1
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Wu WB, Xu B, Yang XC, Wu F, He HX, Zhang X, Feng JJ. Enantioselective formal (3 + 3) cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes with nitrones enabled by asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8005. [PMID: 39266575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The absence of catalytic asymmetric methods for synthesizing chiral (hetero)bicyclo[n.1.1]alkanes has hindered their application in new drug discovery. Here we demonstrate the achievability of an asymmetric polar cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane using a chiral Lewis acid catalyst and a bidentate chelating bicyclo[1.1.0]butane substrate, as exemplified by the current enantioselective formal (3 + 3) cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with nitrones. In addition to the diverse bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes incorporating an acyl imidazole group or an acyl pyrazole moiety, a wide array of nitrones are compatible with this Lewis acid catalysis, successfully assembling two congested quaternary carbon centers and a chiral aza-trisubstituted carbon center in the pharmaceutically important hetero-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane product with up to 99% yield and >99% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Chemistry, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Chun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Xian He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China.
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2
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Guin A, Deswal S, Harariya MS, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective formal ene reaction of thioindolinones/thiolactams with bicyclobutanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12473-12479. [PMID: 39118603 PMCID: PMC11304820 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), featuring two fused cyclopropane rings, have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Their versatile reactivity towards radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes makes them suitable for various reactions, including ring-opening and annulation strategies. Despite this versatility, their potential as enophiles in an ene reaction remains underexplored. Considering this and given the challenges of achieving diastereoselectivity in ring-opening reactions of BCBs, herein, we present a unique method utilizing BCBs as enophiles in a mild and diastereoselective Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed formal ene reaction with thioindolinones/thiolactams, delivering 1,3-disubstituted cyclobutane derivatives in high yields and excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Notably, structurally different thiolactam derivatives underwent diastereoselective addition to BCBs, affording the corresponding cyclobutanes. The synthesized thioindole-substituted cyclobutanes could serve as a versatile tool for subsequent functional group manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Shiksha Deswal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Mahesh Singh Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
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3
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Gao XY, Tang L, Zhang X, Feng JJ. Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative (4 + 3) cycloadditions of bicyclobutanes with 2-alkylidenetrimethylene carbonates for the synthesis of 2-oxabicyclo[4.1.1]octanes. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02998d. [PMID: 39139738 PMCID: PMC11317905 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
While cycloaddition reactions of bicyclobutanes (BCBs) have emerged as a potent method for synthesizing (hetero-)bicyclo[n.1.1]alkanes (usually n ≤ 3), their utilization in the synthesis of bicyclo[4.1.1]octane derivatives (BCOs) is still underdeveloped. Here, a palladium-catalyzed formal (4 + 3) reaction of BCBs with 1,4-O/C dipole precursors for the synthesis of oxa-BCOs is described. Unlike previous catalytic polar (3 + X) cycloadditions of BCBs, which are typically achieved through the activation of BCB substrates, the current reaction represents a novel strategy for realizing the cycloaddition of BCBs through the activation of the "X" cycloaddition partner. Moreover, the obtained functionalized oxa-BCOs products can be readily modified through various synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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4
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Hu QQ, Wang LY, Chen XH, Geng ZX, Chen J, Zhou L. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Bicyclobutanes with Ynamides for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 2-Amino-bicyclo[2.1.1]hexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405781. [PMID: 38782734 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of bicyclic scaffolds has gained significant attention in drug discovery due to their potential to mimic benzene bioisosteres. Here, we present a mild and scalable Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) with ynamides, yielding a diverse array of polysubstituted 2-amino-bicyclo[2.1.1]hexenes in good to excellent yields. These products offer valuable starting materials for the construction of novel functionalized bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction involves a nucleophilic addition of ynamides to bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, followed by an intramolecular cyclization of in situ generated enolate and keteniminium ion. We expect that these findings will encourage utilization of complex bioisosteres and foster further investigation into BCB-based cycloaddition chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Xiang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
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5
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Tsien J, Hu C, Merchant RR, Qin T. Three-dimensional saturated C(sp 3)-rich bioisosteres for benzene. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:605-627. [PMID: 38982260 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Benzenes, the most ubiquitous structural moiety in marketed small-molecule drugs, are frequently associated with poor 'drug-like' properties, including metabolic instability, and poor aqueous solubility. In an effort to overcome these limitations, recent developments in medicinal chemistry have demonstrated the improved physicochemical profiles of C(sp3)-rich bioisosteric scaffolds relative to arenes. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an exponential increase in synthetic methods for accessing saturated bioisosteres of monosubstituted and para-substituted benzenes. However, until recent discoveries, analogous three-dimensional ortho-substituted and meta-substituted biososteres have remained underexplored, owing to their ring strain and increased s-character hybridization. This Review summarizes the emerging synthetic methodologies to access such saturated motifs and their impact on the application of bioisosteres for ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and multi-substituted benzene rings. It concludes with a perspective on the development of next-generation bioisosteres, including those within novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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6
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Zhu Y, Jia J, Song X, Gong C, Xia Y. Double strain-release enables formal C-O/C-F and C-N/C-F ring-opening metathesis. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03624g. [PMID: 39129767 PMCID: PMC11310891 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Metathesis reactions have been established as a powerful tool in organic synthesis. While great advances were achieved in double-bond metathesis, like olefin metathesis and carbonyl metathesis, single-bond metathesis has received less attention in the past decade. Herein, we describe the first C(sp3)-O/C(sp3)-F bond formal cross metathesis reaction between gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (gem-DFCPs) and epoxides under rhodium catalysis. The reaction involves the formation of a highly electrophilic fluoroallyl rhodium intermediate, which is capable of reacting with the oxygen atom in epoxides as weak nucleophiles followed by C-F bond reconstruction. The use of two strained ring substrates is the key to the success of the formal cross metathesis, in which the double strain release accounts for the driving force of the transformation. Additionally, azetidine also proves to be a suitable substrate for this transformation. The reaction offers a novel approach for the metathesis of C(sp3)-O and C(sp3)-N bonds, presenting new opportunities for single-bond metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jie Jia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiangyu Song
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Chunyu Gong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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7
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Zhou JL, Xiao Y, He L, Gao XY, Yang XC, Wu WB, Wang G, Zhang J, Feng JJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Controlled Switchable Hetero-(5 + 3)/Enantioselective [2σ+2σ] Cycloadditions of Bicyclobutanes with Vinyl Oxiranes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19621-19628. [PMID: 38739092 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
For nearly 60 years, significant research efforts have been focused on developing strategies for the cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes (BCBs). However, higher-order cycloaddition and catalytic asymmetric cycloaddition of BCBs have been long-standing formidable challenges. Here, we report Pd-catalyzed ligand-controlled, tunable cycloadditions for the divergent synthesis of bridged bicyclic frameworks. The dppb ligand facilitates the formal (5+3) cycloaddition of BCBs and vinyl oxiranes, yielding valuable eight-membered ethers with bridged bicyclic scaffolds in 100% regioselectivity. The Cy-DPEphos ligand promotes selective hetero-[2σ+2σ] cycloadditions to access pharmacologically important 2-oxabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (O-BCHeps). Furthermore, the corresponding catalytic asymmetric synthesis of O-BCHeps with 94-99% ee has been achieved using chiral (S)-DTBM-Segphos, representing the first catalytic asymmetric cross-dimerization of two strained rings. The obtained O-BCHeps are promising bioisosteres for ortho-substituted benzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Linke He
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Chun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
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8
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Nicolai S, Waser J. Lewis acid catalyzed [4+2] annulation of bicyclobutanes with dienol ethers for the synthesis of bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10823-10829. [PMID: 39027289 PMCID: PMC11253158 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic carbocycles containing a high fraction of Csp3 have become highly attractive synthetic targets because of the multiple applications they have found in medicinal chemistry. The formal cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes (BCBs) with two- or three-atom partners has recently been extensively explored for the construction of bicyclohexanes and bicycloheptanes, but applications to the synthesis of medium-sized bridged carbocycles remained more limited. We report herein the formal [4+2] cycloaddition of BCB ketones with silyl dienol ethers. The reaction occurred in the presence of 5 mol% aluminium triflate as a Lewis acid catalyst. Upon acidic hydrolysis of the enol ether intermediates, rigid bicyclo[4.1.1]octane (BCO) diketones could be accessed in up to quantitative yields. This procedure tolerated a range of both aromatic and aliphatic substituents on both the BCB substrates and the dienes. The obtained BCO products could be functionalized through reduction and cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nicolai
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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9
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Wang X, Gao R, Li X. Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Chiral Polysubstituted 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes by Copper-Catalyzed Stereoselective Formal [4π+2σ] Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39011580 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The direct construction of bioisosteric compounds enriched in Csp3 content represents an attractive and dependable approach to imbuing biologically active molecules with enhanced three-dimensional characteristics, finding wide utility across the synthetic and medicinal chemistry community. Despite recent advancements in the synthesis of (aza)-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHeps and aza-BCHeps), which serve as meta-substituted (aza)-arene bioisosteres, the enantioselective assembly of chiral 3-aza-BCHeps remains a coveted goal yet to be achieved. Here, we disclose an unprecedented copper-catalyzed asymmetric formal [4π+2σ] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) and azomethine ylides, furnishing a diverse array of enantioenriched 3-aza-BCHeps with exceptional levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivites (51 examples, all >20:1 dr, mostly 97-99% ee). Both mono- and disubstituted BCBs are well compatible with this protocol, offering an enticing route for the efficient synthesis of challenging tetrasubstituted bicyclic products bearing two quaternary centers. The synthetic significance of this methodology is further demonstrated by the successful preparation of several piperidine drug analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunhua Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Rongkai Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, NO.388 Ruoshui Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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10
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Wang JJ, Tang L, Xiao Y, Wu WB, Wang G, Feng JJ. Switching between the [2π+2σ] and Hetero-[4π+2σ] Cycloaddition Reactivity of Bicyclobutanes with Lewis Acid Catalysts Enables the Synthesis of Spirocycles and Bridged Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405222. [PMID: 38729920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of the complex chemical diversity of bicyclo[n.1.1]alkanes and their use as benzene bioisosteres has garnered significant attention over the past two decades. Regiodivergent syntheses of thiabicyclo[4.1.1]octanes (S-BCOs) and highly substituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs) using a Lewis acid-catalyzed formal cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes (BCBs) and 3-benzylideneindoline-2-thione derivatives have been established. The first hetero-(4+3) cycloaddition of BCBs, catalyzed by Zn(OTf)2, was achieved with a broad substrate scope under mild conditions. In contrast, the less electrophilic BCB ester undergoes a Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed [2π+2σ] reaction with 1,1,2-trisubstituted alkenes, yielding BCHs with a spirocyclic quaternary carbon center. Control experiments and preliminary theoretical calculations suggest that the diastereoselective [2π+2σ] product formation may involve a concerted cycloaddition between a zwitterionic intermediate and E-1,1,2-trisubstituted alkenes. Additionally, the hetero-(4+3) cycloaddition may involve a concerted nucleophilic ring-opening mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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11
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Lin Z, Ren H, Lin X, Yu X, Zheng J. Synthesis of Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptenes Enabled by Catalyst-Controlled Annulations of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with Vinyl Azides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18565-18575. [PMID: 38935924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Bridged bicyclic scaffolds are emerging bioisosteres of planar aromatic rings under the concept of "escape from flatland". However, adopting this concept into the exploration of bioisosteres of pyridines remains elusive due to the challenge of incorporating a N atom into such bridged bicyclic structures. Herein, we report practical routes for the divergent synthesis of 2- and 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptenes (aza-BCHepes) as potential bioisosteres of pyridines from the readily accessible vinyl azides and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) via two distinct catalytic annulations. The reactivity of vinyl azides tailored with BCBs is the key to achieving divergent transformations. TiIII-catalyzed single-electron reductive generation of C-radicals from BCBs allows a concise (3 + 3) annulation with vinyl azides, affording novel 2-aza-BCHepe scaffolds. In contrast, scandium catalysis enables an efficient dipolar (3 + 2) annulation with vinyl azides to generate 2-azidobicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes, which subsequently undergo a chemoselective rearrangement to construct 3-aza-BCHepes. Both approaches efficiently deliver unique azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptene scaffolds with a high functional group tolerance. The synthetic utility has been further demonstrated by scale-up reactions and diverse postcatalytic transformations, providing valuable azabicyclics including 2- and 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and rigid bicyclic amino esters. In addition, the related sp2-hybridized nitrogen atom and the similar geometric property between pyridines and corresponding aza-BCHepes indicate that they are promising bioisosteres of pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongren Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Haosong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xinbo Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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12
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Zhang K, Tian S, Li W, Yang X, Duan XH, Guo LN, Li P. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Formal [2π+2σ] Cycloaddition of Bicyclobutanes with Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones: Access to Quinoxaline-Fused Aza-Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:5482-5487. [PMID: 38913035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of quinoxaline-fused aza-bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes bearing multiple quaternary carbon centers via the intermolecular [2π+2σ] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, facilitated by Lewis acid catalysis, is presented. This reaction is carried out under mild conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shanghui Tian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenke Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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13
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Ding Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Xue Y, Xu M, Zhang H, Xu L, Li P. Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Piperidines Enabled by Boronyl Radical-Catalyzed (4+2) Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406612. [PMID: 38924325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Piperidines are widely present in small molecule drugs and natural products. Despite many methods have been developed for their synthesis, new approaches to polysubstituted piperidines are highly desirable. This work presents a radical (4+2) cycloaddition reaction for synthesis of piperidines featuring dense substituents at 3,4,5-positions that are not readily accessible by known methods. Using commercially available diboron(4) compounds and 4-phenylpyridine as the catalyst precursors, the boronyl radical-catalyzed cycloaddition between 3-aroyl azetidines and various alkenes, including previously unreactive 1,2-di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted alkenes, has delivered the polysubstituted piperidines in generally high yield and diastereoselectivity. The reaction also features high modularity, atom economy, broad substrate scope, metal-free conditions, simple catalysts and operation. The utilization of the products has been demonstrated by selective transformations. A plausible mechanism, with the ring-opening of azetidine as the rate-limiting step, has been proposed based on the experimental and computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yuanji Xue
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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14
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Dukes AO, Weerawarna PM, Devitt AN, Silverman RB. Synthesis of (2 R,4 S)-4-Amino-5-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2-carboxylic Acid via an Asymmetric Intramolecular Mannich Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9110-9117. [PMID: 38857432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of human ornithine aminotransferase interferes with glutamine and proline metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma, depriving tumors of essential nutrients. A proposed mechanism-based inhibitor containing a bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanol warhead is reported herein. The proposed inactivation mechanism involves a novel α-iminol rearrangement. The synthesis of the proposed inhibitor features an asymmetric intramolecular Mannich reaction, utilizing a chiral sulfinamide. This study presents a novel approach toward the synthesis of functionalized bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and highlights an underutilized method to access enantiopure exocyclic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian O Dukes
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pathum M Weerawarna
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Allison N Devitt
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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15
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Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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16
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Xiao Y, Wu F, Tang L, Zhang X, Wei M, Wang G, Feng JJ. Divergent Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Bridged Cyclobutanes by Lewis Acid Catalyzed Formal Cycloadditions of Pyridinium 1,4-Zwitterionic Thiolates and Bicyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408578. [PMID: 38818620 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Bridged cyclobutanes and sulfur heterocycles are currently under intense investigation as building blocks for pharmaceutical drug design. Two formal cycloaddition modes involving bicyclobutanes (BCBs) and pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolate derivatives were described to rapidly expand the chemical space of sulfur-containing bridged cyclobutanes. By using Ni(ClO4)2 as the catalyst, an uncommon higher-order (5+3) cycloaddition of BCBs with quinolinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolate was achieved with broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the first Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric polar (5+3) cycloaddition of BCB with pyridazinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolate was accomplished. In contrast, pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolates undergo an Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed formal (3+3) reaction with BCBs to generate thia-norpinene products, which represent the initial instance of synthesizing 2-thiabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (thia-BCHeps) from BCBs. Moreover, we have successfully used this (3+3) protocol to rapidly prepare thia-BCHeps-substituted analogues of the bioactive molecule Pitofenone. Density functional theory (DFT) computations imply that kinetic factors govern the (5+3) cycloaddition reaction between BCB and quinolinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolate, whereas the (3+3) reaction involving pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolates is under thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P.R. China
| | - Mengran Wei
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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17
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Shan JR, Yan H, Hao EJ, Shi L. Titanium catalyzed [2σ + 2π] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]-butanes with 1,3-dienes for efficient synthesis of stilbene bioisosteres. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4374. [PMID: 38782978 PMCID: PMC11116475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural stilbenes have shown significant potential in the prevention and treatment of diseases due to their diverse pharmacological activities. Here we present a mild and effective Ti-catalyzed intermolecular radical-relay [2σ + 2π] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]-butanes and 1,3-dienes. This transformation enables the synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (BCH) scaffolds containing aryl vinyl groups with excellent regio- and trans-selectivity and broad functional group tolerance, thus offering rapid access to structurally diverse stilbene bioisosteres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Zhixian Wu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Ran Shan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Huaipu Yan
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Er-Jun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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18
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Suresh R, Orbach N, Marek I. Synthesis of Stereodefined Polysubstituted Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13748-13753. [PMID: 38722207 PMCID: PMC11117409 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
We report a highly diastereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted bicyclobutanes possessing up to three stereodefined quaternary centers and five substituents. Our strategy involves a diastereoselective carbometalation of cyclopropenes followed by a cyclization to furnish the bicyclobutane ring system. This straightforward approach allows for the incorporation of a diverse range of substituents and functional groups, notably without the need for electron-withdrawing functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
and The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Noam Orbach
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
and The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
and The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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19
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Liang Y, Nematswerani R, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Silver-Enabled Cycloaddition of Bicyclobutanes with Isocyanides for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402730. [PMID: 38441241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of bicyclic scaffolds has emerged as an important research topic in modern drug development because they can serve as saturated bioisosters to enhance the physicochemical properties and metabolic profiles of drug candidates. Here we report a remarkably simple silver-enabled strategy to access polysubstituted 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes in a single operation from readily accessible bicyclobutanes (BCBs) and isocyanides. The process is proposed to involve a formal (3+3)/(3+2)/retro-(3+2) cycloaddition sequence. This novel protocol allows for rapid generation of molecular complexity from simple starting materials, and the products can be easily derivatized, further enriching the BCB cycloaddition chemistry and the growing set of valuable sp3-rich bicyclic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ronewa Nematswerani
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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20
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Yang L, Wang H, Lang M, Wang J, Peng S. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Formal ( n + 3) ( n = 5 and 6) Cycloaddition of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes to Medium Bicyclo[ n.1.1]alkanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:4104-4110. [PMID: 38700913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed formal (n + 3) (n = 5 and 6) cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) with imidazolidines/hexahydropyrimidines is described. The reaction provides a modular, atom-economical, and efficient strategy to two libraries of synthetically challenging medium-bridged rings, 2,5-diazabicyclo[5.1.1]nonanes and 2,6-diazabicyclo[6.1.1]decanes, in moderate to excellent yields. This reaction also features simple operation, mild reaction conditions, and broad substrate scope. A scale-up experiment and various synthetic transformations of products further highlight the synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Peng
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
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21
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Diepers HE, Walker JCL. (Bio)isosteres of ortho- and meta-substituted benzenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:859-890. [PMID: 38655554 PMCID: PMC11035989 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Saturated bioisosteres of substituted benzenes offer opportunities to fine-tune the properties of drug candidates in development. Bioisosteres of para-benzenes, such as those based on bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, are now very common and can be used to increase aqueous solubility and improve metabolic stability, among other benefits. Bioisosteres of ortho- and meta-benzenes were for a long time severely underdeveloped by comparison. This has begun to change in recent years, with a number of potential systems being reported that can act as bioisosteres for these important fragments. In this review, we will discuss these recent developments, summarizing the synthetic approaches to the different bioisosteres as well as the impact they have on the physiochemical and biological properties of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Erik Diepers
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes C L Walker
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Revie R, Whitaker BJ, Paul B, Smith RC, Anderson EA. Synthesis of Heterocycle-Substituted Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and Aza-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes via Photocatalytic Minisci Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:2843-2846. [PMID: 38251922 PMCID: PMC11020156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A route toward heterocycle-functionalized bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHeps) and aza-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (aza-BCHeps) has been developed, using mild, photocatalytic Minisci-like conditions to introduce various heterocycles at the bridgehead position from readily available N-hydroxyphthalimide esters of the corresponding carboxylic acids. This chemistry enables access to heterocycle-functionalized BCHep-containing structures that are highly relevant in medicinal chemistry research as potential bioisosteres of meta-substituted arenes and pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
I. Revie
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Whitaker
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Bhaskar Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Russell C. Smith
- Drug
Discovery Science and Technology (DDST), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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23
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Cuadros S, Paut J, Anselmi E, Dagousset G, Magnier E, Dell'Amico L. Light-Driven Synthesis and Functionalization of Bicycloalkanes, Cubanes and Related Bioisosteres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317333. [PMID: 38179801 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bicycloalkanes, cubanes and their structural analogues have emerged as bioisosteres of (hetero)arenes. To meet increasing demand, the chemical community has developed a plethora of novel synthetic methods. In this review, we assess the progress made in the field of light-driven construction and functionalization of such relevant molecules. We have focused on diverse structural targets, as well as on reaction processes giving access to: (i) [1.1.1]-bicyclopentanes (BCPs); (ii) [2.2.1]-bicyclohexanes (BCHs); (iii) [3.1.1]-bicycloheptanes (BCHeps); and (iv) cubanes; as well as other structurally related scaffolds. Finally, future perspectives dealing with the identification of novel reaction manifolds to access new functionalized bioisosteric units are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cuadros
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Julien Paut
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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24
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Zhuang K, Haug GC, Wang Y, Yin S, Sun H, Huang S, Trevino R, Shen K, Sun Y, Huang C, Qin B, Liu Y, Cheng M, Larionov OV, Jin S. Cobalt-Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Transfer Enables Regioselective Tricomponent 1,4-Carboamination. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8508-8519. [PMID: 38382542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Tricomponent cobalt(salen)-catalyzed carbofunctionalization of unsaturated substrates by radical-polar crossover has the potential to streamline access to broad classes of heteroatom-functionalized synthetic targets, yet the reaction platform has remained elusive, despite the well-developed analogous hydrofunctionalizations mediated by high-valent alkylcobalt intermediates. We report herein the development of a cobalt(salen) catalytic system that enables carbofunctionalization. The reaction entails a tricomponent decarboxylative 1,4-carboamination of dienes and provides a direct route to aromatic allylic amines by obviating preformed allylation reagents and protection of oxidation-sensitive aromatic amines. The catalytic system merges acridine photocatalysis with cobalt(salen)-catalyzed regioselective 1,4-carbofunctionalization that facilitates the crossover of the radical and polar phases of the tricomponent coupling process, revealing critical roles of the reactants, as well as ligand effects and the nature of the formal high-valent alkylcobalt species on the chemo- and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitong Zhuang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Graham C Haug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Shuyu Yin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Siwen Huang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kunzhi Shen
- Shenyang Photosensitive Chemical Research Institute Company Limited, 8-12 No. 6 Road, Shenyang 110141, P. R. China
| | - Yao Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Bin Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Shengfei Jin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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25
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Zhang J, Su JY, Zheng H, Li H, Deng WP. Eu(OTf) 3 -Catalyzed Formal Dipolar [4π+2σ] Cycloaddition of Bicyclo-[1.1.0]butanes with Nitrones: Access to Polysubstituted 2-Oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318476. [PMID: 38288790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have synthesized multifunctionalized 2-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes, which are considered potential bioisosteres for meta-substituted arenes, through Eu(OTf)3 -catalyzed formal dipolar [4π+2σ] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with nitrones. This methodology represents the initial instance of fabricating bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes adorned with multiple heteroatoms. The protocol exhibits both mild reaction conditions and a good tolerance for various functional groups. Computational density functional theory calculations support that the reaction mechanism likely involves a nucleophilic addition of nitrones to bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, succeeded by an intramolecular cyclization. The synthetic utility of this novel protocol has been demonstrated in the concise synthesis of the analogue of Rupatadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Jia-Yi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hanliang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
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26
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Harada S, Takenaka H, Ito T, Kanda H, Nemoto T. Valence-isomer selective cycloaddition reaction of cycloheptatrienes-norcaradienes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2309. [PMID: 38485991 PMCID: PMC10940685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid and precise creation of complex molecules while controlling multiple selectivities is the principal objective in synthetic chemistry. Combining data science and organic synthesis to achieve this goal is an emerging trend, but few examples of successful reaction designs are reported. We develop an artificial neural network regression model using bond orbital data to predict chemical reactivities. Actual experimental verification confirms cycloheptatriene-selective [6 + 2]-cycloaddition utilizing nitroso compounds and norcaradiene-selective [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions employing benzynes. Additionally, a one-pot asymmetric synthesis is achieved by telescoping the enantioselective dearomatization of non-activated benzenes and cycloadditions. Computational studies provide a rational explanation for the seemingly anomalous occurrence of thermally prohibited suprafacial [6 + 2]-cycloaddition without photoirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Takenaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Haruki Kanda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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27
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Zhu WF, Empel C, Pelliccia S, Koenigs RM, Proschak E, Hernandez-Olmos V. Photochemistry in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38457829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Photochemistry has emerged as a transformative force in organic chemistry, significantly expanding the chemical space accessible for medicinal chemistry. Light-induced reactions enable the efficient synthesis of intricate organic structures and have found applications throughout the different stages of the drug discovery and development processes. Moreover, photochemical techniques provide innovative solutions in chemical biology, allowing precise spatiotemporal drug activation and targeted delivery. In this Perspective, we highlight the already numerous remarkable applications and the even more promising future of photochemistry in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Felix Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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Ren H, Li T, Xing J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yu X, Zheng J. Ti-Catalyzed Formal [2π + 2σ] Cycloadditions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with 2-Azadienes to Access Aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1745-1750. [PMID: 38377354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Saturated bicyclic amines are increasingly targeted to the pharmaceutical industry as sp3-rich bioisosteres of anilines. Numerous strategies have been established for the preparation of bridgehead aminobicyclics. However, methods to assemble the bridge-amino hydrocarbon skeleton, which serves as a meta-substituted arene bioisostere, are limited. Herein, a general approach to access 2-aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (aminoBCHs) by titanium-catalyzed formal [2π + 2σ] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and 2-azadienes was developed. Simple derivatization of aminoBCHs leads to various medicinally and agrochemically important analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tianxiang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyue Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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29
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Das K, Pedada A, Singha T, Hari DP. Strain-enabled radical spirocyclization cascades: rapid access to spirocyclobutyl lactones and - lactams. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3182-3191. [PMID: 38425517 PMCID: PMC10901517 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclobutane derivatives have gained significant attention in drug discovery programs due to their broad spectrum of biological activities and clinical applications. Ring-strain in organic molecules is a powerful tool to promote reactivity by releasing strain energy, allowing the construction of complex molecules selectively and efficiently. Herein, we report the first strain-enabled radical spirocyclization cascades for the synthesis of functionalized spirocyclobutyl lactones and - lactams, which are finding increasing applications in medicinal chemistry. The reaction of interelement compounds with bicyclobutane (BCB) allyl esters and - amides proceeds with high chemoselectivity under simple, catalyst-free conditions using blue light irradiation. The reaction has been successfully extended to synthesize bis-spirocycles. To introduce a more diverse set of functional groups, we have developed a dual photoredox/nickel catalytic system capable of mediating the carbosulfonylation of BCB allyl amides. The reaction shows broad applicability across various (hetero)aryl halides, aryl sulfinates, and BCB allyl amides, operates under mild conditions and demonstrates excellent functional group compatibility. The functional groups introduced during the cascade reactions served as versatile handles for further synthetic elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Abhilash Pedada
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Tushar Singha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
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30
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Dutta S, Lu YL, Erchinger JE, Shao H, Studer E, Schäfer F, Wang H, Rana D, Daniliuc CG, Houk KN, Glorius F. Double Strain-Release [2π+2σ]-Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5232-5241. [PMID: 38350439 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of potent pharmaceutical candidates and to further improve their chemical traits, small ring systems can serve as a potential starting point. Small ring units have the additional merit of loaded strain at their core, making them suitable reactants as they can capitalize on this intrinsic driving force. With the introduction of cyclobutenone as a strained precursor to ketene, the photocycloaddition with another strained unit, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB), enables the reactivity of both π-units in the transient ketene. This double strain-release driven [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition promotes the synthesis of diverse heterobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane units, a pharmaceutically relevant bioisostere. The effective reactivity under catalyst-free conditions with a high functional group tolerance defines its synthetic utility. Experimental mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition takes place via a triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Emanuel Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debanjan Rana
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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31
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Chen M, Cui Y, Chen X, Shang R, Zhang X. C-F bond activation enables synthesis of aryl difluoromethyl bicyclopentanes as benzophenone-type bioisosteres. Nat Commun 2024; 15:419. [PMID: 38199996 PMCID: PMC10781780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioisosteric design has become an essential approach in the development of drug molecules. Recent advancements in synthetic methodologies have enabled the rapid adoption of this strategy into drug discovery programs. Consequently, conceptionally innovative practices would be appreciated by the medicinal chemistry community. Here we report an expeditous synthetic method for synthesizing aryl difluoromethyl bicyclopentane (ADB) as a bioisostere of the benzophenone core. This approach involves the merger of light-driven C-F bond activation and strain-release chemistry under the catalysis of a newly designed N-anionic-based organic photocatalyst. This defluorinative coupling methodology enables the direct conversion of a wide variety of commercially available trifluoromethylaromatic C-F bonds (more than 70 examples) into the corresponding difluoromethyl bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCP) arenes/difluoromethyl BCP boronates in a single step. The strategy can also be applied to [3.1.1]and [4.1.1]propellane systems, providing access to analogues with different geometries. Moreover, we have successfully used this protocol to rapidly prepare ADB-substituted analogues of the bioactive molecule Adiporon. Biological testing has shown that the ADB scaffold has the potential to enhance the pharmacological properties of benzophenone-type drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xiaheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Dasgupta A, Bhattacharjee S, Tong Z, Guin A, McNamee RE, Christensen KE, Biju AT, Anderson EA. Stereoselective Alder-Ene Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes: Facile Synthesis of Cyclopropyl- and Aryl-Substituted Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1196-1203. [PMID: 38157245 PMCID: PMC10786042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), strained carbocycles comprising two fused cyclopropane rings, have become well-established building blocks in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology due to their diverse reactivity profile with radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes. The constraints of the bicyclic ring system confer high p-character on the interbridgehead C-C bond, leading to this broad reaction profile; however, the use of BCBs in pericyclic processes has to date been largely overlooked in favor of such stepwise, non-concerted additions. Here, we describe the use of BCBs as substrates for ene-like reactions with strained alkenes and alkynes, which give rise to cyclobutenes decorated with highly substituted cyclopropanes and arenes. The former products are obtained from highly stereoselective reactions with cyclopropenes, generated in situ from vinyl diazoacetates under blue light irradiation (440 nm). Cyclobutenes featuring a quaternary aryl-bearing carbon atom are prepared from equivalent reactions with arynes, which proceed in high yields under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies highlight the importance of electronic effects in this chemistry, while computational investigations support a concerted pathway and rationalize the excellent stereoselectivity of reactions with cyclopropenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dasgupta
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Subrata Bhattacharjee
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Zixuan Tong
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Avishek Guin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ryan E. McNamee
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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33
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Mazzarella D, Bortolato T, Pelosi G, Dell'Amico L. Photocatalytic (3 + 2) dipolar cycloadditions of aziridines driven by visible-light. Chem Sci 2023; 15:271-277. [PMID: 38131079 PMCID: PMC10732004 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we document the design and development of a novel (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction aided by the activity of an organic photocatalyst and visible light. The process is extremely fast, taking place in a few minutes, with virtually complete atom economy. A large variety of structurally diverse aziridines were used as masked ylides in the presence of different types of dipolarophiles (28 examples with up to 94% yield and >95 : 5 dr). Mechanistic insights obtained from photophysical, electrochemical and experimental studies highlight that the chemistry is driven by the in situ generation of the reactive ylide through two consecutive electron-transfer processes. We also report an aerobic cascade process, where an additional oxidation step grants access to a vast array of pyrrole derivatives (19 examples with up to 95% yield). Interestingly, the extended aromatic core exhibits a distinctive absorption and emission profile, which can be easily used to tag the effectiveness of this covalent linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Francesco Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Tommaso Bortolato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Francesco Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Francesco Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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34
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Chang YC, Salome C, Fessard T, Brown MK. Synthesis of 2-Azanorbornanes via Strain-Release Formal Cycloadditions Initiated by Energy Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314700. [PMID: 37963812 PMCID: PMC10760907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Rigid bicycles are becoming more popular in the pharmaceutical industry because they allow for expansion to new and unique chemical spaces. This work describes a new strategy to construct 2-azanorbornanes, which can act as rigid piperidine/pyrrolidine scaffolds with well-defined exit vectors. To achieve the synthesis of 2-azanorbornanes, new strain-release reagent, azahousane, is introduced along with its photosensitized strain-release formal cycloaddition with alkenes. Furthermore, new reactivity between a housane and an imine is disclosed. Both strategies lead to various substituted 2-azanorbornanes with good selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Christophe Salome
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fessard
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
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35
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Denisenko A, Garbuz P, Makovetska Y, Shablykin O, Lesyk D, Al-Maali G, Korzh R, Sadkova IV, Mykhailiuk PK. 1,2-Disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as saturated bioisosteres of ortho-substituted benzene. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14092-14099. [PMID: 38098705 PMCID: PMC10718076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes have been synthesized, characterized, and biologically validated as saturated bioisosteres of the ortho-substituted benzene ring. The incorporation of the 1,2-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane core into the structure of fungicides boscalid (BASF), bixafen (Bayer CS), and fluxapyroxad (BASF) gave saturated patent-free analogs with high antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Denisenko
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Pavel Garbuz
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | | | - Oleh Shablykin
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the NAS of Ukraine 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Lesyk
- Bienta Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Galeb Al-Maali
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
- Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Rodion Korzh
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Iryna V Sadkova
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill st. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine www.mykhailiukchem.org
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36
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Ni D, Hu S, Tan X, Yu Y, Li Z, Deng L. Intermolecular Formal Cycloaddition of Indoles with Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes by Lewis Acid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308606. [PMID: 37583090 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we develop a new approach to directly access architecturally complex polycyclic indolines from readily available indoles and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) through formal cycloaddition promoted by commercially available Lewis acids. The reaction proceeded through a stepwise pathway involving a nucleophilic addition of indoles to BCBs followed by an intramolecular Mannich reaction to form rigid indoline-fused polycyclic structures, which resemble polycyclic indole alkaloids. This new reaction tolerated a wide range of indoles and BCBs, thereby allowing the one-step construction of various rigid indoline polycycles containing up to four contiguous quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangyu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
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37
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Tang L, Xiao Y, Wu F, Zhou JL, Xu TT, Feng JJ. Silver-Catalyzed Dearomative [2π+2σ] Cycloadditions of Indoles with Bicyclobutanes: Access to Indoline Fused Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310066. [PMID: 37822277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs) are becoming ever more important in drug design and development as bridged scaffolds that provide underexplored chemical space, but are difficult to access. Here a silver-catalyzed dearomative [2π+2σ] cycloaddition strategy for the synthesis of indoline fused BCHs from N-unprotected indoles and bicyclobutane precursors is described. The strain-release dearomative cycloaddition operates under mild conditions, tolerating a wide range of functional groups. It is capable of forming BCHs with up to four contiguous quaternary carbon centers, achieving yields of up to 99 %. In addition, a scale-up experiment and the synthetic transformations of the cycloadducts further highlighted the synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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38
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Xiao Y, Xu TT, Zhou JL, Wu F, Tang L, Liu RY, Wu WB, Feng JJ. Photochemical α-selective radical ring-opening reactions of 1,3-disubstituted acyl bicyclobutanes with alkyl halides: modular access to functionalized cyclobutenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13060-13066. [PMID: 38023515 PMCID: PMC10664698 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04457b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ring-opening reactions of bicyclobutanes bearing electron-withdrawing groups, typically with β-selectivity, have evolved as a powerful platform for synthesis of cyclobutanes, their application in the synthesis of cyclobutenes remains underdeveloped. Here, a novel visible light induced α-selective radical ring-opening reaction of 1,3-disubstituted acyl bicyclobutanes with alkyl radical precursors for the synthesis of functionalized cyclobutenes is described. In particular, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides are all suitable substrates for this photocatalytic transformation, providing ready access to cyclobutenes with a single all-carbon quaternary center, or with two contiguous centers under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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39
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Nguyen TVT, Bossonnet A, Wodrich MD, Waser J. Photocatalyzed [2σ + 2σ] and [2σ + 2π] Cycloadditions for the Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and 5- or 6-Membered Carbocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25411-25421. [PMID: 37934629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of photocatalysis for the homolytic ring-opening of carbonyl cyclopropanes. In contrast to previous studies, our approach does not require a metal cocatalyst or a strong reductant. The carbonyl cyclopropanes can be employed for both [2σ + 2σ] and [2σ + 2π] annulation with either alkenes/alkynes or bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, yielding cyclopent-anes/-enes and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHs), respectively. BCHs are promising bioisosteres for 1,2,4,5 tetra-substituted aromatic rings. Mechanistic studies, including density functional theory computation and a trapping experiment with DMPO, support a 1,3-biradical generated from cyclopropane as a key intermediate for these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin V T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
| | - André Bossonnet
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
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40
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Zhang T, Huang H. Photocatalyzed Aminomethylation of Alkyl Halides Enabled by Sterically Hindered N-Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310114. [PMID: 37721856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) coupling of alkyl halides and tertiary amines offers a promising tool for the rapid decoration of amine skeletons. However, this approach has not been well established, partially due to the challenges in precisely distinguishing and controlling the reactivity of amine-coupling partners and their product homologues. Herein, we developed a metal-free photocatalytic system for the aminomethylation of alkyl halides through radical-involved C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation, allowing for the synthesis of sterically congested tertiary amines that are of interest in organic synthesis but not easily prepared by other methods. Mechanistic studies disclosed that sterically hindered N-substituents are key to activate the amine coupling partners by tuning their redox potentials to drive the reaction forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, P. R. China
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41
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de Robichon M, Kratz T, Beyer F, Zuber J, Merten C, Bach T. Enantioselective, Intermolecular [ π2+ σ2] Photocycloaddition Reactions of 2(1 H)-Quinolones and Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37917070 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes add enantioselectively to 2(1H)-quinolones upon irradiation (λ = 366 nm) in the presence of a chiral complexing agent. A two-point hydrogen bond between the quinolone and the template is responsible for stereocontrol in the photocycloaddition reaction. The reaction leads to the formation of products with a chiral bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane skeleton in high enantiomeric excess (91-99% ee). The chiral template can be almost quantitatively (97%) recovered and used in another reaction. A triplet reaction pathway is likely, and sensitization is a suitable tool if the reaction is to be performed with visible light (λ = 420 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane de Robichon
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thilo Kratz
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Frederike Beyer
- Organische Chemie II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Zuber
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Merten
- Organische Chemie II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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42
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Wang H, Erchinger JE, Lenz M, Dutta S, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. syn-Selective Difunctionalization of Bicyclobutanes Enabled by Photoredox-Mediated C-S σ-Bond Scission. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23771-23780. [PMID: 37852210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of cyclic frameworks in molecular scaffolds and drug discovery, it is intriguing to precisely forge and manipulate ring systems in synthetic chemistry. In this field, the intermolecular synthesis of densely substituted cyclobutanes with precise diastereocontrol under simple reaction conditions remains a challenge. Herein, a photoredox strategy for the difunctionalization of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) under high regio- and syn-selectivity is disclosed. C-S σ-bond cleavage of partially unsaturated sulfur-containing bifunctional reagents in an overall strain-release-driven process enables the thio-alkynylation, -alkenylation, and -allylation of BCBs under mild conditions and demonstrates the generality of this protocol. Mechanistic studies suggest that the intermediacy of cyclic distonic radical cations might be key for the efficient scission of C-S σ-bonds and the origin of diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Madina Lenz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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43
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Lin SL, Chen YH, Liu HH, Xiang SH, Tan B. Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Cyclobutenes Enabled by Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization of BCBs. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21152-21158. [PMID: 37732875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Chiral cyclobutene units are commonly found in natural products and biologically active molecules. Transition-metal-catalysis has been extensively used in asymmetric synthesis of such structures, while organocatalytic approaches remain elusive. In this study, bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes are involved in enantioselective transformation for the first time to offer a highly efficient route toward cyclobutenes with good regio- and enantiocontrol. The utilization of N-triflyl phosphoramide as a chiral Brønsted acid promoter enables this isomerization process to proceed under mild conditions with low catalyst loading as well as good functional group compatibility. The resulting chiral cyclobutenes could serve as platform molecules for downstream manipulations with excellent reservation of stereochemical integrity, demonstrating the synthetic practicality of the developed method. Control experiments have also been performed to verify the formation of a key carbocation intermediate at the benzylic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Li Lin
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye-Hui Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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44
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Abstract
The concept of strain in organic compounds is as old as modern organic chemistry and was initially introduced to justify the synthetic setbacks along the synthesis of small ring systems (pars construens of strain). In the last decades, chemists have developed an arsenal of strain-release reactions (pars destruens of strain) which can generate─with significant driving force─rigid aliphatic systems that can act as three-dimensional alternatives to (hetero)arenes. Photocatalysis added an additional dimension to strain-release processes by leveraging the energy of photons to create chemical complexity under mild conditions. This perspective presents the latest advancements in strain-release photocatalysis─with emphases on mechanisms, catalytic cycles, and current limitations─the unique chemical architectures that can be produced, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York 10021, New York United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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45
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Dibchak D, Snisarenko M, Mishuk A, Shablykin O, Bortnichuk L, Klymenko-Ulianov O, Kheylik Y, Sadkova IV, Rzepa HS, Mykhailiuk PK. General Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and Evaluation of Their Properties as Saturated Isosteres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304246. [PMID: 37232421 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A general approach to 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes by reduction of spirocyclic oxetanyl nitriles was developed. The mechanism, scope, and scalability of this transformation were studied. The core was incorporated into the structure of the antihistamine drug Rupatidine instead of the pyridine ring, which led to a dramatic improvement in physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artem Mishuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 60, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Shablykin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 60, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya, 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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46
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Tang L, Huang QN, Wu F, Xiao Y, Zhou JL, Xu TT, Wu WB, Qu S, Feng JJ. C(sp 2)-H cyclobutylation of hydroxyarenes enabled by silver-π-acid catalysis: diastereocontrolled synthesis of 1,3-difunctionalized cyclobutanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9696-9703. [PMID: 37736637 PMCID: PMC10510764 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) is emerging as a powerful strategy for 1,3-difunctionalized cyclobutane synthesis. However, reported radical strain-release reactions are typically plagued with diastereoselectivity issues. Herein, an atom-economic protocol for the highly chemo- and diastereoselective polar strain-release ring-opening of BCBs with hydroxyarenes catalyzed by a π-acid catalyst AgBF4 has been developed. The use of readily available starting materials, low catalyst loading, high selectivity (up to >98 : 2 d.r.), a broad substrate scope, ease of scale-up, and versatile functionalizations of the cyclobutane products make this approach very attractive for the synthesis of 1,1,3-trisubstituted cyclobutanes. Moreover, control experiments and theoretical calculations were performed to illustrate the reaction mechanism and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qi-Nan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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47
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Reinhold M, Steinebach J, Golz C, Walker JCL. Synthesis of polysubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes enabling access to new chemical space. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9885-9891. [PMID: 37736652 PMCID: PMC10510755 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Saturated bridged-bicyclic compounds are currently under intense investigation as building blocks for pharmaceutical drug design. However, the most common methods for their preparation only provide access to bridgehead-substituted structures. The synthesis of bridge-functionalised species is highly challenging but would open up many new opportunities for molecular design. We describe a photocatalytic cycloaddition reaction that provides unified access to bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes with 11 distinct substitution patterns. Bridge-substituted structures that represent ortho-, meta-, and polysubstituted benzene bioisosteres, as well as those that enable the investigation of chemical space inaccessible to aromatic motifs can all be prepared using this operationally simple protocol. Proof-of-concept examples of the application of the method to the synthesis of saturated analogues of biorelevant trisubstituted benzenes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Reinhold
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Justin Steinebach
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Johannes C L Walker
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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48
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Kong W, Bao Y, Lu L, Han Z, Zhong Y, Zhang R, Li Y, Yin G. Base-Modulated 1,3-Regio- and Stereoselective Carboboration of Cyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308041. [PMID: 37428115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
While chain-walking stimulates wide interest in both polymerization and organic synthesis, site- and stereoselective control of chain-walking on rings is still a challenging task in the realm of organometallic catalysis. Inspired by a controllable chain-walking on cyclohexane rings in olefin polymerization, we have developed a set of chain-walking carboborations of cyclohexenes based on nickel catalysis. Different from the 1,4-trans-selectivity disclosed in polymer science, a high level of 1,3-regio- and cis-stereoselectivity is obtained in our reactions. Mechanistically, we discovery that the base affects the reduction ability of B2 pin2 and different bases lead to different catalytic cycles and different regioselective products (1,2- Vs 1,3-addition). This study provides a concise and modular method for the synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted cyclohexylboron compounds. The incorporation of a readily modifiable boronate group greatly enhances the value of this method, the synthetic potential of which was highlighted by the synthesis of a series of high-valued commercial chemicals and pharmaceutically interesting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Bao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liguo Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Core Facility of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiang Li
- Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
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49
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Smith E, Jones KD, O'Brien L, Argent SP, Salome C, Lefebvre Q, Valery A, Böcü M, Newton GN, Lam HW. Silver(I)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Cuneanes from Cubanes and their Investigation as Isosteres. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37478562 PMCID: PMC10401713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Bridged or caged polycyclic hydrocarbons have rigid structures that project substituents into precise regions of 3D space, making them attractive as linking groups in materials science and as building blocks for medicinal chemistry. The efficient synthesis of new or underexplored classes of such compounds is, therefore, an important objective. Herein, we describe the silver(I)-catalyzed rearrangement of 1,4-disubstituted cubanes to cuneanes, which are strained hydrocarbons that have not received much attention since they were first described in 1970. The synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted or 1,3-disubstituted cuneanes can be achieved with high regioselectivities, with the regioselectivity being dependent on the electronic character of the cubane substituents. A preliminary assessment of cuneanes as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry suggests cuneanes could serve as isosteric replacements of trans-1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes and 1,3-disubstituted benzenes. An analogue of the anticancer drug sonidegib was synthesized, in which the 1,2,3-trisubstituted benzene was replaced with a 1,3-disubstituted cuneane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Smith
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran D Jones
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke O'Brien
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Mina Böcü
- SpiroChem AG, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Graham N Newton
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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50
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Wang H, Shao H, Das A, Dutta S, Chan HT, Daniliuc C, Houk KN, Glorius F. Dearomative ring expansion of thiophenes by bicyclobutane insertion. Science 2023; 381:75-81. [PMID: 37410837 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal ring enlargement is gaining renewed interest in synthetic chemistry and has recently focused on insertion of one or two atoms. Strategies for heterocyclic expansion through small-ring insertion remain elusive, although they would lead to the efficient formation of bicyclic products. Here, we report a photoinduced dearomative ring enlargement of thiophenes by insertion of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes to produce eight-membered bicyclic rings under mild conditions. The synthetic value, broad functional-group compatibility, and excellent chemo- and regioselectivity were demonstrated by scope evaluation and product derivatization. Experimental and computational studies point toward a photoredox-induced radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ankita Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hok Tsun Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
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