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Huang J, Chen H, Jia Z, Song X, Wang S, Bai B, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhou G, Lei D. Mechanically skin-like and water-resistant self-healing bioelastomer for high-tension wound healing. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:443-455. [PMID: 38873087 PMCID: PMC11170441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The biomedical application of self-healing materials in wet or (under)water environments is quite challenging because the insulation and dissociation effects of water molecules significantly reduce the reconstruction of material-interface interactions. Rapid closure with uniform tension of high-tension wounds is often difficult, leading to further deterioration and scarring. Herein, a new type of thermosetting water-resistant self-healing bioelastomer (WRSHE) was designed by synergistically incorporating a stable polyglycerol sebacate (PGS) covalent crosslinking network and triple hybrid dynamic networks consisting of reversible disulfide metathesis (SS), and dimethylglyoxime urethane (Dou) and hydrogen bonds. And a resveratrol-loaded WRSHE (Res@WRSHE) was developed by a swelling, absorption, and crosslinked network locking strategy. WRSHEs exhibited skin-like mechanical properties in terms of nonlinear modulus behavior, biomimetic softness, high stretchability, and good elasticity, and they also achieved ultrafast and highly efficient self-healing in various liquid environments. For wound-healing applications of high-tension full-thickness skin defects, the convenient surface assembly by self-healing of WRSHEs provides uniform contraction stress to facilitate tight closure. Moreover, Res@WRSHEs gradually release resveratrol, which helps inflammatory response reduction, promotes blood vessel regeneration, and accelerates wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Hongying Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Zenghui Jia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Xingqi Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Baoshuai Bai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Dong Lei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
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2
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Fenimore LM, Bin Rusayyis MA, Onsager CC, Grayson MA, Torkelson JM. Reprocessable Polymer Networks Containing Sulfur-Based, Percolated Dynamic Covalent Cross-Links and Percolated or Non-Percolated, Static Cross-Links. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400303. [PMID: 38991017 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
One method to improve the properties of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) is to reinforce them with a fraction of permanent cross-links without sacrificing their (re)processability. Here, a simple method to synthesize poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) and poly(n-lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) networks containing static dialkyl disulfide cross-links (utilizing bis(2-methacryloyl)oxyethyl disulfide, or DSDMA, as a permanent cross-linker) and dynamic dialkylamino sulfur-sulfur cross-links (utilizing BiTEMPS methacrylate as a dissociative dynamic covalent cross-linker) is presented. The robustness and (re)processability of the CANs are demonstrated, including the full recovery of cross-link density after recycling. The authors also investigate the effect of static cross-link content on the stress relaxation responses of the CANs with and without percolated, static cross-links. As PHMA and PLMA have very different activation energies of their respective cooperative segmental mobilities, it is shown that the dissociative CANs without percolated, static cross-links have activation energies of stress relaxation that are dominated by the dissociation of BiTEMPS methacrylate cross-links rather than by the cooperative relaxations of backbone segments, i.e., the alpha relaxation. In CANs with percolated, static cross-links, the segmental relaxation of side chains, i.e., the beta relaxation, is critical in allowing for large-scale stress relaxation and governs their activation energies of stress relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan M Fenimore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mohammed A Bin Rusayyis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Claire C Onsager
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew A Grayson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John M Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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3
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Huang X, Ding C, Wang Y, Zhang S, Duan X, Ji H. Dual Dynamic Cross-Linked Epoxy Vitrimers Used for Strong, Detachable, and Reworkable Adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38984525 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Novel reprocessable thermosetting adhesives (RTAs), which combine high adhesive strength, reusability, disassembly, and recyclability features, have attracted increasing attention. However, developing RTAs with a rapidly adhesive rate while ensuring high adhesive strength and self-healing ability is still a significant challenge. Here, we prepared a novel vitrimer called DAx-DTSAy, which can be used as an RTA. First, by adjusting the ratio of rigid and flexible segments, maximum tensile strength reached 35.92 MPa. Second, the combined effect of dynamic hydroxyl ester bonds and dynamic disulfide bonds resulted in a rapid stress relaxation behavior, with a complete relaxation time 13.6 times shorter than a vitrimer only cross-linked with hydroxy ester bonds. This feature endowed its good self-healing and reprocessing capabilities. After self-healing at 180 °C, the maximum healing rate of mechanical properties was 91.8%. After three reprocesses, the maximum recovery rate of tensile strength was 120.2%. Furthermore, the combination of rigid and flexible segments and the synergistic effect of dual dynamic covalent bonds made DAx-DTSAy capable of use as a high-performance RTA. The lap shear strength of a DAx-DTSAy film on stainless steel reached 18.18 MPa after 15 min, with a recovery rate of 91.9% after 5 rebonding cycles. Additionally, DAx-DTSAy can be disassembled in chemical agents and exhibited better insulation properties compared to traditional epoxy resins. DAx-DTSAy can be employed as a novel high-performance adhesive in applications such as electronic devices and transportation, contributing to the development of thermosetting adhesives toward recyclability and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Songmao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Duan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongzeng Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Islam MS, Kedziora G, Lee J, Stafford A, Varshney V, Nepal D, Baldwin LA, Roy AK. Efficiency and Mechanism of Catalytic Siloxane Exchange in Vitrimer Polymers: Modeling and Density Functional Theory Investigations. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38957945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Of late, siloxane-containing vitrimers have gained significant interest due to their fast dynamic characteristics over a reasonable temperature range (180-220 °C), making them well-suited for diverse applications. The exchange reaction pathway in the siloxane vitrimers is accountable for the covalent adaptive network, with the reaction's effectiveness being regulated by either organic or organometallic catalysts. However, directly studying the exchange reaction pathway in the bulk phase using experimental approaches is challenging because of the intricate and interconnected structure of these vitrimers. Here, we perform comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) and experimental investigations to discover the detailed catalytic efficacy of siloxane exchange and provide direction for the reaction process using a 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) catalyst. The calculated transition barrier energy and catalytic efficiency of hexamethyldisiloxane and dihydroxy-dimethylsilane exchange derived from the nudged elastic band with transition-state calculations strongly agree with the experimental findings. In addition, Fukui indices, along with partial charges, are employed to evaluate the nucleophilic and electrophilic behaviors of silanol and siloxane molecules. Our analysis revealed that by utilizing the Fukui indices of both the acid and the base, we can make an approximate estimation of the respective kinetics of the SN2 process in the siloxane exchange reaction mechanism. These findings establish a foundation for comprehending a crucial aspect of the exchange mechanism in siloxane vitrimer systems and could aid in the development of novel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sherajul Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Spectral Energies, LLC, Dayton, Ohio 45430, United States
| | - Gary Kedziora
- Inu Teq, LLC, NASA Ames Supercomputing Division, Moffet Field, Mountain View, California 94035, United States
- GDIT, AFRL/RC, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jonghoon Lee
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Alex Stafford
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Luke A Baldwin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ajit K Roy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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5
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Kumar V, Kuang W, Fifield LS. Carbon Fiber-Based Vitrimer Composites: A Path toward Current Research That Is High-Performing, Useful, and Sustainable. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3265. [PMID: 38998348 PMCID: PMC11243385 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In the polymeric material industry, thermosets and related composites have played a substantial role in the production of rubber and plastics. One important subset of these is thermoset composites with carbon reinforcement. The incorporation of carbon fillers and fibers gives polymeric materials improved electrical and mechanical properties, among other benefits. However, the covalently crosslinked network of thermosets presents significant challenges for recycling and reprocessing because of its intractable nature. The introduction of vitrimer materials opens a new avenue to produce biodegradable and recyclable thermosets. Carbon-reinforced vitrimer composites are pursued for high-performance, long-lasting materials with attractive physical properties, the ability to be recycled and processed, and other features that respond uniquely to stimuli. The development of carbon-reinforced vitrimer composites over the last few years is summarized in this article. First, an overview of vitrimers and the methods used to prepare carbon fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites is provided. Because of the vitrimer nature of such composites, reprocessing, healing, and recycling are viable ways to greatly extend their service life; these approaches are thoroughly explained and summarized. The conclusion is our prediction for developing carbon-based vitrimer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard S. Fifield
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (V.K.); (W.K.)
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6
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He M, Li J, Xu J, Wu L, Li N, Zhang S. Dynamic Recyclable High-Performance Epoxy Resins via Triazolinedione-Indole Click Reaction and Cation-π Interaction Synergistic Crosslinking. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1900. [PMID: 39000754 PMCID: PMC11243886 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosetting plastics exhibit remarkable mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, yet the permanent covalent crosslinked network renders these materials challenging for reshaping and recycling. In this study, a high-performance polymer film (EI25-TAD5-Mg) was synthesized by combining click chemistry and cation-π interactions. The internal network of the material was selectively constructed through flexible triazolinedione (TAD) and indole via a click reaction. Cation-π interactions were established between Mg2+ and electron-rich indole units, leading to network contraction and reinforcement. Dynamic non-covalent interactions improved the covalent crosslinked network, and the reversible dissociation of cation-π interactions during loading provided effective energy dissipation. Finally, the epoxy resin exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 91.2 MPa) and latent dynamic behavior. Additionally, the thermal reversibility of the C-N click reaction and dynamic cation-π interaction endowed the material with processability and recyclability. This strategy holds potential value in the field of modifying covalent thermosetting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shuai Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (M.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.); (L.W.); (N.L.)
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7
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Yu Z, Li Q, Liu Y, Tian S, Chen W, Han Y, Tang Z, Zhang J. Malleable, Ultrastrong Antibacterial Thermosets Enabled by Guanidine Urea Structure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402891. [PMID: 38868926 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent polymers (DCPs) that strike a balance between high performance and rapid reconfiguration have been a challenging task. For this purpose, a solution is proposed in the form of a new dynamic covalent supramolecular motif-guanidine urea structure (GUAs). GUAs contain complex and diverse chemical structures as well as unique bonding characteristics, allowing guanidine urea supramolecular polymers to demonstrate advanced physical properties. Noncovalent interaction aggregates (NIAs) have been confirmed to form in GUA-DCPs through multistage H-bonding and π-π stacking, resulting in an extremely high Young's modulus of 14 GPa, suggesting remarkable mechanical strength. Additionally, guanamine urea linkages in GUAs, a new type of dynamic covalent bond, provide resins with excellent malleability and reprocessability. Guanamine urea metathesis is validated using small molecule model compounds, and the temperature dependent infrared and rheological behavior of GUA-DCPs following the dissociative exchange mechanism. Moreover, the inherent photodynamic antibacterial properties are extensively verified by antibacterial experiments. Even after undergoing three reprocessing cycles, the antibacterial rate of GUA-DCPs remains above 99% after 24 h, highlighting their long-lasting antibacterial effectiveness. GUA-DCPs with dynamic nature, tuneable composition, and unique combination of properties make them promising candidates for various technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shu Tian
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wanding Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Han
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zhaobin Tang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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8
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Adjaoud A, Marcolini B, Dieden R, Puchot L, Verge P. Deciphering the Self-Catalytic Mechanisms of Polymerization and Transesterification in Polybenzoxazine Vitrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13367-13376. [PMID: 38696347 PMCID: PMC11100009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of internal catalysts has emerged as a pivotal design principle to facilitate dynamic exchanges within covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Polybenzoxazines, specifically, have shown considerable potential in generating vitrimers through thermally induced transesterification reactions catalyzed internally by tertiary amines. This study aims to investigate the chemical complexities of transesterification reactions within benzoxazine vitrimers. To achieve this, model molecules using various phenolic acids and amino-alcohol derivatives were synthesized as precursors. The structure of these model molecules was fully elucidated by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology experiments evidenced the accelerated network formation of the precursors due to the presence of aliphatic -OH groups. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with microcomputed gas chromatography (TGA-μGC) was used to provide evidence of transesterification reactions. The results showed that the spatial proximity between tertiary amine and hydroxyl groups significantly enhances the rate exchange, attributed to a neighboring group participation (NGP) effect. Interestingly, kinetic experiments using complementary NMR techniques revealed the thermal latency of the tertiary amine of benzoxazine toward transesterification reactions as its opening is needed to trigger the dynamic exchange. The study highlights the crucial role of steric hindrance and tertiary amine basicity in promoting the dynamic exchange in an internally catalyzed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adjaoud
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
- University
of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue
de Université, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4365, Luxembourg
| | - Benoit Marcolini
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Reiner Dieden
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Laura Puchot
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Verge
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
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Karatrantos AV, Couture O, Hesse C, Schmidt DF. Molecular Simulation of Covalent Adaptable Networks and Vitrimers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1373. [PMID: 38794566 PMCID: PMC11125108 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Olivier Couture
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Channya Hesse
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
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10
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Hu J, Gao Y, Teng J, Li L, Zhang T, Zheng S. Recycling of Polydicyclopentadiene Enabled with N-Coordinated Boronic Ester Bonds. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400169. [PMID: 38722044 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution, the transformation of polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) from thermoset into vitrimer is introduced. First, two N-coordinated diboronic diols are successfully synthesized via the reaction of N,N,N-tri(2-hydroxyethyl)amine and/or N,N,N",N"-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine with 4-(hydroxymethyl) phenylboronic acid and then they are transformed into two N-coordinated cyclic boronic diacrylates. The latter two dienes carrying electron-withdrawing substituents are used for the ring opening insertion metathesis copolymerization (ROIMP) of dicyclopentadiene to afford the crosslinked PDCPD. In the crosslinked PDCPD networks, N-coordinated cyclic boronic ester bonds are integrated. It is found that the as-obtained PDCPD networks displayed the excellent reprocessing properties. In the meantime, the fracture toughness is significantly improved. Owing to the inclusion of N-coordinated cyclic boronic ester bonds, the modified PDCPDs have the thermal stability much superior to plain PDCPD. The results reported in this work demonstrate that PDCPD can successfully be transformed into the vitrimers via the introduction of N-coordinated cyclic boronic ester bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jianglu Teng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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11
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Wang S, Feng H, Lim JYC, Li K, Li B, Mah JJQ, Xing Z, Zhu J, Loh XJ, Li Z. Recyclable, Malleable, and Strong Thermosets Enabled by Knoevenagel Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9920-9927. [PMID: 38557104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plastic recycling is critical for waste management and achieving a circular economy, but it entails difficult trade-offs between performance and recyclability. Here, we report a thermoset, poly(α-cyanocinnamate) (PCC), synthesized using Knoevenagel condensation between terephthalaldehyde (TPA) and a triarm cyanoacetate star, that tackles this difficulty by harnessing its intrinsically conjugated and dynamic chemical characteristics. PCCs exhibit extraordinary thermal and mechanical properties with a typical Tg of ∼178 °C, Young's modulus of 3.8 GPa, and tensile strength of 102 MPa, along with remarkable flexibility and dimensional and chemical stabilities. Furthermore, end-of-life PCCs can be selectively degraded and partially recycled back into one starting monomer TPA for a new production cycle or reprocessed through dynamic exchange aided by cyanoacetate chain-ends. This study lays the scientific groundwork for the design of robust and recyclable thermosets, with transformative potential in plastic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Hongzhi Feng
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Bofan Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Justin J Q Mah
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhenxiang Xing
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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12
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Yang H, Wang D. Comparing Surface and Bulk Curing Processes of an Epoxy Vitrimer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38470965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We used atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and nanomechanical mapping (AFM-NM) to image the surface of a vitrimer, specifically dicarboxylic acid-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), to assess the curing process of a surface layer and compared this to the process in the bulk. We identified the β-hydroxy esters with various functionalities that are the key to form the cross-links for a system, including difunctional DGEBA and carboxylic acids. The IR peaks of the carbonyl group in generated ester groups are distinguished clearly from those in acids, allowing us to quantitatively assess the curing process at the surface and in the bulk. The initial curing at the surface exhibits a gradual cross-linking and is found to be lower than a rapid cross-linking in the bulk due to a relatively lower concentration of the β-hydroxy esters with high functionalities. This curing process leads to a smaller chemically and mechanically heterogeneous nanostructure at the surface relative to the bulk. After multiple reprocessings, a substantial number of esters lacking dynamic exchange capability form in the bulk, which decrease the flowability and reprocessability of the vitrimers and therefore the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites & Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites & Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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13
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Tan Y, Wang K, Dong Y, Gong S, Lu Y, Shi SQ, Li J. Programmable and Shape-Color Synchronous Dual-Response Wood with Thermal Stimulus. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6718-6730. [PMID: 38277220 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials exhibit huge potential in sensors, actuators, and electronics; however, their further development for reinforcement, visualization, and biomass-incorporation remains challenging. Herein, based on the impregnation of thermochromic microcapsule (TCM)-doped dynamic covalent vitrimers, a programmable shape-color dual-responsive wood (SRW-TC) was demonstrated with robust anisotropic structures and exchangeable covalent adaptable networks. Under mild conditions, the resultant SRW-TC displays feasible shape memorability and programmability, resulting from the rigidity-flexibility shift induced by the glass-transition temperature (34.99 °C) and transesterification reaction triggered by the topology freezing transition temperature (149.62 °C). Furthermore, the obtained SRW-TC possesses satisfactory mechanical performance (tensile strength of 45.70 MPa), thermal insulation (thermal conductivity of 0.27 W/m K), anisotropic light management, and benign optical properties (transmittance of 51.73% and haze of 99.67% at 800 nm). Importantly, the incorporation of compatible TCM enables SRW-TC to visualize shape memory feasibility and rigidity/flexibility switching and respond to the external thermal stimulus through the thermal-induced shape-color synchronous dual-responsiveness, which successfully demonstrates the applications of sensing temperature, grasping objects, encrypting/decoding icon messages, and so on. The proposed facile and highly effective strategy could serve as a guideline for developing high-performance multifunctional wood composite with promising intelligent applications in performance visualization, environmental sensing, materials interactivity, information dual-encryption, local precision shape and color regulation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Youming Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shanshan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Sheldon Q Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Jianzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Liu Y, Wang S, Dong J, Huo P, Zhang D, Han S, Yang J, Jiang Z. External Stimuli-Induced Welding of Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38475305 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosets have been crucial in modern engineering for decades, finding applications in various industries. Welding cross-linked components are essential in the processing of thermosets for repairing damaged areas or fabricating complex structures. However, the inherent insolubility and infusibility of thermoset materials, attributed to their three-dimensional network structure, pose challenges to welding development. Incorporating dynamic chemical bonds into highly cross-linked networks bridges the gap between thermosets and thermoplastics presenting a promising avenue for innovative welding techniques. External stimuli, including thermal, light, solvent, pH, electric, and magnetic fields, induce dynamic bonds' breakage and reformation, rendering the cross-linked network malleable. This plasticity facilitates the seamless linkage of two parts to an integral whole, attracting significant attention for potential applications in soft actuators, smart devices, solid batteries, and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dynamic bonds employed in welding dynamic cross-linked networks (DCNs). It extensively discusses the classification and fabrication of common epoxy DCNs and acrylate DCNs. Notably, recent advancements in welding processes based on DCNs under external stimuli are detailed, focusing on the welding dynamics among covalent adaptable networks (CANs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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15
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Li K, Tran NV, Pan Y, Wang S, Jin Z, Chen G, Li S, Zheng J, Loh XJ, Li Z. Next-Generation Vitrimers Design through Theoretical Understanding and Computational Simulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302816. [PMID: 38058273 PMCID: PMC10837359 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers are an innovative class of polymers that boast a remarkable fusion of mechanical and dynamic features, complemented by the added benefit of end-of-life recyclability. This extraordinary blend of properties makes them highly attractive for a variety of applications, such as the automotive sector, soft robotics, and the aerospace industry. At their core, vitrimer materials consist of crosslinked covalent networks that have the ability to dynamically reorganize in response to external factors, including temperature changes, pressure variations, or shifts in pH levels. In this review, the aim is to delve into the latest advancements in the theoretical understanding and computational design of vitrimers. The review begins by offering an overview of the fundamental principles that underlie the behavior of these materials, encompassing their structures, dynamic behavior, and reaction mechanisms. Subsequently, recent progress in the computational design of vitrimers is explored, with a focus on the employment of molecular dynamics (MD)/Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Last, the existing challenges and prospective directions for this field are critically analyzed, emphasizing the necessity for additional theoretical and computational advancements, coupled with experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nam Van Tran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuqing Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, The Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guoliang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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16
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Korotkov R, Shutov V, Orlov A, Bornosuz N, Kulemza D, Onuchin D, Shcherbina A, Gorbunova I, Sirotin I. The Kinetic Study of the Influence of Common Modifiers on the Curing Process of Epoxy Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:392. [PMID: 38337281 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the influence of common modifiers on the kinetics of the curing process of epoxy-anhydride vitrimers was carried out. As common modifiers to enhance the "vitrimeric" nature of the material, zinc acetylacetonate as a transesterification catalyst and glycerol as a modifier of hydroxyl group content were chosen. The curing process of all obtained compositions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) followed by the application of the isoconversional approach. It was shown that additives significantly affect the curing process. The resulting cured polymers were shown to be chemically recyclable by dissolution in the mixture of ethylene glycol and N-methylpirrolidone in a volume ratio of nine to one. The introduction of both zinc acethylacetonate and glycerol to the neat formulation led to a decrease in the dissolution time by 85.7% (from 35 h for the neat epoxy-anhydride formulation to 5 h for the modified formulation). In order to show the opportunity of the secondary use of recyclates, the mixtures based on the basic composition containing 10 wt. % of secondary polymers were also studied. The introduction of a recycled material to neat composition led to the same curing behavior as glycerol-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Korotkov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Vyacheslav Shutov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Orlov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bornosuz
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Kulemza
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Onuchin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Gorbunova
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Sirotin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Ferretti F, Damonte G, Cantamessa F, Arrigo R, Athanassiou A, Zych A, Fina A, Monticelli O. On a Biobased Epoxy Vitrimer from a Cardanol Derivative Prepared by a Simple Thiol-Epoxy "Click" Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1242-1250. [PMID: 38222589 PMCID: PMC10785085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of this work lies in the relevant interest in epoxy resins, which, despite their wide use, do not meet the requirements for sustainable materials. Therefore, the proposed approach considers the need to develop environmentally friendly systems, in terms of both the starting material and the synthetic method applied as well as in terms of end-of-life. The above issues were taken into account by (i) using a monomer from renewable sources, (ii) promoting the formation of dynamic covalent bonds, allowing for material reprocessing, and (iii) evaluating the degradability of the material. Indeed, an epoxy derived from cardanol was used, which, for the first time, was applied in the development of a vitrimer system. The exploitation of a diboronic ester dithiol ([2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[4-mercaptan-1,3,2-dioxaborolane], DBEDT) as a cross-linker allowed the cross-linking reaction to be carried out without the use of solvents and catalysts through a thiol-epoxy "click" mechanism. The dynamicity of the network was demonstrated by gel fraction experiments and rheological and DMA measurements. In particular, the formation of a vitrimer was highlighted, characterized by low relaxation times (around 4 s at 70 °C) and an activation energy of ca. 48 kJ/mol. Moreover, the developed material, which is easily biodegradable in seawater, was found to show promising flame reaction behavior. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that, unlike an epoxy resin prepared from the same monomer and using a classical cross-linker, our boron-containing material exhibited no dripping under combustion conditions, a phenomenon that will allow this novel biobased system to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferretti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Damonte
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cantamessa
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, Viale Teresa
Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, Viale Teresa
Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Arkadiusz Zych
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, Viale Teresa
Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
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18
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Lee YB, Suslick BA, de Jong D, Wilson GO, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Braun PV. A Self-Healing System for Polydicyclopentadiene Thermosets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2309662. [PMID: 38087908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing offers promise for addressing structural failures, increasing lifespan, and improving durability in polymeric materials. Implementing self-healing in thermoset polymers faces significant manufacturing challenges, especially due to the elevated temperature requirements of thermoset processing. To introduce self-healing into structural thermosets, the self-healing system must be thermally stable and compatible with the thermoset chemistry. This article demonstrates a self-healing microcapsule-based system stable to frontal polymerization (FP), a rapid and energy-efficient manufacturing process with a self-propagating exothermic reaction (≈200 °C). A thermally latent Grubbs-type complex bearing two N-heterocyclic carbene ligands addresses limitations in conventional G2-based self-healing approaches. Under FP's elevated temperatures, the catalyst remains dormant until activated by a Cu(I) co-reagent, ensuring efficient polymerization of the dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) upon damage to the polyDCPD matrix. The two-part microcapsule system consists of one capsule containing the thermally latent Grubbs-type catalyst dissolved in the solvent, and another capsule containing a Cu(I) coagent blended with liquid DCPD monomer. Using the same chemistry for both matrix fabrication and healing results in strong interfaces as demonstrated by lap-shear tests. In an optimized system, the self-healing system restores the mechanical properties of the tough polyDCPD thermoset. Self-healing efficiencies greater than 90% via tapered double cantilever beam tests are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bum Lee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Derek de Jong
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul V Braun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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19
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Meyersohn M, Haque FM, Hillmyer MA. Dynamic Aliphatic Polyester Elastomers Crosslinked with Aliphatic Dianhydrides. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:365-375. [PMID: 37841953 PMCID: PMC10571103 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemically crosslinked elastomers are a class of polymeric materials with properties that render them useful as adhesives, sealants, and in other engineering applications. Poly(γ-methyl-ε-caprolactone) (PγMCL) is a hydrolytically degradable and compostable aliphatic polyester that can be biosourced and exhibits competitive mechanical properties to traditional elastomers when chemically crosslinked. A typical limitation of chemically crosslinked elastomers is that they cannot be reprocessed; however, the incorporation of dynamic covalent bonds can allow for bonds to reversibly break and reform under an external stimulus, usually heat. In this work, we study the dynamic behavior and mechanical properties of PγMCL elastomers synthesized from aliphatic dianhydride crosslinkers. The crosslinked elastomers in this work were synthesized using the commercially available crosslinkers, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride and three-arm hydroxy-telechelic PγMCL star polymers. Stress relaxation experiments on the crosslinked networks showed an Arrhenius dependence of viscosity with temperature with an activation energy of 118 ± 8 kJ/mol, which agrees well with the activation energy of transesterification exchange chemistry obtained from small molecule model studies. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and rheological experiments confirmed the dynamic nature of the networks and provided insight into the mechanism of exchange (i.e., associative or dissociative). Tensile testing showed that these materials can exhibit high strains at break and low Young's moduli, characteristic of soft and strong elastomers. By controlling the exchange chemistry and understanding the effect of macromolecular structure on mechanical properties, we prepared the high-performance elastomers that can be potentially reprocessed at moderately elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne
S. Meyersohn
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Farihah M. Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Ma X, Wang X, Zhao H, Xu X, Cui M, Stott NE, Chen P, Zhu J, Yan N, Chen J. High-Performance, Light-Stimulation Healable, and Closed-Loop Recyclable Lignin-Based Covalent Adaptable Networks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303215. [PMID: 37269200 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, high-performance, light-stimulation healable, and closed-loop recyclable covalent adaptable networks are successfully synthesized from natural lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) Zn2+ coordination structures (LPUxZy). Using an optimized LPU (LPU-20 with a tensile strength of 28.4 ± 3.5 MPa) as the matrix for Zn2+ coordination, LPUs with covalent adaptable coordination networks are obtained that have different amounts of Zn. When the feed amount of ZnCl2 is 9 wt%, the strength of LPU-20Z9 reaches 37.3 ± 3.1 MPa with a toughness of 175.4 ± 4.6 MJ m-3 , which is 1.7 times of that of LPU-20. In addition, Zn2+ has a crucial catalytic effect on "dissociation mechanism" in the exchange reaction of LPU. Moreover, the Zn2+ -based coordination bonds significantly enhance the photothermal conversion capability of lignin. The maximum surface temperature of LPU-20Z9 reaches 118 °C under the near-infrared illumination of 0.8 W m-2 . This allows the LPU-20Z9 to self-heal within 10 min. Due to the catalytic effect of Zn2+ , LPU-20Z9 can be degraded and recovered in ethanol completely. Through the investigation of the mechanisms for exchange reaction and the design of the closed-loop recycling method, this work is expected to provide insight into the development of novel LPUs with high-performance, light-stimulated heal ability, and closed-loop recyclability; which can be applied toward the expanded development of intelligent elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Honglong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Minghui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110142, China
| | - Nathan E Stott
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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21
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Palmieri B, Cilento F, Amendola E, Valente T, Dello Iacono S, Giordano M, Martone A. Influence of Catalyst Content and Epoxy/Carboxylate Ratio on Isothermal Creep of Epoxy Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3845. [PMID: 37765699 PMCID: PMC10535981 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a commercial epoxy based on epoxy anhydride and tertiary amine was modified by a metallic catalyst (Zn2+) to induce vitrimeric behavior by promoting the transesterification reaction. The effect of two different epoxy/acid ratios (1 and 0.6) at two different zinc acetate amounts (Zn(Ac)2) on the thermomechanical and viscoelastic performances of the epoxy vitrimers were investigated. Creep experiments showed an increase in molecular mobility above the critical "Vitrimeric" temperature (Tv) of 170 °C proportionally to the amount of Zn(Ac)2. A procedure based on Burger's model was set up to investigate the effect of catalyst content on the vitrimer ability to flow as the effect of the dynamic exchange reaction. The analysis showed that in the case of a balanced epoxy/acid formulation, the amount of catalyst needed for promoting molecular mobility is 5%. This system showed a value of elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity at 170 °C of 9.50 MPa and 2.23 GPas, respectively. The material was easily thermoformed in compression molding, paving the way for the recyclability and weldability of the thermoset system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Teodoro Valente
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
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22
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Grauzeliene S, Schuller AS, Delaite C, Ostrauskaite J. Development and Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of a Vitrimer Composed of Glycerol 1,3-Diglycerolate Diacrylate and Tetrahydrofurfuryl Methacrylate. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:6958-6965. [PMID: 37705712 PMCID: PMC10497060 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of biobased reshapable and repairable vitrimers has received extensive attention due to the growing focus on an environmentally friendly society. Therefore, the objective of this research was to synthesize sustainable polymers with an environmentally friendly strategy combining the benefits of renewable resources, UV curing, and vitrimers. Two biobased monomers, glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, were chosen for the preparation of UV-curable resins and tested by real-time photorheometry and RT-FTIR spectroscopy to determine their suitability for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. DLP 3D-printed polymer showed shape memory, weldability, and repairability capabilities by triggering the dynamic transesterification process at high temperatures. The vitrimer with a weight ratio of 60:40 of glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate showed shape memory properties with a recovery ratio of 100% and a 7-fold improved tensile strength compared to the original sample, confirming efficient weldability and repairability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Grauzeliene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Anne-Sophie Schuller
- Laboratoire
de Photochimie et d’Ingénierie Macromoléculaires—EA4567,
Université de Haute Alsace, Université
de Strasbourg, 3b Rue
Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Christelle Delaite
- Laboratoire
de Photochimie et d’Ingénierie Macromoléculaires—EA4567,
Université de Haute Alsace, Université
de Strasbourg, 3b Rue
Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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23
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Palmieri B, Cilento F, Amendola E, Valente T, Dello Iacono S, Giordano M, Martone A. An Investigation of the Healing Efficiency of Epoxy Vitrimer Composites Based on Zn 2+ Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3611. [PMID: 37688237 PMCID: PMC10489754 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to recycle carbon-fibre-reinforced composite polymers (CFRP) has grown significantly to reduce the environmental impact generated by their production. To meet this need, thermoreversible epoxy matrices have been developed in recent years. This study investigates the performance of an epoxy vitrimer made by introducing a metal catalyst (Zn2+) and its carbon fibre composites, focusing on the healing capability of the system. The dynamic crosslinking networks endow vitrimers with interesting rheological behaviour; the capability of the formulated resin (AV-5) has been assessed by creep tests. The analysis showed increased molecular mobility above a topology freezing temperature (Tv). However, the reinforcement phase inhibits the flow capability, reducing the flow. The fracture behaviour of CFRP made with the vitrimeric resin has been investigated by Mode I and Mode II tests and compared with the conventional system. The repairability of the vitrimeric CFRP has been investigated by attempting to recover the delaminated samples, which yielded unsatisfactory results. Moreover, the healing efficiency of the modified epoxy composites has been assessed using the vitrimer as an adhesive layer. The joints were able to recover about 84% of the lap shear strength of the pristine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Teodoro Valente
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
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24
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Sun J, Liang M, Yin L, Rivers G, Hu G, Pan Q, Zhao B. Interfacial Compatibility of Core-Shell Cellulose Nanocrystals for Improving Dynamic Covalent Adaptable Networks' Fracture Resistance in Nanohybrid Vitrimer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39786-39796. [PMID: 37578445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymeric nanocomposites with dynamic covalent adaptable networks and biobased nanomaterials has been a promising approach toward sustainable advanced materials, enabling reprogramming and recycling capabilities. Herein, a core-shell nanohybrid of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is explored to provide crucial interfacial compatibility for improving the covalent adaptable networks of epoxy-thiol vitrimers in fracture resistance. The poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shells grafted from CNC surfaces can be cross-linked with the covalent adaptable networks via a hot-pressing transesterification process. According to the additive concentration and annealing temperature, the stress relaxation behavior of nanohybrid vitrimer composites can be effectively regulated by the core-shell PCL-grafted CNC (CNC-PCL) nanohybrids from a dispersed to cross-linked interaction. The addition of 15 wt % of the core-shell CNC-PCLs exhibits the reinforced improvement of nanohybrid vitrimer composites in the average Young's modulus of 2.5×, fracture stress of 5.4×, and fracture strain of 2.0×. The research findings might have profound implications for developing synergistic interfacial compatibility between dynamic vitrimer networks and functional nanoparticles for advanced polymeric nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mingrui Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Rivers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qinmin Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
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25
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Sougrati L, Duval A, Avérous L. From Lignins to Renewable Aromatic Vitrimers based on Vinylogous Urethane. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300792. [PMID: 37486785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
During the two last decades, covalent adaptable networks (CANs) have proven to be an important new class of polymer materials combining the main advantages of thermoplastics and thermosets. For instance, materials can undergo reprocessing cycles by incorporating dynamic covalent bonds within a cross-linked network. Due to their versatility, renewable resources can be easily integrated into these innovative systems to develop sustainable materials, which can be related to the context of the recent development of a circular bioeconomy. Lignins, the main renewable sources of aromatic structures, are major candidates in the design of novel and biobased stimuli-responsive materials such as vitrimers due to their high functionality and specific chemical architectures. In the aim of developing recyclable lignin-based vinylogous urethane (VU) networks, an innovative strategy was elaborated in which lignin was first modified into liquid polyols and then into polyacetoacetates. Resulting macromonomers were integrated into aromatic VU networks and fully characterized through thermal, mechanical, and rheological experiments. Viscoelastic behaviors of the different aromatic vitrimers exhibited fast stress-relaxations (e. g., 39 s at 130 °C) allowing easy and fast mechanical reprocessing. A thermomechanical recycling study was successfully performed. Then, the developed strategy enabled the fabrication of healable biobased aromatic vitrimers with tunable structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sougrati
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Antoine Duval
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Soprema, 15 rue de Saint Nazaire, 67100, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
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26
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Xu J, Hu J, Gao Y, Wang H, Li L, Zheng S. Crosslinking of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) with diphenylboronic acid of tetraphenylethene enables reprocessing, shape recovery and photoluminescence. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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27
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Sharma H, Krishnakumar B, Dickens TJ, Yun GJ, Kumar A, Rana S. A bibliometric survey of research trends in vitrimer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17350. [PMID: 37441386 PMCID: PMC10333614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent trends of vitrimer studies enhance the thermoset material with superior properties, therefore, it is particularly important to address the critical scientific inquiries in this area using their research metrics. The reported vitrimer systems have been highly required for future real-time applications; however, the inquisitiveness of material exchange mechanisms extends the research studies further. Significantly, more scientific information's are required to achieve the evident prospective outcomes via these materials. This article highlights the trends and developments of the most relevant publications, authors, articles, countries, and keywords in the vitrimer research field over the past 10 years. The represented bibliometric survey would elevate the basic understanding of the current vitrimer research stats and also help follow the particular research community to learn and develop insight. To generate bibliometric networks, bibliometric data has obtained from Scopus and visualised in VOS-viewer; as an overview of that, the highest number of publications were from China, United States, France, United Kingdom, and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Balaji Krishnakumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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28
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Stouten J, Schnelting GHM, Hul J, Sijstermans N, Janssen K, Darikwa T, Ye C, Loos K, Voet VSD, Bernaerts KV. Biobased Photopolymer Resin for 3D Printing Containing Dynamic Imine Bonds for Fast Reprocessability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37220092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acrylic photopolymer resins are widely used in stereolithographic 3D printing. However, the growing demand for such thermosetting resins is weighing on global issues such as waste management and fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for reactive components that are biobased and enable recyclability of the resulting thermoset products. In this work, the synthesis of a photo-cross-linkable molecule containing dynamic imine bonds based on biobased vanillin and dimer fatty diamine is described. Using the biobased building blocks, formulations containing reactive diluent and a photoinitiator were prepared. The mixtures could be rapidly cross-linked under UV light, yielding vitrimers. Using digital light processing, 3D-printed parts were prepared, which were rigid, thermally stable, and reprocessed within 5 min at elevated temperature and pressure. The addition of a building block containing a higher concentration of imine bonds accelerated the stress relaxation and improved the mechanical rigidity of the vitrimers. This work will contribute to the development of biobased and recyclable 3D-printed resins to facilitate the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Stouten
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Geraldine H M Schnelting
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerzy Hul
- Liqcreate, Texasdreef 7, 3665 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Sijstermans
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Kylian Janssen
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Tinashe Darikwa
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Chongnan Ye
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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29
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Katcharava Z, Zhou X, Bhandary R, Sattler R, Huth H, Beiner M, Marinow A, Binder WH. Solvent and catalyst free vitrimeric poly(ionic liquid) electrolytes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14435-14442. [PMID: 37180003 PMCID: PMC10172824 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes (PEs) are a promising alternative to overcome shortcomings of conventional lithium ion batteries (LiBs) and make them safer for users. Introduction of self-healing features in PEs additionally leads to prolonged life-time of LIBs, thus tackling cost and environmental issues. We here present solvent free, self-healable, reprocessable, thermally stable, conductive poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) consisting of pyrrolidinium-based repeating units. PEO-functionalized styrene was used as a co-monomer for improving mechanical properties and introducing pendant OH groups in the polymer backbone to act as a transient crosslinking site for boric acid, leading to the formation of dynamic boronic ester bonds, thus forming a vitrimeric material. Dynamic boronic ester linkages allow reprocessing (at 40 °C), reshaping and self-healing ability of PEs. A series of vitrimeric PILs by varying both monomers ratio and lithium salt (LiTFSI) content was synthesized and characterized. The conductivity reached 10-5 S cm-1 at 50 °C in the optimized composition. Moreover, the PILs rheological properties fit the required melt flow behavior (above 120 °C) for 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM), offering the possibility to design batteries with more complex and diverse architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zviadi Katcharava
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Xiaozhuang Zhou
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Rajesh Bhandary
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Rene Sattler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Walter Hülse Str. 1 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Heiko Huth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Walter Hülse Str. 1 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Mario Beiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Walter Hülse Str. 1 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Anja Marinow
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
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Cui J, Liu F, Lu Z, Feng S, Liang C, Sun Y, Cui J, Zhang B. Repeatedly Recyclable 3D Printing Catalyst-Free Dynamic Thermosetting Photopolymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211417. [PMID: 36921350 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photo-curing 3D printing technology has promoted the advanced manufacturing in various fields, but has exacerbated the environmental crisis by the demand for the chemically cross-linked thermosetting photopolymers. Here, the authors report a generic strategy to develop catalyst-free dynamic thermosetting photopolymers, based on photopolymerization and transesterification, that can enable users to realize repeatable 3D printing, providing a practical solution to the environmental challenges. That the β-carbonyl group adjacent to the ester group greatly accelerates the rate of transesterification is demonstrated. The generated resins from the immobilization of the catalyst-free reversible bonds into the photopolymers leads to a dynamic covalently crosslinked network structure upon UV based 3D printing, which exhibit controllable mechanical properties with elastomeric behaviors to thermadapt shape memory polymers. Furthermore, the resulting network can be reverted into an acrylate-functioned photopolymer that is suitable for 3D printing again, presenting an on-demand, repeatedly recyclable thermosetting photopolymer platform for sustainable 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fukang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shiwei Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yongding Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jin Cui
- School of Information and Science Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Street, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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31
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Lee TH, Forrester M, Wang TP, Shen L, Liu H, Dileep D, Kuehl B, Li W, Kraus G, Cochran E. Dihydroxyterephthalate-A Trojan Horse PET Counit for Facile Chemical Recycling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210154. [PMID: 36857624 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, low-energy poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chemical recycling in water: PET copolymers with diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (DHTE) undergo selective hydrolysis at DHTE sites, autocatalyzed by neighboring group participation, is demonstrated. Liberated oligomeric subchains further hydrolyze until only small molecules remain. Poly(ethylene terephthalate-stat-2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate) copolymers were synthesized via melt polycondensation and then hydrolyzed in 150-200 °C water with 0-1 wt% ZnCl2 , or alternatively in simulated sea water. Degradation progress follows pseudo-first order kinetics. With increasing DHTE loading, the rate constant increases monotonically while the thermal activation barrier decreases. The depolymerization products are ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate dimer, which could be used to regenerate virgin polymer. Composition-optimized copolymers show a decrease of nearly 50% in the Arrhenius activation energy, suggesting a 6-order reduction in depolymerization time under ambient conditions compared to that of PET homopolymer. This study provides new insight to the design of polymers for end-of-life while maintaining key properties like service temperature and mechanical properties. Moreover, this chemical recycling procedure is more environmentally friendly compared to traditional approaches since water is the only needed material, which is green, sustainable, and cheap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Michael Forrester
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Tung-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Liyang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Hengzhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dhananjay Dileep
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Baker Kuehl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Wenzhen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - George Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eric Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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32
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Rashid MA, Hasan MN, Kafi MA. Synthesis of novel vanillin-amine hardeners fully derived from renewable bio feedstocks and their curing with epoxy resins to produce recyclable reprocessable vitrimers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16062. [PMID: 37215916 PMCID: PMC10196524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobased epoxy vitrimers have reached intense interest in recent decades. The triggerable reverse bonds can be introduced into these crosslinked epoxy vitrimers through epoxy resins or hardeners. This study synthesized two imine hardeners, such as vanillin-butanediamine (V-BDA) and vanillin-hexanediamine (V-HDA), using biobased vanillin, butanediamine, and hexanediamine and their chemical structures were ensured by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and TOF-MS. The two novel hardeners were used to cure epoxy resins, rendering vitrimers with good reprocessability, self-healing, recyclability, and solvent resistance due to the reversible imine bonds. The flexural strengths and modulus of these cured resins were consistent with those of epoxy resins that were hardened with traditional amine-based hardeners. The cured resins maintained 100% of their Tg and flexural properties after being reprocessed up to three times. It was revealed that the cured epoxy vitrimers could be degraded entirely in a particular acidic solution capable of bond-exchanging reactions within 12 h at 50 ᵒC, allowing the thermoset matrix to be chemically recycled and the monomers regenerated. This versatile recyclability, combined with the use of fully biobased feedstocks to prepare the hardeners, provides an attractive approach to help achieve a sustainable circular composite economy.
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33
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de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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34
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Feng Z, Zhao W, Jin L, Zhang J, Xue B, Ni Y. Environmentally friendly strategy to access self-healable, reprocessable and recyclable chitin, chitosan, and sodium alginate based polysaccharide-vitrimer hybrid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124531. [PMID: 37085067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides show enviable advantages for preparation of sustainable hybrid materials. However, in most cases, complex chemical modifications of natural polysaccharides are required, which not only causes changes of the inherent properties of polysaccharides, but also increases the manufacturing costs of the final materials. Therefore, it is highly desired to develop efficient and low-cost ways to access polysaccharides-containing hybrid materials. In this work, we report the environmentally friendly preparation of a new kind of polysaccharide-based materials, called polysaccharide-vitrimer hybrid materials, for the first time. The vitrimer synthesis and hybridization with polysaccharides can be achieved via a convenient one-pot method in absence of solvent and catalyst. In addition, time-consuming and labor-intensive physical/chemical modifications of natural polysaccharides are completely avoided. The resultant hybrid materials show good mechanical performance (tensile toughness is up to 13.7 MJ/m3), high thermal stability (Td,max is up to 457 °C), fast self-healing ability (self-healing efficiency is up to 99 % within 20s at 80 °C) and excellent reprocessability and recyclability (at least three cycles). Especially, conductive polysaccharide-vitrimer hybrid materials could be readily prepared from the resultant materials, exhibiting novel applications as flexible sensors and electromagnetic shielding materials (the EMI SE is up to 24.93 dB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Feng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials, China National Light Industry, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials, China National Light Industry, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Liuping Jin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials, China National Light Industry, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Bailiang Xue
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials, China National Light Industry, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 5A3, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Chemical and biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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35
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Subramaniyan S, Bergoglio M, Sangermano M, Hakkarainen M. Vanillin-Derived Thermally Reprocessable and Chemically Recyclable Schiff-Base Epoxy Thermosets. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200234. [PMID: 37020622 PMCID: PMC10069320 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm shift from traditional petroleum-based non-recyclable thermosets to biobased repeatedly recyclable materials is required to move toward circular bioeconomy. Here, two mechanically and chemically recyclable extended vanillin-derived epoxy thermosets are successfully fabricated by introduction of Schiff-base/imine covalent dynamic bonds. Thermoset 1 (T1) is based on linear monomer 1 (M1) with two alcohol end groups and one imine bond, while thermoset 2 (T2) is based on branched monomer 2 (M2) with three alcohol end-groups and three imine-groups. Thermosets are obtained by reaction of monomer 1 (M1) and monomer 2 (M2) with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether. The structure of the monomers and thermosets is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Both thermosets exhibit good thermal and mechanical properties and they are stable in common organic solvents. Furthermore, they can be thermally reprocessed through compression molding with good recovery of the mechanical properties. Last but not least, the fabricated thermosets can be rapidly and completely chemically recycled to water-soluble aldehydes and amines by imine hydrolysis at room temperature in 0.1 m HCl solution. This is promising for development of future materials with multiple circularity by different routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiyaraj Subramaniyan
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyTeknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyWallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC)Teknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Matteo Bergoglio
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyTeknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
- Politecnico di TorinoDepartment of Applied Science and TechnologyC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di TorinoDepartment of Applied Science and TechnologyC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyTeknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyWallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC)Teknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
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36
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Bakkali-Hassani C, Edera P, Langenbach J, Poutrel QA, Norvez S, Gresil M, Tournilhac F. Epoxy Vitrimer Materials by Lipase-Catalyzed Network Formation and Exchange Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:338-343. [PMID: 36802496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and reprocessing of an epoxy vitrimer material is performed in a fully biocatalyzed process wherein network formation and exchange reactions are promoted by a lipase enzyme. Binary phase diagrams are introduced to select suitable diacid/diepoxide monomer compositions overcoming the limitations (phase separation/sedimentation) imposed by curing temperature inferior than 100 °C, to protect the enzyme. The ability of lipase TL, embedded in the chemical network, to catalyze efficiently exchange reactions (transesterification) is demonstrated by combining multiple stress relaxation experiments at 70-100 °C and complete recovery of mechanical strength after several reprocessing assays (up to 3 times). Complete stress relaxation ability disappears after heating at 150 °C, due to enzyme denaturation. Transesterification vitrimers thus designed are complementary to those involving classical catalysis (e.g., using the organocatalyst triazabicyclodecene) for which complete stress relaxation is possible only at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bakkali-Hassani
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Paolo Edera
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jakob Langenbach
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Quentin-Arthur Poutrel
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- i-Composites Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
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37
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Kumar A, Gresil M, Connal LA. Dynamic elastomers based on bio‐derived crosslinker. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Luke A. Connal
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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38
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Ma X, Li S, Wang F, Wu J, Chao Y, Chen X, Chen P, Zhu J, Yan N, Chen J. Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Covalent Adaptable Network (CAN) Polyurethanes from Lignin with Editable Shape Memory Properties. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202071. [PMID: 36482867 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here a new strategy of catalyst-free direct synthesis of covalent adaptable network polyurethanes (LPUs) from lignin with editable shape memory effect is reported. Using unmodified lignin, PEG, and isocyanate under the condition of the isocyanate index less than 1.0 (NCO/OH<1.0), a variety of LPUs are obtained. When NCO/OH=0.8, a stable cross-linked network can be formed (ex. the gel content of LPU50-0.8 was 98±0.3 %). The activation energy (Ea ) value of LPUs is similar to that of polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs), at around 110 kJ mol-1 . With an increase of lignin content, the LPUs show a transition from ductile fracture to brittle fracture mode. And the mechanical properties of LPUs are significantly enhanced after extrusion processing, with the maximum modulus reaching 649±26 MPa and the maximum toughness up to 9927±111 kJ m-3 . The improvement in mechanical properties is due to the homogenization of complex cross-linked network under the powerful external force of the extruder and the lignin that originally was free in the system participated in the exchange reactions. Moreover, LPUs can also be prepared continuously in one step by using an extruder as the reactor. In addition, LPU50-0.8 has an editable shape memory effect. This study develops a novel method for the synthesis of LPU from lignin with NCO/OH<1.0, showcasing new possibilities for value-added utilization of lignin, and expands the bio-based products portfolio from biomass feedstock to help meet future green manufacturing demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shuqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jialong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yeyan Chao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yan
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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39
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Kuenstler AS, Hernandez JJ, Trujillo-Lemon M, Osterbaan A, Bowman CN. Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Tough, Fully Recyclable Thermosets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11111-11121. [PMID: 36795439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To advance the capabilities of additive manufacturing, novel resin formulations are needed that produce high-fidelity parts with desired mechanical properties that are also amenable to recycling. In this work, a thiol-ene-based system incorporating semicrystallinity and dynamic thioester bonds within polymer networks is presented. It is shown that these materials have ultimate toughness values >16 MJ cm-3, comparable to high-performance literature precedents. Significantly, the treatment of these networks with excess thiols facilitates thiol-thioester exchange that degrades polymerized networks into functional oligomers. These oligomers are shown to be amenable to repolymerization into constructs with varying thermomechanical properties, including elastomeric networks that recover their shape fully from >100% strain. Using a commercial stereolithographic printer, these resin formulations are printed into functional objects including both stiff (E ∼ 10-100 MPa) and soft (E ∼ 1-10 MPa) lattice structures. Finally, it is shown that the incorporation of both dynamic chemistry and crystallinity further enables advancement in the properties and characteristics of printed parts, including attributes such as self-healing and shape-memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juan J Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marianela Trujillo-Lemon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexander Osterbaan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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40
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Şucu T, Wang M, Shaver MP. Degradable and Reprocessable Resins from a Dioxolanone Cross-Linker. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1625-1632. [PMID: 36874530 PMCID: PMC9979638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemically cross-linked polymers offer excellent temperature and solvent resistance, but their high dimensional stability precludes reprocessing. The renewed demand for sustainable and circular polymers from public, industry, and government stakeholders has increased research into recycling thermoplastics, but thermosets have often been overlooked. To address this need for more sustainable thermosets, we have developed a novel bis(1,3-dioxolan-4-one) monomer, derived from the naturally occurring l-(+)-tartaric acid. This compound can be used as a cross-linker and copolymerized in situ with common cyclic esters such as l-lactide, ε-caprolactone, and δ-valerolactone to produce cross-linked, degradable polymers. The structure-property relationships and the final network properties were tuned by both co-monomer choice and composition, with properties ranging from resilient solids with tensile strengths of 46.7 MPa to elastomers with elongations up to 147%. In addition to exhibiting properties rivalling those of commercial thermosets, the synthesized resins could be recovered at end-of-life through triggered degradation or reprocessing. Accelerated hydrolysis experiments showed the materials fully degraded to tartaric acid and the corresponding oligomers from 1 to 14 days under mild basic conditions and in a matter of minutes in the presence of a transesterification catalyst. The vitrimeric reprocessing of networks was demonstrated at elevated temperatures, and rates could be tuned by modifying the concentration of the residual catalyst. This work develops new thermosets, and indeed their glass fiber composites, with an unprecedented ability to tune degradability and high performance by creating resins from sustainable monomers and a bio-derived cross-linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theona Şucu
- Department of Materials, Engineering Building A, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, U.K.,Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Materials, Engineering Building A, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, U.K.,Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Michael P Shaver
- Department of Materials, Engineering Building A, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, U.K.,Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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41
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Marinow A, Katcharava Z, Binder WH. Self-Healing Polymer Electrolytes for Next-Generation Lithium Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051145. [PMID: 36904385 PMCID: PMC10007462 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of polymer materials with self-healing features into advanced lithium batteries is a promising and attractive approach to mitigate degradation and, thus, improve the performance and reliability of batteries. Polymeric materials with an ability to autonomously repair themselves after damage may compensate for the mechanical rupture of an electrolyte, prevent the cracking and pulverization of electrodes or stabilize a solid electrolyte interface (SEI), thus prolonging the cycling lifetime of a battery while simultaneously tackling financial and safety issues. This paper comprehensively reviews various categories of self-healing polymer materials for application as electrolytes and adaptive coatings for electrodes in lithium-ion (LIBs) and lithium metal batteries (LMBs). We discuss the opportunities and current challenges in the development of self-healable polymeric materials for lithium batteries in terms of their synthesis, characterization and underlying self-healing mechanism, as well as performance, validation and optimization.
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42
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Peñas-Caballero M, Chemello E, Grande AM, Hernández Santana M, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA. Poly(methyl methacrylate) as Healing Agent for Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051114. [PMID: 36904356 PMCID: PMC10006897 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-healing materials offer a potential solution to the problem of damage to fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) by allowing for the in-service repair of composite materials at a lower cost, in less time, and with improved mechanical properties compared to traditional repair methods. This study investigates for the first time the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a self-healing agent in FRPs and evaluates its effectiveness both when blended with the matrix and when applied as a coating to carbon fibres. The self-healing properties of the material are evaluated using double cantilever beam (DCB) tests for up to three healing cycles. The blending strategy does not impart a healing capacity to the FRP due to its discrete and confined morphology; meanwhile, coating the fibres with the PMMA results in healing efficiencies of up to 53% in terms of fracture toughness recovery. This efficiency remains constant, with a slight decrease over three subsequent healing cycles. It has been demonstrated that spray coating is a simple and scalable method of incorporating a thermoplastic agent into an FRP. This study also compares the healing efficiency of specimens with and without a transesterification catalyst and finds that the catalyst does not increase the healing efficiency, but it does improve the interlaminar properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Peñas-Caballero
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrico Chemello
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Mattia Grande
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Lopez-Manchado
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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43
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Sustainable Bio-Based UV-Cured Epoxy Vitrimer from Castor Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041024. [PMID: 36850307 PMCID: PMC9963144 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitrimers brought new properties in thermosets by allowing their reshaping, self-healing, reprocessing, and network rearrangement without changing structural integrity. In this study, epoxidized castor oil (ECO) was successfully used for the straightforward synthesis of a bio-based solvent-free vitrimer. The synthesis was based on a UV-curing process, which proceeded at low temperatures in the absence of any solvents, and within a short time. Real time Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and photo-DSC were exploited to monitor the cationic photocurable process. The UV-cured polymer networks were able to efficiently undergo thermo-activated bond exchange reactions due to the presence of dibutyl phosphate as a transesterification catalyst. Mechanical properties, thermal resistance, glass transition temperature, and stress relaxation were investigated as a function of the amount of transesterification catalyst. Mechanical properties were determined by both DMTA and tensile tests. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was evaluated by DMTA. Thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis, whilst vitrimeric properties were studied by stress relaxation experiments. Overall, the ECO-based vitrimer showed high thermal resistance (up to 200 °C) and good mechanical properties (elastic modulus of about 10 MPa) and can therefore be considered as a promising starting point for obtaining more sustainable vitrimers.
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Lv G, Li X, Jensen E, Soman B, Tsao YH, Evans CM, Cahill DG. Dynamic Covalent Bonds in Vitrimers Enable 1.0 W/(m K) Intrinsic Thermal Conductivity. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaoru Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elynn Jensen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David G. Cahill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Kumar A, Chang DW. Towards the Future of Polymeric Hybrids of Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus or Phosphorene: From Energy to Biological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040947. [PMID: 36850230 PMCID: PMC9962990 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of a new 2D nanomaterial, namely, black phosphorus (BP) or phosphorene, the scientific community is now dedicated to focusing on and exploring this 2D material offering elusive properties such as a higher carrier mobility, biocompatibility, thickness-dependent band gap, and optoelectronic characteristics that can be harnessed for multiple applications, e.g., nanofillers, energy storage devices, field effect transistors, in water disinfection, and in biomedical sciences. The hexagonal ring of phosphorus atoms in phosphorene is twisted slightly, unlike how it is in graphene. Its unique characteristics, such as a high carrier mobility, anisotropic nature, and biocompatibility, have attracted much attention and generated further scientific curiosity. However, despite these interesting features, the phosphorene or BP poses challenges and causes frustrations when it comes to its stability under ambient conditions and processability, and thus in order to overcome these hurdles, it must be conjugated or linked with the suitable and functional organic counter macromolecule in such a way that its properties are not compromised while providing a protection from air/water that can otherwise degrade it to oxides and acid. The resulting composites/hybrid system of phosphorene and a macromolecule, e.g., a polymer, can outperform and be exploited for the aforementioned applications. These assemblies of a polymer and phosphorene have the potential for shifting the paradigm from exhaustively used graphene to new commercialized products offering multiple applications.
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Bai J, Shi Z. Dynamic Covalent Structure for the Design of Recyclable Polyurethane Based on the Diketone Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200663. [PMID: 36271744 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the rational design of an enaminone compound is reported which can be easily and conveniently designed and obtained via the reaction of amine and diketone. The dynamic enaminoneamide structure is formed via the reaction between isocyanate and enaminone in fabricating a novel dynamic crosslinked polyurethane. The new kind of polyurethane can be efficiently recycled via the shifting between crosslinked structure and oligomer for the reversible dissociation of the enaminoneamide structure. Besides remolding itself via the thermal treatment, oligomers liberated from recycled-polyurethane can directly take part in constructing a new polyurethane without further purification. Therefore, the recyclability of this polyurethane shows high-value characteristics. The ease with which polyurethane can be produced, used, recycled, and reused without losing value offers a new green solution in designing sustainable polymer materials with a high economic value and a minimal environmental burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zixing Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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A Multifunctional Biomass Zinc Catalyst for Epoxy-Based Vitrimers and Composites. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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48
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Kumar A, Connal LA. Biobased Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200892. [PMID: 36661130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of plastics and the related sustainability issues, including the depletion of global petroleum reserves, have rightly sparked interest in the use of biobased polymer feedstocks. Thermosets cannot be remolded, processed, or recycled, and hence cannot be reused because of their permanent molecular architecture. Vitrimers have emerged as a novel polymer family capable of bridging the difference between thermoplastic and thermosets. Vitrimers enable unique recycling strategies, however, it is still important to understand where the raw material feedstocks originate from. Transesterification vitrimers derived from renewable resources are a massive opportunity, however, limited research has been conducted in this specific family of vitrimers. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of transesterification vitrimers produced from biobased monomers. The focus is on the biomass structural suitability with dynamic covalent chemistry, as well as the viability of the synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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Manarin E, Da Via F, Rigatelli B, Turri S, Griffini G. Bio-Based Vitrimers from 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid as Repairable, Reusable, and Recyclable Epoxy Systems. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:828-838. [PMID: 36660254 PMCID: PMC9841517 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of bio-based epoxy vitrimers were developed by reacting diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) at different molar ratios. Triazabicyclodecene was used as a transesterification catalyst to promote thermally induced exchange reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry, gel content measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the FDCA-DGEBA crosslinking reaction. The transesterification exchange reaction kinetics of such crosslinked systems was characterized via stress relaxation tests, evidencing an Arrhenius-type dependence of the relaxation time on temperature, and an activation energy of the dynamic rearrangement depending on the molar composition. In addition, self-healing, thermoformability, and mechanical recycling were demonstrated for the composition showing the faster topology rearrangement, namely, the FDCA/DGEBA molar ratio equal to 0.6. This work provides the first example of bio-based epoxy vitrimers incorporating FDCA, making these systems of primary importance in the field of reversible, high-performance epoxy materials for future circular economy scenarios.
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50
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A Critical Review of Sustainable Vanillin-modified Vitrimers: Synthesis, Challenge and Prospects. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 90% of thermosets are produced from petroleum resources, they have remarkable mechanical characteristics, are chemically durable, and dimensionally stable. However, they can contribute to global warming, depletion of petroleum reserves, and environmental contamination during manufacture, use, and disposal. Using renewable resources to form thermosetting materials is one of the most crucial aspects of addressing the aforementioned issues. Vanillin-based raw materials have been used in the industrial manufacturing of polymer materials because they are simple to modify structurally. Conversely, traditional thermosetting materials as a broad class of high-molecular-weight molecules are challenging to heal, decompose and recover owing to their permanent 3-D crosslinking network. Once the products are damaged, recycling issues could arise, causing resource loss and environmental impact. It could be solved by inserting dynamic covalent adaptable networks (DCANs) into the polymer chains, increasing product longevity, and minimizing waste. It also improves the attractiveness of these products in the prospective field. Moreover, it is essential to underline that increasing product lifespan and reducing waste is equivalent to reducing the expense of consuming resources. The detailed synthesis, reprocessing, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of partly and entirely biomass thermosetting polymers made from vanillin-modified monomers are covered in the current work. Finally, the review highlights the benefits, difficulties, and application of these emerging vanillin-modified vitrimers as a potential replacement for conventional non-recyclable thermosets.
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