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Nie E, Chen Y, Xu S, Yu Z, Ye Q, Li QX, Yang Z, Wang H. Charged polystyrene microplastics inhibit uptake and transformation of 14C-triclosan in hydroponics-cabbage system. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00293-5. [PMID: 39009133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the outbreak of COVID-19, microplastics (MPs) and triclosan in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are markedly rising. MPs and triclosan are co-present in the environment, but their interactions and subsequent implications on the fate of triclosan in plants are not well understood. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate effects of charged polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on the fate of triclosan in cabbage plants under a hydroponic system. METHODS 14C-labeling method and liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis were applied to clarify the bioaccumulation, distribution, and metabolism of triclosan in hydroponics-cabbage system. The distribution of differentially charged PS-MPs in cabbage was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The results showed that MPs had a significant impact on bioaccumulation and metabolism of triclosan in hydroponics-cabbage system. PS-COO-, PS, and PS-NH3+ MPs decreased the bioaccumulation of triclosan in cabbage by 69.1 %, 81.5 %, and 87.7 %, respectively, in comparison with the non-MP treatment (control). PS-MPs also reduced the translocation of triclosan from the roots to the shoots in cabbage, with a reduction rate of 15.6 %, 28.3 %, and 65.8 % for PS-COO-, PS, and PS-NH3+, respectively. In addition, PS-NH3+ profoundly inhibited the triclosan metabolism pathways such as sulfonation, nitration, and nitrosation in the hydroponics-cabbage system. The above findings might be linked to strong adsorption between PS-NH3+ and triclosan, and PS-NH3+ may also potentially inhibit the growth of cabbage. Specially, the amount of triclosan adsorbed on PS-NH3+ was significantly greater than that on PS and PS-COO-. The cabbage biomass was reduced by 76.9 % in PS-NH3+ groups, in comparison with the control. CONCLUSION The uptake and transformation of triclosan in hydroponics-cabbage system were significantly inhibited by charged PS-MPs, especially PS-NH3+. This provides new insights into the fate of triclosan and other PPCPs coexisted with microplastics for potential risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Nie
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yandao Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengwei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Fernandes AS, Bragança I, Homem V. Personal care products in soil-plant and hydroponic systems: Uptake, translocation, and accumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168894. [PMID: 38036128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are organic compounds that are incorporated in several daily life products, such as shampoos, lotions, perfumes, cleaning products, air fresheners, etc. Due to their massive and continuous use and because they are not routinely monitored in the environment, these compounds are considered emerging contaminants. In fact, residues of PCPs are being discharged into the sewage system, reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where most of these compounds are not completely degraded, being partially released into the environment via the final effluents and/or accumulating in the sewage sludges. Environmental sustainability is nowadays one of the main pillars of society and the application of circular economy models, promoting the waste valorisation, is increasingly encouraged. Therefore, irrigation with reclaimed wastewater or soil fertilization with sewage sludge/biosolids are interesting solutions. However, these practices raise concerns due to the potential risks associated to the presence of hazardous compounds, including PCPs. When applied to agricultural soils, PCPs present in these matrices can contaminate the soil or be taken up by crops. Crops can therefore become a route of exposure for humans and pose a risk to public health. However, the extent to which PCPs are taken up and bioaccumulated in crops is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the compounds, environmental variables, and the plant species. This issue has attracted the attention of scientists in recent years and the number of publications on this topic has rapidly increased, but a systematic review of these studies is lacking. Therefore, the present paper reviews the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of different classes of PCPs (biocides, parabens, synthetic musks, phthalates, UV-filters) following application of sewage sludge or reclaimed water under field and greenhouse conditions, but also in hydroponic systems. The factors influencing the uptake mechanism in plants were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Fernandes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Idalina Bragança
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Yang Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Cao D, Liu G. Data acquisition methods for non-targeted screening in environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Nie E, Chen Y, Zhou X, Xu L, Zhang S, Li QX, Ye Q, Wang H. Uptake and metabolism of 14C-triclosan in celery under hydroponic system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157377. [PMID: 35843335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As triclosan is used extensively as an antimicrobial agent, it inevitably enters agroecosystems, when sewage and treated wastewater are applied to agricultural fields. As a result, triclosan can be accumulated into crops and vegetables. Currently, limited information is available on the metabolism of triclosan in vegetables. In this study, the fate of 14C-triclosan in celery under a hydroponic system was investigated in a 30-day laboratory test. Most (97.7 %) of the 14C-triclosan accumulated in celery. The bioconcentration factors of triclosan were up to 3140 L kg-1 at day 30. The concentration of 14C-triclosan in roots (17.8 mg kg-1) was 57- and 127-fold higher than that in stems (0.31 mg kg-1) and leaves (0.14 mg kg-1), respectively, at day 30, suggesting a higher accumulation of triclosan in celery roots and negligible transport to stems and leaves. Moreover, triclosan, as well as its eight metabolites, was detected and identified in celery tissues and the growth medium using 14C-labelling and LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis methods. Phase I metabolites in the growth medium were from hydroxylation, dechlorination, nitration, and nitrosylation. Phase II metabolism was the major pathway in celery tissues. Monosaccharide, disaccharide, and sulfate conjugates of triclosan were putatively identified. The results represent an important step toward a better evaluation of the behavior of triclosan in vegetables, with notable implications for environmental and human risk assessments of triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Nie
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Tadić Đ, Gramblicka M, Mistrik R, Bayona JM. Systematic identification of trimethoprim metabolites in lettuce. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3121-3135. [PMID: 35141763 PMCID: PMC8934764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are some of the most widely used drugs. Their release in the environment is of great concern since their consumption is a major factor for antibiotic resistance, one of the most important threats to human health. Their occurrence and fate in agricultural systems have been extensively investigated in recent years. Yet whilst their biotic and abiotic degradation pathways have been thoroughly researched, their biotransformation pathways in plants are less understood, such as in case of trimethoprim. Although trimethoprim has been reported in the environment, its fate in higher plants still remains unknown. A bench-scale experiment was performed and 30 trimethoprim metabolites were identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), of which 5 belong to phase I and 25 to phase II. Data mining yielded a list of 1018 ions as possible metabolite candidates, which was filtered to a final list of 87 candidates. Molecular structures were assigned for 19 compounds, including 14 TMP metabolites reported for the first time. Alongside well-known biotransformation pathways in plants, additional novel pathways were suggested, namely, conjugation with sesquiterpene lactones, and abscisic acid as a part of phase II of plant metabolism. The results obtained offer insight into the variety of phase II conjugates and may serve as a guideline for studying the metabolization of other chemicals that share a similar molecular structure or functional groups with trimethoprim. Finally, the toxicity and potential contribution of the identified metabolites to the selective pressure on antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities via residual antimicrobial activity were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Tadić
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michal Gramblicka
- HighChem Ltd., Leškova 11, 811 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Josep Maria Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kong D, Tian Y, Duan K, Guo W, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Yang Z, Qin X, Ren L, Zhang W. Elucidating a Complicated Enantioselective Metabolic Profile: A Study From Rats to Humans Using Optically Pure Doxazosin. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:834897. [PMID: 35359849 PMCID: PMC8960639 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.834897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxazosin (DOX) is prescribed as a racemic drug for the clinical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension. Recent studies found that the two enantiomers of DOX exhibit differences in blood concentration and pharmacological effects. However, the stereoselective metabolic characteristics and mechanisms for DOX are not yet clear. Herein, we identified 34 metabolites of DOX in rats based on our comprehensive and effective strategy. The relationship among the metabolites and the most discriminative metabolites between (-)-DOX and (+)-DOX administration was analyzed according to the kinetic parameters using state-of-the-art multivariate statistical methods. To elucidate the enantioselective metabolic profile in vivo and in vitro, we carefully investigated the metabolic characteristics of metabolites after optically pure isomers administration in rat plasma, rat liver microsomes (RLMs) or human liver microsomes (HLMs), and recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. As a result, the differences of these metabolites were found based on their exposure and elimination rate, and the metabolic profile of (±)-DOX was more similar to that of (+)-DOX. Though the metabolites identified in RLMs and HLMs were the same, the metabolic profiles of the metabolites from (-)-DOX and (+)-DOX were greatly different. Furthermore, four human CYP enzymes could catalyze DOX to produce metabolites, but their preferences seemed different. For example, CYP3A4 highly specifically and selectively catalyzed the formation of the specific metabolite (M22) from (-)-DOX. In conclusion, we established a comprehensive metabolic system using pure optical isomers from in vivo to in vitro, and the complicated enantioselectivity of the metabolites of DOX was clearly shown. More importantly, the comprehensive metabolic system is also suitable to investigate other chiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kunfeng Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zuxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leiming Ren
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Khalaf DM, Cruzeiro C, Schröder P. Removal of tramadol from water using Typha angustifolia and Hordeum vulgare as biological models: Possible interaction with other pollutants in short-term uptake experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151164. [PMID: 34695465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tramadol (TRD) is widely detected in aquatic ecosystems as a result of massive abuse and insufficient removal from wastewater facilities. As a result, TRD can contaminate groundwater sources and/or agricultural soils. While TRD toxicity has been reported from aquatic biota, data about TRD detection in plants are scarce. Moreover, information regarding plant capability for TRD removal is lacking. To understand the fate of this opioid, we have investigated the uptake, translocation and removal capacity of TRD by plants, addressing short-term and long-term uptake. The uptake rates of TRD, in excised barley and cattail roots, were 5.18 and 5.79 μg g-1 root fresh weight day-1, respectively. However, TRD uptake was strongly inhibited after co-exposing these roots either with the drug venlafaxine (similar molecular structure as TRD) or with quinidine (an inhibitor of cellular organic cation transporters). When barley seedlings were exposed to TRD in a hydroponic experiment a removal efficiency up to 90% (within 15 days) was obtained, with bioconcentration and translocation factors close to 9 and 1, respectively. The combination of results from both plants and the inhibition observed after treatment with quinidine revealed that organic cation transporters may be involved in the uptake of TRD by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mamdouh Khalaf
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Labad F, Montemurro N, Berisha S, Thomaidis NS, Pérez S. One-step extraction and analysis of 45 contaminants of emerging concern using QuEChERS methodology and HR-MS in radish leaves and roots. MethodsX 2021; 8:101308. [PMID: 34434828 PMCID: PMC8374258 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of freshwater has led to a considerable increase of the reuse of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of field crops [1,2]. This practice potentially exposes agricultural produce to a large variety of xenobiotic compounds including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) which have been widely recognized to be present in wastewater [3]. Common approaches for the extraction of CECs from crops rely on solid-liquid extraction [4], assisted solvent extraction [5], ultra-sound solvent extraction [6] and recently QuEChERS (QUick, Easy, CHeap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) [[7], [8]–9]. Here, eight QuEChERS-based methodologies were compared for their suitability to determine 45 CECs in roots and leaves of soil-grown radish. The key points of the method development were:The development of two single-step analytical methods specific for radish root and leaves, after testing eight different approaches using QuEChERS extraction for the quantitation of 45 CECs. The analytical methodology selected requires minimal time and solvent, making it cost-effective. Methods validation were performed at five concentrations levels (2, 5, 10, 50 and 200 ng g−1), with low limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.32 ng g−1. The two optimized methodologies may be applied to identify large number of compounds of different families in radish crop. However, validation will be needed to quantify compounds different from the target compounds of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labad
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Berisha
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - N S Thomaidis
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - S Pérez
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Wang X, Gan J. Conjugation of Di- n-butyl Phthalate Metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana and Potential Deconjugation in Human Microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2381-2391. [PMID: 33496166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers, due to the widespread use of plastics, occur ubiquitously in the environment. The reuse of waste resources (e.g., treated wastewater, biosolids, animal waste) and other practices (e.g., plastic mulching) introduce phthalates into agroecosystems. As a detoxification mechanism, plants are known to convert phthalates to polar monophthalates after uptake, which are followed by further transformations, including conjugation with endogenous biomolecules. The objective of this study was 2-fold: to obtain a complete metabolic picture of the widely used di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) by using a suite of complementary techniques, including stable isotope labeling, 14C tracing, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and to determine if conjugates are deconjugated in human microsomes to release bioactive metabolites. In Arabidopsis thaliana cells, the primary initial metabolite of DnBP was mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MnBP was rapidly metabolized via hydroxylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, and malonylation to seven transformation products. One of the conjugates, MnBP-acyl-β-d-glucoside (MnBP-Glu), was incubated in human liver (HLM) and intestinal (HIM) microsomes and was found to undergo rapid transformations. Approximately 15% and 10% of MnBP-Glu were deconjugated to the free form MnBP in HIM and HLM, respectively. These findings highlight that phthalates, as diesters, are susceptible to hydrolysis to form monoesters that can be readily conjugated via a phase II metabolism in plants. Conjugates may be deconjugated to release bioactive compounds after human ingestion. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the dietary exposure of phthalates and other contaminants must consider plant metabolites, especially including conjugates, to better predict their potential environmental and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Feizi N, Seraj M, Tajali R, Shavandi SR, Parastar H. Chemometric techniques coupled with NMR for matabolic profiling of lettuce exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbones. Anal Biochem 2020; 611:113945. [PMID: 32910972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Treated waste water (TWW) quality varies due to the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) up to low μg L-1. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) exposed to 4 PAHs by irrigation. The plants were watered with different concentrations of contaminants (0-100 μg L-1) for 39 days under controlled conditions and then harvested, extracted and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Different chemometric tools based on principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) are proposed for the analysis of the complex data sets generated in the different exposure experiments. Furthermore, Analysis of Variance Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) of changes on metabolite peaks showed significant PAHs concentration and exposure time-dependent changes, clearly differentiating between exposed and non-exposed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Feizi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Seraj
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Tajali
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Parastar
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran.
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Bigott Y, Khalaf DM, Schröder P, Schröder PM, Cruzeiro C. Uptake and Translocation of Pharmaceuticals in Plants: Principles and Data Analysis. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Fu Q, Malchi T, Carter LJ, Li H, Gan J, Chefetz B. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products: From Wastewater Treatment into Agro-Food Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14083-14090. [PMID: 31725273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) and application of biosolids introduce numerous pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) into agro-food systems. While the use of TWW and biosolids has many societal benefits, introduction of PPCPs in production agriculture poses potential food safety and human health risks. A comprehensive risk assessment and management scheme of PPCPs in agro-food systems is limited by multiple factors, not least the sheer number of investigated compounds and their diverse structures. Here we follow the fate of PPCPs in the water-soil-produce continuum by considering processes and variables that influence PPCP transfer and accumulation. By analyzing the steps in the soil-plant-human diet nexus, we propose a tiered framework as a path forward to prioritize PPCPs that could have a high potential for plant accumulation and thus pose greatest risk. This article examines research progress to date and current research challenges, highlighting the potential value of leveraging existing knowledge from decades of research on other chemicals such as pesticides. A process-driven scheme is outlined to derive a short list that may be used to refocus our future research efforts on PPCPs and other analogous emerging contaminants in agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Tomer Malchi
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Laura J Carter
- Environment Department , University of York , Heslington , York , U.K. YO10 5DD
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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13
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Huynh K, Reinhold D. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of sulfamethazine by Arabidopsis thaliana: distinguishing between phytometabolites and abiotic transformation products in the media. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:412-419. [PMID: 31549518 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1667952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant accumulation of antibiotic residues presents potential risks to human and ecosystem health. However, the phytometabolic pathways of antibiotics following plant uptake are still largely uncharacterized. This study investigated the phytometabolism of sulfamethazine (SMT) by Arabidopsis thaliana, using 14C-labeled and unlabeled SMT. SMT was accumulated in both roots and shoots of axenic A. thaliana plants (123.7 ± 12.3 and 22.7 ± 1.0 µg/kg fw, respectively) after 21 days of exposure. However, the parent 14C-SMT accounted for only 1.7 ± 0.01% of the total 14C-radioactivity in plant tissues. The majority of 14C-radioactivity taken up by plants was present as bound residues (42.0-68.2% of initially applied 14C-SMT), while extractable 14C-residues accounted for only 7.7-12.6%. A. thaliana metabolized SMT primarily through glycosylation at the N4-nitrogen atom. Additionally, other products, including pterin-SMT, methylsalicylate-SMT, N4-formyl-SMT, desulfo-SMT, hydroxyl-SMT, N4-acetyl-SMT, desamino-SMT, and 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, were also identified. Notably, a portion of the extractable metabolites was excreted into the culture media, requiring characterization of these metabolites as either excreted phytometabolites or abiotic transformation products of SMT based on comparisons between experimental and control reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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14
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McGinnis M, Sun C, Dudley S, Gan J. Effect of low-dose, repeated exposure of contaminants of emerging concern on plant development and hormone homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:706-714. [PMID: 31185360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater is increasingly used to meet agriculture's water needs; however, treated wastewater contains numerous contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). With exposure and uptake of CECs, phytotoxicity and health of crop plants is of concern, but is poorly understood. This study evaluated the effect of low-dose, chronic exposure to a mixture of 10 CECs, including 4 antibiotics, 3 anti-inflammatory drugs, 1 antiepileptic, 1 beta-blocker, and 1 antimicrobial, on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) plants. The CEC mixture was added in nutrient media at 1 to 20X of their typical levels in treated wastewater effluents. Biological endpoints including germination, growth, phytohormone homeostasis, and CEC bioaccumulation were determined. Exposure to the CEC mixture did not affect the germination rate of lettuce seeds, but stimulated root elongation and increased the root-to-shoot biomass ratio during a 7 d cultivation. A dose-dependent decrease in biomass was observed in cucumber seedling after a 30 d exposure, with the highest rate CEC treatment resulting in decreases of 51.2 ± 20.9, 26.3 ± 34.1, and 33.2 ± 41.7% in the below-ground, above-ground, and total biomass, respectively. Levels of abscisic acid were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the leaves, but decreased (p < 0.05) in the roots. The dose-response of auxin was characterized by a hormesis effect. A significant 6-fold increase in the stem auxin level was observed at the 1X CEC rate, followed by a decrease to 2-fold the control at the 20X rate. Leaf auxin concentrations also significantly increased at the 1X CEC rate to 16-fold, followed by a decrease at the highest CEC rate. The results of this study suggeste that chronic exposure to low levels of CEC mixtures may compromise the fitness of plants, and the impairments are underlined by alterations in hormone balances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McGinnis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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15
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Huynh K, Reinhold D. Metabolism of Sulfamethoxazole by the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4901-4911. [PMID: 30917276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytometabolism of antibiotics is a potentially significant route of human exposure to trace concentrations of antibiotics, prompting concerns about antibiotic resistance. The present study evaluated the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly used sulfonamide antibiotic, by Arabidopsis thaliana. SMX was intensively metabolized by A. thaliana, with only 1.1% of SMX in plant tissues present as the parent compound after 10 days of exposure. Untargeted screening of extractable metabolites revealed that N-glycosylation was the main transformation pathway of SMX in A. thaliana plants, with N4-glycosyl-SMX accounting for more than 80% of the extractable metabolites. Additionally, N4-glycosyl-glycoside SMX accounted for up to 4.4% of the extractable metabolites, indicating glycosylation of N4-glycosyl-SMX. The majority of minor extractable SMX metabolites were also conjugates of the parent compound, such as pterin-SMX and methyl salicylate-SMX conjugates. In 14C-SMX trials, 14C-radioactivity was detected in both extractable and bound residues in plant tissues. Extractable residues, which included 14C-SMX and its soluble metabolites, accounted for 35.8-43.6% of the uptaken 14C-radioactivity, while bound residues were 56.4-64.2%. Approximately 27.0% of the initially applied 14C-radioactivity remained in the culture media at the conclusion of the experiments, composed of both 14C-SMX and its metabolites, likely due to plant excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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16
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Hurtado C, Domínguez C, Clapés P, Bayona JM. Determination of the β-glycosylate fraction of contaminants of emerging concern in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under controlled conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5715-5721. [PMID: 29974152 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of a large variety of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) by crops has already been reported, and the occurrence of phase II metabolites or conjugates has only been detected in plant cell cultures. However, the extent of their formation under cropping conditions is largely unknown. In this study, an analytical strategy to assess the conjugation of 11 CECs in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 μg L-1) of CECs was developed. The methodology involved enzymatic digestion with β-glucosidase to obtain the total fraction (free form + conjugates) of CECs. The conjugation fraction was then obtained based on the difference. The highest extent of conjugation (i.e., 27 to 83%) was found with the most hydrophobic compounds, such as bisphenol A, carbamazepine, methyl paraben, and triclosan. So, the CEC conjugate fraction cannot be neglected in the estimate of human daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hurtado
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Domínguez
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Biological Chemistry Department, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Chuang YH, Liu CH, Hammerschmidt R, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. Metabolic Demethylation and Oxidation of Caffeine during Uptake by Lettuce. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7907-7915. [PMID: 29957948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals can be metabolized after being taken up by plants. The metabolites could manifest similar or equivalent bioactivity to the parent compound, promoting the critical need to understand the metabolism in plants. Caffeine has been frequently detected in agriculture produce; however, little attention is given to its metabolites in vegetables. This study examined uptake and metabolism of caffeine in lettuce in a hydroponic system. Caffeine and its metabolites in aqueous solution and lettuce were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatography coupled to a QTrap tandem mass spectrometry instrument. After 144 h, over 50% of applied caffeine dissipated in the hydroponic lettuce system, and eight caffeine metabolites were identified primarily in the shoots. Caffeine underwent demethylation reactions, which were confirmed with authentic standards, and the total amount accounted for 20% of the initially applied caffeine. Other metabolism pathways included oxidation and hydroxylation, and the amount of metabolites increased over uptake time.
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18
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Takahashi M, Izumi Y, Iwahashi F, Nakayama Y, Iwakoshi M, Nakao M, Yamato S, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. Highly Accurate Detection and Identification Methodology of Xenobiotic Metabolites Using Stable Isotope Labeling, Data Mining Techniques, and Time-Dependent Profiling Based on LC/HRMS/MS. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9068-9076. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Takahashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fukumatsu Iwahashi
- Health & Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Yasumune Nakayama
- Division of Applied Microbial Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Iwakoshi
- Health & Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakao
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamato
- Health & Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Sun K, Habteselassie MY, Liu J, Li S, Gao Y. Subcellular distribution and biotransformation of phenanthrene in pakchoi after inoculation with endophytic Pseudomonas sp. as probed using HRMS coupled with isotope-labeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:858-867. [PMID: 29150254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of food-crops with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) poses a grave concern to food safety, especially when PAHs are internalized. We have demonstrated in our previous study that inoculation of crop with a phenanthrene-degrading endophytic Pseudomonas sp. Ph6-gfp could overcome this problem. Here, the subcellular distribution and biotransformation mechanism of phenanthrene in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) seedlings with inoculation of Ph6-gfp were further investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The possible biotransformation products of phenanthrene were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled with 13C2-phenanthrene labeling. Results indicated that Ph6-gfp colonized pakchoi interior and reduced the content of phenanthrene in different cell compartments. Notably, the inoculation hindered the subcellular distribution of phenanthrene from intercellular space to subcellular fractions (i.e., cell wall, cell membrane, cell solution, and cell organelles), likely resulting from the interception and biodegradation of phenanthrene by the bacterium between the cell wall and intercellular space. Additionally, the conjugation reactions of phenanthrene-metabolites and endogenous plant compounds were enhanced as a result of the inoculation. We propose that endophytic degradation, plant metabolism, and conjugation reaction are the three possible biotransformation mechanisms that could account for the changes in phenanthrene inside the plant cell compartments. This is the first observation of endophytic bacteria (EB)-enhanced biotransformation and conjugation of phenanthrene in pakchoi at the subcellular level, which drive novel insights in regulating food-crop contamination with endophytes in PAH-contaminated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China; Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mussie Y Habteselassie
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia Griffin Campus, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Christou A, Michael C, Fatta-Kassinos D, Fotopoulos V. Can the pharmaceutically active compounds released in agroecosystems be considered as emerging plant stressors? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:360-364. [PMID: 29555371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) entering agroecosystems as a result of various human activities may be taken up by and accumulated within crop plants, with potential human health implications. Despite their extensive metabolism by a sophisticated enzyme-based detoxification system in plant cells, PhACs and their transformation products (TPs) may result in adverse effects on plants' physiology. PhACs-mediated phytotoxic effects, as well as plants' defense responses have been depicted on plants exposed to individual or low number of PhACs under controlled conditions. We highlight the need to consider the cocktails effects and synergistic interactions of PhACs present in mixtures in actual agroecosystems, towards phytotoxicity and agricultural sustainability in general. Considering PhACs as emerging plant stressors will better facilitate the understanding of their phytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Costas Michael
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus.
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21
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Huynh K, Banach E, Reinhold D. Transformation, Conjugation, and Sequestration Following the Uptake of Triclocarban by Jalapeno Pepper Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4032-4043. [PMID: 29637774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake and metabolism of emerging organic contaminants, such as personal-care products, pose potential risks to human health. In this study, jalapeno pepper ( Capsicum annuum) plants cultured in hydroponic media were exposed to both 14C-labeled and unlabeled triclocarban (TCC) to investigate the accumulation, distribution, and metabolism of TCC following plant uptake. The results revealed that TCC was detected in all plant tissues; after 12 weeks, the TCC concentrations in root, stem, leaf, and fruit tissues were 19.74 ± 2.26, 0.26 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. More importantly, a substantial portion of the TCC taken up by plants was metabolized, especially in the stems, leaves, and fruits. Hydroxylated TCC (e.g., 2'-OH TCC and 6-OH TCC) and glycosylated OH-TCC were the main phase I and phase II metabolites in plant tissues, respectively. Bound (or nonextractable) residues of TCC accounted for approximately 44.6, 85.6, 69.0, and 47.5% of all TCC species that accumulated in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits, respectively. The concentrations of TCC metabolites were more than 20 times greater than the concentrations of TCC in the above-ground tissues of the jalapeno pepper plants after 12 weeks; crucially, approximately 95.6% of the TCC was present as metabolites in the fruits. Consequently, human exposure to TCC through the consumption of pepper fruits is expected to be substantially higher when phytometabolism is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , 524 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Emily Banach
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , 524 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , 524 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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22
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Gautam M, Elhiti M, Fomsgaard IS. Maize root culture as a model system for studying azoxystrobin biotransformation in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:624-631. [PMID: 29287271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes are well established models to study the metabolism of xenobiotics in plants for phytoremediation purposes. However, the model requires special skills and resources for growing and is a time-consuming process. The roots induction process alters the genetic construct of a plant and is known to express genes that are normally absent from the non-transgenic plants. In this study, we propose and establish a non-transgenic maize root model to study xenobiotic metabolism in plants for phytoremediation purpose using azoxystrobin as a xenobiotic compound. Maize roots were grown aseptically in Murashige and Skoog medium for two weeks and were incubated in 100 μM azoxystrobin solution. Azoxystrobin was taken up by the roots to the highest concentration within 15 min of treatment and its phase I metabolites were also detected at the same time. Conjugated metabolites of azoxystrobin were detected and their identities were confirmed by enzymatic and mass spectrometric methods. Further, azoxystrobin metabolites identified in maize root culture were compared against azoxystrobin metabolites in azoxystrobin sprayed lettuce grown in green house. A very close similarity between metabolites identified in maize root culture and lettuce plant was obtained. The results from this study establish that non-transgenic maize roots can be used for xenobiotic metabolism studies instead of genetically transformed hairy roots due to the ease of growing and handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswor Gautam
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mohamed Elhiti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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23
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Emhofer L, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Insights into the uptake, metabolization, and translocation of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cress (Lepidium sativum) by HPLC-MS 2. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1294-1300. [PMID: 29251773 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The metabolization of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by cress (Lepidium sativum) was investigated using a HPLC-MS2 method. Cress was grown hydroponically in water containing 0.1 mg/L of each drug for investigations on the kinetics of drug uptake and metabolization over a growing period of 12 days. It could be shown that the parent drugs are metabolized and the abundance of both the parent drug and the metabolites formed, varies over time. Furthermore the distribution of the investigated substances within the different plant parts changed throughout the duration of the experiment due to translocation. Finally cress was cultivated in a solution containing the four drugs in concentrations as low as 0.001 mg/L to resemble the situation in real reclaimed wastewaters. Employing a QuEChERS approach for sample extraction and HPLC-MS2 in the multiple reaction monitoring mode allowed detecting nine metabolites in this cress sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Emhofer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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24
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Schroer HW, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Just CL. Metabolism and Photolysis of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Arabidopsis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13714-13722. [PMID: 29131608 PMCID: PMC5839145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New insensitive munitions explosives, including 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), are replacing traditional explosive compounds to protect soldiers and simplify transport logistics. Despite the occupational safety benefits of these new explosives, feasible strategies for cleaning up DNAN from soil and water have not been developed. Here, we evaluate the metabolism of DNAN by the model plant Arabidopsis to determine whether phytoremediation can be used to clean up contaminated sites. Furthermore, we evaluate the role of photodegradation of DNAN and its plant metabolites within Arabidopsis leaves to determine the potential impact of photolysis on the phytoremediation of contaminants. When exposed to DNAN for three days, Arabidopsis took up and metabolized 67% of the DNAN in hydroponic solution. We used high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with stable-isotope labeled DNAN to confirm ten phase II DNAN metabolites in Arabidopsis. The plants separately reduced both the para- and ortho-nitro groups and produced glycosylated products that accumulated within plant tissues. Both DNAN and a glycosylated metabolite were subsequently photolyzed within leaf tissue under simulated sunlight, and [15N2]DNAN yielded 15NO2- in leaves. Therefore, photolysis inside leaves may be an important, yet under-explored, phytoremediation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter W. Schroer
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Craig L. Just
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Phone: 319-335-5051. Fax: 319-335-5660
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25
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da Silva GS, Canuto KM, Ribeiro PRV, de Brito ES, Nascimento MM, Zocolo GJ, Coutinho JP, de Jesus RM. Chemical profiling of guarana seeds ( Paullinia cupana ) from different geographical origins using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics. Food Res Int 2017; 102:700-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Chen F, Huber C, Schröder P. Fate of the sunscreen compound oxybenzone in Cyperus alternifolius based hydroponic culture: Uptake, biotransformation and phytotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:638-646. [PMID: 28527417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxybenzone (OBZ), a common ingredient in sunscreens and personal care products, has been frequently detected in effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants and also in surface waters. OBZ is an emerging contaminant due to its adverse impacts on marine/aquatic ecosystems. To investigate the removal and degradation capacity of phytotreatment for OBZ, the common wetland plant species Cyperus alternifolius L. was exposed to this compound at 5, 25 and 50 μM for 120 h, respectively. Continuous uptake by roots and accumulation in plant tissues was observed over the exposure time, and depletion of spiked OBZ from the aqueous medium exceeded 73.9 ± 9.1% after 120 h. Similar to its fate in mammalian cells, OBZ is activated in a phase I reaction resulting in the hydroxylated metabolite 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB). Independently, two phase II metabolites were identified as oxybenzone-glucoside (OBZ-Glu) and oxybenzone-(6-O-malonyl)-glucoside (OBZ-Mal-Glu) by LC-MS/MS. Formation of these metabolites increased over the experimental period. To our knowledge this is the first time that DHB, OBZ-Glu and OBZ-Mal-Glu are shown to be formed in higher plant tissues. Furthermore, plant defense systems-antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, APOX and POX) were found to be elevated to counteract stress caused by exposure to OBZ. This study presents the huge potential of aquatic plants to cope with benzophenone type UV filters in contaminated water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Chen
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Huber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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27
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Hurtado C, Parastar H, Matamoros V, Piña B, Tauler R, Bayona JM. Linking the morphological and metabolomic response of Lactuca sativa L exposed to emerging contaminants using GC × GC-MS and chemometric tools. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6546. [PMID: 28747703 PMCID: PMC5529569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in irrigation waters (up to low μg L-1) and irrigated crops (ng g-1 in dry weight) has been reported, but the linkage between plant morphological changes and plant metabolomic response has not yet been addressed. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) exposed to 11 CECs (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, anticorrosive agents and surfactants) by irrigation. The plants were watered with different CEC concentrations (0-50 µg L-1) for 34 days under controlled conditions and then harvested, extracted, derivatised and analysed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-TOFMS). The resulting raw data were analysed using multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and partial least squares (PLS) methods. The metabolic response indicates that exposure to CECs at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 µg L-1) can cause significant metabolic alterations in plants (carbohydrate metabolism, the citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione pathway) linked to changes in morphological parameters (leaf height, stem width) and chlorophyll content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hurtado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hadi Parastar
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Víctor Matamoros
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamín Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Riemenschneider C, Seiwert B, Moeder M, Schwarz D, Reemtsma T. Extensive Transformation of the Pharmaceutical Carbamazepine Following Uptake into Intact Tomato Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6100-6109. [PMID: 28506063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug which is persistent in wastewater treatment plants and the environment. It has been frequently detected in plant material after irrigation with treated wastewater. To date, little information is, however, available on the transformation of CBZ in plants. In the present study, the uptake, translocation, and transformation of CBZ was studied in hydroponically grown tomato plants. After 35 days of exposure >80% of the total spiked amount of CBZ was taken by the tomato plants and mainly stored in the leaves. A total of 11 transformation products (TP) (mainly phase-I) were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and their total amount corresponded to 33% of the CBZ taken up. The ratio of CBZ metabolites to CBZ was highest in fruits (up to 2.5) and leaves (0.5), suggesting an intensive transformation of CBZ in these compartments. Further 10 TPs (phase-I and II) were identified by LC-high resolution mass spectrometry screening, likely comprising another 12% of CBZ. On the basis of these experiments and on an experiment with CBZ-10,11-epoxide a transformation pathway of CBZ in intact tomato plants is proposed that involves epoxidation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, ring contraction, or loss of the carbamoyl group, followed by conjugation to glucose or cysteine, but also reduction of CBZ. This transformation pathway and analytical data of CBZ transformation products allow for their determination also in field grown vegetable and for the generation of more accurate exposure data of consumers of vegetable irrigated with treated municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Riemenschneider
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monika Moeder
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops-IGZ , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Emhofer L, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. High-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of the parent drugs and their metabolites in extracts from cress (Lepidium sativum) grown hydroponically in water containing four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:137-144. [PMID: 28262313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the metabolism of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, and diclofenac) by cress (Lepidium sativum) is described. Cress was cultivated hydroponically in water spiked with the parent drugs at levels ranging from 0.01mgL-1 to 1mgL-1. Employing an approach based on the analysis of the plant extracts by HPLC coupled either with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, or Orbitrap MS or triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS allowed the identification of twenty substances (sixteen metabolites and four parent drugs). Metabolites were formed from the parent drug by hydroxylation or conjugation with polar molecules such as glucose, small organic acids or amino acids. Introducing a pre-concentration step employing solid-phase extraction and using HPLC-QqQ/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode enabled the positive detection of 11 of the proposed metabolites next to the four parent components even in plants grown in a 0.01mgL-1 solution of the tested drugs, which is close to the conditions in real reclaimed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Emhofer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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30
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Hurtado C, Trapp S, Bayona JM. Inverse modeling of the biodegradation of emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant system. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:236-244. [PMID: 27179241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes involved in the uptake and accumulation of organic contaminants into plants is very important to assess the possible human risk associated with. Biodegradation of emerging contaminants in plants has been observed, but kinetical studies are rare. In this study, we analyse experimental data on the uptake of emerging organic contaminants into lettuce derived in a greenhouse experiment. Measured soil, root and leaf concentrations from four contaminants were selected within the applicability domain of a steady-state two-compartment standard plant uptake model: bisphenol A (BPA), carbamazepine (CBZ), triclosan (TCS) and caffeine (CAF). The model overestimated concentrations in most cases, when no degradation rates in plants were entered. Subsequently, biodegradation rates were fitted so that the measured concentrations were met. Obtained degradation kinetics are in the order, BPA < CAF ≈ TCS < CBZ in roots, and BPA ≈ TCS < CBZ << CAF in leaves. Kinetics determined by inverse modeling are, despite the inherent uncertainty, indicative of the dissipation rates. The advantage of the procedure that is additional knowledge can be gained from existing experimental data. Dissipation kinetics found via inverse modeling is not a conclusive proof for biodegradation and confirmation by experimental studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hurtado
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Bygningstorvet bd. 115, Denmark.
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Riemenschneider C, Al-Raggad M, Moeder M, Seiwert B, Salameh E, Reemtsma T. Pharmaceuticals, Their Metabolites, and Other Polar Pollutants in Field-Grown Vegetables Irrigated with Treated Municipal Wastewater. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5784-92. [PMID: 27378214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation is a necessity in arid and semiarid regions but a potential entrance for emerging contaminants into the food chain. However, little attention has yet been paid to the detection of micropollutants and possible metabolites in vegetables grown under realistic field conditions. In this study, the uptake of 28 micropollutants and carbamazepine metabolites in 10 different field-grown vegetable species (among them carrot, lettuce, potato, and zucchini) from Jordan was studied. A total of 12 micropollutants and six carbamazepine metabolites, four of which have never been analyzed before in plant-uptake studies, could be detected in all of the samples in concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 216 ng per g of dry weight. In edible tissues, the total concentration of micropollutants decreased in the order of leafy (247-533) > root (73-126) > fruit-bearing (5-76 ng per g of dry weight) vegetables. A preliminary health-risk assessment for nine compounds according to the TTC concept shows no risk for seven of the micropollutats; for ciprofloxacin and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine, however, more-specific toxicity data would be required for a refined risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Riemenschneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marwan Al-Raggad
- Water, Energy, and Environment Center, University of Jordan , Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Monika Moeder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elias Salameh
- Water, Energy, and Environment Center, University of Jordan , Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Hurtado C, Domínguez C, Pérez-Babace L, Cañameras N, Comas J, Bayona JM. Estimate of uptake and translocation of emerging organic contaminants from irrigation water concentration in lettuce grown under controlled conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 305:139-148. [PMID: 26651071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread distribution of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in the water cycle can lead to their incorporation in irrigated crops, posing a potential risk for human consumption. To gain further insight into the processes controlling the uptake of organic microcontaminants, Batavia lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown under controlled conditions was watered with EOCs (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, sulfonamides, β-blockers, phenolic estrogens, anticonvulsants, stimulants, polycyclic musks, biocides) at different concentrations (0-40μgL(-1)). Linear correlations were obtained between the EOC concentrations in the roots and leaves and the watering concentrations for most of the contaminants investigated. However, large differences were found in the root concentration factors ( [Formula: see text] =0.27-733) and leaf translocation concentration factors ( [Formula: see text] =0-3) depending on the persistence of the target contaminants in the rhizosphere and the specific physicochemical properties of each one. With the obtained dataset, a simple predictive model based on a linear regression and the root bioconcentration and translocation factors can be used to estimate the concentration of the target EOCs in leaves based on the dose supplied in the irrigation water or the soil concentration. Finally, enantiomeric fractionation of racemic ibuprofen from the initial spiking mixture suggests that biodegradation mainly occurs in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hurtado
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Domínguez
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorea Pérez-Babace
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Cañameras
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology DEAB-UPC, Esteve Terrades 8, Building 4, E-08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Jordi Comas
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology DEAB-UPC, Esteve Terrades 8, Building 4, E-08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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33
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Huber C, Preis M, Harvey PJ, Grosse S, Letzel T, Schröder P. Emerging pollutants and plants--Metabolic activation of diclofenac by peroxidases. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:435-41. [PMID: 26741549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Human pharmaceuticals and their residues are constantly detected in our waterbodies, due to poor elimination rates, even in the most advanced waste water treatment plants. Their impact on the environment and human health still remains unclear. When phytoremediation is applied to aid water treatment, plants may transform and degrade xenobiotic contaminants through phase I and phase II metabolism to more water soluble and less toxic intermediates. In this context, peroxidases play a major role in activating compounds during phase I via oxidation. In the present work, the ability of a plant peroxidase to oxidize the human painkiller diclofenac was confirmed using stopped flow spectroscopy in combination with LC-MS analysis. Analysis of an orange colored product revealed the structure of the highly reactive Diclofenac-2,5-Iminoquinone, which may be the precursor of several biological conjugates and breakdown products in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Huber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Preis
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Patricia J Harvey
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Sylvia Grosse
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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34
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Miller EL, Nason SL, Karthikeyan KG, Pedersen JA. Root Uptake of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Ingredients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:525-41. [PMID: 26619126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crops irrigated with reclaimed wastewater or grown in biosolids-amended soils may take up pharmaceuticals and personal care product ingredients (PPCPs) through their roots. The uptake pathways followed by PPCPs and the propensity for these compounds to bioaccumulate in food crops are still not well understood. In this critical review, we discuss processes expected to influence root uptake of PPCPs, evaluate current literature on uptake of PPCPs, assess models for predicting plant uptake of these compounds, and provide recommendations for future research, highlighting processes warranting study that hold promise for improving mechanistic understanding of plant uptake of PPCPs. We find that many processes that are expected to influence PPCP uptake and accumulation have received little study, particularly rhizosphere interactions, in planta transformations, and physicochemical properties beyond lipophilicity (as measured by Kow). Data gaps and discrepancies in methodology and reporting have so far hindered development of models that accurately predict plant uptake of PPCPs. Topics warranting investigation in future research include the influence of rhizosphere processes on uptake, determining mechanisms of uptake and accumulation, in planta transformations, the effects of PPCPs on plants, and the development of predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Miller
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sara L Nason
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - K G Karthikeyan
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joel A Pedersen
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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35
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Seiwert B, Golan-Rozen N, Weidauer C, Riemenschneider C, Chefetz B, Hadar Y, Reemtsma T. Electrochemistry Combined with LC-HRMS: Elucidating Transformation Products of the Recalcitrant Pharmaceutical Compound Carbamazepine Generated by the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12342-12350. [PMID: 26348877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) of environmental pollutants must be identified to understand biodegradation processes and reaction mechanisms and to assess the efficiency of treatment processes. The combination of oxidation by an electrochemical cell (EC) with analysis by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is a rapid approach for the determination and identification of TPs generated by natural microbial processes. Electrochemically generated TPs of the recalcitrant pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) were used for a target screening for TPs formed by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. EC with LC-HRMS facilitates detection and identification of TPs because the product spectrum is not superimposed with biogenic metabolites and elevated substrate concentrations can be used. A group of 10 TPs formed in the microbial process were detected by target screening for molecular ions, and another 4 were detected by screening on the basis of characteristic fragment ions. Three of these TPs have never been reported before. For CBZ, EC with LC-HRMS was found to be more effective than software tools in defining targets for the screening and faster than nontarget screening alone in TP identification. EC with LC-HRMS may be used to feed MS databases with spectra of possible TPs of larger numbers of environmental contaminants for an efficient target screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Naama Golan-Rozen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Cindy Weidauer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Christina Riemenschneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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36
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Somoza V, Molyneux RJ, Chen ZY, Tomás-Barberán F, Hofmann T. Guidelines for Research on Bioactive Constituents--A Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8103-8105. [PMID: 26335516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, 34 Rainbow Drive, University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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37
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Malchi T, Maor Y, Chefetz B. Comments on "Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation". ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 82:110-112. [PMID: 25840613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Malchi
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Maor
- The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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