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Pellaers E, Denis A, Debyser Z. New latency-promoting agents for a block-and-lock functional cure strategy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:95-101. [PMID: 38457209 PMCID: PMC10990034 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Currently, HIV-infected patients are treated with antiretroviral therapy. However, when the treatment is interrupted, viral rebound occurs from latently infected cells. Therefore, scientists aim to develop an HIV-1 cure which eradicates or permanently silences the latent reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Previously, scientists focused on the shock-and-kill cure strategy, which aims to eradicate the latent reservoir using latency-reactivating agents. Limited success shifts the interest towards the block-and-lock cure approach, which aims to achieve a functional cure by "blocking" HIV-1 transcription and "locking" the provirus in a deep latent state, resistant to treatment-interruption. In this strategy, latency promoting agents are used to induce transcriptional silencing and alter the epigenetics environment at the HIV promotor. SUMMARY For the block-and-lock cure strategy to succeed more investigation into the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of HIV-1 gene expression is necessary to design optimal latency-promoting agents. In this review, we will discuss the latency promoting agents that have been described in literature during the past 2 years (2022-2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pellaers
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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2
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Reese PB. Remote functionalization reactions in steroids: discovery and application. Steroids 2024; 204:109362. [PMID: 38278283 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Research published between 2001 and 2022 on the functionalization of remote positions of steroids, as well as the use of this technique in the generation of biologically active compounds has been reviewed. In the first section of the analysis established and novel methods for activation of sites deemed to be remote were reported. A series of manganese- (mainly), rhodium-, ruthenium- and osmium-centered porphyrins as catalysts in the presence of PIDA as oxidant have effected hydroxylation at C-1, -5, -6, -7, -11, -14, -15, -16, -17, -20, -24 and -25. Dioxiranes have been utilized in inserting hydroxyl groups at the 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24 and 25 positions (tertiary centers for the most part). Alcohols at C-12 and -16 were oxidized further to ketones. The Schönecker oxidation, discovered and developed during the period, has revolutionized the selective functionalization at C-12 of steroids possessing a 17-keto group. In the presence of iron-centered PDP- and MCP-based catalysts, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, substrates tended to be hydroxylated at C-6 and -12, with further oxidation to ketones often accompanying this reaction. The hypohalite reaction, utilizing the more modern Suarez conditions (irradiation in the presence of iodine and PIDA), was reported to facilitate the insertion of a hydroxyl moiety five atoms away from an existing alcohol oxygen. Steroidal-3β-diazoacetates tend to decompose on heating with di-rhodium-centered catalysts while activating carbons four or five atoms away. Chromium- and iron-based acetates were observed to functionalize C-5 and -25. Other reactions involving ring cleavage and halogenation, ketone irradiation and α-hydroxylation of ethers were also covered. The syntheses of compounds with marked biological activity from readily available steroids is described in the second section of the study. Cyclopamine, cephalostatin-1, ritterazine B and three polyhydroxypregnanaes (pergularin, utendin and tomentogenin) were generated in sequences in which a key step required hydroxylation at C-12 using the Schönecker reaction. A crucial stage in the preparation of cortistatin A, the saundersioside core, eurysterol A, 5,6-dihydroglaucogenin C, as well as clinostatins A and B involved the functionalization of C-18 or -19 utilizing hypohalite chemistry. The synthetic route to xestobergsterol A, pavonin-4-aglycone and ouagabagenin included a transformation where ketone irradiation played a part in either producing a Δ14 or a C-19 activated steroid. The radical relay reaction, where a 17α-chloro-steroid was formed, was central in the generation of pythocholic acid. The lead tetraacetate reaction was pivotal in the functionalization of C-19 during the synthesis of cyclocitrinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Reese
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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3
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Horvath RM, Brumme ZL, Sadowski I. CDK8 inhibitors antagonize HIV-1 reactivation and promote provirus latency in T cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092323. [PMID: 37671866 PMCID: PMC10537590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV-1 provirus represents the barrier toward a cure for infection and is dependent upon the host RNA Polymerase (Pol) II machinery for reemergence. Here, we find that inhibitors of the RNA Pol II mediator kinases CDK8/19, Senexin A and BRD6989, inhibit induction of HIV-1 expression in response to latency-reversing agents and T cell signaling agonists. These inhibitors were found to impair recruitment of RNA Pol II to the HIV-1 LTR. Furthermore, HIV-1 expression in response to several latency reversal agents was impaired upon disruption of CDK8 by shRNA or gene knockout. However, the effects of CDK8 depletion did not entirely mimic CDK8/19 kinase inhibition suggesting that the mediator kinases are not functionally redundant. Additionally, treatment of CD4+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from people living with HIV-1 and who are receiving antiretroviral therapy with Senexin A inhibited induction of viral replication in response to T cell stimulation by PMA and ionomycin. These observations indicate that the mediator kinases, CDK8 and CDK19, play a significant role for regulation of HIV-1 transcription and that small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes may contribute to therapies designed to promote deep latency involving the durable suppression of provirus expression. IMPORTANCE A cure for HIV-1 infection will require novel therapies that can force elimination of cells that contain copies of the virus genome inserted into the cell chromosome, but which is shut off, or silenced. These are known as latently-infected cells, which represent the main reason why current treatment for HIV/AIDS cannot cure the infection because the virus in these cells is unaffected by current drugs. Our results indicate that chemical inhibitors of Cdk8 also inhibit the expression of latent HIV provirus. Cdk8 is an important enzyme that regulates the expression of genes in response to signals to which cells need to respond and which is produced by a gene that is frequently mutated in cancers. Our observations indicate that Cdk8 inhibitors may be employed in novel therapies to prevent expression from latent provirus, which might eventually enable infected individuals to cease treatment with antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M. Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mediouni S, Lyu S, Schader SM, Valente ST. Forging a Functional Cure for HIV: Transcription Regulators and Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 14:1980. [PMID: 36146786 PMCID: PMC9502519 DOI: 10.3390/v14091980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases the survival of HIV-infected individuals, yet it is not curative. The major barrier to finding a definitive cure for HIV is our inability to identify and eliminate long-lived cells containing the dormant provirus, termed viral reservoir. When ART is interrupted, the viral reservoir ensures heterogenous and stochastic HIV viral gene expression, which can reseed infection back to pre-ART levels. While strategies to permanently eradicate the virus have not yet provided significant success, recent work has focused on the management of this residual viral reservoir to effectively limit comorbidities associated with the ongoing viral transcription still observed during suppressive ART, as well as limit the need for daily ART. Our group has been at the forefront of exploring the viability of the block-and-lock remission approach, focused on the long-lasting epigenetic block of viral transcription such that without daily ART, there is no risk of viral rebound, transmission, or progression to AIDS. Numerous studies have reported inhibitors of both viral and host factors required for HIV transcriptional activation. Here, we highlight and review some of the latest HIV transcriptional inhibitor discoveries that may be leveraged for the clinical exploration of block-and-lock and revolutionize the way we treat HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Shuang Lyu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Susan M. Schader
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Susana T. Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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5
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Zhu LC, Yang DL, Shi Y. Synthesis of 5α,6-Dihydroveragranines A and B. Org Lett 2022; 24:5825-5828. [PMID: 35920688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 5α,6-dihydro congeners of veragranines A and B, two steroidal alkaloids with an unprecedented hexacyclic skeleton and potent analgesic effects, were synthesized from hecogenin acetate within six steps. This work enables quick access to the hexacyclic skeleton and is amendable to prepare other D-ring-modified congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chao Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Dong-Li Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yong Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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6
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Mori L, Valente ST. Cure and Long-Term Remission Strategies. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2407:391-428. [PMID: 34985678 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of virally suppressed individuals will experience rapid viral rebound upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption, providing a strong rationale for the development of cure strategies. Moreover, despite ART virological control, HIV infection is still associated with chronic immune activation, inflammation, comorbidities, and accelerated aging. These effects are believed to be due, in part, to low-grade persistent transcription and trickling production of viral proteins from the pool of latent proviruses constituting the viral reservoir. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in developing what has been termed a functional cure for HIV. This approach entails the long-term, durable control of viral expression in the absence of therapy, preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of detectable integrated proviruses. One such strategy, the block-and-lock approach for a functional cure, proposes the epigenetic silencing of proviral expression, locking the virus in a profound latent state, from which reactivation is very unlikely. The proof-of-concept for this approach was demonstrated with the use of a specific small molecule targeting HIV transcription. Here we review the principles behind the block-and-lock approach and some of the additional strategies proposed to silence HIV expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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7
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Taillemaud S, Charette AB. Spectroscopic Characterization of Heterohalogenic Dihalomethylzinc Carbenoids: Application to a More Efficient Chlorocyclopropanation Reaction. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Taillemaud
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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8
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Wang Y, Tian H, Gui J. Gram-Scale Synthesis of Bufospirostenin A by a Biomimetic Skeletal Rearrangement Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19576-19586. [PMID: 34762408 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bufospirostenin A, which was the first spirostanol to be isolated from an animal, possesses an unprecedented 5/7/6/5/5/6 hexacyclic framework. Herein, we report two biomimetic syntheses of this natural product in just seven or nine steps from a readily available steroidal lactone. Key features of the syntheses include a photosantonin rearrangement and a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement for rapid construction of the rearranged A/B ring system, as well as a cobalt-mediated olefin hydroselenylation and a selenide E2 reaction to accomplish a challenging olefin transposition. Our syntheses provide experimental support for the biogenetic pathway to 5(10→1)abeo-steroids that we have proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, China
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9
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Arnett A, Moo KG, Flynn KJ, Sundberg TB, Johannessen L, Shamji AF, Gray NS, Decker T, Zheng Y, Gersuk VH, Rahman ZS, Levy DE, Marié IJ, Linsley PS, Xavier RJ, Khor B. The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) Inhibitor DCA Promotes a Tolerogenic Chemical Immunophenotype in CD4 + T Cells via a Novel CDK8-GATA3-FOXP3 Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0008521. [PMID: 34124936 PMCID: PMC8384069 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00085-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune health requires innate and adaptive immune cells to engage precisely balanced pro- and anti-inflammatory forces. We employ the concept of chemical immunophenotypes to classify small molecules functionally or mechanistically according to their patterns of effects on primary innate and adaptive immune cells. The high-specificity, low-toxicity cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) inhibitor 16-didehydro-cortistatin A (DCA) exerts a distinct tolerogenic profile in both innate and adaptive immune cells. DCA promotes regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th2 differentiation while inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation in both murine and human cells. This unique chemical immunophenotype led to mechanistic studies showing that DCA promotes Treg differentiation in part by regulating a previously undescribed CDK8-GATA3-FOXP3 pathway that regulates early pathways of Foxp3 expression. These results highlight previously unappreciated links between Treg and Th2 differentiation and extend our understanding of the transcription factors that regulate Treg differentiation and their temporal sequencing. These findings have significant implications for future mechanistic and translational studies of CDK8 and CDK8 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlann Arnett
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keagan G. Moo
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Thomas B. Sundberg
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liv Johannessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alykhan F. Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ye Zheng
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ziaur S. Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E. Levy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle J. Marié
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Wang Z, Hui C. Contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3791-3812. [PMID: 33949606 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products have intriguing biological properties that arise from their fascinating chemical structures. However, the intrinsic complexity of the structural skeleton and the reactive functional groups on natural products pose tremendous challenges to chemical syntheses. Semi-synthesis uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources as the starting materials to produce other novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties. In particular, advancements in various types of sp3 C-H bond functionalization reactions and skeletal rearrangement methods have contributed to the re-emergence of semi-synthesis as an efficient approach for the synthesis of structurally complex bioactive natural products. Here, we begin with a brief discussion of several bioactive natural products that were obtained via a semi-synthetic approach between 2008 and 2015 and we then discuss in-depth contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids reported during 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunngai Hui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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Abstract
An efficient and convergent first total syntheses of (±)-japonicol B and (-)-japonicol C have been completed. The notable points of the synthetic route are Lewis-acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts reaction for one pot C-C and C-O bond formations resulting in construction of the tricyclic meroterpenoid skeleton, one pot Pd(OH)2/C-catalyzed isomerization/hydrogenation, and site selective sp3 C-H oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya H Dethe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur - 208016, India
| | - Appasaheb K Nirpal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur - 208016, India
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12
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Ramu S, Baskar B. A simple and efficient metal free, additive, or base free dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines using oxygen as a clean oxidant. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal free dehydrogenation of various substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines via a simple and convenient metal free, atom economical route for the synthesis of corresponding isoquinolines under oxygen atmosphere in N-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) is described. Metal free dehydrogenation was carried out without the use of additive or base. A scope of the methodology was demonstrated for a number of aryl and heteroaryl substitutions present at C1 position and ester moiety at C3 position and was found to be good substrates. Substituted isoquinolines (3a–3h) and their esters (3i–3m) were synthesized in very good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Ramu
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
| | - Baburaj Baskar
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
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13
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Sahu SK, Behera PK, Choudhury P, Sethi M, Jena S, Rout L. Recent advances in [3+2] cycloaddition of allenes with 1,3-carbonyl ylides; Rh( ii)-catalyzed access to bridged polyoxocarbocyles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study summarizes the stereochemical outcomes of [3+2] cycloaddition of allene molecules with 1,3-dipolar carbonyl ylides derived from Rh(ii) carbene-mediated diazo decomposition for the formation of highly diastereoselective poly oxacarbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Satyaban Jena
- Dept. of Chemistry, Utkal University, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Laxmidhar Rout
- Dept. of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Odisha, 760007, India
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14
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Wang Y, Chen B, He X, Gui J. Development of Biomimetic Synthesis of Propindilactone G
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xubiao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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15
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Jamshaid F, Kondakal VV, Newman CD, Dobson R, João H, Rice CR, Mwansa JM, Thapa B, Hemming K. Cyclopropenones in the synthesis of indolizidine, pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline and indolizino[8,7-b]indole alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Ahlenstiel CL, Symonds G, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD. Block and Lock HIV Cure Strategies to Control the Latent Reservoir. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:424. [PMID: 32923412 PMCID: PMC7457024 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV latent reservoir represents the major challenge to cure development. Residing in resting CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells at multiple locations in the body, including sanctuary sites such as the brain, the latent reservoir is not eliminated by ART and has the ability to reactivate virus replication to pre-therapy levels when ART is ceased. There are four broad areas of HIV cure research. The only successful cure strategy, thus far, is stem cell transplantation using naturally HIV resistant CCR5Δ32 stem cells. A second potential cure approach uses gene editing technology, such as zinc-finger nucleases and CRISPR/Cas9. Another two cure strategies aim to control the HIV reservoir, with polar opposite concepts; The "shock and kill" approach, which aims to "shock" or reactivate the latent virus and then "kill" infected cells via targeted immune responses. Lastly, the "block and lock" approach, which aims to enhance the latent virus state by "blocking" HIV transcription and "locking" the HIV promoter in a deep latent state via epigenetic modifications. "Shock and kill" approaches are a major focus of cure studies, however we predict that the increased specificity of "block and lock" approaches will be required for the successful development of a sustained HIV clinical remission in the absence of ART. This review focuses on the current research of novel "block and lock" approaches being explored to generate an HIV cure via induction of epigenetic silencing. We will also discuss potential future therapeutic delivery and the challenges associated with progressing "block and lock" cure approaches as these move toward clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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Kurouchi H. Diprotonative stabilization of ring-opened carbocationic intermediates: conversion of tetrahydroisoquinoline to triarylmethanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8313-8316. [PMID: 32573605 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Superacid-promoted conversion of tetrahydroisoquinolines to triarylmethanes via tandem reactions of C-N bond scission, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, C-O bond scission, and electrophilic aromatic amidation was developed. Dication formation was important for stabilizing the ring-opened carbocationic intermediate, which is a new role for diprotonation in reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kurouchi
- Research Foundation ITSUU Laboratory, C1232 Kanagawa Science Park R & D Building, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
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18
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Indu S, Kaliappan KP. Synthetic approaches towards cortistatins: evolution and progress through its ages. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3965-3995. [PMID: 32420567 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatins are a family of steroidal alkaloids with a unique pentacyclic skeleton, having immensely potent anti-angiogenetic activities. Given the scarcity in the natural availability of these compounds, their syntheses became major attractions in organic chemistry. Along with total synthesis of the most potent congeners in the family: cortistatins A and J, the synthesis of two other members have been successfully completed, while various other analogues have also been designed with variable degrees of biological activities. This review is an exhaustive coverage of the significant attempts towards constructing this highly challenging molecule and also aims to highlight the deep understanding of the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, which have been garnered over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satrajit Indu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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19
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Jin H, Li D, Lin MH, Li L, Harrich D. Tat-Based Therapies as an Adjuvant for an HIV-1 Functional Cure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040415. [PMID: 32276443 PMCID: PMC7232260 DOI: 10.3390/v12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) establishes a chronic infection that can be well controlled, but not cured, by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Interventions have been explored to accomplish a functional cure, meaning that a patient remains infected but HIV is undetectable in the blood, with the aim of allowing patients to live without cART. Tat, the viral transactivator of transcription protein, plays a critical role in controlling HIV transcription, latency, and viral rebound following the interruption of cART treatment. Therefore, a logical approach for controlling HIV would be to block Tat. Tackling Tat with inhibitors has been a difficult task, but some recent discoveries hold promise. Two anti-HIV proteins, Nullbasic (a mutant of Tat) and HT1 (a fusion of HEXIM1 and Tat functional domains) inhibit viral transcription by interfering with the interaction of Tat and cellular factors. Two small molecules, didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) and triptolide, inhibit Tat by different mechanisms: dCA through direct binding and triptolide through enhanced proteasomal degradation. Finally, two Tat-based vaccines under development elicit Tat-neutralizing antibodies. These vaccines have increased the levels of CD4+ cells and reduced viral loads in HIV-infected people, suggesting that the new vaccines are therapeutic. This review summarizes recent developments of anti-Tat agents and how they could contribute to a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3845-3679
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20
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Indu S, Telore RD, Kaliappan KP. Construction of key building blocks towards the synthesis of cortistatins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2432-2446. [PMID: 32163085 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the construction of key building blocks towards the synthesis of cortistatins; a family of steroidal alkaloids. Cortistatin A, being a primary target due to its superior biological properties over other congeners, has been prepared by two different synthetic routes. Synthesis of the precursor to the heavily substituted A-ring starting from d-glucose and construction of the DE-ring junction employing a Hajos-Parrish ketone as a chiral pool have been demonstrated. Efforts are underway to assemble these key fragments and build towards the total synthesis of cortistatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satrajit Indu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Rahul D Telore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Krishna P Kaliappan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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21
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Wang Y, Chen B, He X, Gui J. Bioinspired Synthesis of Nortriterpenoid Propindilactone G. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5007-5012. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xubiao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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22
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Khatri HR, Carney N, Rutkoski R, Bhattarai B, Nagorny P. Recent Progress in Steroid Synthesis Triggered by the Emergence of New Catalytic Methods. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:755-776. [PMID: 32601521 PMCID: PMC7324020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rich biology associated with steroids dictates a growing demand for the new synthetic strategies that would improve the access to natural and unnatural representatives of this family. The recent advances in the field of catalysis have greatly impacted the field of natural product synthesis including the synthesis of steroids. This article provides a short overview of the recent progress in the synthesis of steroids that was enabled by the advances in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Raj Khatri
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930. N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nolan Carney
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930. N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryan Rutkoski
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930. N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Bijay Bhattarai
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930. N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930. N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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23
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Recent Progress in Steroid Synthesis Triggered by the Emergence of New Catalytic Methods. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Characterizing CDK8/19 Inhibitors through a NFκB-Dependent Cell-Based Assay. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101208. [PMID: 31590445 PMCID: PMC6830309 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based assays for CDK8/19 inhibition are not easily defined, since there are no known cellular functions unique to these kinases. To solve this problem, we generated derivatives of 293 cells with CRISPR knockout of one or both of CDK8 and CDK19. Double knockout (dKO) of CDK8 and CDK19 together (but not individually) decreased the induction of transcription by NFκB (a CDK8/19-potentiated transcription factor) and abrogated the effect of CDK8/19 inhibitors on such induction. We generated wild type (WT) and dKO cell lines expressing luciferase from an NFκB-dependent promoter. Inhibitors selective for CDK8/19 over other CDKs decreased TNFα-induced luciferase expression in WT cells by ~80% with no effect on luciferase induction in dKO cells. In contrast, non-selective CDK inhibitors flavopiridol and dinaciclib and a CDK7/12/13 inhibitor THZ1 (but not CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib) suppressed luciferase induction in both WT and dKO cells, indicating a distinct role for other CDKs in the NFκB pathway. We used this assay to characterize a series of thienopyridines with in vitro bone anabolic activity, one of which was identified as a selective CDK8/19 inhibitor. Thienopyridines inhibited luciferase induction in the WT but not dKO cells and their IC50 values in the WT reporter assay showed near-perfect correlation (R2 = 0.98) with their reported activities in a bone anabolic activity assay, confirming that the latter function is mediated by CDK8/19 and validating our assay as a robust and quantitative method for CDK8/19 inhibition.
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25
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Cary DC, Rheinberger M, Rojc A, Peterlin BM. HIV Transcription Is Independent of Mediator Kinases. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:710-717. [PMID: 31044597 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the roles in HIV transcription of many cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been well defined, little is known about the impact of mediator kinases (MDKs), CDK8 and CDK19, in this process. Mediator complexes containing CDK8 or CDK19 repress or activate the expression of selected genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MDKs in HIV transcription. siRNA knockdown of both MDKs had no effect on HIV transcription. This result was confirmed using two MDK inhibitors, Cortistatin A (CA) and Senexin A (SnxA). Furthermore, neither CA nor SnxA inhibited viral reactivation in Jurkat cell models of HIV latency. Taken together, these results indicate that MDKs are not required for HIV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele C. Cary
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mona Rheinberger
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ajda Rojc
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - B. Matija Peterlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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26
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He C, Xuan J, Rao P, Xie P, Hong X, Lin X, Ding H. Total Syntheses of (+)‐Sarcophytin, (+)‐Chatancin, (−)‐3‐Oxochatancin, and (−)‐Pavidolide B: A Divergent Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5100-5104. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jun Xuan
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Peirong Rao
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Pei‐Pei Xie
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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27
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Solum EJ, Mohamed YMA. Convenient stereoselective synthesis of some 3-aminosteroid scaffolds. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1590602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Total Syntheses of (+)‐Sarcophytin, (+)‐Chatancin, (−)‐3‐Oxochatancin, and (−)‐Pavidolide B: A Divergent Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Bao W, Tao Y, Cheng J, Huang J, Cao J, Zhang M, Ye W, Wang B, Li Y, Zhu L, Lee CS. In(OTf) 3-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization for Construction of Oxatricyclic Compounds. Org Lett 2018; 20:7912-7915. [PMID: 30543298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective cascade cyclization reaction has been developed for establishing a series of oxatricyclic compounds using Chan's diene and simple keto alkynal substrates with only 1 mol % of In(OTf)3 as the catalyst in 82-92% yields. The potential utility of this synthetic strategy has been demonstrated in model studies for the construction the core structures of 1α,8α:4α,5α-diepoxy-4,5-dihydroosmitopsin and cortistatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Bao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yezi Tao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Jiangqun Cheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Junrong Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Jingming Cao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Mengxun Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Weijian Ye
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital , The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Chi-Sing Lee
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055 , China.,Institute of Research and Continuing Edition (Shenzhen) , Hong Kong Baptist University , Industrialization Complex Building, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518000 , China.,Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR
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30
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Zheng B, Trieu TH, Li FL, Zhu XL, He YG, Fan QQ, Shi XX. Copper-Catalyzed Benign and Efficient Oxidation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Dihydroisoquinolines Using Air as a Clean Oxidant. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8243-8252. [PMID: 31458961 PMCID: PMC6644811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A green chemical method for mild oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines (DHIQs) has been developed using air (O2) as a clean oxidant. DHIQs and THIQs could be efficiently oxidized to isoquinolines in dimethyl sulfoxide at 25 °C under an open air atmosphere with CuBr2 (20 mol %) as the catalyst; different bases [NaOEt and/or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene] were used for the reaction according to the patterns of substituents (R1, R2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tien Ha Trieu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Liang Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Gang He
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Qi Fan
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xin Shi
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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31
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Abstract
A 10-step synthesis of the C25 steroid natural product cyclocitrinol from inexpensive, commercially available pregnenolone is reported. This synthesis features a biomimetic cascade rearrangement to efficiently construct the challenging bicyclo[4.4.1] A/B ring system, which enabled a gram-scale synthesis of the bicyclo[4.4.1] enone intermediate 18 in only nine steps. This work also provides experimental support for the biosynthetic origin of cyclocitrinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Wei Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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32
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Hatcher JM, Wang ES, Johannessen L, Kwiatkowski N, Sim T, Gray NS. Development of Highly Potent and Selective Steroidal Inhibitors and Degraders of CDK8. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:540-545. [PMID: 29937979 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortistatin A is a natural product isolated from the marine sponge Corticium simplex and was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK8. Many synthetic groups have reported total syntheses of Cortistatin A; however, these syntheses require between 16 and 30 steps and report between 0.012-2% overall yields, which is not amenable to large-scale production. Owing to similarities between the complex core of Cortistatin A and the simple steroid core, we initiated a campaign to design simple, more easily prepared CDK8 inhibitors based on a steroid scaffold that would be more convenient for large-scale synthesis. Herein, we report the discovery and optimization of JH-VIII-49, a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK8 with a simple steroid core that has an eight-step synthesis with a 33% overall yield, making it suitable for large-scale preparation. Using this scaffold, we then developed a bivalent small molecule degrader, JH-XI-10-02, that can recruit the E3 ligase CRL4Cereblon to promote the ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of CDK8.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric S. Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Liv Johannessen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nicholas Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Taebo Sim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, KU-KIST, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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33
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Qi J, Zheng J, Cui S. Facile synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles via Fe(iii)-catalyzed alkene hydrofunctionalization. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles via Fe(iii)-catalyzed alkene hydrofunctionalization has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Qi
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- China
| | - Jing Zheng
- School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- China
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34
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Wang L, Wang T, Dai C, Li Y, Wang C. Nickel-Catalysed Synthesis of 17-Arylandrosta-5,16-Dienes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x15094552081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Ni-catalysed coupling reaction between arylboronic acids and 17-trifluoromethanesulfonyl- 3β-acetoxyandrosta-5,16-diene which was obtained by the sulfonylation of 3β-acetoxylandrost-5-ene-17-one was developed to afford 17-aryl- 3β-acetoxy-androsta-5,16-dienes in moderate to good yields (52–85%). The structure of the 3,4-dimethoxyaryl product was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Chenlu Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
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35
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Johannessen L, Sundberg TB, O'Connell DJ, Kolde R, Berstler J, Billings KJ, Khor B, Seashore-Ludlow B, Fassl A, Russell CN, Latorre IJ, Jiang B, Graham DB, Perez JR, Sicinski P, Phillips AJ, Schreiber SL, Gray NS, Shamji AF, Xavier RJ. Small-molecule studies identify CDK8 as a regulator of IL-10 in myeloid cells. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:1102-1108. [PMID: 28805801 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a promising strategy to suppress pathogenic inflammation. To identify new mechanisms regulating IL-10 production, we conducted a phenotypic screen for small molecules that enhance IL-10 secretion from activated dendritic cells. Mechanism-of-action studies using a prioritized hit from the screen, BRD6989, identified the Mediator-associated kinase CDK8, and its paralog CDK19, as negative regulators of IL-10 production during innate immune activation. The ability of BRD6989 to upregulate IL-10 is recapitulated by multiple, structurally differentiated CDK8 and CDK19 inhibitors and requires an intact cyclin C-CDK8 complex. Using a highly parallel pathway reporter assay, we identified a role for enhanced AP-1 activity in IL-10 potentiation following CDK8 and CDK19 inhibition, an effect associated with reduced phosphorylation of a negative regulatory site on c-Jun. These findings identify a function for CDK8 and CDK19 in regulating innate immune activation and suggest that these kinases may warrant consideration as therapeutic targets for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Johannessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas B Sundberg
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J O'Connell
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raivo Kolde
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Berstler
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katelyn J Billings
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin N Russell
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isabel J Latorre
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jose R Perez
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Phillips
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Czerwiński P, Michalak M. NHC-Cu(I)-Catalyzed Friedländer-Type Annulation of Fluorinated o-Aminophenones with Alkynes on Water: Competitive Base-Catalyzed Dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine Formation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7980-7997. [PMID: 28686022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, easily scalable synthesis of 4-trifluoromethylquinolines and naphthydrines (as well as their difluoro- and perfluoro-analogues) as a result of tandem direct catalytic alkynylation/dehydrative condensation of o-aminofluoromethylketones (o-FMKs), for the first time catalyzed by NHC-copper(I) complexes on water, is reported. A wide range of terminal alkynes is tolerated under the reaction conditions, including β-lactam-, steroid-, and sugar-derived ones, leading to desired quinolines and naphthydrines with good yields. Further investigations proved that o-FMKs could be efficiently transformed into a rare class of heterocyclic compounds-dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines-by a base-catalyzed condensation, also on water. The developed method was applied for gram-scale synthesis of a fluorinated analogue of G protein-coupled receptor antagonist (GPR91).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Czerwiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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37
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Zweig JE, Kim DE, Newhouse TR. Methods Utilizing First-Row Transition Metals in Natural Product Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11680-11752. [PMID: 28525261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
First-row transition-metal-mediated reactions constitute an important and growing area of research due to the low cost, low toxicity, and exceptional synthetic versatility of these metals. Currently, there is considerable effort to replace existing precious-metal-catalyzed reactions with first-row analogs. More importantly, there are a plethora of unique transformations mediated by first-row metals, which have no classical second- or third-row counterpart. Herein, the application of first-row metal-mediated methods to the total synthesis of natural products is discussed. This Review is intended to highlight strategic uses of these metals to realize efficient syntheses and highlight the future potential of these reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Zweig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Daria E Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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38
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Zhurakovskyi O, Ellis SR, Thompson AL, Robertson J. Access to a Guanacastepene and Cortistatin-Related Skeleton via Ethynyl Lactone Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement and Transannular (4 + 3)-Cycloaddition of an Azatrimethylenemethane Diyl. Org Lett 2017; 19:2174-2177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zhurakovskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Sam R. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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39
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Kotoku N, Ito A, Shibuya S, Mizuno K, Takeshima A, Nogata M, Kobayashi M. Short-step synthesis and structure-activity relationship of cortistatin A analogs. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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40
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Koch V, Nieger M, Bräse S. Stille and Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions as Versatile Tools for Modifications at C-17 of Steroidal Skeletons - A Comprehensive Study. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Koch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P. O. Box 55 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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41
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Lo JC, Kim D, Pan CM, Edwards JT, Yabe Y, Gui J, Qin T, Gutiérrez S, Giacoboni J, Smith MW, Holland PL, Baran PS. Fe-Catalyzed C-C Bond Construction from Olefins via Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2484-2503. [PMID: 28094980 PMCID: PMC5314431 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This Article details the development
of the iron-catalyzed conversion
of olefins to radicals and their subsequent use in the construction
of C–C bonds. Optimization of a reductive diene cyclization
led to the development of an intermolecular cross-coupling of electronically-differentiated
donor and acceptor olefins. Although the substitution on the donor
olefins was initially limited to alkyl and aryl groups, additional
efforts culminated in the expansion of the scope of the substitution
to various heteroatom-based functionalities, providing a unified olefin
reactivity. A vinyl sulfone acceptor olefin was developed, which allowed
for the efficient synthesis of sulfone adducts that could be used
as branch points for further diversification. Moreover, this reactivity
was extended into an olefin-based Minisci reaction to functionalize
heterocyclic scaffolds. Finally, mechanistic studies resulted in a
more thorough understanding of the reaction, giving rise to the development
of a more efficient second-generation set of olefin cross-coupling
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Lo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chung-Mao Pan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacob T Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuki Yabe
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jinghan Gui
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sara Gutiérrez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jessica Giacoboni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Myles W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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42
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Hou T, Zhang J, Wang C, Luo J. A facile method to construct a 2,4,9-triazaadamantane skeleton and synthesize nitramine derivatives. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An unusual protocol for a “one-pot” three-step reaction to build a 2,4,9-triazaadamantane skeleton from triallylcarbinol was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Chenjiao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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43
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Kotoku N, Arai M, Kobayashi M. Search for Anti-angiogenic Substances from Natural Sources. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:128-34. [PMID: 26833441 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and metastasis, potent and selective anti-angiogenic agents with novel modes of action are highly needed for anti-cancer drug discovery. In this review, our studies focusing on the search for anti-angiogenic substances from natural sources, such as bastadins, globostellatic acid X methyl esters and cortistatins from marine sponges, and pyripyropenes from marine-derived fungus, together with senegasaponins from medicinal plant, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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44
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Crossley SWM, Obradors C, Martinez RM, Shenvi RA. Mn-, Fe-, and Co-Catalyzed Radical Hydrofunctionalizations of Olefins. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8912-9000. [PMID: 27461578 PMCID: PMC5872827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor-mimetic aerobic oxidation has conceptually merged with catalysis of syngas reactions to form a wide range of Markovnikov-selective olefin radical hydrofunctionalizations. We cover the development of the field and review contributions to reaction invention, mechanism, and application to complex molecule synthesis. We also provide a mechanistic framework for understanding this compendium of radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W M Crossley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carla Obradors
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ruben M Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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45
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Aquino C, Greszler SN, Micalizio GC. Synthesis of the Cortistatin Pentacyclic Core by Alkoxide-Directed Metallacycle-Mediated Annulative Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2016; 18:2624-7. [PMID: 27193994 PMCID: PMC4892975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pentacyclic core skeleton of the cortistatins has been prepared in a stereoselective fashion by strategic use of an alkoxide-directed metallacycle-mediated annulative cross-coupling. This metal-centered tandem reaction delivers a polyunsaturated hydrindane and establishes the C13 stereodefined quaternary center with high levels of stereocontrol. Subsequent regio- and stereoselective global hydroboration results in the realization of the DE-trans ring fusion and a tertiary alcohol at C8. Establishment of the ABC-tricyclic subunit was then accomplished through phenolic oxidation/trans-acetalization, chemoselective reduction, regioselective cleavage, and intramolecular alkylation at C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Aquino
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | | | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
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46
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Gomes NGM, Dasari R, Chandra S, Kiss R, Kornienko A. Marine Invertebrate Metabolites with Anticancer Activities: Solutions to the "Supply Problem". Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E98. [PMID: 27213412 PMCID: PMC4882572 DOI: 10.3390/md14050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates provide a rich source of metabolites with anticancer activities and several marine-derived agents have been approved for the treatment of cancer. However, the limited supply of promising anticancer metabolites from their natural sources is a major hurdle to their preclinical and clinical development. Thus, the lack of a sustainable large-scale supply has been an important challenge facing chemists and biologists involved in marine-based drug discovery. In the current review we describe the main strategies aimed to overcome the supply problem. These include: marine invertebrate aquaculture, invertebrate and symbiont cell culture, culture-independent strategies, total chemical synthesis, semi-synthesis, and a number of hybrid strategies. We provide examples illustrating the application of these strategies for the supply of marine invertebrate-derived anticancer agents. Finally, we encourage the scientific community to develop scalable methods to obtain selected metabolites, which in the authors' opinion should be pursued due to their most promising anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ramesh Dasari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Sunena Chandra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie et de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP205/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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47
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Garcia-Castro M, Zimmermann S, Sankar MG, Kumar K. Gerüstdiversitätsbasierte Synthese und ihre Anwendung bei der Sonden- und Wirkstoffsuche. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Castro
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Muthukumar G. Sankar
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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48
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Garcia-Castro M, Zimmermann S, Sankar MG, Kumar K. Scaffold Diversity Synthesis and Its Application in Probe and Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7586-605. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Castro
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Muthukumar G. Sankar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
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49
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Chambers SJ, Coulthard G, Unsworth WP, O'Brien P, Taylor RJK. From Heteroaromatic Acids and Imines to Azaspirocycles: Stereoselective Synthesis and 3D Shape Analysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:6496-500. [PMID: 26918778 PMCID: PMC5071705 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heteroaromatic carboxylic acids have been directly coupled with imines using propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P) and NEt(iPr)2 to form azaspirocycles via intermediate N-acyliminium ions. Spirocyclic indolenines (3H-indoles), azaindolenines, 2H-pyrroles and 3H-pyrroles were all accessed using this metal-free approach. The reactions typically proceed with high diastereoselectivity and 3D shape analysis confirms that the products formed occupy areas of chemical space that are under-represented in existing drugs and high throughput screening libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
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50
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Recent advances in the identification of Tat-mediated transactivation inhibitors: progressing toward a functional cure of HIV. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:421-42. [PMID: 26933891 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current anti-HIV combination therapy does not eradicate the virus that persists mainly in quiescent infected CD4(+) T cells as a latent integrated provirus that resumes after therapy interruption. The Tat-mediated transactivation (TMT) is a critical step in the HIV replication cycle that could give the opportunity to reduce the size of latent reservoirs. More than two decades of research led to the identification of various TMT inhibitors. While none of them met the criteria to reach the market, the search for a suitable TMT inhibitor is still actively pursued. Really promising compounds, including one in a Phase III clinical trial, have been recently identified, thus warranting an update.
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