine and health due to their biological activities such as hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, and anti-tumor. With the advancement in biotechnology, microorganisms have been used as cell factories to produce diverse natural products. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories for the heterogeneous biosynthesis of triterpenoids, the industrial production of triterpenoids employing microorganisms has been stymied due to the shortage of efficient enzymes as well as the low expression and low catalytic activity of heterologous proteins in microbes. Protein engineering has been demonstrated as an effective way for improving the specificity, catalytic activity, and stability of the enzyme, which can be employed to overcome these challenges. This review summarizes the current progress in the studies of Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), cytochrome P450s (P450s), and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), the key enzymes in the triterpenoids synthetic pathway. The main obstacles restricting the efficient catalysis of these key enzymes are analyzed, the applications of protein engineering for the three key enzymes in the microbial synthesis of triterpenoids are systematically reviewed, and the challenges and prospects of protein engineering are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaozhu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Noushahi HA, Khan AH, Noushahi UF, Hussain M, Javed T, Zafar M, Batool M, Ahmed U, Liu K, Harrison MT, Saud S, Fahad S, Shu S. Biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and strategies to improve their Biosynthetic Efficiency. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022; 97:439-454. [PMID: 35382096 PMCID: PMC8969394 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-022-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
"Triterpenoids" can be considered natural products derived from the cyclization of squalene, yielding 3-deoxytriterpenes (hydrocarbons) or 3-hydroxytriterpenes. Triterpenoids are metabolites of these two classes of triterpenes, produced by the functionalization of their carbon skeleton. They can be categorized into different groups based on their structural formula/design. Triterpenoids are an important group of compounds that are widely used in the fields of pharmacology, food, and industrial biotechnology. However, inadequate synthetic methods and insufficient knowledge of the biosynthesis of triterpenoids, such as their structure, enzymatic activity, and the methods used to produce pure and active triterpenoids, are key problems that limit the production of these active metabolites. Here, we summarize the derivatives, pharmaceutical properties, and biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and review the enzymes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, we concluded the screening methods, identified the genes involved in the pathways, and highlighted the appropriate strategies used to enhance their biosynthetic production to facilitate the commercial process of triterpenoids through the synthetic biology method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Armghan Noushahi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Plant Breeding and Phenomic Centre, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Aamir Hamid Khan
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetics Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Usama Farhan Noushahi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Hussain
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Maimoona Zafar
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Maria Batool
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Umair Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, 7250 Burnie, Tasmania Australia
| | - Matthew Tom Harrison
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, 7250 Burnie, Tasmania Australia
| | - Shah Saud
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, 276000 Linyi, Shandong China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, 22620 Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shaohua Shu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen K, Zhang M, Xu L, Yi Y, Wang L, Wang H, Wang Z, Xing J, Li P, Zhang X, Shi X, Ye M, Osbourn A, Qiao X. Identification of oxidosqualene cyclases associated with saponin biosynthesis from Astragalus membranaceus reveals a conserved motif important for catalytic function. J Adv Res 2022; 43:247-257. [PMID: 36585112 PMCID: PMC9811366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triterpenoids and saponins have a broad range of pharmacological activities. Unlike most legumes which contain mainly oleanane-type scaffold, Astragalus membranaceus contains not only oleanane-type but also cycloartane-type saponins, for which the biosynthetic pathways are unknown. OBJECTIVES This work aims to study the function and catalytic mechanism of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), one of the most important enzymes in triterpenoid biosynthesis, in A. membranaceus. METHODS Two OSC genes, AmOSC2 and AmOSC3, were cloned from A. membranaceus. Their functions were studied by heterologous expression in tobacco and yeast, together with in vivo transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking were used to explain the catalytic mechanism for the conserved motif. RESULTS AmOSC2 is a β-amyrin synthase which showed higher expression levels in underground parts. It is associated with the production of β-amyrin and soyasaponins (oleanane-type) in vivo. AmOSC3 is a cycloartenol synthase expressed in both aerial and underground parts. It is related to the synthesis of astragalosides (cycloartane-type) in the roots, and to the synthesis of cycloartenol as a plant sterol precursor. From AmOSC2/3, conserved triad motifs VFM/VFN were discovered for β-amyrin/cycloartenol synthases, respectively. The motif is a critical determinant of yield as proved by 10 variants from different OSCs, where the variant containing the conserved motif increased the yield by up to 12.8-fold. Molecular docking and mutagenesis revealed that Val, Phe and Met residues acted together to stabilize the substrate, and the cation-π interactions from Phe played the major role. CONCLUSION The study provides insights into the biogenic origin of oleanane-type and cycloartane-type triterpenoids in Astragalus membranaceus. The conserved motif offers new opportunities for OSC engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiangtao Xing
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Building A, Qiming Plaza, No.101, Wangjing Lize Middle Street, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Pi Li
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Building A, Qiming Plaza, No.101, Wangjing Lize Middle Street, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaomeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China (X. Qiao); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A. Osbourn).
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China,Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China (X. Qiao); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A. Osbourn).
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Günther J, Erthmann PØ, Khakimov B, Bak S. Reciprocal mutations of two multifunctional β-amyrin synthases from Barbarea vulgaris shift α/β-amyrin ratios. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1483-1495. [PMID: 34865155 PMCID: PMC8896598 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the wild cruciferous wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris), β-amyrin-derived saponins are involved in resistance against insect herbivores like the major agricultural pest diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Enzymes belonging to the 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase family have been identified and characterized in B. vulgaris G-type and P-type plants that differ in their natural habitat, insect resistance and saponin content. Both G-type and P-type plants possess highly similar 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes that mainly produce β-amyrin (Barbarea vulgaris Lupeol synthase 5 G-Type; BvLUP5-G) or α-amyrin (Barbarea vulgaris Lupeol synthase 5 P-Type; BvLUP5-P), respectively. Despite the difference in product formation, the two BvLUP5 enzymes are 98% identical at the amino acid level. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate determinants of product formation, using the B. vulgaris 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes as a model for studying amino acid residues that determine differences in product formation. In this study, we identified two amino acid residues at position 121 and 735 that are responsible for the dominant changes in generated product ratios of β-amyrin and α-amyrin in both BvLUP5 enzymes. These amino acid residues have not previously been highlighted as directly involved in 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase product specificity. Our results highlight the functional diversity and promiscuity of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes. These enzymes serve as important mediators of metabolic plasticity throughout plant evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Günther
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Østerbye Erthmann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu Y, Luo Y, Zhou J, Hu T, Tu L, Tong Y, Su P, Liu Y, Wang J, Jiang Z, Wu X, Chen X, Huang L, Gao W. Probing the functions of friedelane-type triterpene cyclases from four celastrol-producing plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:555-567. [PMID: 34750899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are among the most diverse plant natural products, and their diversity is closely related to various triterpene skeletons catalyzed by different 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Celastrol, a friedelane-type triterpene with significant bioactivities, is specifically distributed in higher plants, such as Celastraceae species. Friedelin is an important precursor for the biosynthesis of celastrol, and it is synthesized through the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene, with the highest number of rearrangements being catalyzed by friedelane-type triterpene cyclases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the catalysis of friedelin production by friedelane-type triterpene cyclases have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, transcriptome data of four celastrol-producing plants from Celastraceae were used to identify a total of 21 putative OSCs. Through functional characterization, the friedelane-type triterpene cyclases were separately verified in the four plants. Analysis of the selection pressure showed that purifying selection acted on these OSCs, and the friedelane-type triterpene cyclases may undergo weaker selective restriction during evolution. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that changes in some amino acids that are unique to friedelane-type triterpene cyclases may lead to variations in catalytic specificity or efficiency, thereby affecting the synthesis of friedelin. Our research explored the functional diversity of triterpene synthases from a multispecies perspective. It also provides some references for further research on the relative mechanisms of friedelin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Methionine 549 and Leucine 552 Residues of Friedelin Synthase from Maytenus ilicifolia Are Important for Substrate Binding Specificity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226806. [PMID: 34833897 PMCID: PMC8617677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedelin, a pentacyclic triterpene found in the leaves of the Celastraceae species, demonstrates numerous biological activities and is a precursor of quinonemethide triterpenes, which are promising antitumoral agents. Friedelin is biosynthesized from the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene, involving a series of rearrangements to form a ketone by deprotonation of the hydroxylated intermediate, without the aid of an oxidoreductase enzyme. Mutagenesis studies among oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) have demonstrated the influence of amino acid residues on rearrangements during substrate cyclization: loss of catalytic activity, stabilization, rearrangement control or specificity changing. In the present study, friedelin synthase from Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae) was expressed heterologously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were performed by replacing phenylalanine with tryptophan at position 473 (Phe473Trp), methionine with serine at position 549 (Met549Ser) and leucine with phenylalanine at position 552 (Leu552Phe). Mutation Phe473Trp led to a total loss of function; mutants Met549Ser and Leu552Phe interfered with the enzyme specificity leading to enhanced friedelin production, in addition to α-amyrin and β-amyrin. Hence, these data showed that methionine 549 and leucine 552 are important residues for the function of this synthase.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Guo Y, Yin X, Wang X, Qi X, Xue Z. Diverse triterpene skeletons are derived from the expansion and divergent evolution of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases in plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 57:113-132. [PMID: 34601979 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1979458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites and exhibit diverse structures, which are derived from C30 skeletons that are biosynthesized via the isoprenoid pathway by cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene. Triterpenoids have a wide range of biological activities, and are used in functional foods, drugs, and as industrial materials. Due to the low content levels in their native plants and limited feasibility and efficiency of chemical synthesis, heterologous biosynthesis of triterpenoids is the most promising strategy. Herein, we classified 121 triterpene alcohols/ketones according to their conformation and ring numbers, among which 51 skeletons have been experimentally characterized as the products of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Interestingly, 24 skeletons that have not been reported from nature source were generated by OSCs in heterologous expression. Comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the identified 152 OSCs from 75 species in 25 plant orders show that several pentacyclic triterpene synthases repeatedly originated in multiple plant lineages. Comparative analysis of OSC catalytic reaction revealed that stabilization of intermediate cations, steric hindrance, and conformation of active center amino acid residues are primary factors affecting triterpene formation. Optimization of OSC could be achieved by changing of side-chain orientations of key residues. Recently, methods, such as rationally design of pathways, regulation of metabolic flow, compartmentalization engineering, etc., were introduced in improving chassis for the biosynthesis of triterpenoids. We expect that extensive study of natural variation of large number of OSCs and catalytical mechanism will provide basis for production of high level of triterpenoids by application of synthetic biology strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xue Yin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hua J, Liu YC, Luo SH, Liu Y, Xiao CJ, Li XN, Li SH. Immunostimulatory 6/6/6/6 Tetracyclic Triterpenoid Saponins with the Methyl-30 Incorporated Cyclization from the Root of Colquhounia elegans. Org Lett 2021; 23:7462-7466. [PMID: 34505790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two novel triterpenoid saponins, colqueleganoids A (1) and B (2), with the first methyl-30 incorporated 6/6/6/6-cyclized carbon skeleton (named colquelegane), were isolated from the root of Colquhounia elegans. Their structures including absolute configuration were determined by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallographic analyses. Interestingly, both compounds significantly enhanced TNF-α production and 1 also increased the IL-6 production in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting their potential application as immunostimulants in immunotherapy and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Jiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huck CJ, Boyko YD, Sarlah D. Total Synthesis of Stelletins through an Unconventional Annulation Strategy. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1597-1609. [PMID: 33635622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems present the largest source of biodiversity on the planet and an immense reservoir of novel chemical entities. Sessile marine organisms such as sponges produce a wide range of complex secondary metabolites, many of these with potent biological activity engineered for chemical defense. That such compounds exert dynamic effects outside of their native context is perhaps not surprising, and the realm of marine natural products has attracted considerable attention as a largely untapped repository of potential candidates for drug development. Only a handful of the more than 15 000 marine natural products that have been isolated to date have advanced to the clinic, and more are to be expected. The rich chemical information encoded in the intricate three-dimensional structures of many marine natural products facilitates highly discriminating interactions with cell signaling pathways, and especially within cancer cells such nuanced effects offer an exciting opportunity for the development of targeted therapies that lack the side effects and general toxicity of conventional chemotherapeutics. The isomalabaricanes are a rare class of marine triterpenoids that have been hailed as promising cytotoxic lead compounds for the treatment of cancer, and they have attracted a flurry of excitement from researchers because of their potent cytotoxicity in certain human cancer cell lines along with a range of other antineoplastic effects. Most notably, their inhibitory activity is highly cell-selective, characterized by large deviations from their mean GI50 concentrations across 3 orders of magnitude in the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines screen, suggesting mechanistic specificity rather than general and unbridled toxicity. Despite these auspicious preliminary reports, the isomalabaricane scaffold remains largely unexplored as a potential anticancer lead because of lack of material. This Account describes our recent efforts to develop a general, modular synthesis of the isomalabaricanes, as exemplified by the successful total syntheses of rhabdastrellic acid A, stelletin E, and stelletin A. The unorthodox trans-syn-trans configuration of their perhydrobenz[e]indene core severely circumscribes the synthetic methods available for its construction and required several generations of strategy to assemble. Ultimately, a series of unconventional transformations were identified that were capable of building this highly strained motif, and the syntheses of rhabdastrellic acid A and stelletin E were completed in racemic fashion. Subsequently, a second-generation approach to these natural products was developed, rendering the synthesis enantioselective as well as providing access to stelletin A. These synthetic efforts were greatly assisted by computational techniques such as 13C NMR prediction, which enabled structural assignments of hydrocarbon diastereomers, as well as relaxed surface scan conformational analysis, which informed a campaign for directed hydrogenation of an alkene. High-throughput experimentation methods were brought to bear during optimization of a late-stage Suzuki coupling on stelletin A. Finally, preliminary structure-activity relationship studies in glioblastoma and nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines were conducted on stelletin A, revealing that the singular trans-syn-trans perhydrobenz[e]indene core is essential for the cytotoxic activity of the isomalabaricane triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Huck
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yaroslav D. Boyko
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gonçalves Pereira RC, Gontijo Evangelista FC, Dos Santos Júnior VS, de Paula Sabino A, Gonçalves Maltarollo V, de Freitas RP, Pains Duarte L. Cytotoxic Activity of Triterpenoids from Cheiloclinium cognatum Branches against Chronic and Acute Leukemia Cell Lines. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000773. [PMID: 33108694 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C.Sm. is an endemic species of Brazilian Cerrado that belongs to Celastraceae family. The phytochemical study of C. cognatum branches led to the identification of ten triterpenoids (TPs), 3β-acyloxyurs-12-ene (1), friedelin (2), β-friedelinol (3), glut-5-en-3β-ol (4), α-amyrin (5), β-amyrin (6), β-sitosterol (7), canophyllol (8), 29-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one (9) and friedelane-3β,29-diol (10). TPs 4, 5 and 6 are described for the first Cheiloclinium genus and TPs 8 and 9 were isolated in expressive amounts. Their cytotoxic activities were evaluated against THP-1 and K562 leukemia cell lines. TPs 3 and 5 were the most active, exhibiting lower or similar IC50 against both cell lines when compared to the controls. Their mechanisms of action were investigated suggesting an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis evidenced by up-regulation of BAK mRNA expression. Chemometric studies indicated that their activities may be related to their molecular size and shape as well as electronic interactions of C-3 hydroxy group with molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael César Gonçalves Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Gontijo Evangelista
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| | - Valtair Severino Dos Santos Júnior
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| | - Rossimiriam Pereira de Freitas
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| | - Lucienir Pains Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo H, Wang H, Huo YX. Engineering Critical Enzymes and Pathways for Improved Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2214-2227. [PMID: 32786348 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids represent a diverse group of phytochemicals that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have many biological activities. The heterologous production of triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been successfully implemented by introducing various triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways. By engineering related enzymes as well as through yeast metabolism, the yield of various triterpenoids is significantly improved from the milligram per liter scale to the gram per liter scale. This achievement demonstrates that engineering critical enzymes is considered a potential strategy to overcome the main hurdles of the industrial application of these potent natural products. Here, we review strategies for designing enzymes to improve the yield of triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae in terms of three main aspects: 1, elevating the supply of the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene; 2, optimizing triterpenoid-involved reactions; and 3, lowering the competition of the native sterol pathway. Then, we provide challenges and prospects for further enhancing triterpenoid production in S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu S, Zhang F, Xiong W, Molnár I, Liang J, Ji A, Li Y, Wang C, Wang S, Liu Z, Wu R, Duan L. An Unexpected Oxidosqualene Cyclase Active Site Architecture in the Iris tectorum Multifunctional α-Amyrin Synthase. ACS Catal 2020; 10:9515-9520. [PMID: 34306805 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ordered polycyclization catalyzed by oxidosqualene synthases (OSCs) morph a common linear precursor into structurally complex and diverse triterpene scaffolds with varied bioactivities. We identified three OSCs from Iris tectorum. ItOSC2 is a rare multifunctional α-amyrin synthase. Sequence comparisons, site-directed mutagenesis and multiscale simulations revealed that three spatially clustered residues, Y531/L256/L258 form an unusual Y-LL triad at the active site, replacing the highly conserved W-xY triad occurring in other amyrin synthases. The discovery of this unprecedented active site architecture in ItOSC2 underscores the plasticity of terpene cyclase catalytic mechanisms and opens new avenues for protein engineering towards custom designed OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shidan Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Xiong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - István Molnár
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Jincai Liang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Aijia Ji
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Material Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Shengliang Wang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 999078, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shinozaki J, Ohtake M, Sato M, Ono K, Kamiyama S. Molecular basis of triterpene-based chemophenetics in ferns. PLANTA 2020; 251:78. [PMID: 32157441 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A hypothesis that squalene cyclase genes are widely distributed throughout ferns was proposed. We successfully isolated a squalene cyclase pseudogene from a fern from which no triterpene hydrocarbons were detected Ferns are the most primitive vascular plants, with their locations ranging from tropical to cold temperate regions and from lowland to alpine zones. The triterpene hydrocarbons and their derivatives are characteristic fern metabolites, and are also chemophenetic markers. Recently, our biosynthetic study into fern squalene cyclases (SCs), the enzymes responsible for triterpene synthesis, gave an unexpected inconsistency between genotype (enzyme function) and chemotype (triterpene profile). This finding prompted us to propose a hypothesis that SC genes are widely distributed throughout ferns and lycophytes whether or not they produce triterpene hydrocarbons. To test this hypothesis, we employed a multifaceted approach based on phytochemical, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses. As anticipated, we successfully isolated two SC pseudogenes from a fern from in which no or only one triterpene hydrocarbon was detected. Subsequent mutagenesis experiments resulted in the functional conversion of these pseudogenes into active SC genes. Given an auxiliary hypothesis regarding the inherent limit of the degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, the overall dataset supported our hypothesis, although correction was required with respect to plant coverage. Not only did the corrected hypothesis outline the distribution of SC genes throughout ferns, it provided insight into the molecular basis of the triterpene-based chemophenetics in ferns, which is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Shinozaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Ohtake
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Mami Sato
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ono
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kamiyama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Subramanian M, Marudhamuthu M. Hitherto Unknown Terpene Synthase Organization in Taxol-Producing Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Marine Macroalgae. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:918-923. [PMID: 31970484 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Taxol is a successful anti-cancer drug, which extensively studied in Taxus spp. However, microbial endophytes also reported as taxol producers, and especially fungal endophytes extensively studied for the taxol biosynthesis pathway. Although it was well considered, the taxol biosynthesis pathway remains undisclosed since its discovery in bacteria. To decipher this gap, we isolated and identified the endophytic bacteria such as Bacillus flexus strain DMTMMB08, Bacillus licheniformis strain DMTMMB10, and Oceanobacillus picturae strain DMTMMB24, which are unprecedented for taxol production. Subsequently, the genome annotation of these bacteria exhibited the isoprene biosynthesis pathway and terpene synthase profile. Feasibly, this is the very first report on taxol-producing endophytic bacteria from the non-Taxus host and solitary investigation on its genome analysis. The genomic insight into the bacterial system for taxol biosynthesis leads to understanding the terpene synthesis and evolution. This piece of work could expand our perception of the diversity of terpenes and their related natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mugesh Subramanian
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugan Marudhamuthu
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated cascade reactions are widespread in biosynthesis. To facilitate comparison with the mechanistic categorizations of cascade reactions by synthetic chemists and delineate the common underlying chemistry, we discuss four types of enzymatic cascade reactions: those involving nucleophilic, electrophilic, pericyclic, and radical reactions. Two subtypes of enzymes that generate radical cascades exist at opposite ends of the oxygen abundance spectrum. Iron-based enzymes use O2 to generate high valent iron-oxo species to homolyze unactivated C-H bonds in substrates to initiate skeletal rearrangements. At anaerobic end, enzymes reversibly cleave S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to generate the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical as a powerful oxidant to initiate C-H bond homolysis in bound substrates. The latter enzymes are termed radical SAM enzymes. We categorize the former as "thwarted oxygenases".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (CheM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang AC, Jiang T, Liu YX, Bai YC, Reed J, Qu B, Goossens A, Nützmann HW, Bai Y, Osbourn A. A specialized metabolic network selectively modulates Arabidopsis root microbiota. Science 2019; 364:364/6440/eaau6389. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites have ecological functions, yet the presence of numerous uncharacterized biosynthetic genes in plant genomes suggests that many molecules remain unknown. We discovered a triterpene biosynthetic network in the roots of the small mustard plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Collectively, we have elucidated and reconstituted three divergent pathways for the biosynthesis of root triterpenes, namely thalianin (seven steps), thalianyl medium-chain fatty acid esters (three steps), and arabidin (five steps). A. thaliana mutants disrupted in the biosynthesis of these compounds have altered root microbiota. In vitro bioassays with purified compounds reveal selective growth modulation activities of pathway metabolites toward root microbiota members and their biochemical transformation and utilization by bacteria, supporting a role for this biosynthetic network in shaping an Arabidopsis-specific root microbial community.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun W, Qin L, Xue H, Yu Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Li C. Novel trends for producing plant triterpenoids in yeast. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:618-632. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1608503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haijie Xue
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Ma
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Müller B, Fuchs L, Vorwerk K, Unland K, Bröker JN, Scherer E, Huber C, Eisenreich W, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. The enzymes OSC1 and CYP716A263 produce a high variety of triterpenoids in the latex of Taraxacum koksaghyz. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5942. [PMID: 30976052 PMCID: PMC6459903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Only very little is known about the resin composition of natural rubber from the dandelion species Taraxacum koksaghyz, thus its full characterization could provide new insights into how the isoprenoid end-products influence the physical properties of natural rubber, and this resin might be a good source of highly diverse triterpenoids. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the triterpenoid composition in an acetone extract and identified 13 triterpenes and triterpenoids also including the so far unknown pentacyclic compounds lup-19(21)-en-3-ol (1) and its ketone lup-19(21)-en-3-one (2). We purified single triterpenes from the acetone extract by developing a two-step HPLC system that is adapted to the structural differences of the described triterpenoids. Furthermore, we isolated six different oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and two P450 enzymes, and we functionally characterized TkOSC1 and CYP716A263 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in detail. TkOSC1 is a multifunctional OSC that was capable of synthesizing at least four of the latex-predominant pentacyclic triterpenes (taraxasterol, α-, β-amyrin and lup-19(21)-en-3-ol) while CYP716A263 oxidized pentacyclic triterpenes at the C-3 position. The identified enzymes responsible for biosynthesis and modification of pentacyclic triterpenes in T. koksaghyz latex may represent excellent tools for bioengineering approaches to produce pentacyclic triterpenes heterologously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Pütter
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Fuchs
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Vorwerk
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Bröker
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Emely Scherer
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Forestier E, Romero-Segura C, Pateraki I, Centeno E, Compagnon V, Preiss M, Berna A, Boronat A, Bach TJ, Darnet S, Schaller H. Distinct triterpene synthases in the laticifers of Euphorbia lathyris. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4840. [PMID: 30886213 PMCID: PMC6423090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia lathyris was proposed about fifty years ago as a potential agroenergetic crop. The tremendous amounts of triterpenes present in its latex has driven investigations for transforming this particular biological fluid into an industrial hydrocarbon source. The huge accumulation of terpenes in the latex of many plant species represent a challenging question regarding cellular homeostasis. In fact, the enzymes, the mechanisms and the controllers that tune the amount of products accumulated in specialized compartments (to fulfill ecological roles) or deposited at important sites (as essential factors) are not known. Here, we have isolated oxidosqualene cyclases highly expressed in the latex of Euphorbia lathyris. This triterpene biosynthetic machinery is made of distinct paralogous enzymes responsible for the massive accumulation of steroidal and non-steroidal tetracyclic triterpenes. More than eighty years after the isolation of butyrospermol from shea butter (Heilbronn IM, Moffet GL, and Spring FS J. Chem. Soc. 1934, 1583), a butyrospermol synthase is characterized in this work using yeast and in folia heterologous expression assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Forestier
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Carmen Romero-Segura
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Centeno
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Compagnon
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Myriam Preiss
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Anne Berna
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Albert Boronat
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Sylvain Darnet
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giner JL. Batatasenol, a Major Triterpenol from Sweet Potato Skins. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800439. [PMID: 30716207 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potatoes (the tuber of Ipomoea batatas) are a major food crop globally. The sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) is a serious pest of this important crop. The triterpenol, boehmerol, has previously been found in the skin of the tuber where, as its acetate ester, it has been shown to signal oviposition by the weevil. A new triterpenol, batatasenol, was identified in two varieties of sweet potatoes, 'Covington' and 'Purple Stokes'. In the 'Covington' variety, batatasenol was practically the only triterpenol present in the skins. In the 'Purple Stokes' variety, batatasenol was present along with boehmerol and several minor triterpenols. Based on the structures of the co-occurring compounds, it is proposed that their biosynthesis involves an epoxysqualene cyclase which can carry out both all-chair and B-boat cyclizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Giner
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York - ESF, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vattekkatte A, Garms S, Brandt W, Boland W. Enhanced structural diversity in terpenoid biosynthesis: enzymes, substrates and cofactors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:348-362. [PMID: 29296983 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of terpenes found in nature is generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases, or cyclases. Some are also known for their ability to convert a single substrate into multiple products. This review comprises monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases that are multiproduct in nature along with the regulation factors that can alter the product specificity of multiproduct terpene synthases without genetic mutations. Variations in specific assay conditions with focus on shifts in product specificity based on change in metal cofactors, assay pH and substrate geometry are described. Alterations in these simple cellular conditions provide the organism with enhanced chemodiversity without investing into new enzymatic architecture. This versatility to modulate product diversity grants organisms, especially immobile ones like plants with access to an enhanced defensive repertoire by simply altering cofactors, pH level and substrate geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (CheM-H)Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and BiomedicineScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aminfar Z, Tohidfar M. In silico analysis of squalene synthase in Fabaceae family using bioinformatics tools. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2019; 16:739-747. [PMID: 30733795 PMCID: PMC6353760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds, which are used for possessing of many biomedical and pharmaceutical products. Generally, squalene synthase (SQS) is defined as an emerging and essential branch point enzyme far from the major pathway of isoprenoids biosynthetic and a latent adjusting point, which manages carbon flux into triterpenes biosynthesis and sterols. The present study deals with the detailed characterization of SQS by bioinformatics approaches to evaluate physicochemical properties, structural characteristics including secondary and 3D structure prediction and functional analysis from eight plants related to Fabaceae family and Arabidopsis thaliana. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SQS proteins have two transmembrane regions in the C-terminal. The predicted motifs were used to design universal degenerate primers for PCR analysis and other molecular applications. Phylogenetic analysis showed conserved regions at different stretches with maximum homology in amino acid residues within all SQSs. The secondary structure prediction results showed that the amino acid sequence of all squalene synthases had α helix and random coil as the main components. The reliability of the received model was confirmed using the ProSA and RAMPAGE programs. Determining of active site by CASTp proposes the possibility of using this protein as probable medication target. The findings of the present study may be useful for further assessments on characterization and cloning of squalene synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aminfar
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University, Guilan, Iran
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ueda D, Matsugane S, Okamoto W, Hashimoto M, Sato T. A Non-Enzymatic Pathway with Superoxide in Intracellular Terpenoid Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Saori Matsugane
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signal Transduction; College of Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ueda D, Matsugane S, Okamoto W, Hashimoto M, Sato T. A Non-Enzymatic Pathway with Superoxide in Intracellular Terpenoid Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10347-10351. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Saori Matsugane
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signal Transduction; College of Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan City 704-56 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jin J, Moore MK, Wilson WK, Matsuda SPT. Astertarone A Synthase from Chinese Cabbage Does Not Produce the C4-Epimer: Mechanistic Insights. Org Lett 2018; 20:1802-1805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Biogenetic Relationships of Bioactive Sponge Merotriterpenoids. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090285. [PMID: 28891968 PMCID: PMC5618424 DOI: 10.3390/md15090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone meroterpenoids, especially those derived from marine sponges, display a wide range of biological activities. However, use of these compounds is limited by their inaccessibility; there is no sustainable supply of these compounds. Furthermore, our knowledge of their metabolic origin remains completely unstudied. In this review, an in depth structural analysis of sponge merotriterpenoids, including the adociasulfate family of kinesin motor protein inhibitors, provides insight into their biosynthesis. Several key structural features provide clues to the relationships between compounds. All adociasulfates appear to be derived from only four different hydroquinone hexaprenyl diphosphate precursors, each varying in the number and position of epoxidations. Proton-initiated cyclization of these precursors can lead to all carbon skeletons observed amongst sponge merotriterpenoids. Consideration of the enzymes involved in the proposed biosynthetic route suggests a bacterial source, and a hypothetical gene cluster was constructed that may facilitate discovery of the authentic pathway from the sponge metagenome. A similar rationale can be extended to other sponge meroterpenoids, for which no biosynthetic pathways have yet been identified.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bag BG, Hasan SN, Pongpamorn P, Thasana N. First Hierarchical Self-Assembly of a Seco-Triterpenoid α-Onocerin Yielding Supramolecular Architectures. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Braja Gopal Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore 721102 India
| | - Sk Nurul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore 721102 India
| | - Pornkanok Pongpamorn
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute; Chemical Biology Program Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Laksi; Bangkok 10210 Thailand
| | - Nopporn Thasana
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute; Chemical Biology Program Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Laksi; Bangkok 10210 Thailand
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi; Bangkok 10210 Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE; Ministry of Education; Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bag BG, Majumdar R. Self-assembly of Renewable Nano-sized Triterpenoids. CHEM REC 2017; 17:841-873. [PMID: 28195390 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Braja Gopal Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar Univesity; Midnapore 721102, West Bengal India
| | - Rakhi Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar Univesity; Midnapore 721102, West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Speck K, Wildermuth R, Magauer T. Convergent Assembly of the Tetracyclic Meroterpenoid (−)-Cyclosmenospongine by a Non-Biomimetic Polyene Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Speck
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Raphael Wildermuth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Speck K, Wildermuth R, Magauer T. Convergent Assembly of the Tetracyclic Meroterpenoid (-)-Cyclosmenospongine by a Non-Biomimetic Polyene Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14131-14135. [PMID: 27730742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cationic cyclization of polyenes constitutes a powerful and elegant transformation, which has been utilized by nature's biosynthetic machinery for the construction of complex polycyclic terpenoids. Previous studies by chemists to mimic this cyclization in the laboratory were limited to different modes of activation using biosynthetic-like precursors, which accommodate only simple methyl-derived substituents. Here we describe the development of an unprecedented and highly efficient polyene cyclization of an aryl enol ether containing substrate. The cyclization was shown to proceed in a stepwise manner to generate three rings and three consecutive stereocenters, two of which are tetrasubstituted, in a single flask. The developed transformation is of great synthetic value and has enabled the convergent assembly of the tetracyclic meroterpenoid (-)-cyclosmenospongine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Speck
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Wildermuth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Andre CM, Legay S, Deleruelle A, Nieuwenhuizen N, Punter M, Brendolise C, Cooney JM, Lateur M, Hausman J, Larondelle Y, Laing WA. Multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclases and cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of apple fruit triterpenic acids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1279-94. [PMID: 27214242 PMCID: PMC5089662 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus × domestica) accumulates bioactive ursane-, oleanane-, and lupane-type triterpenes in its fruit cuticle, but their biosynthetic pathway is still poorly understood. We used a homology-based approach to identify and functionally characterize two new oxidosqualene cyclases (MdOSC4 and MdOSC5) and one cytochrome P450 (CYP716A175). The gene expression patterns of these enzymes and of previously described oxidosqualene cyclases were further studied in 20 apple cultivars with contrasting triterpene profiles. MdOSC4 encodes a multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclase producing an oleanane-type triterpene, putatively identified as germanicol, as well as β-amyrin and lupeol, in the proportion 82 : 14 : 4. MdOSC5 cyclizes 2,3-oxidosqualene into lupeol and β-amyrin at a ratio of 95 : 5. CYP716A175 catalyses the C-28 oxidation of α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol and germanicol, producing ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, and putatively morolic acid. The gene expression of MdOSC1 was linked to the concentrations of ursolic and oleanolic acid, whereas the expression of MdOSC5 was correlated with the concentrations of betulinic acid and its caffeate derivatives. Two new multifuntional triterpene synthases as well as a multifunctional triterpene C-28 oxidase were identified in Malus × domestica. This study also suggests that MdOSC1 and MdOSC5 are key genes in apple fruit triterpene biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M. Andre
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Amélie Deleruelle
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
- Institut des Sciences de la VieUCLouvainB‐1348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Niels Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Matthew Punter
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Janine M. Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedRuakuraHamilton3240New Zealand
| | - Marc Lateur
- Walloon Agricultural Research CentreRue de LirouxB‐5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - Jean‐François Hausman
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institut des Sciences de la VieUCLouvainB‐1348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - William A. Laing
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rudolf JD, Dong LB, Cao H, Hatzos-Skintges C, Osipiuk J, Endres M, Chang CY, Ma M, Babnigg G, Joachimiak A, Phillips GN, Shen B. Structure of the ent-Copalyl Diphosphate Synthase PtmT2 from Streptomyces platensis CB00739, a Bacterial Type II Diterpene Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10905-15. [PMID: 27490479 PMCID: PMC5013971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products found in nature, yet their presence in bacteria is underappreciated. The carbon skeletons of terpenoids are generated through carbocation-dependent cyclization cascades catalyzed by terpene synthases (TSs). Type I and type II TSs initiate cyclization via diphosphate ionization and protonation, respectively, and protein structures of both types are known. Most plant diterpene synthases (DTSs) possess three α-helical domains (αβγ), which are thought to have arisen from the fusion of discrete, ancestral bacterial type I TSs (α) and type II TSs (βγ). Type II DTSs of bacterial origin, of which there are no structurally characterized members, are a missing piece in the structural evolution of TSs. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a type II DTS from bacteria. PtmT2 from Streptomyces platensis CB00739 was verified as an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase involved in the biosynthesis of platensimycin and platencin. The crystal structure of PtmT2 was solved at a resolution of 1.80 Å, and docking studies suggest the catalytically active conformation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed residues involved in binding the diphosphate moiety of GGPP and identified DxxxxE as a potential Mg(2+)-binding motif for type II DTSs of bacterial origin. Finally, both the shape and physicochemical properties of the active sites are responsible for determining specific catalytic outcomes of TSs. The structure of PtmT2 fundamentally advances the knowledge of bacterial TSs, their mechanisms, and their role in the evolution of TSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hongnan Cao
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Catherine Hatzos-Skintges
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jerzy Osipiuk
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael Endres
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,Natural Products Library Initiative, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Purino M, Ardiles AE, Callies O, Jiménez IA, Bazzocchi IL. Montecrinanes A–C: Triterpenes with an Unprecedented Rearranged Tetracyclic Skeleton from
Celastrus vulcanicola
. Insights into Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Based on DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2016; 22:7582-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Purino
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” and Departamento de Química Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Alejandro E. Ardiles
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” and Departamento de Química Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Las Palmeras 3425 Ñuñoa, Santiago Chile
| | - Oliver Callies
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” and Departamento de Química Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Ignacio A. Jiménez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” and Departamento de Química Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Isabel L. Bazzocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” and Departamento de Química Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tian Y, Xu X, Zhang L, Qu J. Tetraphenylphosphonium Tetrafluoroborate/1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (Ph4PBF4/HFIP) Effecting Epoxide-Initiated Cation–Olefin Polycyclizations. Org Lett 2016; 18:268-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tian
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hoshino T, Miyahara Y, Hanaoka M, Takahashi K, Kaneko I. β-Amyrin Biosynthesis: The Methyl-30 Group of (3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene Is More Critical to Its Correct Folding To Generate the Pentacyclic Scaffold than the Methyl-24 Group. Chemistry 2015; 21:15769-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
47
|
Mehta AP, Abdelwahed SH, Fenwick MK, Hazra AB, Taga ME, Zhang Y, Ealick SE, Begley TP. Anaerobic 5-Hydroxybenzimidazole Formation from Aminoimidazole Ribotide: An Unanticipated Intersection of Thiamin and Vitamin B₁₂ Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10444-7. [PMID: 26237670 PMCID: PMC4753784 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomics of the bacterial thiamin pyrimidine synthase (thiC) revealed a paralogue of thiC (bzaF) clustered with anaerobic vitamin B12 biosynthetic genes. Here we demonstrate that BzaF is a radical S-adenosylmethionine enzyme that catalyzes the remarkable conversion of aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) to 5-hydroxybenzimidazole (5-HBI). We identify the origin of key product atoms and propose a reaction mechanism. These studies represent the first step in solving a long-standing problem in anaerobic vitamin B12 assembly and reveal an unanticipated intersection of thiamin and vitamin B12 biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angad P. Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Sameh H. Abdelwahed
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
- herapeutic chemistry department, National research center, Dokki, Cario, Egypt
| | - Michael K. Fenwick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 120 Baker Lab, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Amrita B. Hazra
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michiko E. Taga
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 120 Baker Lab, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Steven E. Ealick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 120 Baker Lab, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Tadhg P. Begley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Large-Scale Evolutionary Analysis of Genes and Supergene Clusters from Terpenoid Modular Pathways Provides Insights into Metabolic Diversification in Flowering Plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128808. [PMID: 26046541 PMCID: PMC4457800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An important component of plant evolution is the plethora of pathways producing more than 200,000 biochemically diverse specialized metabolites with pharmacological, nutritional and ecological significance. To unravel dynamics underlying metabolic diversification, it is critical to determine lineage-specific gene family expansion in a phylogenomics framework. However, robust functional annotation is often only available for core enzymes catalyzing committed reaction steps within few model systems. In a genome informatics approach, we extracted information from early-draft gene-space assemblies and non-redundant transcriptomes to identify protein families involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Isoprenoids comprise terpenoids with various roles in plant-environment interaction, such as pollinator attraction or pathogen defense. Combining lines of evidence provided by synteny, sequence homology and Hidden-Markov-Modelling, we screened 17 genomes including 12 major crops and found evidence for 1,904 proteins associated with terpenoid biosynthesis. Our terpenoid genes set contains evidence for 840 core terpene-synthases and 338 triterpene-specific synthases. We further identified 190 prenyltransferases, 39 isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerases as well as 278 and 219 proteins involved in mevalonate and methylerithrol pathways, respectively. Assessing the impact of gene and genome duplication to lineage-specific terpenoid pathway expansion, we illustrated key events underlying terpenoid metabolic diversification within 250 million years of flowering plant radiation. By quantifying Angiosperm-wide versatility and phylogenetic relationships of pleiotropic gene families in terpenoid modular pathways, our analysis offers significant insight into evolutionary dynamics underlying diversification of plant secondary metabolism. Furthermore, our data provide a blueprint for future efforts to identify and more rapidly clone terpenoid biosynthetic genes from any plant species.
Collapse
|
49
|
Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Characterisation of two oxidosqualene cyclases responsible for triterpenoid biosynthesis in Ilex asprella. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3564-78. [PMID: 25664861 PMCID: PMC4346913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilex asprella, a plant widely used as a folk herbal drug in southern China, produces and stores a large amount of triterpenoid saponins, most of which are of the α-amyrin type. In this study, two oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) cDNAs, IaAS1 and IaAS2, were cloned from the I. asprella root. Functional characterisation was performed by heterologous expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of the resulting products by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that both genes encode a mixed amyrin synthase, producing α-amyrin and β-amyrin at different ratios. IaAS1, which mainly produces α-amyrin, is the second triterpene synthase so far identified in which the level of α-amyrin produced is ≥80% of total amyrin production. By contrast, IaAS2 mainly synthesises β-amyrin, with a yield of 95%. Gene expression patterns of these two amyrin synthases in roots and leaves of I. asprella were found to be consistent with the content patterns of total saponins. Finally, phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment of the two amyrin synthases against several known OSCs from other plants were conducted to further elucidate their evolutionary relationship.
Collapse
|