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Ahani S, Ahani S, Taheri Mirghaed A, Hoseini SM, Pagheh E, Arghideh M, Yousefi M. Probiotic, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract mixture improves gut health in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39093558 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive (FA) containing a probiotic consortium, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract on growth performance, humoral immune responses, hepatic antioxidant parameters and intestine digestive enzymes, morphology and transcripts in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were reared for 8 weeks, feeding on diets containing 0 (CNT), 0.3 (0.3FA), 1 (1FA) and 2 (2FA) g/kg FA. The results showed that fish growth parameters were significantly and quadratically related to FA levels and FA treatments had better growth performance than CNT treatment. Intestinal amylase activity significantly increased in 2FA, whereas, intestinal protease activity increased in all FA treatments. Intestinal villus length and muscular layer thickness significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment. Blood leucocyte and lymphocyte counts, plasma lysozyme activity and hepatic glutathione content significantly increased in 0.3FA and 1FA treatments; whereas hepatic malondialdehyde significantly decreased in these treatments. Blood neutrophil and monocyte counts significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment, while plasma alternative complement activity significantly increased in 1FA treatments. Plasma bactericidal activities against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri and Streptococcus iniae, and intestinal expression of heat shock protein 70 and beta-defensin significantly increased in all FA treatments. The abundance of A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeri and S. iniae in fish gut significantly decreased in 0.3FA treatment; these bacteria were absent in the intestines of 1FA and 2FA treatments. The present results suggest that dietary 0.3-1 g/kg of FA can significantly improve growth performance, immune response, intestinal health and hepatic antioxidant capacity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahani
- Department of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Ahani
- School of Veterinary Medicine Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Taheri Mirghaed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Esmail Pagheh
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arghideh
- University of South bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
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Lv W, Chen W, Tan S, Ba G, Sun C, Feng F, Sun Q, Xu D. Effects of removing phytic acid on the bioaccessibility of Ca/Fe/Zn and protein digestion in soymilk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5262-5273. [PMID: 38329463 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soymilk is a high-quality source of protein and minerals, such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). However, phytic acid in soymilk restricts mineral and protein availability. We here investigated the effects of removing phytic acid on the physicochemical properties, mineral (Ca, Fe, and Zn) bioaccessibility, and protein digestibility of soymilk. RESULTS Physicochemical property analysis revealed that the removal of phytic acid reduced protein accumulation at the gastric stage, thereby facilitating soymilk matrix digestion. The removal of phytic acid significantly increased Zn bioaccessibility by 18.19% in low-protein soymilk and Ca and Fe bioaccessibility by 31.20% and 30.03%, respectively, in high-protein soymilk. CONCLUSION Removing phytic acid was beneficial for the hydrolysis of high-molecular-weight proteins and increased the soluble protein content in soymilk, which was conducive to protein digestion. This study offers a feasible guide for developing plant-based milk with high nutrient bioaccessibility. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lv
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Tan
- Liquid Milk Department, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Genna Ba
- Liquid Milk Department, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Liquid Milk Department, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Fanqing Feng
- Liquid Milk Department, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Liquid Milk Department, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Duoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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Kaufman M, Nguyen C, Shetty M, Oppezzo M, Barrack M, Fredericson M. Popular Dietary Trends' Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3511. [PMID: 37630702 PMCID: PMC10460072 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition fuels optimal performance for athletes. With increased research developments, numerous diets available, and publicity from professional athletes, a review of dietary patterns impact on athletic performance is warranted. RESULTS The Mediterranean diet is a low inflammatory diet linked to improved power and muscle endurance and body composition. Ketogenic diets are restrictive of carbohydrates and proteins. Though both show no decrements in weight loss, ketogenic diets, which is a more restrictive form of low-carbohydrate diets, can be more difficult to follow. High-protein and protein-paced versions of low-carbohydrate diets have also shown to benefit athletic performance. Plant-based diets have many variations. Vegans are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies and decreased leucine content, and therefore, decreased muscle protein synthesis. However, the literature has not shown decreases in performance compared to omnivores. Intermittent fasting has many different versions, which may not suit those with comorbidities or specific needs as well as lead to decreases in sprint speed and worsening time to exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS This paper critically evaluates the research on diets in relation to athletic performance and details some of the potential risks that should be monitored. No one diet is universally recommend for athletes; however, this article provides the information for athletes to analyze, in conjunction with medical professional counsel, their own diet and consider sustainable changes that can help achieve performance and body habitus goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kaufman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Chantal Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Maya Shetty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Marily Oppezzo
- Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Michelle Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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Selle PH, Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. The Contribution of Phytate-Degrading Enzymes to Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040603. [PMID: 36830391 PMCID: PMC9951704 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution that exogenous phytases have made towards sustainable chicken-meat production over the past two decades has been unequivocally immense. Initially, their acceptance by the global industry was negligible, but today, exogenous phytases are routine additions to broiler diets, very often at elevated inclusion levels. The genesis of this remarkable development is based on the capacity of phytases to enhance phosphorus (P) utilization, thereby reducing P excretion. This was amplified by an expanding appreciation of the powerful anti-nutritive properties of the substrate, phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate; IP6), which is invariably present in all plant-sourced feedstuffs and practical broiler diets. The surprisingly broad spectra of anti-nutritive properties harbored by dietary phytate are counteracted by exogenous phytases via the hydrolysis of phytate and the positive consequences of phytate degradation. Phytases enhance the utilization of minerals, including phosphorus, sodium, and calcium, the protein digestion, and the intestinal uptakes of amino acids and glucose to varying extents. The liberation of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) by phytase is fundamental; however, the impacts of phytase on protein digestion, the intestinal uptakes of amino acids, and the apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are intriguing and important. Numerous factors are involved, but it appears that phytases have positive impacts on the initiation of protein digestion by pepsin. This extends to promoting the intestinal uptakes of amino acids stemming from the enhanced uptakes of monomeric amino acids via Na+-dependent transporters and, arguably more importantly, from the enhanced uptakes of oligopeptides via PepT-1, which is functionally dependent on the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE. Our comprehension of the phytate-phytase axis in poultry nutrition has expanded over the past 30 years; this has promoted the extraordinary surge in acceptance of exogenous phytases, coupled with the development of more efficacious preparations in combination with the deflating inclusion costs for exogenous phytases. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress that has been made with phytate-degrading enzymes since their introduction in 1991 and the underlying mechanisms driving their positive contribution to chicken-meat production now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Complete Feed Solutions, Pakuranga, Auckland 2140, New Zealand
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Forgione D, Nassar M, Seseogullari-Dirihan R, Jamleh A, Tezvergil-Mutluay A. Effect of phytic acid on dentinal collagen solubilization and its binding and debinding potentials to dentin. J Dent 2023; 128:104361. [PMID: 36379300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study phytic acid (IP6) effect on collagen solubilization by assessing hydroxyproline (HYP) release, evaluate its binding to demineralized (DD) and mineralized dentin (MD) and determine the effect of different media on debinding of IP6. METHODS Demineralized dentin beams were incubated in 1%, 2% or 3% IP6 and HYP release was evaluated at 1 or 3 weeks and compared to those obtained in untreated control or phosphoric acid (PA)-treated beams. DD or MD powder was treated with 1%, 2% or 3% IP6 and the decrease in IP6 amount was quantitated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. IP6-treated samples were re-suspended in distilled water, ethanol, urea or sodium chloride and the amount of IP6 displaced was determined. RESULTS At 1 week, the control group and IP6 showed lower HYP release when compared to PA (P < 0.05). There was no difference among PA, IP6 and control at 3 weeks (P = 0.22). IP6 binding was concentration dependent. 1% IP6 had higher binding potential with MD compared to DD while 2% IP6 showed the opposite result (P<0.05). 3% IP6 had similar binding values between DD and MD (P = 0.53). The highest debinding in MD occurred with urea for 2%, 3% and 1% IP6 in descending manner. Within each concentration of IP6 in DD, the highest debinding effect was reported with ethanol. CONCLUSIONS IP6 bound to DD and MD in a concentration-dependent manner. IP6 was debound from DD mostly by the action of ethanol, while in MD, urea caused the most displacement. Collagen solubilization of IP6-treated DD was comparable to untreated DD. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings add to the potential use of IP6 as an alternative to PA for dentin etching which possibly results in long-term stability of resin-dentin adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Ahmed Jamleh
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arzu Tezvergil-Mutluay
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Impact of Phytase Treatment and Calcium Addition on Gelation of a Protein-Enriched Rapeseed Fraction. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRapeseed press cake was upcycled as a protein-enriched ingredient through dry fractionation. The protein-enriched fraction contained higher amounts of phytic acid compared to press cake, and phytase treatment was applied to decrease the phytic acid content from 6.8 to 0.5%. The effect of phytase treatment leading to the release of cations was also mimicked by extrinsic calcium addition. Both phytase treatment and calcium addition significantly improved the heat-induced gel properties but had a minor effect on protein solubility and dispersion stability at pH 8. Water and protein holding capacities of the gels were the highest for the phytase-treated sample (91 and 97%, respectively), followed by the sample with added calcium (86 and 94%, respectively) and control sample (60 and 86%, respectively). Gel firmness followed the same pattern. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed an interconnected structured network in the phytase-treated gel, while in the control gel, a more rigid and open structure was observed. The improved gelation properties resulting from the phytase treatment suggest that the protein and soluble dietary fibre-enriched rapeseed press cake ingredient serve as a promising raw material for gelled food systems. The positive effect of calcium addition on gel properties proposes that part of the improvement observed after phytase treatment may be caused by cations released from phytate.
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Xiang H, Li Q, Sun-Waterhouse D, Li J, Cui C, Waterhouse GI. Improving the color and functional properties of seabuckthorn seed protein with phytase treatment combined with alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:931-939. [PMID: 34265087 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing anti-nutritional factors like phytates in seed protein products requires an ongoing effort. This study was the first to investigate the phytic acid content in seabuckthorn seed protein (SSP) and its reduction by an exogenous phytase during protein isolation from seabuckthorn seed meal through the common alkaline solubilization-isoelectric precipitation process. RESULTS The additional phytase treatment could reduce the content of phytic acid from 22.46 to 13.27 g kg-1 , leading to SSP products with lighter color (lower ΔE* ), higher protein solubility, higher in vitro digestibility, but lower phenolic antioxidant content (including flavonoids and procyanidins) and some beneficial ions like Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results indicated that the secondary structure of protein changed under the treatment with phytase. Correlation analysis showed that L* was significantly negatively correlated with TP, TPC and TF (P < 0.001), while a* and b* were significantly positively correlated with them (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There may be a trade-off between protein functionalities and other health-promoting components when a phytase treatment is included in SSP isolation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiawei Li
- Perfect (GuangDong) Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | - Chun Cui
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
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Improving effect of phytase treatment on the functional properties and in vitro digestibility of protein isolate from Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Albe-Slabi S, Defaix C, Beaubier S, Galet O, Kapel R. Selective extraction of napins: Process optimization and impact on structural and functional properties. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Wang R, Guo S. Phytic acid and its interactions: Contributions to protein functionality, food processing, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2081-2105. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruican Wang
- Department of Food Science University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Shuntang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Cereal Processing, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
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Zhang YY, Stockmann R, Ng K, Ajlouni S. Revisiting phytate-element interactions: implications for iron, zinc and calcium bioavailability, with emphasis on legumes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1696-1712. [PMID: 33190514 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1846014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate or phytic acid concentration is a prominent factor known to impede divalent element bioavailability in vegetal foods including legumes. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that phytic acid and other plant-based constituents may synergistically form insoluble complexes affecting bioavailability of essential elements. This review provides an overview of existing investigations on the role of phytic acid in the binding, solubility and bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium with a focus on legumes. Given the presence of various interference factors within legume matrices, current findings suggest that the commonly adapted approach of using phytic acid-element molar ratios as a bioavailability predictor may only be valid in limited circumstances. In particular, differences between protein properties and molar concentrations of other interacting ions are likely responsible for the observed poor correlations. The role of phytate degradation in element bioavailability has been previously examined, and in this review we re-emphasize its importance as a tool to enhance mineral bioavailability of mineral fortified legume crops. Food processing strategies to achieve phytate reduction were identified as promising tools to increase mineral bioavailability and included germination and fermentation, particularly when other bioavailability promoters (e.g. NaCl) are simultaneously added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yianna Y Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Said Ajlouni
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kaspchak E, Bonassoli ABG, Iwankiw PK, Kayukawa CTM, Igarashi-Mafra L, Mafra MR. Interactions of antinutrients mixtures with bovine serum albumin and its influence on in vitro protein digestibility. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Phytase catalysis of dephosphorylation studied using isothermal titration calorimetry and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2020; 606:113859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rosenfelder-Kuon P, Klein N, Zegowitz B, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Thuringer L, Seifert J, Rodehutscord M. Phytate degradation cascade in pigs as affected by phytase supplementation and rapeseed cake inclusion in corn-soybean meal-based diets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa053. [PMID: 32060531 PMCID: PMC7057925 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments (Exp.) with ileally cannulated growing barrows were conducted. The concentrations of positional inositol phosphate (InsP) isomers in ileal digesta and feces were determined, as well as the prececal and total tract phytate (InsP6) hydrolysis, and digestibility of dry matter, P, Ca, nitrogen, and gross energy. Prececal amino acid (AA) digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in ileal digesta were also studied. In both Exp., pigs had an initial body weight (BW) of 28 kg and were completely randomized to a Double Latin Square Design with eight pigs, four diets, and three periods of 12 d each. Feces and ileal digesta were collected for 5 d and 2 d, respectively. Pigs were housed individually in stainless steel metabolic units. Water was available ad libitum and feed was provided two times daily at an amount of 4% of mean BW. In Exp. 1, pigs received a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diet that was supplemented with 0, 750, 1,500, or 3,000 FTU of a microbial phytase/kg diet. In Exp. 2, pigs were allotted to a 2 × 2 arrangement of diets based on corn and SBM or an SBM-rapeseed cake (RSC) mix and phytase supplementation at 0 or 1,500 FTU/kg of diet. In ileal digesta of pigs fed without the phytase supplement, the dominating InsP isomers beside InsP6 were InsP5 isomers. The InsP pattern in ileal digesta changed with the inclusion of microbial phytase in both Exp., as there was a remarkable increase in Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentration (P < 0.001). In both Exp., the myo-inositol concentration in ileal digesta was greater upon phytase addition (P < 0.001). Without phytase supplementation, prececal and total tract P digestibility were low, whereas hardly any InsP6 was excreted in feces. There was no difference between prececal and total tract P digestibility values. For most AA studied in Exp. 2, prececal digestibility was lower (P < 0.01) when the diet contained RSC. However, phytase supplementation did not significantly affect prececal AA digestibility in both Exp. The present study showed that InsP6 disappearance by the end of the ileum can be increased up to around 90% in SBM- and SBM-RSC-based diets when microbial phytase is supplemented, but prececal P digestibility hardly exceeded 60%. The study confirms that pigs cannot benefit from a remarkable InsP6 degradation in the hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Klein
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benedikt Zegowitz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Lucia Thuringer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Lullien-Pellerin V. Both genetic and environmental conditions affect wheat grain texture: Consequences for grain fractionation and flour properties. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Improving the Color Stability of Naturally Colored Silk by Cross-Linking the Sericin with Phytic Acid. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/6936437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of naturally colored silk (NCS) fades easily during home washing due to the loss of pigment accompanied by dissolution of the sericin. In this study, phytic acid was used to cross-link the sericin of NCS and reduce its solubility, aiming at improving the color fastness of NCS to repeated washing. It was found that the sericin-fixing effect increased as the concentration of phytic acid to 1.0 wt% and the cross-linking time to 5 h increased and then reached a constant level. Cross-linking at pH 7.0-8.5 and temperature 30-40°C could obtain relatively good sericin-fixing effects. The cross-linked NCS showed low sericin loss during the degumming and had much better color fastness to repeated washing as compared with the samples before cross-linking. The cross-linking method proposed in this study may be not only a kind of solution for improving the color fastness of NCS with high practicality but also an alternative for cross-linking sericin-based materials in the biomedical field.
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Akter M, Graham H, Iji PA. Response of broiler chickens to diets containing different levels of sodium with or without microbial phytase supplementation. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:87-97. [PMID: 31333866 PMCID: PMC6582932 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor
performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase
supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient
and improve bird’s performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na)
level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the
beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to
investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase
activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and
nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three
different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial
phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using 3 × 2 factorial design.
The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for
35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10
birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme
activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were
analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed
intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p <
0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na
adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content.
Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p
< 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase
supplementation improved (Na × phytase, p < 0.05)
the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of
Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase
supplementation (Na × phytase, p < 0.001). The
diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001)
the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results
indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the
nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall
performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjina Akter
- Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi-4225, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Hadden Graham
- AB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Marlborough Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - Paul Ade Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.,College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, P.O. Box-1544, Nausori, Fiji
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18
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Rennie ML, Crowley PB. A Thermodynamic Model of Auto‐regulated Protein Assembly by a Supramolecular Scaffold. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1011-1017. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Rennie
- School of ChemistryNational University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway Ireland
- Present address: Institute of Molecular Cell and System BiologyUniversity of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow UK
| | - Peter B. Crowley
- School of ChemistryNational University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway Ireland
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19
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Pei Y, Wan J, You M, McClements DJ, Li Y, Li B. Impact of whey protein complexation with phytic acid on its emulsification and stabilization properties. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The ability of polyvalent anions to influence protein-protein interactions and protein net charge was investigated through solubility and turbidity experiments, determination of osmotic second virial coefficients ( B22), and ζ-potential values for lysozyme solutions. B22 values showed that all anions reduce protein-protein repulsion between positively charged lysozyme molecules, and those anions with higher net valencies are more effective. The polyvalent anions pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate were observed to induce protein reentrant condensation, which has been previously observed with negatively charged proteins in the presence of trivalent cations. Reentrant condensation is a phenomenon in which low concentrations of polyvalent ions induce protein precipitation, but further increasing polyvalent ion concentration causes the protein precipitate to resolubilize. Interestingly, citrate does not induce lysozyme reentrant condensation despite having a similar charge, size, and shape to pyrophosphate. We observe qualitative differences in protein behavior when compared against negatively charged proteins in solutions of trivalent cations. The polyphosphate ions induce a much stronger protein-protein attraction, which correlates with the occurrence of a liquid-gel transition that replaces the liquid-liquid transition observed with trivalent cations. The results indicate that solutions of polyphosphate ions provide a model system for exploring the link between the protein-phase diagram and model interaction potentials and also highlight the importance that ion-specific effects can have on protein solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Bye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science , The University of Manchester , Sackville Street , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Robin A Curtis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science , The University of Manchester , Sackville Street , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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21
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Pei Y, Ai T, Deng Z, Wu D, Liang H, McClements DJ, Li B. Impact of plant extract on the gastrointestinal fate of nutraceutical-loaded nanoemulsions: phytic acid inhibits lipid digestion but enhances curcumin bioaccessibility. Food Funct 2019; 10:3344-3355. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00545e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of phytic acid on lipid digestion and curcumin bioaccessibility in oil-in-water nanoemulsions was investigated using a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Pei
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Tingyang Ai
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Di Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | | | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
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22
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Lynch H, Johnston C, Wharton C. Plant-Based Diets: Considerations for Environmental Impact, Protein Quality, and Exercise Performance. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1841. [PMID: 30513704 PMCID: PMC6316289 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets provide well-established physical and environmental health benefits. These benefits stem in part from the degree of restriction of animal-derived foods. Historically, meat and other animal-derived proteins have been viewed as an integral component of athletes' diets, leading some to question the adequacy of vegetarian or vegan diets for supporting athletic performance. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of plant-based diets on human physical health, environmental sustainability, and exercise performance capacity. Based on currently available literature, it is unlikely that plant-based diets provide advantages, but do not suffer from disadvantages, compared to omnivorous diets for strength, anaerobic, or aerobic exercise performance. However, plant-based diets typically reduce the risk of developing numerous chronic diseases over the lifespan and require fewer natural resources for production compared to meat-containing diets. As such, plant-based diets appear to be viable options for adequately supporting athletic performance while concurrently contributing to overall physical and environmental health. Given the sparse literature comparing omnivore, vegetarian, and vegan athletes, particularly at the elite level, further research is warranted to ascertain differences that might appear at the highest levels of training and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lynch
- Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA.
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23
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Binding of phytate to soybean protein during the heat treatment of soymilk and its effect on protein aggregation. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Kaspchak E, Igarashi-Mafra L, Mafra MR. Influence of Ternary Complexation between Bovine Serum Albumin, Sodium Phytate, and Divalent Salts on Turbidity and In Vitro Digestibility of Protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10543-10551. [PMID: 30227705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytate decreases mineral and protein availability and influences protein properties, such as solubility and stability. The binding constants and turbidity data can help with the understanding of the influence of phytate and divalent salts on protein behavior. Ternary complexes formed between bovine serum albumin, sodium phytate, and divalent salts were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry, turbidity, and in vitro protein digestibility. Results showed a positive entropy change and a negative and small enthalpy change as a result of electrostatic binding forces and ternary and binary complex precipitation. The interaction was favored for the systems containing calcium and manganese, whereas those containing magnesium showed a low heat of interaction. Despite the high protein digestibility, the stability of divalent phytates in a wide pH range may decrease mineral bioavailability. These results can provide important insights for the study of mineral bioavailability and diverse processes that involve protein and minerals in several areas of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Kaspchak
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Francisco H. dos Santos Street , 81531-980 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Luciana Igarashi-Mafra
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Francisco H. dos Santos Street , 81531-980 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Marcos R Mafra
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Francisco H. dos Santos Street , 81531-980 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
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25
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Moss AF, Liu SY, Selle PH. Progress in comprehending the phytate–phytase axis in chicken-meat production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After an extended delay, the level of acceptance of exogenous phytases by the global chicken-meat industry is now almost complete. Contemporary bacterial phytases degrade phytate primarily in the gizzard. The extent of phytate degradation determines the extent to which phytate-bound phosphorus (P) is liberated; however, studies designed to investigate phytate degradation along the digestive tract have generated some confusing outcomes. This may be related to the reactivity of the phytate moiety, coupled with problems with inert dietary markers and perhaps a lack of complete and uniform extractions of phytate from digesta due to variations in digesta pH and phytate solubility. Quite recently, phytase was shown to have profound impacts on sodium (Na) digestibility coefficients in four segments of the small intestine. This has obvious implications for intestinal uptakes of glucose and amino acids via their respective Na+-dependent transport systems and it is possible that phytate and phytase have reciprocal impacts on ‘sodium pump’ (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity. It has been recently demonstrated unequivocally that phytase has the capacity to increase amino acid digestibility coefficients to the extent that phytase may generate a ‘proximal shift’ in the sites of amino acid absorption. The impact of phytase on starch digestibility is more equivocal and phytase responses may stem more from enhanced glucose absorption rather than starch digestion. The acceptance of phytase is hardly surprising, given its capacity to increase P utilisation coupled with numerous other positive influences that are still being properly realised.
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26
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Cowieson A, Ruckebusch J, Knap I, Guggenbuhl P, Fru-Nji F. Phytate-free nutrition: A new paradigm in monogastric animal production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Kong K, Islam MS, Nassar M, Hiraishi N, Otsuki M, Yiu CK, Tagami J. Effect of phytic acid etchant on the structural stability of demineralized dentine and dentine bonding. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 48:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Mutucumarana R, Ravindran V, Ravindran G, Cowieson A. Measurement of true ileal phosphorus digestibility in maize and soybean meal for broiler chickens: Comparison of two methodologies. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Cowieson AJ, Aureli R, Guggenbuhl P, Fru-Nji F. Possible involvement of myo-inositol in the physiological response of broilers to high doses of microbial phytase. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high (1000–3000 phytase units (FYT)/kg) doses of microbial phytase on performance, nutrient digestibility and plasma inositol concentrations in young Ross broiler chicks was investigated in two separate experiments. In both experiments pelleted corn/soy-based diets were used and experimental duration was from Days 8 to 21 and Days 15 to 28 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Treatments in Experiment 1 were arranged as a 2 × 4 + 1 factorial with two concentrations of calcium and available phosphorus and four concentrations of phytase (0, 1000, 2000 or 3000 FYT/kg), with a reference diet containing additional phosphorus and calcium from inorganic sources. In Experiment 2 only four dietary treatments were used, being a nutritionally adequate positive control, a negative control formulated to be insufficient in calcium and available phosphorus and the negative control supplemented with either 1000 or 2000 FYT/kg exogenous phytase. In both experiments, phytase improved performance relative to the appropriate control diet and increased the retention of calcium and phosphorus (P < 0.001). Tibia strength and ash content were increased (P < 0.001) by phytase addition. Plasma inositol concentrations were substantially increased (P < 0.001) by phytase addition to the diet. As inositol has been found to be an insulin mimetic in a range of animal species, these results suggest that part of the beneficial effect of high doses of phytase in broiler production may be conferred via insulin-like mechanisms. The effect of phytase on the expression of insulin-sensitive glucose transport systems, gluconeogenesis and nitrogen cycling is an area for future research. It can be concluded that phytase is effective in improving performance of broiler chicks fed diets that are sufficient and insufficient in calcium and phosphorus. Furthermore, phytase addition results in increased plasma inositol concentrations that may be beneficial in nutrient transport and protein deposition.
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30
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Wang H, Chen Y, Hua Y, Kong X, Zhang C. Effects of phytase-assisted processing method on physicochemical and functional properties of soy protein isolate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10989-97. [PMID: 25333697 DOI: 10.1021/jf503952s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytate is an important antinutritional factor in food products. In this study, a phytase-assisted processing method was used to produce low-phytate soybean protein isolate (SPI) samples, and their physicochemical and functional properties were examined. Hydrolysis condition at low temperature (room temperature) and pH 5.0 was better than that recommended by manufacturer (pH 5.0, 55 °C) at keeping the properties of SPI, so the former condition was selected to prepare SPI samples with phytate contents of 19.86-0.11 mg/g by prolonging hydrolysis time (0 (traditional method), 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min). Ash content (R(2) = 0.940), solubility (R(2) = 0.983), ζ-potential value (R(2) = 0.793), denaturation temperatures (β-conglycinin, R(2) = 0.941; glycinin, R(2) = 0.977), emulsifying activity index (R(2) = 0.983), foaming capacity (R(2) = 0.955), and trypsin inhibitor activity (R(2) = 0.821) of SPI were positively correlated with phytate content, whereas protein content (R(2) = 0.876), protein recovery (R(2) = 0.781), emulsifying stability index (R(2) = 0.953), foaming stability (R(2) = 0.919), gel hardness (R(2) = 0.893), and in vitro digestibility (R(2) = 0.969) were negatively correlated with phytate content. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent dialysis showed that percentages of dialyzable Zn and Ca were increased with decreasing phytate content, whereas the amounts of dialyzable Zn and Ca revealed different behaviors: the former was increased and the latter was decreased. Circular dichroism spectra showed that secondary structure of SPI was changed by phytase. Compared with traditional processing method, the phytase-assisted processing method could produce SPI with lower phytate and higher protein contents, which had better in vitro digestibility and could be used to prepare gels with higher hardness by partially losing some other functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
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31
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Wilkinson SJ, Bradbury EJ, Thomson PC, Bedford MR, Cowieson AJ. Nutritional geometry of calcium and phosphorus nutrition in broiler chicks. The effect of different dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations and ratios on nutrient digestibility. Animal 2014; 8:1080-8. [PMID: 24840343 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 600 Ross 308-day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 28 day digestibility study to investigate the interaction between dietary calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) on the digestibility of minerals and amino acids. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate except for Ca and nPP. Fifteen mash diets based on corn and soya bean meal with varying concentrations of Ca (6.4 to 12.0 g/kg) and nPP (2.4 to 7.0 g/kg) were used. Diets were clustered around total densities of Ca and nPP of 12, 13.5 or 15.0 (g/kg) and within each density, a range of five Ca : nPP ratios (1.14 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 2.0 : 1, 2.75 : 1 and 4.0 : 1) were fed. Birds had free access to feed and water throughout the study. At day 28, birds were euthanised for the determination of apparent ileal mineral and amino acid digestibility. Data were modelled in R version 2.15 using a linear mixed-effects model and interrogation of the data was performed by fitting a low order polynomial function. At high Ca concentrations, increasing nPP led to an increase in the apparent digestibility of minerals. Apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P) was enhanced with increasing dietary nPP up to 5.5 g/kg beyond which no improvements were found. Maximal Ca digestibility was found in diets with >8.0 g/kg Ca with concomitant low concentrations of nPP. Diets with a broader Ca : nPP ratio improved the digestibility of Ca but were deleterious to the digestibility of P. In this study, apparent digestibility of amino acids was broadly unaffected by dietary Ca and nPP concentrations. However, interactions between Ca and nPP were observed for the digestibility of glutamine, tyrosine and methionine (all P<0.001). Nitrogen digestibility showed discrete optima around 10.0 and 5.0 g/kg nPP and Na digestibility was maximised around 8 to 9.0 g/kg Ca and 4.5 to 5.4 g/kg nPP. These data show that the ratio of Ca : nPP is more influential to mineral digestibility than the absolute dietary concentration of each macro mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wilkinson
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science,425 Werombi Road,Camden,NSW 2570,Australia
| | - E J Bradbury
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science,425 Werombi Road,Camden,NSW 2570,Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- 2Faculty of Veterinary Science,The University of Sydney,Camden,NSW 2570,Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- 3AB Vista Feed Ingredients,Marlborough,Wiltshire,SN84AN,UK
| | - A J Cowieson
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science,425 Werombi Road,Camden,NSW 2570,Australia
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32
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Bye JW, Falconer RJ. Thermal stability of lysozyme as a function of ion concentration: a reappraisal of the relationship between the Hofmeister series and protein stability. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1563-70. [PMID: 24038575 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anion and cation effects on the structural stability of lysozyme were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. At low concentrations (<5 mM) anions and cations alter the stability of lysozyme but they do not follow the Hofmeister (or inverse Hofmeister) series. At higher concentrations protein stabilization follows the well-established Hofmeister series. Our hypothesis is that there are three mechanisms at work. At low concentrations the anions interact with charged side chains where the presence of the ion can alter the structural stability of the protein. At higher concentrations the low charge density anions perchlorate and iodide interact weakly with the protein. Their presence however reduces the Gibbs free energy required to hydrate the core of the protein that is exposed during unfolding therefore destabilizing the structure. At higher concentrations the high charge density anions phosphate and sulfate compete for water with the protein as it unfolds increasing the Gibbs free energy required to hydrate the newly exposed core of the protein therefore stabilizing the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Bye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, England, United Kingdom
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