1
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Sun R, Zang J, Lai R, Yang W, Ji B. Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion with Efficiency Exceeding 21% Sensitized by InAs Quantum Dots. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17618-17623. [PMID: 38899905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Upconversion (UC) of incoherent near-infrared (NIR) photons to visible photons through sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) shows great potential in solar energy harvesting, photocatalysis, and bioimaging. However, the efficiencies of NIR-to-visible TTA-UC systems lag considerably behind those of their visible-to-visible counterparts. Here, we report a novel NIR-to-yellow TTA-UC system with a record quantum yield (QY) of 21.1% (out of a 100% maximum) and a threshold intensity of 20.2 W/cm2 by using InAs-based colloidal quantum dots (QDs) as triplet photosensitizers. The key to success is the epitaxial growth of an ultrathin ZnSe shell on InAs QDs that passivates the surface defects without impeding triplet energy transfer (TET) from QDs to surface-bound tetracene. Transient absorption spectroscopy verifies efficient TET efficiency of more than 80%, along with sufficiently long triplet lifetime of tetracene molecules, leading to high-performance UC. Moreover, high UC QYs (>18%) remain when larger InAs-based QDs─of which the absorption peak is red-shifted by more than 50 nm─are used as sensitizers, indicating the great potential of InAs QDs to utilize NIR photons with lower energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Sun
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Jianyang Zang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Runchen Lai
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Botao Ji
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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2
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Chua XW, Dai L, Anaya M, Salway H, Ruggeri E, Bi P, Yang Z, Stranks SD, Yang L. Multifold Enhanced Photon Upconversion in a Composite Annihilator System Sensitized by Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15229-15238. [PMID: 38820532 PMCID: PMC11171765 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) provides a pathway to overcoming the thermodynamic efficiency limits in single-junction solar cells by allowing the harvesting of sub-bandgap photons. Here, we use mixed halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbX3, X = Br/I) as triplet sensitizers, with excitation transfer to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) and/or 9,10-bis[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene (TIPS-An) which act as the triplet annihilators. We observe that the upconversion efficiency is five times higher with the combination of both annihilators in a composite system compared to the sum of the individual single-acceptor systems. Our work illustrates the importance of using a composite system of annihilators to enhance TTA upconversion, demonstrated in a perovskite-sensitized system, with promise for a range of potential applications in light-harvesting, biomedical imaging, biosensing, therapeutics, and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wei Chua
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Linjie Dai
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
- Departamento
Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales
de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla−CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Hayden Salway
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Edoardo Ruggeri
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Pengqing Bi
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Le Yang
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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3
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Prabhakaran A, Jha KK, Sia RCE, Arellano Reyes RA, Sarangi NK, Kogut M, Guthmuller J, Czub J, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Keyes TE. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconverting Liposomes: Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Membranes in Two-Dimensional TTA-UC. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29324-29337. [PMID: 38776974 PMCID: PMC11163426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) implemented in nanoparticle assemblies is of emerging interest in biomedical applications, including in drug delivery and imaging. As it is a bimolecular process, ensuring sufficient mobility of the sensitizer and annihilator to facilitate effective collision in the nanoparticle is key. Liposomes can provide the benefits of two-dimensional confinement and condensed concentration of the sensitizer and annihilator along with superior fluidity compared to other nanoparticle assemblies. They are also biocompatible and widely applied across drug delivery modalities. However, there are relatively few liposomal TTA-UC systems reported to date, so systematic studies of the influence of the liposomal environment on TTA-UC are currently lacking. Here, we report the first example of a BODIPY-based sensitizer TTA-UC system within liposomes and use this system to study TTA-UC generation and compare the relative intensity of the anti-Stokes signal for this system as a function of liposome composition and membrane fluidity. We report for the first time on time-resolved spectroscopic studies of TTA-UC in membranes. Nanosecond transient absorption data reveal the BODIPY-perylene dyad sensitizer has a long triplet lifetime in liposome with contributions from three triplet excited states, whose lifetimes are reduced upon coinclusion of the annihilator due to triplet-triplet energy transfer, to a greater extent than in solution. This indicates triplet energy transfer between the sensitizer and the annihilator is enhanced in the membrane system. Molecular dynamics simulations of the sensitizer and annihilator TTA collision complex are modeled in the membrane and confirm the co-orientation of the pair within the membrane structure and that the persistence time of the bound complex exceeds the TTA kinetics. Modeling also reliably predicted the diffusion coefficient for the sensitizer which matches closely with the experimental values from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The relative intensity of the TTA-UC output across nine liposomal systems of different lipid compositions was explored to examine the influence of membrane viscosity on upconversion (UC). UC showed the highest relative intensity for the most fluidic membranes and the weakest intensity for highly viscous membrane compositions, including a phase separation membrane. Overall, our study reveals that the co-orientation of the UC pair within the membrane is crucial for effective TTA-UC within a biomembrane and that the intensity of the TTA-UC output can be tuned in liposomal nanoparticles by modifying the phase and fluidity of the liposome. These new insights will aid in the design of liposomal TTA-UC systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Keshav Kumar Jha
- Research
Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Rengel Cane E. Sia
- Institute
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics
and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ruben Arturo Arellano Reyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mateusz Kogut
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Institute
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics
and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Research
Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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4
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Pan F, Feng Y, Qian Y, Qin L, Yu Y. Dual-Mode Patterns Enabled by Photofluidization of an Azobenzene-Containing Linear Liquid Crystal Copolymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11766-11774. [PMID: 38762782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Creating dual-mode patterns in the same area of the material is an advanced method to increase the dimension of information storage, improve the level of encryption security, and promote the development of encoding technology. However, in situ, different patterns may lead to serious mutual interference in the process of manufacturing and usage. New materials and patterning techniques are essential for the advancement of noninterfering dual-mode patterns. Herein, noninterfering dual-mode patterns are demonstrated by combining the structural color and chromatic polarization, which is designed with an azobenzene-containing linear liquid crystal copolymer featuring a photofluidization effect. On the one hand, structural color patterns are imprinted via silicon templates with periodic microstructures after a UV-light-induced local transition of the polymer surface from a glassy to rubbery state. On the other hand, different polarization patterns based on the local photoinduced orientation of mesogens are created within the photofluidized region by the Weigert effect. Especially, the secondary imprinting is used to eliminate the partial damage to the structural color patterns during writing of the polarization patterns, thus obtaining dual-mode patterns without interference. This study provides a blueprint for the creation of advanced materials and sophisticated photopatterning techniques with potential cross-industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaoqing Feng
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuyao Qian
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Castellanos-Soriano J, Garnes-Portolés F, Jiménez MC, Leyva-Pérez A, Pérez-Ruiz R. In-Flow Heterogeneous Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:242-246. [PMID: 38800722 PMCID: PMC11117689 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Photon upconversion based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive wavelength conversion with increasing use in organic synthesis in the homogeneous phase; however, this technology has not performed with canonical solid catalysts yet. Herein, a BOPHY dye covalently anchored on silica is successfully used as a sensitizer in a TTA system that efficiently catalyzes Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions. This procedure has enabled the implementation of in-flow reaction conditions for the synthesis of a variety of aromatic compounds, and mechanistic proof has been obtained by means of transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castellanos-Soriano
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garnes-Portolés
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
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6
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He Q, Wei L, He C, Yang C, Wu W. Supramolecular Annihilator with DPA Parallelly Arranged by Multiple Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions for Enhanced Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Molecules 2024; 29:2203. [PMID: 38792064 PMCID: PMC11124113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The triplet annihilator is a critical component for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC); both the photophysical properties of the annihilator and the intermolecular orientation have pivotal effects on the overall efficiency of TTA-UC. Herein, we synthesized two supramolecular annihilators A-1 and A-2 by grafting 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) fragments, which have been widely used as triplet annihilators for TTA-UC, on a macrocyclic host-pillar[5]arenes. In A-1, the orientation of the two DPA units was random, while, in A-2, the two DPA units were pushed to a parallel arrangement by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. The two compounds showed very similar photophysical properties and host-guest binding affinities toward electron-deficient guests, but showed totally different TTA-UC emissions. The UC quantum yield of A-2 could be optimized to 13.7% when an alkyl ammonia chain-attaching sensitizer S-2 was used, while, for A-1, only 5.1% was achieved. Destroying the hydrogen-bonding interactions by adding MeOH to A-2 significantly decreased the UC emissions, demonstrating that the parallel orientations of the two DPA units contributed greatly to the TTA-UC emissions. These results should be beneficial for annihilator designs and provide a new promising strategy for enhancing TTA-UC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China; (Q.H.); (L.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China; (Q.H.); (L.W.); (C.H.)
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7
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Jiang LH, Miao X, Zhang MY, Li JY, Zeng L, Hu W, Huang L, Pang DW. Near Infrared-II Excited Triplet Fusion Upconversion with Anti-Stokes Shift Approaching the Theoretical Limit. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10785-10797. [PMID: 38573588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The anti-Stokes shift represents the capacity of photon upconversion to convert low-energy photons to high-energy photons. Although triplet exciton-mediated photon upconversion presents outstanding performance in solar energy harvesting, photoredox catalysis, stereoscopic 3D printing, and disease therapeutics, the interfacial multistep triplet exciton transfer leads to exciton energy loss to suppress the anti-Stokes shift. Here, we report near infrared-II (NIR-II) excitable triplet exciton-mediated photon upconversion using a hybrid photosensitizer consisting of lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) and new surface ligands of thiophene-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (Th-DPP). Under 1064 nm excitation, this photon upconversion revealed a record-corrected upconversion efficiency of 0.37% (normalized to 100%), with the anti-Stokes shift (1.07 eV) approaching the theoretical limit (1.17 eV). The observation of this unexpected result is due to our discovery of the presence of a weak interaction between the sulfur atom on Th-DPP and Pb2+ on the PbS QDs surface, facilitating electronic coupling between PbS QDs and Th-DPP, such that the realization of triplet exciton transfer efficiency is close to 100% even when the energy gap is as small as 0.04 eV. With this premise, this photon upconversion as a photocatalyst enables the production of standing organic gel via photopolymerization under 1064 nm illumination, displaying NIR-II photon-driven photoredox catalysis. This research not only establishes the foundation for enhancing the performance of NIR-II excitable photonic upconversion but also promotes its development in photonics and photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Han Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Miao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics and Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Le Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics and Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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8
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Qiao L, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Ma B, Chen H, Gao P, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Near-infrared light-driven asymmetric photolytic reduction of ketone using inorganic-enzyme hybrid biocatalyst. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130612. [PMID: 38447845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Effective photolytic regeneration of the NAD(P)H cofactor in enzymatic reductions is an important and elusive goal in biocatalysis. It can, in principle, be achieved using a near-infrared light (NIR) driven artificial photosynthesis system employing H2O as the sacrificial reductant. To this end we utilized TiO2/reduced graphene quantum dots (r-GQDs), combined with a novel rhodium electron mediator, to continuously supply NADPH in situ for aldo-keto reductase (AKR) mediated asymmetric reductions under NIR irradiation. This upconversion system, in which the Ti-O-C bonds formed between r-GQDs and TiO2 enabled efficient interfacial charge transfer, was able to regenerate NADPH efficiently in 64 % yield in 105 min. Based on this, the pharmaceutical intermediate (R)-1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethan-1-ol was obtained, in 84 % yield and 99.98 % ee, by reduction of the corresponding ketone. The photo-enzymatic system is recyclable with a polymeric electron mediator, which maintained 66 % of its original catalytic efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity (99.9 % ee) after 6 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bianqin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
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9
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Huang L, Han G. Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion-mediated photochemical reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:238-255. [PMID: 38514833 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Photon upconversion is a method for harnessing high-energy excited states from low-energy photons. Such photons, particularly in the red and near-infrared wavelength ranges, can penetrate tissue deeply and undergo less competitive absorption in coloured reaction media, enhancing the efficiency of large-scale reactions and in vivo phototherapy. Among various upconversion methodologies, the organic-based triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) stands out - demonstrating high upconversion efficiencies, requiring low excitation power densities and featuring tunable absorption and emission wavelengths. These factors contribute to improved photochemical reactions for fields such as photoredox catalysis, photoactivation, 3D printing and immunotherapy. In this Review, we explore concepts and design principles of organic TTA-UC-mediated photochemical reactions, highlighting notable advancements in the field, as well as identify challenges and propose potential solutions. This Review sheds light on the potential of organic TTA-UC to advance beyond the traditional photochemical reactions and paves the way for research in various fields and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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10
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Maity A, Mishra VK, Dolai S, Mishra S, Patra SK. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Organometallic BODIPY-Ru(II) Dyads: Redox and Photophysical Properties with Singlet Oxygen Generation Capability†. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4839-4854. [PMID: 38433436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II)-acetylide complexes (Ru1, Ru2, and Ru1m) with alkynyl-functionalized borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) conjugates were designed by varying the position of the linker that connects the BODIPY unit to the Ru(II) metal center through acetylide linkage at either the 2-(Ru1) and 2,6-(Ru2) or the meso-phenyl (Ru1m) position of the BODIPY scaffold. The Ru(II) organometallic complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, CHN, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. The Ru(II)-BODIPY conjugates exhibit fascinating electrochemical and photophysical properties. All BODIPY-Ru(II) complexes exhibit strong absorption (εmax = 29,000-72,000 M-1 cm-1) in the visible region (λmax = 502-709 nm). Fluorescence is almost quenched for Ru1 and Ru2, whereas Ru1m shows the residual fluorescence of the corresponding BODIPY core at 517 nm. The application of the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads as nonporphyrin-based triplet photosensitizers was explored by a method involving the singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated photo-oxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran. Effective π-conjugation between the BODIPY chromophore and Ru(II) center in the case of Ru1 and Ru2 was found to be necessary to improve intersystem crossing (ISC) and hence the 1O2-sensitizing ability. In addition, electrochemical studies indicate electronic interplay between the metal center and the redox-active BODIPY in the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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11
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Wang X, Ding F, Jia T, Li F, Ding X, Deng R, Lin K, Yang Y, Wu W, Xia D, Chen G. Molecular near-infrared triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion with eigen oxygen immunity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2157. [PMID: 38461161 PMCID: PMC10924867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion often experiences drastic luminescence quenching in the presence of oxygen molecules, posing a significant constraint on practical use in aerated conditions. We present an oxygen-immune near-infrared triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion system utilizing non-organometallic cyanine sensitizers (λex = 808 nm) and chemically synthesized benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-b][1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline dyes with a defined dimer structure as annihilators (λem = 650 nm). This system exhibits ultrastable upconversion under continuous laser irradiance (>480 mins) or extended storage (>7 days) in aerated solutions. Mechanistic investigations reveal rapid triplet-triplet energy transfer from sensitizer to annihilators, accompanied by remarkably low triplet oxygen quenching efficiencies (η O 2 < 13% for the sensitizer, <3.7% for the annihilator), endowing the bicomponent triplet-triplet annihilation system with inherent oxygen immunity. Our findings unlock the direct and potent utilization of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion systems in real-world applications, demonstrated by the extended and sensitive nanosensing of peroxynitrite radicals in the liver under in vivo nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fangwei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ruibin Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenzhi Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Debin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Guanying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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12
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Fan C, Wei X, Wu W, Yang C. Expanding the Anti-Stokes Shift of TTA-UC to 1.04 eV by Chemical Tuning of BODIPY-Based Organic Photosensitizers. Org Lett 2024; 26:950-954. [PMID: 38236085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY-derivatives B-1 ∼ B-5 were synthesized as metal-free photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC) with the purpose of finely tuning the excited state properties to reduce the energy loss during intersystem crossing (ISC), and hence to expand the anti-Stokes shift of TTA-UC. It was revealed that B-5 showed a ΔEST of as small as 0.28 eV, thus, providing a large anti-Stokes shift of 1.04 eV in TTA-UC with organic sensitizers. A deep red-blue upconversion emission with UC quantum yields of up to 10.7% (out of a 50% maximum) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Song X, Liu H, Liu S, Li T, Lv L, Cui B, Wang T, Chen W, Chen Y, Li X. Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion of Pyrene Derivatives for Photoredox Catalysis via Molecular Engineering. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302520. [PMID: 37877456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has the potential to enhance photoredox catalysis yield. It includes a sensitizer and an annihilator. Efficient and stable annihilators are essential for photoredox catalysis, yet only a few examples are reported. Herein, we designed four novel pyrene annihilators (1, 2, 3 and 4) via introducing aryl-alkynyl groups onto pyrene to systematically modulate their singlet and triplet energies. Coupled with platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP), the TTA-UC efficiency is enhanced gradually as the number of aryl-alkynyl group increases. When combining 4 with palladium tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP), we achieved the highest red-to-green upconversion efficiency (22.4±0.3 %) (out of a 50 % maximum) so far. Then, this pair was used to activate photooxidation of aryl boronic acid under red light (630 nm), which achieved a great improved reaction yield compared to that activated by green light directly. The results not only provide a design strategy for efficient annihilators, but also show the advantage of applying TTA-UC into improving the photoredox catalysis yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Boce Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Department of Science, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 23874, 77842, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yanli Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiyou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
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14
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Han C, Kundu BK, Liang Y, Sun Y. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Photocatalysis with an Emphasis on Two-Photon Excitation: Concepts, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307759. [PMID: 37703435 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of sunlight in photocatalysis is widely recognized as a promising solution for addressing the growing energy demand and environmental issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption. Recently, there have been significant developments in various near-infrared (NIR) light-harvesting systems for artificial photosynthesis and photocatalytic environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the most recent advancements in the utilization of NIR light through the creation of novel nanostructured materials and molecular photosensitizers, as well as modulating strategies to enhance the photocatalytic processes. A special focus is given to the emerging two-photon excitation NIR photocatalysis. The unique features and limitations of different systems are critically evaluated. In particular, it highlights the advantages of utilizing NIR light and two-photon excitation compared to UV-visible irradiation and one-photon excitation. Ongoing challenges and potential solutions for the future exploration of NIR light-responsive materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Yujun Liang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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15
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Kim D, Dang VQ, Teets TS. Improved transition metal photosensitizers to drive advances in photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:77-94. [PMID: 38131090 PMCID: PMC10732135 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To function effectively in a photocatalytic application, a photosensitizer's light absorption, excited-state lifetime, and redox potentials, both in the ground state and excited state, are critically important. The absorption profile is particularly relevant to applications involving solar harvesting, whereas the redox potentials and excited-state lifetimes determine the thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum yields of photoinduced redox processes. This perspective article focuses on synthetic inorganic and organometallic approaches to optimize these three characteristics of transition-metal based photosensitizers. We include our own work in these areas, which has focused extensively on exceptionally strong cyclometalated iridium photoreductants that enable challenging reductive photoredox transformations on organic substrates, and more recent work which has led to improved solar harvesting in charge-transfer copper(i) chromophores, an emerging class of earth-abundant compounds particularly relevant to solar-energy applications. We also extensively highlight many other complementary strategies for optimizing these parameters and highlight representative examples from the recent literature. It remains a significant challenge to simultaneously optimize all three of these parameters at once, since improvements in one often come at the detriment of the others. These inherent trade-offs and approaches to obviate or circumvent them are discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Vinh Q Dang
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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17
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Bangle RE, Li H, Mikkelsen MH. Uncovering the Mechanisms of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Enhancement via Plasmonic Nanocavity Tuning. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38014847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear conversion of photons from lower to higher energy is important for a wide range of applications, from quantum communications and optoelectronics to solar energy conversion and medicine. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA UC), which utilizes an absorber/emitter molecular pair, is a promising tool for upconversion applications requiring low intensity light such as photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and bioimaging. Despite demonstrations of efficient TTA UC in solution, practical applications have proven difficult, as thin films retard the necessary energy transfer steps and result in low emission yields. In this work, TTA UC emission from a thin film is greatly enhanced through integration into plasmonic nanogap cavities consisting of a silver mirror, a nanometer-scale polymer spacer containing a TTA molecular pair, and colloidally synthesized silver nanocubes. Mechanistic studies performed by varying the nanocube side length (45-150 nm) to tune the nanogap cavity resonance paired with simulations reveal absorption rate enhancement to be the primary operative mechanism in overall TTA UC emission enhancement. This absorption enhancement decreases the TTA UC threshold intensity by an order of magnitude and allows TTA UC emission to be excited with light up to 120 nm redder than the usable wavelength range for the control samples. Further, combined nanogap cavities composed of two distinct nanocube sizes result in surfaces which simultaneously enhance the absorption rate and emission rate. These dual-size nanogap cavities result in 45-fold TTA UC emission enhancement. In total, these studies present TTA UC emission enhancement, illustrate how the usable portion of the spectrum can be expanded for a given sensitizer-emitter pair, and develop both mechanistic understanding and design rules for TTA UC emission enhancement by plasmonic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Bangle
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Hengming Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Maiken H Mikkelsen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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18
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Zeng X, Ma X, Dong J, Li B, Hua Liu S, Yin J, Yang GF. A Protocol for Activated Bioorthogonal Fluorescence Labeling and Imaging of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase in Plants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312618. [PMID: 37795547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) plays a crucial role in the synthesis of nutrients needed to maintain optimal plant growth. Its level is closely linked to the extent of abiotic stress experienced by plants. Moreover, it is also the target of commercial herbicides. Therefore, labeling of HPPD in plants not only enables visualization of its tissue distribution and cellular uptake, it also facilitates assessment of abiotic stress of plants and provides information needed for the development of effective environmentally friendly herbicides. In this study, we created a method for fluorescence labeling of HPPD that avoids interference with the normal growth of plants. In this strategy, a perylene-linked dibenzyl-cyclooctyne undergoes strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition with an azide-containing HPPD ligand. The activation-based labeling process results in a significant emission enhancement caused by the change in the fluorescent forms from an excimer to a monomer. Notably, this activated bioorthogonal strategy is applicable to visualizing HPPD in Arabidopsis thaliana, and assessing its response to multiple abiotic stresses. Also, it can be employed to monitor in vivo levels and locations of HPPD in crops. Consequently, the labeling strategy will be a significant tool in investigations of HPPD-related abiotic stress mechanisms, discovering novel herbicides, and uncovering unknown biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxie Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jin Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Biao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Zhou Q, Wirtz BM, Schloemer TH, Burroughs MC, Hu M, Narayanan P, Lyu J, Gallegos AO, Layton C, Mai DJ, Congreve DN. Spatially Controlled UV Light Generation at Depth using Upconversion Micelles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301563. [PMID: 37548335 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
UV light can trigger a plethora of useful photochemical reactions for diverse applications, including photocatalysis, photopolymerization, and drug delivery. These applications typically require penetration of high-energy photons deep into materials, yet delivering these photons beyond the surface is extremely challenging due to absorption and scattering effects. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) shows great promise to circumvent this issue by generating high-energy photons from incident lower-energy photons. However, molecules that facilitate TTA-UC usually have poor water solubility, limiting their deployment in aqueous environments. To address this challenge, a nanoencapsulation method is leveraged to fabricate water-compatible UC micelles, enabling on-demand UV photon generation deep into materials. Two iridium-based complexes are presented for use as TTA-UC sensitizers with increased solubilities that facilitate the formation of highly emissive UV-upconverting micelles. Furthermore, this encapsulation method is shown to be generalizable to nineteen UV-emitting UC systems, accessing a range of upconverted UV emission profiles with wavelengths as low as 350 nm. As a proof-of-principle demonstration of precision photochemistry at depth, UV-emitting UC micelles are used to photolyze a fluorophore at a focal point nearly a centimeter beyond the surface, revealing opportunities for spatially controlled manipulation deep into UV-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Brendan M Wirtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Tracy H Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Burroughs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Manchen Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Junrui Lyu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Arynn O Gallegos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Colette Layton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Danielle J Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
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20
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Shih C, Lin C, Chen K, Amin NRA, Luo D, Hsu I, Akbar AK, Biring S, Lu C, Chen B, Yang S, Lee J, Liu S. Semi-Transparent, Pixel-Free Upconversion Goggles with Dual Audio-Visual Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302631. [PMID: 37737620 PMCID: PMC10625064 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The intractable brittleness and opacity of the crystalline semiconductor restrict the prospect of developing low-cost imaging systems. Here, infrared visualization technologies are established with large-area, semi-transparent organic upconversion devices that bring high-resolution invisible images into sight without photolithography. To exploit all photoinduced charge carriers, a monolithic device structure is proposed built on the infrared-selective, single-component charge generation layer of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) coupled to two visible light-emitting layers manipulated with unipolar charges. Transient pump-probe spectroscopy reveals that the ClAlPc-based device exhibits an efficient charge dissociation process under forward bias. This process is indicated by the prompt and strong features of electroabsorption screening. Furthermore, by imposing the electric field, the ultrafast excited state dynamic suggests a prolonged charge carrier lifetime from the ClAlPc, which facilitates the charge utilization for upconversion luminance. For the first time, >30% of the infrared photons are utilized without photomultiplication strategies owing to the trivial spectrum overlap between ClAlPc and the emitter. In addition, the device can broadcast the acoustic signal by synchronizing the device frequency with the light source, which enables to operate it in dual audio-visual mode. The work demonstrates the potential of upconversion devices for affordable infrared imaging in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Jen Shih
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Chao‐Yang Lin
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of EngineeringVictoria University of WellingtonWellington6012New Zealand
| | - Kai Chen
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of EngineeringVictoria University of WellingtonWellington6012New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyWellington6012New Zealand
- The Dodd‐Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum TechnologiesDunedin9016New Zealand
| | - Nurul Ridho Al Amin
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Dian Luo
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - I‐Sheng Hsu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Abdul Khalik Akbar
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Sajal Biring
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Bo‐Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Shang‐Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Jiun‐Haw Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Shun‐Wei Liu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
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21
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Liang H, Lu M, Mahmood Z, Li Z, Chen Z, Chen G, Li MD, Huo Y, Ji S. Efficient Intersystem Crossing and Long-lived Charge-Separated State Induced by Through-Space Intramolecular Charge Transfer in a Parallel Geometry Carbazole-Bodipy Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312600. [PMID: 37654187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The design of efficient heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) based on through bond charge transfer (TBCT) features is a formidable challenge due to the criteria of orthogonal donor-acceptor geometry. Herein, we propose using parallel (face-to-face) conformation carbazole-bodipy donor-acceptor dyads (BCZ-1 and BCZ-2) featuring through space intramolecular charge transfer (TSCT) process as efficient triplet PS. Efficient intersystem crossing (ΦΔ =61 %) and long-lived triplet excited state (τT =186 μs) were observed in the TSCT dyad BCZ-1 compared to BCZ-3 (ΦΔ =0.4 %), the dyad involving TBCT, demonstrating the superiority of the TSCT approach over conventional donor-acceptor system. Moreover, the transient absorption study revealed that TSCT dyads have a faster charge separation and slower intersystem crossing process induced by charge recombination compared to TBCT dyad. A long-lived charge-separated state (CSS) was observed in the BCZ-1 (τCSS =24 ns). For the first time, the TSCT dyad was explored for the triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and a high upconversion quantum yield of 11 % was observed. Our results demonstrate a new avenue for designing efficient PSs and open up exciting opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Manlin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Zafar Mahmood
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zeduan Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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22
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Wang C, Wegeberg C, Wenger OS. First-Row d 6 Metal Complex Enables Photon Upconversion and Initiates Blue Light-Dependent Polymerization with Red Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311470. [PMID: 37681516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) often rely on precious heavy metals, whereas coordination complexes based on abundant first-row transition metals are less common. This is mainly because long-lived triplet excited states are more difficult to obtain for 3d metals, particularly when the d-subshell is only partially filled. Here, we report the first example of sTTA-UC based on a 3d6 metal photosensitizer yielding an upconversion performance competitive with precious metal-based analogues. Using a newly developed Cr0 photosensitizer featuring equally good photophysical properties as an OsII benchmark complex in combination with an acetylene-decorated anthracene annihilator, red-to-blue upconversion is achievable. The upconversion efficiency under optimized conditions is 1.8 %, and the excitation power density threshold to reach the strong annihilation limit is 5.9 W/cm2 . These performance factors, along with high photostability, permit the initiation of acrylamide polymerization by red light, based on radiative energy transfer between delayed annihilator fluorescence and a blue light absorbing photo-initiator. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for photon upconversion with elusive first-row analogues of widely employed precious d6 metal photosensitizers, and for their application in photochemical reactions triggered by excitation wavelengths close to near-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastraße 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Li Y, Zhang J, Zhu SE, Wei Y, Zhang F, Chen L, Zhou X, Liu S. Efficient Red-to-Blue Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Using the C 70-Bodipy-Triphenylamine Triad as a Heavy-Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizer. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8476-8486. [PMID: 37606596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) with heavy-atom-free organic triplet photosensitizers has attracted extensive attention recently, however, the successful examples with absorption in red and first near-infrared (NIR-I, 650-900 nm) region are still insufficient. Herein, we conducted a new TTA-UC system of perylene using C70-bodipy-triphenylamine triad (C70-BDP-T) as the heavy-atom-free photosensitizer. Efficient red-to-blue (663 to 450 nm) TTA-UC was achieved in this system with an anti-Stokes shift of 0.88 eV and a quantum yield up to 5.2% (out of a 50% maximum) in deaerated toluene. Notably, this is the highest quantum yield to date in similar TTA-UC systems with heavy-atom-free organic photosensitizers. Using steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy, together with cyclic voltammogram and quantum chemical calculations, photophysical and photochemical mechanisms were elucidated. Specifically, two triplet triads, C70-3BDP*-T and 3C70*-BDP-T, were produced efficiently upon photoexcitation, with lifetimes of 2.0 ± 0.1 and 32.2 ± 0.3 μs, respectively. Electron transfer and recombination mechanisms were confirmed to play crucial roles in the formation of these triplets, instead of intersystem crossing. Our results shed light on the superiority of fullerenes in the development of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - San-E Zhu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yaxiong Wei
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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24
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Bo Y, Hou Y, Thiel D, Weiß R, Clark T, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Tetracene Dimers: A Platform for Intramolecular Down- and Up-conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18260-18275. [PMID: 37531628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photon energy conversion can be accomplished in many different ways, including the two opposing manners, down-conversion (i.e., singlet fission, SF) and up-conversion (i.e., triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion, TTA-UC). Both processes have the potential to help overcome the detailed balance limit of single-junction solar cells. Tetracene, in which the energies of the lowest singlet excited state and twice the triplet excited state are comparable, exhibits both down- and up-conversion. Here, we have designed meta-diethynylphenylene- and 1,3-diethynyladamantyl-linked tetracene dimers, which feature different electronic coupling, to characterize the interplay between intramolecular SF (intra-SF) and intramolecular TTA-UC (intra-TTA-UC) via steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have used Pd-phthalocyanine as a sensitizer to enable intra-TTA-UC in the two dimers via indirect photoexcitation in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum. The work is rounded off by temperature-dependent measurements, which outline key aspects of how thermal effects impact intra-SF and intra-TTA-UC in different dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Gao M, Zeng L, Jiang L, Zhang M, Chen Y, Huang L. Bodipy Dimer for Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Performance. Molecules 2023; 28:5474. [PMID: 37513346 PMCID: PMC10384713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has considerable potential for emerging applications in bioimaging, optogenetics, photoredox catalysis, solar energy harvesting, etc. Fluoroboron dipyrrole (Bodipy) dyes are an essential type of annihilator in TTA-UC. However, conventional Bodipy dyes generally have large molar extinction coefficients and small Stokes shifts (<20 nm), subjecting them to severe internal filtration effects at high concentrations, and resulting in low upconversion quantum efficiency of TTA-UC systems using Bodipy dyes as annihilators. In this study, a Bodipy dimer (B-2) with large Stokes shifts was synthesized using the strategy of dimerization of an already reported Bodipy annihilator (B-1). Photophysical characterization and theoretical chemical analysis showed that both B-1 and B-2 can couple with the red light-activated photosensitizer PdTPBP to fulfill TTA-UC; however, the higher fluorescence quantum yield of B-2 resulted in a higher upconversion efficiency (ηUC) for PdTPBP/B-2 (10.7%) than for PdTPBP/B-1 (4.0%). This study proposes a new strategy to expand Bodipy Stokes shifts and improve TTA-UC performance, which can facilitate the application of TTA-UC in photonics and biophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Le Zeng
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Linhan Jiang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
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26
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Barth AT, Fajardo J, Sattler W, Winkler JR, Gray HB. Electronic Structures and Photoredox Chemistry of Tungsten(0) Arylisocyanides. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37384787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe high energy barriers associated with the reaction chemistry of inert substrates can be overcome by employing redox-active photocatalysts. Research in this area has grown exponentially over the past decade, as transition metal photosensitizers have been shown to mediate challenging organic transformations. Critical for the advancement of photoredox catalysis is the discovery, development, and study of complexes based on earth-abundant metals that can replace and/or complement established noble-metal-based photosensitizers.Recent work has focused on redox-active complexes of 3d metals, as photosensitizers containing these metals most likely would be scalable. Although low lying spin doublet ("spin flip") excited states of chromium(III) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of copper(I) have relatively long lifetimes, the electronic excited states of many other 3d metal complexes fall on dissociative potential energy surfaces, owing to the population of highly energetic σ-antibonding orbitals. Indeed, we and other investigators have shown that low lying spin singlet and triplet excited states of robust closed-shell metal complexes are too short-lived at room temperature to engage in bimolecular reactions in solutions. In principle, this problem could be overcome by designing and constructing 3d metal complexes containing strong field π-acceptor ligands, where thermally equilibrated MLCT or intraligand charge transfer excited states might fall well below the upper surfaces of dissociative 3d-3d states. Notably, such design elements have been exploited by investigators in very recent work on redox-active iron(II) systems. Another approach, one we have actively pursued, is to design and construct closed-shell complexes of earth-abundant 5d metals containing very strong π-acceptor ligands, where vertical excitation of 5d-5d excited states at the ground state geometry would require energies far above minima in the potential surfaces of MLCT excited states. As this requirement is met by tungsten(0) arylisocyanides, these complexes have been the focus of our work aimed at the development of robust redox-active photosensitizers.In the following Account, we review recent work on homoleptic tungsten(0) arylisocyanides. Originally reported by our group 45 years ago, W(CNAr)6 complexes have exceptionally large one- and two-photon absorption cross-sections. One- or two-photon excitation produces relatively long-lived (hundreds of nanoseconds to microsecond) MLCT excited states in high yields. These MLCT excited states, which are very strong reductants with E°(W+/*W0) = -2.2 to -3.0 V vs Fc[+/0], mediate photocatalysis of organic reactions with both visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. Here, we highlight design principles that led to the development of three generations of W(CNAr)6 photosensitizers; and we discuss likely steps in the mechanism of a prototypal W(CNAr)6-catalyzed base-promoted homolytic aromatic substitution reaction. Among the many potential applications of these very bright luminophores, two-photon imaging and two-photon-initiated polymerization are ones we plan to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Barth
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Javier Fajardo
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wesley Sattler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Schade AH, Mei L. Applications of red light photoredox catalysis in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2472-2485. [PMID: 36880439 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as an efficient and versatile approach for developing novel synthetic methodologies. Particularly, red light photocatalysis has attracted more attention due to its intrinsic advantages of low energy, few health risks, few side reactions, and high penetration depth through various media. Impressive progress has been made in this field. In this review, we outline the applications of different photoredox catalysts in a wide range of red light-mediated reactions including direct red light photoredox catalysis, red light photoredox catalysis through upconversion, and dual red light photoredox catalysis. Due to the similarities between near-infrared (NIR) and red light, an overview of NIR-induced reactions is also presented. Lastly, current evidence showing the advantages of red light and NIR photoredox catalysis is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Schade
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
| | - Liangyong Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
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28
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Larsson W, Morimoto M, Irie M, Andréasson J, Albinsson B. Diarylethene Isomerization by Using Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203651. [PMID: 36524776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Green-to-blue triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion with the well-studied upconversion pair 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA)/platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) was used to reversibly drive the photoisomerization of diarylethene (DAE) photoswitches by using visible light. By carefully selecting the kinetic and spectral properties of the molecular system as well as the experimental geometry, a single green light source can be used to selectively trigger both the ring-opening and the ring-closing reactions, whilst also inducing fluorescence from the colored closed isomer that can be used as a readout to monitor the isomerization process in situ. The upconversion solution and the DAE solution are kept physically separated, allowing them to be characterized both concomitantly and individually without further separation processes. The ring-closing reaction using upconverted photons was quantified and compared to the efficiency of direct isomerization with ultraviolet light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wera Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and, Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 171-8501, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and, Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 171-8501, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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29
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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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30
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Red light-driven electron sacrificial agents-free photoreduction of inert aryl halides via triplet-triplet annihilation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1102. [PMID: 36843133 PMCID: PMC9968713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective photoactivation of inert aryl halides is a fundamental challenge in organic synthesis. Specially, the long-wavelength red light is more desirable than the widely-applied blue light as the excitation source for photoredox catalysis, due to its superior penetration depth. However, the long-wavelength red light-driven photoactivation of inert aryl halides remains a challenge, mainly because of the low energy of the single long-wavelength red photon. Herein, we report the photoreduction of aryl bromides/chlorides with 656 nm LED via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) strategy. This method is based on our discovery that the commonly used chromophore of perylene can serve as an efficient and metal-free photocatalyst to enable the photoreduction of inert aryl halides without the conventional need for electronic sacrificial agents. By introducing a red light-absorbing photosensitizer to this perylene system, we accomplish the long-wavelength red light-driven photoreduction of aryl halides via sensitized TTA mechanism. Moreover, the performance of such a TTA-mediated photoreduction can be significantly enhanced when restricting the rotation freedom of phenyl moiety for perylene derivatives to suppress their triplet nonradiative transition, in both small and large-scale reaction settings.
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31
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Kundu BK, Han G, Sun Y. Derivatized Benzothiazoles as Two-Photon-Absorbing Organic Photosensitizers Active under Near Infrared Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3535-3542. [PMID: 36731120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous organic photocatalysis typically requires molecular photosensitizers absorbing in the ultraviolet-visible (UV/vis) region, because UV/vis photons possess the sufficient energy to excite those one-photon-absorbing photosensitizers to the desired excited states. However, UV/vis light irradiation has many potential limitations, especially for large-scale applications, such as low penetration through reaction media, competing absorption by substrates and co-catalysts, and incompatibility with substrates bearing light-sensitive functionalities. In fact, these drawbacks can be effectively avoided if near infrared (NIR) photons can be utilized to drive the target reactions. Herein, we report two benzothiazole-derived compounds as novel two-photon-absorbing (TPA) organic photosensitizers, which can function under NIR light irradiation using inexpensive LED as the light source. We demonstrate that by judicially modulating the donor-π-acceptor-π-donor-conjugated structure containing a bibenzothiazole core and imine bridges, excellent two-photon absorption capability in the NIR region can be achieved, approaching 2000 GM at 850 nm. Together with large quantum yields (∼0.5), these benzothiazole-derived TPA organic photosensitizers exhibit excellent performance in driving various O2-involved organic reactions upon irradiation at 850 nm, showing great penetration depth, superior to that upon blue light irradiation. A suite of photophysical and computational studies were performed to shed light on the underlying electronic states responsible for the observed TPA capability. Overall, this work highlights the promise of developing Ru/Ir-free organic photosensitizers operative in the NIR region by taking advantage of the two-photon absorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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32
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Zähringer TJB, Moghtader JA, Bertrams MS, Roy B, Uji M, Yanai N, Kerzig C. Blue-to-UVB Upconversion, Solvent Sensitization and Challenging Bond Activation Enabled by a Benzene-Based Annihilator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215340. [PMID: 36398891 PMCID: PMC10108172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several energy-demanding photoreactions require harsh UV light from inefficient light sources. The conversion of low-energy visible light to high-energy singlet states via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) could offer a solution for driving such reactions under mild conditions. We present the first annihilator with an emission maximum in the UVB region that, combined with an organic sensitizer, is suitable for blue-to-UVB upconversion. The annihilator singlet was successfully employed as an energy donor in subsequent FRET activations of aliphatic carbonyls. This hitherto unreported UC-FRET reaction sequence was directly monitored using laser spectroscopy and applied to mechanistic irradiation experiments demonstrating the feasibility of Norrish chemistry. Our results provide clear evidence for a novel blue light-driven substrate or solvent activation strategy, which is important in the context of developing more sustainable light-to-chemical energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian A Moghtader
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bibhisan Roy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
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Sellet N, Sebbat M, Elhabiri M, Cormier M, Goddard JP. Squaraines as near-infrared photocatalysts for organic reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13759-13762. [PMID: 36416727 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, unprecedented uses of squaraine derivatives as new organic near-infrared photocatalysts are reported. These efficient molecular tools are able to promote oxidation and reduction for organic transformations through photocatalytic conditions. A mechanistic investigation is performed to distinguish between competitive Single Electron Transfer and Energy Transfer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sellet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Mulhouse 68100, France.
| | - Malik Sebbat
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Mulhouse 68100, France.
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Université de Strasbourg-CNRS-UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg F-67087, France
| | - Morgan Cormier
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Mulhouse 68100, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Mulhouse 68100, France.
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Cao X, Pan K, Miao J, Lv X, Huang Z, Ni F, Yin X, Wei Y, Yang C. Manipulating Exciton Dynamics toward Simultaneous High-Efficiency Narrowband Electroluminescence and Photon Upconversion by a Selenium-Incorporated Multiresonance Delayed Fluorescence Emitter. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22976-22984. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Xialei Lv
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Zhongyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Fan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Yaxiong Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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Cheng X, Zhou J, Yue J, Wei Y, Gao C, Xie X, Huang L. Recent Development in Sensitizers for Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Luminescence. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15998-16050. [PMID: 36194772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The attractive features of lanthanide-doped upconversion luminescence (UCL), such as high photostability, nonphotobleaching or photoblinking, and large anti-Stokes shift, have shown great potentials in life science, information technology, and energy materials. Therefore, UCL modulation is highly demanded toward expected emission wavelength, lifetime, and relative intensity in order to satisfy stringent requirements raised from a wide variety of areas. Unfortunately, the majority of efforts have been devoted to either simple codoping of multiple activators or variation of hosts, while very little attention has been paid to the critical role that sensitizers have been playing. In fact, different sensitizers possess different excitation wavelengths and different energy transfer pathways (to different activators), which will lead to different UCL features. Thus, rational design of sensitizers shall provide extra opportunities for UCL tuning, particularly from the excitation side. In this review, we specifically focus on advances in sensitizers, including the current status, working mechanisms, design principles, as well as future challenges and endeavor directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Jingyi Yue
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Yang Wei
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi830046, China
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Zeng L, Huang L, Han G. Dye Doped Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Phototherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114479. [PMID: 35932906 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy is a noninvasive cancer treatment that relies on the interaction between light and photoactive agents. These photoactive agents are typically organic dyes, but their hydrophobic nature and self-aggregation tendency in biological media greatly restricts the development of highly effective phototherapeutic systems. In the past decade, functional dye-doped metal-organic framework (MOF)-based phototherapy has attracted enormous interest because organic dyes can be encapsulated and isolated within the MOF structure to show superior treatment efficacy. In addition to incorporating the reported phototherapeutic dyes into MOF as the ligand or the guest in the pores, the construction of an MOF-based phototherapy agent can also be extended to these dye units that are previously inactive for phototherapy. Thus, this review focuses on the emerging development of phototherapeutic MOFs that exhibited better performance than the involving dye units due to the controlled dye aggregation within the MOF. The related mechanisms and some emerging future directions of dye-doped MOF-based phototherapy are also discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
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Zeng L, Huang L, Han J, Han G. Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Molecular Design to Present Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2604-2615. [PMID: 36074952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion, the process of converting low-energy photons into high-energy ones, has been widely applied for solar energy conversion, photoredox catalysis, and various biological applications such as background-free bioimaging, cancer therapy, and optogenetics. Upconversion materials that are based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) are of particular interest due to their low excitation power requirements (e.g., ambient sunlight) and easily tunable excitation and emission wavelengths. Despite advances that have been made with respect to TTA upconversion (TTA-UC) in the past decade, several challenges remain for near-infrared light-activatable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (NIR TTA-UC). These challenges include low upconversion quantum yield, small anti-Stokes shift, and incompatibility with oxygen, the latter of which seriously limits the practical applications of NIR TTA-UC.This Account will summarize the recent research endeavors to address the above-mentioned challenges and the recent new applications. The first part of this Account highlights recent strategies of molecular design to modulate the excited states of photosensitizers and annihilators, two key factors to determine TTA-UC performance. Novel molecular engineering strategies such as the resonance energy transfer method, dimerization of dye units, and the helix twist molecular structure have been proposed to tune the excited states of photosensitizers. The obtained photosensitizers exhibited enhanced absorption of deep tissue penetrable near-infrared (NIR) light, produced a triplet excited state with elevated energy level and prolonged lifetime, and promoted intersystem crossing, leading to an upgraded TTA-UC system with significantly expanded anti-Stokes shift. With respect to the annihilator, the perylene derivatives were systematically explored, and their attached aromatic groups were found to be the key to adjusting the energy levels of both the triplet and singlet excited states. The resultant optimal TTA-UC system exhibits the highest recorded efficiency among NIR TTA-UC systems.Moreover, to resolve the oxygen-induced TTA-UC quenching, enzymatic reactions were recently introduced. More specifically, the glucose oxidase-catalyzed glucose oxidation reaction showed the ability to rapidly consume oxygen to turn on the TTA-UC luminescence in an aqueous solution. The resultant TTA-UC nanoparticle was able to detect glucose and an enzyme related to glucose metabolism in a highly specific, sensitive, and background-free manner. Further, the upconverted singlet excited state of the annihilator was directly utilized as the catalyst or the excited substrate. For example, the modification of annihilators and drug molecules with photolabile linkages can realize the long wavelength light-induced photolysis. Compared to direct short-wavelength-driven photolysis, this sensitized TTA photolysis (TTAP) exhibits superior reaction yield and lower photodamage, which are important in the release of drugs for tumor treatment in vivo. Moreover, the improved upconversion efficiency can enable the successful coupling of NIR TTA-UC with a visible light absorbing photocatalyst for NIR-driven photoredox catalysis. Compared to direct visible-light photocatalysis, TTA-UC mediated NIR photoredox catalysis showed superior product yield especially in large scale reaction systems owing to the deep penetration power of NIR light. More interestingly, among a few promising technology applications, three-dimensional (3D) printing based on photopolymerization can operate with faster speed and energy-input several orders of magnitude lower when the two-photon polymerization is replaced with TTA-UC mediated polymerization. We believe this Account will spur interest in the further development and application of TTA-UC in the areas of energy, chemistry, material science, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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39
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Connell TU. The forgotten reagent of photoredox catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13176-13188. [PMID: 35997070 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light powers an ever-expanding suite of reactions to both make and break chemical bonds under otherwise mild conditions. As a reagent in photochemical synthesis, light is obviously critical for reactivity but rarely optimized other than in light/dark controls. This Frontier Article presents an overview of recent research that investigates the unique ways light may be manipulated, and its unusual interactions with homogeneous transition metal and organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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40
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Gowrisankar S, Hosier C, Schreiner PR, Dehnen S. Manipulating White‐Light Generation in Adamantane‐Like Molecules via Functional Group Substitution. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Hosier
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg GERMANY
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41
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Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148041. [PMID: 35887385 PMCID: PMC9323209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed.
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Ogbu IM, Bassani DM, Robert F, Landais Y. Photocatalyzed decarboxylation of oxamic acids under near-infrared conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8802-8805. [PMID: 35838178 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of oxamic acids under near-infrared irradiation using Os(bptpy)2(PF6)2 as catalyst is reported. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of urethanes and heterocyclic amides. Mechanistic studies and comparative penetration depths between the NIR and the visible light mediated processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Martin Ogbu
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Dario M Bassani
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Robert
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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Chen L, Huang J, Li X, Huang M, Zeng S, Zheng J, Peng S, Li S. Progress of Nanomaterials in Photodynamic Therapy Against Tumor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:920162. [PMID: 35711646 PMCID: PMC9194820 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.920162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an advanced therapeutic strategy with light-triggered, minimally invasive, high spatiotemporal selective and low systemic toxicity properties, which has been widely used in the clinical treatment of many solid tumors in recent years. Any strategies that improve the three elements of PDT (light, oxygen, and photosensitizers) can improve the efficacy of PDT. However, traditional PDT is confronted some challenges of poor solubility of photosensitizers and tumor suppressive microenvironment. To overcome the related obstacles of PDT, various strategies have been investigated in terms of improving photosensitizers (PSs) delivery, penetration of excitation light sources, and hypoxic tumor microenvironment. In addition, compared with a single treatment mode, the synergistic treatment of multiple treatment modalities such as photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy can improve the efficacy of PDT. This review summarizes recent advances in nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels and polymers, to enhance the efficiency of PDT against malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Jiayi Zheng
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Peng
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiying Li,
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Heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizer based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence material for NIR-to-blue triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Han G, Li G, Huang J, Han C, Turro C, Sun Y. Two-photon-absorbing ruthenium complexes enable near infrared light-driven photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2288. [PMID: 35484148 PMCID: PMC9051202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One-photon-absorbing photosensitizers are commonly used in homogeneous photocatalysis which require the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) /visible light to populate the desired excited states with adequate energy and lifetime. Nevertheless, the limited penetration depth and competing absorption by organic substrates of UV/visible light calls upon exploring the utilization of longer-wavelength irradiation, such as near-infrared light (λirr > 700 nm). Despite being found applications in photodynamic therapy and bioimaging, two-photon absorption (TPA), the simultaneous absorption of two photons by one molecule, has been rarely explored in homogeneous photocatalysis. Herein, we report a group of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes possessing TPA capability that can drive a variety of organic transformations upon irradiation with 740 nm light. We demonstrate that these TPA ruthenium complexes can operate in an analogous manner as one-photon-absorbing photosensitizers for both energy-transfer and photoredox reactions, as well as function in concert with a transition metal co-catalyst for metallaphotoredox C-C coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuang Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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46
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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47
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Olesund A, Johnsson J, Edhborg F, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Approaching the Spin-Statistical Limit in Visible-to-Ultraviolet Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3706-3716. [PMID: 35175751 PMCID: PMC8895402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which triplet excitons combine to form emissive singlets and holds great promise in biological applications and for improving the spectral match in solar energy conversion. While high TTA-UC quantum yields have been reported for, for example, red-to-green TTA-UC systems, there are only a few examples of visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) transformations in which the quantum yield reaches 10%. In this study, we investigate the performance of six annihilators when paired with the sensitizer 2,3,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile (4CzBN), a purely organic compound that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence. We report a record-setting internal TTA-UC quantum yield (ΦUC,g) of 16.8% (out of a 50% maximum) for 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene, demonstrating the first example of a visible-to-UV TTA-UC system approaching the classical spin-statistical limit of 20%. Three other annihilators, of which 2,5-diphenylfuran has never been used for TTA-UC previously, also showed impressive performances with ΦUC,g above 12%. In addition, a new method to determine the rate constant of TTA is proposed, in which only time-resolved emission measurements are needed, circumventing the need for more challenging transient absorption measurements. The results reported herein represent an important step toward highly efficient visible-to-UV TTA-UC systems that hold great potential for driving high-energy photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Johnsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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48
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Lv M, Lu X, Jiang Y, Sandoval‐Salinas ME, Casanova D, Sun H, Sun Z, Xu J, Yang Y, Chen J. Near‐Unity Triplet Generation Promoted via Spiro‐Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xicun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - María E. Sandoval‐Salinas
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi Spain
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
| | - Youjun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
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49
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Liang Z, Yan X, Cui H, Xie H, Li H, Yan D, Ye C, Wang X, Tao X. Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion from Ru(II) Phenanthroline Complexes and 2‐Substituted Anthracene Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo‐Qin Liang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xu Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hao Cui
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Huan‐Ran Xie
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hui Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Dong Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Chang‐Qing Ye
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xiao‐Mei Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xu‐Tang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
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50
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Cesana PT, Li BX, Shepard SG, Ting SI, Hart SM, Olson CM, Martinez Alvarado JI, Son M, Steiman TJ, Castellano FN, Doyle AG, MacMillan DW, Schlau-Cohen GS. A biohybrid strategy for enabling photoredox catalysis with low-energy light. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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