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Zhang MQ, Yang Z, Dong YX, Zhu YL, Chen XY, Dai CC, Zhichun Z, Mei YZ. Expression of endogenous UDP-glucosyltransferase in endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris reduces deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 173:103899. [PMID: 38802054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease that causes severe yield loses and mycotoxin contamination in wheat grain. Additionally, balancing the trade-off between wheat production and disease resistance has proved challenging. This study aimed to expand the genetic tools of the endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris against Fusarium graminearum. Specifically, we engineered a UDP-glucosyltransferase-expressing P. liquidambaris strain (PL-UGT) using ADE1 as a selection marker and obtained a deletion mutant using an inducible promoter that drives Cas9 expression. Our PL-UGT strain converted deoxynivalenol (DON) into DON-3-G in vitro at a rate of 71.4 % after 36 h. DON inactivation can be used to confer tolerance in planta. Wheat seedlings inoculated with endophytic strain PL-UGT showed improved growth compared with those inoculated with wildtype P. liquidambaris. Strain PL-UGT inhibited the growth of Fusarium graminearum and reduced infection rate to 15.7 %. Consistent with this finding, DON levels in wheat grains decreased from 14.25 to 0.56 μg/g when the flowers were pre-inoculated with PL-UGT and then infected with F. graminearum. The expression of UGT in P. liquidambaris was nontoxic and did not inhibit plant growth. Endophytes do not enter the seeds nor induce plant disease, thereby representing a novel approach to fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd.,Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Xin Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhan Zhichun
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd.,Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China.
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Lakatos I, Babarczi B, Molnár Z, Tóth A, Skoda G, Horváth GF, Horváth A, Tóth D, Sükösd F, Szemethy L, Szőke Z. First Results on the Presence of Mycotoxins in the Liver of Pregnant Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) Hinds and Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1039. [PMID: 38612278 PMCID: PMC11011066 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive abnormalities have been observed in fallow deer populations in Hungary. We supposed mycotoxin contamination to be one of the possible causes because multi-mycotoxin contamination is known to be dangerous even at low toxin levels, especially for young animals. We investigated the spatial pattern of mycotoxin occurrences and the relationship between maternal and fetal mycotoxin levels. A total of 72 fallow deer embryos and their mothers were sampled in seven forested regions in Hungary in the 2020/2021 hunting season. We analyzed Aflatoxin (AF), Zearalenone (ZEA), Fumonizin B1 (FB1), DON, and T2-toxin concentrations in maternal and fetal livers by ELISA. AF was present in 70% and 82%, ZEA in 41% and 96%, DON in 90% and 98%, T2-toxin in 96% and 85%, and FB1 in 84% and 3% of hind and fetus livers, respectively. All mycotoxins passed into the fetus, but only Fumonizin B1 rarely passed. The individual variability of mycotoxin levels was extremely high, but the spatial differences were moderate. We could not prove a relation between the maternal and fetal mycotoxin concentrations, but we found an accumulation of ZEA and DON in the fetuses. These results reflect the possible threats of mycotoxins to the population dynamics and reproduction of wild fallow deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Lakatos
- Department of Regional Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture, 1052 Budapest, Hungary;
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bianka Babarczi
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Arnold Tóth
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Gabriella Skoda
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Győző F. Horváth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Adrienn Horváth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Dániel Tóth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Szemethy
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Szőke
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
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3
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Lethe MCL, Paris V, Wang X, Chan CTY. Similarities in Structure and Function of UDP-Glycosyltransferase Homologs from Human and Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2782. [PMID: 38474028 PMCID: PMC10932239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and metabolic wastes, which is essential for detoxifying those species. Over the last several decades, a huge effort has been put into studying human and mammalian UGT homologs, but family members in other organisms have been explored much less. Potentially, other UGT homologs can have desirable substrate specificity and biological activities that can be harnessed for detoxification in various medical settings. In this review article, we take a plant UGT homology, UGT71G1, and compare its structural and biochemical properties with the human homologs. These comparisons suggest that even though mammalian and plant UGTs are functional in different environments, they may support similar biochemical activities based on their protein structure and function. The known biological functions of these homologs are discussed so as to provide insights into the use of UGT homologs from other organisms for addressing human diseases related to UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Caroline L. Lethe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA (V.P.)
| | - Vincent Paris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA (V.P.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Clement T. Y. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA (V.P.)
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Lethe MCL, Bui D, Hu M, Wang X, Singh R, Chan CTY. Discovering New Substrates of a UDP-Glycosyltransferase with a High-Throughput Method. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2725. [PMID: 38473971 PMCID: PMC10931590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) form a large enzyme family that is found in a wide range of organisms. These enzymes are known for accepting a wide variety of substrates, and they derivatize xenobiotics and metabolites for detoxification. However, most UGT homologs have not been well characterized, and their potential for biomedical and environmental applications is underexplored. In this work, we have used a fluorescent assay for screening substrates of a plant UGT homolog by monitoring the formation of UDP. We optimized the assay such that it could be used for high-throughput screening of substrates of the Medicago truncatula UGT enzyme, UGT71G1, and our results show that 34 of the 159 screened compound samples are potential substrates. With an LC-MS/MS method, we confirmed that three of these candidates indeed were glycosylated by UGT71G1, which includes bisphenol A (BPA) and 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38); derivatization of these toxic compounds can lead to new environmental and medical applications. This work suggests that UGT homologs may recognize a substrate profile that is much broader than previously anticipated. Additionally, it demonstrates that this screening method provides a new means to study UDP-glycosyltransferases, facilitating the use of these enzymes to tackle a wide range of problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. L. Lethe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Dinh Bui
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (D.B.); (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (D.B.); (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | - Rashim Singh
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (D.B.); (M.H.); (R.S.)
- Sanarentero LLC, 514 N. Elder Grove Drive, Pearland, TX 77584, USA
| | - Clement T. Y. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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5
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Shi J, Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Yang Y, Sun S, Li Q, Ma W, Jia H. Characterization, Structural Analysis, and Thermal Stability Mutation of a New Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme Mined from Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3025-3035. [PMID: 38300990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a widespread mycotoxin that causes serious damage to animal husbandry and poses a threat to human health. A screen of ZEN-degrading soil bacteria yielded Bacillus subtilis YT-4, which yielded 80% ZEN degradation after 6 h and 95% after 36 h. The gene sequence encoding the degradative enzyme ZENY was mined from the genome of YT-4 and expressed in yeast. ZENY is an α/β-hydrolase with an optimal enzyme activity at 37 °C and pH 8. By breaking the lactone ring of ZEN, it produces ZENY-C18H24O5 with a molecular weight of 320.16 g/mol. Sequence comparison and molecular docking analyses identified the catalytic ZENY triad 99S-245H-123E and the primary ZEN-binding mode within the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme. To improve the thermal stability of the enzyme for industrial applications, we introduced a mutation at the N-terminus, specifically replacing the fifth residue N with V, and achieved a 25% improvement in stability at 45 °C. These findings aim to achieve ZEN biodegradation and provide insight into the structure and function of ZEN hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
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Sun H, He Z, Xiong D, Long M. Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:256-274. [PMID: 38033608 PMCID: PMC10685049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and efficient methods of detoxifying mycotoxins. As biotechnology has continued to develop, methods involving biological enzymes have shown great promise. Biological enzymatic methods, which can fundamentally destroy the structures of mycotoxins and produce degradation products whose toxicity is greatly reduced, are generally more specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Mycotoxin-degrading enzymes can thus facilitate the safe and effective detoxification of mycotoxins which gives them a huge advantage over other methods. This article summarizes the newly discovered degrading enzymes that can degrade four common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) in the past five years, and reveals the degradation mechanism of degrading enzymes on four mycotoxins, as well as their positive effects on animal production. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the safe treatment of mycotoxins by using biological enzyme technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dongwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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7
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Gharabli H, Della Gala V, Welner DH. The function of UDP-glycosyltransferases in plants and their possible use in crop protection. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108182. [PMID: 37268151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases catalyse the transfer of a glycosyl moiety from a donor to an acceptor. Members of this enzyme class are ubiquitous throughout all kingdoms of life and are involved in the biosynthesis of countless types of glycosides. Family 1 glycosyltransferases, also referred to as uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), glycosylate small molecules such as secondary metabolites and xenobiotics. In plants, UGTs are recognised for their multiple functionalities ranging from roles in growth regulation and development, in protection against pathogens and abiotic stresses and in adaptation to changing environments. In this study, we review UGT-mediated glycosylation of phytohormones, endogenous secondary metabolites, and xenobiotics and contextualise the role this chemical modification plays in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses and plant fitness. Here, the potential advantages and drawbacks of altering the expression patterns of specific UGTs along with the heterologous expression of UGTs across plant species to improve stress tolerance in plants are discussed. We conclude that UGT-based genetic modification of plants could potentially enhance agricultural efficiency and take part in controlling the biological activity of xenobiotics in bioremediation strategies. However, more knowledge of the intricate interplay between UGTs in plants is needed to unlock the full potential of UGTs in crop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Gharabli
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Valeria Della Gala
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
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López-Ruiz R, Marin-Saez J, Cunha SC, Fernandes A, de Freitas V, Viegas O, Ferreira IMPLVO. Investigating the Impact of Dietary Fibers on Mycotoxin Bioaccessibility during In Vitro Biscuit Digestion and Metabolites Identification. Foods 2023; 12:3175. [PMID: 37685107 PMCID: PMC10486935 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination is a real concern worldwide due to their high prevalence in foods and high toxicity; therefore, strategies that reduce their gastrointestinal bioaccessibility and absorption are of major relevance. The use of dietary fibers as binders of four mycotoxins (zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxins) to reduce their bioaccessibility was investigated by in vitro digestion of biscuits enriched with fibers. K-carrageenan is a promising fiber to reduce the bioaccessibility of ZEA, obtaining values lower than 20%, while with pectin a higher reduction of DON, HT-2, and T-2 (50-88%) was achieved. Three metabolites of mycotoxins were detected, of which the most important was T-2-triol, which was detected at higher levels compared to T-2. This work has demonstrated the advantages of incorporating dietary fibers into a biscuit recipe to reduce the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins and to obtain healthier biscuits than when a conventional recipe is performed due to its high content of fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía López-Ruiz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Jesús Marin-Saez
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Sara. C. Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
| | - Ana Fernandes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Porto University, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Victor de Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Porto University, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Olga Viegas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
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9
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Xu A, Zhou H, Yu S, Li Y, Wang L, Wu A, Liang J, Peng S, Liu N. Fusarium Mycotoxins and OTA in Beer from Shanghai, the Largest Megacity in China: Occurrence and Dietary Risk Assessment. Foods 2023; 12:3071. [PMID: 37628069 PMCID: PMC10452965 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Beer is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination originating from infected grains. It could be that mycotoxins are not completely removed during the brewing process and remain in the final product. Nevertheless, there have been no surveys of exposure to mycotoxin for Chinese inhabitants through beer consumption. This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight mycotoxins in 158 beer samples purchased in Shanghai, the largest megacity in China. The multiple mycotoxins determination was carried out using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Our findings revealed that 48.1% (76/158) of the beer samples were contaminated with Fusarium toxins. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) and zearalenone (ZEN) were detected in 34.81% and 16.46% of the total samples, respectively. The significant differences between D3G/ZEN contamination and various beer types were performed. Furthermore, this study performed a health risk assessment for Shanghai residents based on data for Fusarium toxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) present in beer for the first time. The results revealed that the 95th percentile dietary exposures of Shanghai residents did not pose any chronic or acute health risks, either individually or in combination. Dietary exposures to Fusarium toxins revealed different risk levels among residents. The cumulative health risk for women is higher than that for men at the same beer consumption. In addition, the acute risk of DONs exposure for adults deserves concern. The insights obtained from this study may be of assistance for beer manufacturers and governmental regulators to further develop beer monitoring and guarantee public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Shenghao Yu
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Yiqi Li
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Jiang Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shaojie Peng
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
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10
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Jaster-Keller J, Müller MEH, El-Khatib AH, Lorenz N, Bahlmann A, Mülow-Stollin U, Bunzel M, Scheibenzuber S, Rychlik M, von der Waydbrink G, Weigel S. Root uptake and metabolization of Alternaria toxins by winter wheat plants using a hydroponic system. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:109-126. [PMID: 36929507 PMCID: PMC10181980 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous in the environment. Their mycotoxins can leach out of contaminated plants or crop debris into the soil entering the plant via the roots. We aim to evaluate the importance of this entry pathway and its contribution to the overall content of Alternaria toxins (ATs) in wheat plants to better understand the soil-plant-phytopathogen system. A hydroponic cultivation system was established and wheat plants were cultivated for up to two weeks under optimal climate conditions. One half of the plants was treated with a nutrient solution spiked with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), whereas the other half of the plants was cultivated without mycotoxins. Plants were harvested after 1 and 2 weeks and analyzed using a QuEChERS-based extraction and an in-house validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of the ATs in roots, crowns, and leaves separately. ATs were taken up by the roots and transported throughout the plant up to the leaves after 1 as well as 2 weeks of cultivation with the roots showing the highest ATs levels followed by the crowns and the leaves. In addition, numerous AOH and AME conjugates like glucosides, malonyl glucosides, sulfates, and di/trihexosides were detected in different plant compartments and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study demonstrating the uptake of ATs in vivo using a hydroponic system and whole wheat plants examining both the distribution of ATs within the plant compartments and the modification of ATs by the wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaster-Keller
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Lorenz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mülow-Stollin
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), South Campus, Adenauerring 20 A, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Grit von der Waydbrink
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Abraham N, Chan ETS, Zhou T, Seah SYK. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:957148. [PMID: 36504774 PMCID: PMC9726736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain genera of fungi including but not limited to Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Their persistence in agricultural commodities poses a significant food safety issue owing to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive effects. Due to their inherent stability, mycotoxin levels in contaminated food often exceed the prescribed regulatory thresholds posing a risk to both humans and livestock. Although physical and chemical methods have been applied to remove mycotoxins, these approaches may reduce the nutrient quality and organoleptic properties of food. Microbial transformation of mycotoxins is a promising alternative for mycotoxin detoxification as it is more specific and environmentally friendly compared to physical/chemical methods. Here we review the biological detoxification of the major mycotoxins with a focus on microbial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Abraham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Edicon Tze Shun Chan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Y. K. Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Stephen Y. K. Seah,
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12
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Modified Mycotoxins, a Still Unresolved Issue. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous microfungi on almost every agricultural commodity worldwide. After the infection of crop plants, mycotoxins are modified by plant enzymes or other fungi and often conjugated to more polar substances, like sugars. The formed—often less toxic—metabolites are stored in the vacuole in soluble form or bound to macromolecules. As these substances are usually not detected during routine analysis and no maximum limits are in force, they are called modified mycotoxins. While, in most cases, modified mycotoxins have lower intrinsic toxicity, they might be reactivated during mammalian metabolism. In particular, the polar group might be cleaved off (e.g., by intestinal bacteria), releasing the native mycotoxin. This review aims to provide an overview of the critical issues related to modified mycotoxins. The main conclusion is that analytical aspects, toxicological evaluation, and exposure assessment merit more investigation.
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13
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Yang D, Ye Y, Sun J, Wang JS, Huang C, Sun X. Occurrence, transformation, and toxicity of fumonisins and their covert products during food processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3660-3673. [PMID: 36239314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins comprise structurally related metabolites mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Contamination with fumonisins causes incalculable damage to the economy and poses a great risk to animal and human health. Fumonisins and their covert products are found in cereals and cereal products. Food processing significantly affects the degradation of toxins and the formation of covert toxins. However, studies on fumonisins and their covert mycotoxins remain inadequate. This review aims to summarize changes in fumonisins and the generation of covert fumonisins during processing. It also investigates the toxicity and determination methods of fumonisins and covert fumonisins, and elucidates the factors affecting fumonisins and their covert forms during processing. In addition to the metabolic production by plants and fungi, covert fumonisins are mainly produced by covalent or noncovalent binding, complexation, or physical entrapment of fumonisins with other substances. The toxicity of covert fumonisins is similar to that of free fumonisins and is a non-negligible hazard. Covert fumonisins are commonly found in food matrices, and methods to analyze them have yet to be improved. Food processing significantly affects the conversion of fumonisins to their covert toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaodiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Caihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Recent advances on formation, transformation, occurrence, and analytical strategy of modified mycotoxins in cereals and their products. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Zearalenone and Its Masked Forms in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Products: A Review of the Characteristics, Incidence, and Fate in Food Processing. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090976. [PMID: 36135701 PMCID: PMC9501528 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is known as a Fusarium-produced mycotoxin, representing a risk to cereal food safety with repercussions for economies and worldwide trade. Recent studies have reported the co-occurrence of ZEA and masked ZEA in a variety of cereals and cereal-based products, which may exert adverse effects on public health due to additive/synergistic interactions. However, the co-contamination of ZEA and masked ZEA has received little attention. In order to minimize the threats of co-contamination by ZEA and masked ZEA, it is necessary to recognize the occurrence and formation of ZEA and masked ZEA. This review focuses on the characteristics, incidence, and detection of ZEA and its masked forms. Additionally, the fate of ZEA and masked ZEA during the processing of bread, cake, biscuits, pasta, and beer, as well as the ZEA limit, are discussed. The incidence of masked ZEA is lower than that of ZEA, and the mean level of masked ZEA varies greatly between cereal samples. Published data showed a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the destiny of ZEA during cereal-based food processing, mostly as a result of the varying contamination levels and complicated food processing methods. Knowledge of the fate of ZEA and masked ZEA throughout cereal-based food processing may reduce the likelihood of severe detrimental market and trade ramifications. The revision of legislative limits of masked ZEA may become a challenge in the future.
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16
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Munkvold GP, Proctor RH, Moretti A. Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium According to Contemporary Species Concepts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:373-402. [PMID: 34077240 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium is one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi in the world and arguably the world's most important mycotoxin-producing genus. Fusarium species produce a staggering array of toxic metabolites that contribute to plant disease and mycotoxicoses in humans and other animals. A thorough understanding of the mycotoxin potential of individual species is crucial for assessing the toxicological risks associated with Fusarium diseases. There are thousands of reports of mycotoxin production by various species, and there have been numerous attempts to summarize them. These efforts have been complicated by competing classification systems based on morphology, sexual compatibility, and phylogenetic relationships. The current depth of knowledge of Fusarium genomes and mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways provides insights into how mycotoxin production is distributedamong species and multispecies lineages (species complexes) in the genus as well as opportunities to clarify and predict mycotoxin risks connected with known and newly described species. Here, we summarize mycotoxin production in the genus Fusarium and how mycotoxin risk aligns with current phylogenetic species concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy;
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17
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Yang SB, Zheng HC, Xu JY, Zhao XY, Shu WJ, Li XM, Song H, Ma YH. New Biotransformation Mode of Zearalenone Identified in Bacillus subtilis Y816 Revealing a Novel ZEN Conjugate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7409-7419. [PMID: 34180240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of Bacillus strains have been identified, and the removal capacity of zearalenone (ZEN) was determined; however, they failed to reveal the detoxification mechanism and transformation product. Here, Bacillus subtilis Y816, which could transform 40 mg/L of ZEN within 7 h of fermentation, was identified and studied. First, the biotransformation products of ZEN and 17-β-estradiol (E2) were identified as ZEN-14-phosphate and E2-3-phosphate by HPLC-TOF-MS and NMR, respectively. An intracellular zearalenone phosphotransferase (ZPH) was found through transcriptome sequencing analysis of B. subtilis Y816. The phosphorylated reaction conditions of ZEN by ZPH were further revealed in this work. Furthermore, the phosphorylated conjugates showed reduced estrogenic toxicity compared with their original substances (ZEN and α/β-zearalenol) using an engineered yeast biosensor system. The first report on the phosphorylated conjugated mode of ZEN in B. subtilis Y816 will inspire new perspectives on the biotransformation of ZEN in Bacillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Bin Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hong Chen Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jian Yong Xu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xing Ya Zhao
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wen Ju Shu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Ming Li
- Preventive Medicine Department, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Hui Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yan He Ma
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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18
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Peters J, Ash E, Gerssen A, Van Dam R, Franssen MCR, Nielen MWF. Controlled Production of Zearalenone-Glucopyranoside Standards with Cunninghamella Strains Using Sulphate-Depleted Media. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060366. [PMID: 34064219 PMCID: PMC8224279 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, conjugated mycotoxins have gained increasing interest in food safety, as their hydrolysis in human and animal intestines leads to an increase in toxicity. For the production of zearalenone (ZEN) glycosides reference standards, we applied Cunninghamellaelegans and Cunninghamella echinulata fungal strains. A sulphate-depleted medium was designed for the preferred production of ZEN glycosides. Both Cunninghamella strains were able to produce zearalenone-14-β-D-glucopyranoside (Z14G), zearalenone-16-β-D-glucopyranoside (Z16G) and zearalenone-14-sulphate (Z14S). In a rich medium, Cunninghamellaelegans preferably produced Z14S, while Cunninghamellaechinulata preferably produced Z14G. In the sulphate-depleted medium a dramatic change was observed for Cunninghamellaelegans, showing preferred production of Z14G and Z16G. From 2 mg of ZEN in sulphate-depleted medium, 1.94 mg of Z14G and 0.45 mg of Z16G were produced. Following preparative Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) purification, both fractions were submitted to 1H and 13C NMR and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). These analyses confirmed that the purified fractions were indeed Z14G and Z16G. In conclusion, the presented research shows that a single Cunninghamella strain can be an effective and efficient tool for the controlled biotransformation of ZEN glycosides and other ZEN metabolites. Additionally, the biotransformation method was extended to zearalanone, β-zearalenol and other mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.G.); (R.V.D.); (M.W.F.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-317-480579
| | - Edward Ash
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.G.); (R.V.D.); (M.W.F.N.)
- Innosieve Diagnostics BV, Nieuwe Kanaal 7A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.G.); (R.V.D.); (M.W.F.N.)
| | - Ruud Van Dam
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.G.); (R.V.D.); (M.W.F.N.)
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.G.); (R.V.D.); (M.W.F.N.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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19
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Schabo DC, Freire L, Sant'Ana AS, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. Mycotoxins in artisanal beers: An overview of relevant aspects of the raw material, manufacturing steps and regulatory issues involved. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110114. [PMID: 33641981 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of artisanal beer has increased worldwide. Artisanal beers can include malted or unmalted wheat, maize, rice and sorghum, in addition to the basic ingredients. These grains can be infected by toxigenic fungi in the field or during storage and mycotoxins can be produced if they find favorable conditions. Mycotoxins may not be eliminated throughout the beer brewing and be detected in the final product. In addition, modified mycotoxins may also be formed during beer brewing. This review compiles relevant information about mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium in raw material of artisanal beer, as well as updates information about the production and fate of mycotoxins during the beer brewing process. Findings highlight that malting conditions favor the production of mycotoxins by the fungi contaminating cereals. Therefore, good agricultural and postharvest mitigation strategies are the most effective options for preventing the growth of toxigenic fungi and the production of mycotoxins in cereals. However, the final concentration of mycotoxin in artisanal beer is difficult to predict as it depends on the initial concentration contained in the raw material and the processing conditions. The current lack of limits of mycotoxins in artisanal beer underestimates possible risks to human health. In addition, modified mycotoxins, not detected by conventional methods, may be formed in artisanal beers. Maximum tolerated limits for these contaminants must be urgently established based on scientific data about transfer of mycotoxins throughout the artisanal beer brewery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Campus Colorado do Oeste, BR 435, Km 63, Colorado do Oeste, RO 76993-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 3083-862, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 3083-862, Brazil
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
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20
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El Jai A, Zinedine A, Juan-García A, Mañes J, Etahiri S, Juan C. Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020125. [PMID: 33567683 PMCID: PMC7915639 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs), as herbal material, are subjected to contamination by various mycotoxin-producing fungi, either free and conjugated. Such a problem is associated with poor storage practices, and lack of adopting good agricultural practices and good harvesting practices. Nevertheless, AMPs are poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2, and HT-2 toxins) in 40 samples of AMPs frequently consumed in Morocco by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of conjugated mycotoxins and their identification using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with ion mass exact was also carried out. Results showed that 90% of the analyzed samples presented at least one mycotoxin, and 52% presented co-occurrence of them. Mycotoxins detected were: AOH (85%), ZEN (27.5%), β-ZEL (22%), AFG1 (17.5%), TENT (17.5%), ENB (10%), AFG2 (7.5%), α-ZEL (5%), ENA1 (2.5%), and HT-2 (2.5%), while the conjugated mycotoxins were ZEN-14-Glc (11%) and ZEN-14-Sulf (9%). The highest observed level was for AOH, with 309 ng/g. Ten samples exceeded the recommended levels set by the European Pharmacopoeia for AF mycotoxins in plant material (4 ng/g), and three samples exceeded the maximum limits for AFs (10 ng/g) in species established by the European Commission. Although the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in AMP samples was observed, the dietary exposure assessment showed that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of AMP beverages does not represent a risk for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha El Jai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box. 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (A.E.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box. 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (A.E.J.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.J.-G.); (J.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.J.-G.); (J.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Samira Etahiri
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box. 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (A.E.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.J.-G.); (J.M.); (C.J.)
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21
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Ropejko K, Twarużek M. Zearalenone and Its Metabolites-General Overview, Occurrence, and Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:35. [PMID: 33418872 PMCID: PMC7825134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi and represent one of the most common groups of food contaminants with low molecular weight. These toxins are considered common and can affect the food chain at various stages of production, harvesting, storage and processing. Zearalenone is one of over 400 detected mycotoxins and produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium; it mainly has estrogenic effects on various organisms. Contaminated products can lead to huge economic losses and pose risks to animals and humans. In this review, we systemize information on zearalenone and its major metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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22
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Guerre P. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E769. [PMID: 33291716 PMCID: PMC7761905 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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23
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Appel (Kohn) BN, Gottmann J, Schäfer J, Bunzel M. Absorption and metabolism of modified mycotoxins of alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and zearalenone in Caco‐2 cells. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Nadine Appel (Kohn)
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jörg Gottmann
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany
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24
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Shcherbakova L, Rozhkova A, Osipov D, Zorov I, Mikityuk O, Statsyuk N, Sinitsyna O, Dzhavakhiya V, Sinitsyn A. Effective Zearalenone Degradation in Model Solutions and Infected Wheat Grain Using a Novel Heterologous Lactonohydrolase Secreted by Recombinant Penicillium canescens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E475. [PMID: 32722498 PMCID: PMC7472149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the first results on obtaining an enzyme preparation that might be promising for the simultaneous decontamination of plant feeds contaminated with a polyketide fusariotoxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and enhancing the availability of their nutritional components. A novel ZEN-specific lactonohydrolase (ZHD) was expressed in a Penicillium canescens strain PCA-10 that was developed previously as a producer of different hydrolytic enzymes for feed biorefinery. The recombinant ZHD secreted by transformed fungal clones into culture liquid was shown to remove the toxin from model solutions, and was able to decontaminate wheat grain artificially infected with a zearalenone-producing Fusarium culmorum. The dynamics of ZEN degradation depending on the temperature and pH of the incubation media was investigated, and the optimal values of these parameters (pH 8.5, 30 °C) for the ZHD-containing enzyme preparation (PR-ZHD) were determined. Under these conditions, the 3 h co-incubation of ZEN and PR-ZHD resulted in a complete removal of the toxin from the model solutions, while the PR-ZHD addition (8 mg/g of dried grain) to flour samples prepared from the infected ZEN-polluted grain (about 16 µg/g) completely decontaminated the samples after an overnight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Dmitrii Osipov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Oleg Mikityuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Natalia Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Olga Sinitsyna
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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25
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Zearalenone (ZEN) in Livestock and Poultry: Dose, Toxicokinetics, Toxicity and Estrogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060377. [PMID: 32517357 PMCID: PMC7354539 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the concerns when using grain ingredients in feed formulation for livestock and poultry diets is mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, trichothecene (deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that have been frequently reported in animal feed. ZEN, which has raised additional concern due to its estrogenic response in animals, is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. equiseti, F. crookwellense and F. semitectums, and often co-occurs with deoxynivalenol in grains. The commonly elaborated derivatives of ZEN are α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol. Other modified and masked forms of ZEN (including the extractable conjugated and non-extractable bound derivatives of ZEN) have also been quantified. In this review, common dose of ZEN in animal feed was summarized. The absorption rate, distribution (“carry-over”), major metabolites, toxicity and estrogenicity of ZEN related to poultry, swine and ruminants are discussed.
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26
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Kohn BN, Bunzel M. Zearalenone‐malonyl‐glucosides as phase II metabolites in plant cell suspension cultures. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate N. Kohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Germany
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27
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Oliveira M, Vasconcelos V. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Fish Feed and Its Effects: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E160. [PMID: 32143380 PMCID: PMC7150860 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based ingredients have been successfully replacing fishmeal in finished fish feeds. However, using crops in feeds results in an increased risk of contamination by fungi and mycotoxins and a higher incidence of mycotoxicosis in fish. This might decrease aquaculture's productivity as mycotoxicosis generally result in decreased body weight, growth impairment and higher rates of disease and mortality in fish. Additionally, some mycotoxins might accumulate in the fish musculature. As such, fish consumption might become another way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain, threatening food security and public health as mycotoxins are important genotoxins, carcinogens and immunosuppressors to humans. In this work we aim to provide a review on the most important mycotoxins found in crops and in finished fish feed, i.e., aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone. We present their effects on the health of fish and humans and their regulations in the European Union. Although work has been performed in mycotoxin research ever since the 1960s, a lot of information is still lacking regarding its effects. However, it is noticed that in order to use crops in aquafeed production, efforts should be made in order to monitor its contamination by mycotoxinogenic fungi and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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28
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Li P, Su R, Yin R, Lai D, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhou L. Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020121. [PMID: 32075201 PMCID: PMC7076809 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that pose a major threat to the safety of food and feed. Mycotoxins are usually converted into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites through biotransformation that are often made by living organisms as well as the isolated enzymes. The conversions mainly include hydroxylation, oxidation, hydrogenation, de-epoxidation, methylation, glycosylation and glucuronidation, esterification, hydrolysis, sulfation, demethylation and deamination. Biotransformations of some notorious mycotoxins such as alfatoxins, alternariol, citrinin, fomannoxin, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone analogues are reviewed in detail. The recent development and applications of mycotoxins detoxification through biotransformation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Ruixue Su
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Ruya Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Mingan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-1199
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29
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Battilani P, Palumbo R, Giorni P, Dall’Asta C, Dellafiora L, Gkrillas A, Toscano P, Crisci A, Brera C, De Santis B, Rosanna Cammarano R, Della Seta M, Campbell K, Elliot C, Venancio A, Lima N, Gonçalves A, Terciolo C, Oswald IP. Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Torres Acosta JA, Michlmayr H, Shams M, Schweiger W, Wiesenberger G, Mitterbauer R, Werner U, Merz D, Hauser MT, Hametner C, Varga E, Krska R, Berthiller F, Adam G. Zearalenone and ß-Zearalenol But Not Their Glucosides Inhibit Heat Shock Protein 90 ATPase Activity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1160. [PMID: 31680951 PMCID: PMC6813925 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by many plant pathogenic Fusarium species. It is well known for its estrogenic activity in humans and animals, but whether ZEN has a role in plant–pathogen interaction and which process it is targeting in planta was so far unclear. We found that treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with ZEN induced transcription of the AtHSP90.1 gene. This heat shock protein (HSP) plays an important role in plant–pathogen interaction, assisting in stability and functionality of various disease resistance gene products. Inhibition of HSP90 ATPase activity impairs functionality. Because HSP90 inhibitors are known to induce HSP90 gene expression and due to the structural similarity with the known HSP90 inhibitor radicicol (RAD), we tested whether ZEN and its phase I metabolites α- and ß-zearalenol are also HSP90 ATPase inhibitors. Indeed, AtHSP90.1 and wheat TaHSP90-2 were inhibited by ZEN and ß-zearalenol, while α-zearalenol was almost inactive. Plants can efficiently glycosylate ZEN and α/ß-zearalenol. We therefore tested whether glucosylation has an effect on the inhibitory activity of these metabolites. Expression of the A. thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT73C6 conferred RAD resistance to a sensitive yeast strain. Glucosylation of RAD, ZEN, and α/ß-zearalenol abolished the in vitro inhibitory activity with recombinant HSP90 purified from Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the mycotoxin ZEN has a very prominent target in plants, HSP90, but it can be inactivated by glycosylation. This may explain why there is little evidence for a virulence function of ZEN in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Shams
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mitterbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Werner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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31
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Righetti L, Körber T, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Suman M, Bruni R, Dall'Asta C. Plant biotransformation of T2 and HT2 toxin in cultured organs of Triticum durum Desf. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14320. [PMID: 31586121 PMCID: PMC6778183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at elucidating the uptake and biotransformation of T2 and HT2 toxins in five cultivars of durum wheat, by means of cultured plant organs. An almost complete absorption of T2 toxin (up to 100 µg) was noticed after 7 days, along with the contemporaneous formation of HT2 in planta, whereas HT2 showed a slower uptake by uninfected plant organs. Untargeted MS-analysis allowed to identify a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites, resulting in 26 T2 and 23 HT2 metabolites plus tentative isomers. A novel masked mycotoxin, 3-acetyl-HT2-glucoside, was reported for the first time in wheat. The in vitro approach confirmed its potential to both investigate the contribution of plant metabolism in the biosynthesis of masked mycotoxins and to foresee the development of biocatalytic tools to develop nature-like mixtures to be used as reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Tania Körber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Max-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Department of Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy.
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32
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Reisinger N, Schürer-Waldheim S, Mayer E, Debevere S, Antonissen G, Sulyok M, Nagl V. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Maize Silage-A Neglected Risk for Bovine Gut Health? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E577. [PMID: 31590302 PMCID: PMC6832361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forages are important components of dairy cattle rations but might harbor a plethora of mycotoxins. Ruminants are considered to be less susceptible to the adverse health effects of mycotoxins, mainly because the ruminal microflora degrades certain mycotoxins. Yet, impairment of the ruminal degradation capacity or high ruminal stability of toxins can entail that the intestinal epithelium is exposed to significant mycotoxin amounts. The aims of our study were to assess i) the mycotoxin occurrence in maize silage and ii) the cytotoxicity of relevant mycotoxins on bovine intestinal cells. In total, 158 maize silage samples were collected from European dairy cattle farms. LC-MS/MS-based analysis of 61 mycotoxins revealed the presence of emerging mycotoxins (e.g. emodin, culmorin, enniatin B1, enniatin B, and beauvericin) in more than 70% of samples. Among the regulated mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were most frequently detected (67.7%). Overall, 87% of maize silages contained more than five mycotoxins. Using an in vitro model with calf small intestinal epithelial cells B, the cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin B1 and enniatin B was evaluated (0-200 µM). Absolute IC50 values varied in dependence of employed assay and were 1.2-3.6 µM, 0.8-1.0 µM, 8.6-18.3 µM, and 4.0-6.7 µM for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin B1, and enniatin B, respectively. Results highlight the potential relevance of mycotoxins for bovine gut health, a previously neglected target in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Debevere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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33
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Gzyl-Malcher B, Rudolphi-Skórska E, Sieprawska A, Filek M. Manganese protects wheat from the mycotoxin zearalenone and its derivatives. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14214. [PMID: 31578385 PMCID: PMC6775100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Searching for factors that reduce zearalenone (ZEN) toxicity is an important challenge in wheat production, considering that this crop is a basic dietary ingredient. ZEN, absorbed by cells, is metabolized into α-zearalenol and α-zearalanol, and this study focused on the function of manganese ions as potential protectants against the mycotoxins. Stress effects were invoked by an application of 30 µM ZEN and its derivatives. Manganese ions were applied at 100 µM, not stress-inducing concentration. Importance of the biomembrane structures in the absorption of the mycotoxins was demonstrated in in vitro wheat calli and on model membranes. ZEN showed the greatest and α-zearalanol the smallest stressogenic effect manifested as a decrease in the calli growth. This was confirmed by variable increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. Mn ions added to the toxin mixture diminished stressogenic properties of the toxins. Variable decrease in total lipid content and the percentage of phospholipid fraction detected in calli cells exposed to ZEN and its metabolites indicated significance of the membrane structure. An analysis of physicochemical parameters of model membranes build from phosphatidylcholine, a basic lipid in native membranes, and its mixture with the tested toxins made by Langmuir technique and verified by Brewster angle microscopy, confirmed variable contribution of ZEN and its derivatives to the modification of membrane properties. The order of toxicity was as follows: ZEN ≥ α-zearalenol > α-zearalanol. Manganese ions present in the hydrophilic phase interacted with polar lipid groups and reduced the extent of membrane modification caused by the mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gzyl-Malcher
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Apolonia Sieprawska
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, Kraków, 30-084, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maria Filek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, Kraków, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
- Polish Academy of Science, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
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Steinkellner H, Binaglia M, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Alexander J. Combined hazard assessment of mycotoxins and their modified forms applying relative potency factors: Zearalenone and T2/HT2 toxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Borzekowski A, Anggriawan R, Auliyati M, Kunte HJ, Koch M, Rohn S, Karlovsky P, Maul R. Formation of Zearalenone Metabolites in Tempeh Fermentation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152697. [PMID: 31344953 PMCID: PMC6696204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tempeh is a common food in Indonesia, produced by fungal fermentation of soybeans using Rhizopus sp., as well as Aspergillus oryzae, for inoculation. Analogously, for economic reasons, mixtures of maize and soybeans are used for the production of so-called tempeh-like products. For maize, a contamination with the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) has been frequently reported. ZEN is a mycotoxin which is known to be metabolized by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Consequently, this study focused on the ZEN transformation during tempeh fermentation. Five fungal strains of the genera Rhizopus and Aspergillus, isolated from fresh Indonesian tempeh and authentic Indonesian inocula, were utilized for tempeh manufacturing from a maize/soybean mixture (30:70) at laboratory-scale. Furthermore, comparable tempeh-like products obtained from Indonesian markets were analyzed. Results from the HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that ZEN is intensely transformed into its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), ZEN-14-sulfate, α-ZEL-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside, and ZEN-16-glucoside in tempeh production. α-ZEL, being significantly more toxic than ZEN, was the main metabolite in most of the Rhizopus incubations, while in Aspergillus oryzae fermentations ZEN-14-sulfate was predominantly formed. Additionally, two of the 14 authentic samples were contaminated with ZEN, α-ZEL and ZEN-14-sulfate, and in two further samples, ZEN and α-ZEL, were determined. Consequently, tempeh fermentation of ZEN-contaminated maize/soybean mixture may lead to toxification of the food item by formation of the reductive ZEN metabolite, α-ZEL, under model as well as authentic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Borzekowski
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Riyan Anggriawan
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maryeni Auliyati
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Kunte
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova G, Buszewski B. Zearalenone and its metabolites: Effect on human health, metabolism and neutralisation methods. Toxicon 2019; 162:46-56. [PMID: 30851274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural compounds produced as secondary metabolites by mold fungi belonging mainly to the Fusarium family, commonly found on plants such as corn or small grains in the temperate climate zone. One of these mycotoxins is zearalenone, which is classified as a xenoestrogen, an exogenous compound which resembles the structure of naturally occurring estrogens with its chemical structure. This property of zearalenone determines its ability to bind to estrogen receptors of cell and its bioaccumulation. This leads to disorders of the hormonal balance of the body, which in consequence may lead to numerous diseases of reproductive system such as prostate, ovarian, cervical or breast cancers. High risk posed by long-term exposure to contaminated food forces the modern science to develop and implement effective methods of zearalenone neutralisation. This work is a review of current state of knowledge on toxic effects of zearalenone, its metabolism in biological systems and proposed methods of its neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - P Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - G Sagandykova
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - B Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on the synthesis and secretion of mammalian sex steroid hormones: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:262-276. [PMID: 30825585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a non-steroidal estrogen mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, can be metabolized into many other derivatives by microorganisms, plants, animals and humans. It can affect mammalian reproductive capability by impacting the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones, including testosterone, estradiol and progesterone. This review summarizes the mechanisms in which ZEA and its derivatives disturb the synthesis and secretion of sex steroid hormones. Because of its structural analogy to estrogen, ZEA and its derivatives can exert a variety of estrogen-like effects and engage in estrogen negative feedback regulation, which can result in mediating the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary gland. ZEA and its derivatives can ultimately reduce the number of Leydig cells and granulosa cells by inducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cell cycle arrest, cell apoptosis, and cell regeneration delay. Additionally, they can disrupt the mitochondrial structure and influence mitochondrial functions through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aberrant autophagy signaling ways. Finally, ZEA and its derivatives can disturb the expressions and activities of the related steroidogenic enzymes through cross talking between membrane and nuclear estrogen receptors.
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Zhang Z, Nie D, Fan K, Yang J, Guo W, Meng J, Zhao Z, Han Z. A systematic review of plant-conjugated masked mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1523-1537. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1578944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Zhang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Meng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Lorenz N, Dänicke S, Edler L, Gottschalk C, Lassek E, Marko D, Rychlik M, Mally A. A critical evaluation of health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins with a special focus on zearalenone. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:27-46. [PMID: 30209771 PMCID: PMC6331505 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive definition introducing the term "modified mycotoxins" to encompass all possible forms in which mycotoxins and their modifications can occur was recently proposed and has rapidly gained wide acceptance within the scientific community. It is becoming increasingly evident that exposure to such modified mycotoxins due to their presence in food and feed has the potential to pose a substantial additional risk to human and animal health. Zearalenone (ZEN) is a well-characterized Fusarium toxin. Considering the diversity of modified forms of ZEN occurring in food and feed, the toxicologically relevant endocrine activity of many of these metabolites, and the fact that modified forms add to a dietary exposure which approaches the tolerable daily intake by free ZEN alone, modified forms of ZEN present an ideal case study for critical evaluation of modified mycotoxins in food safety. Following a summary of recent scientific opinions of EFSA dealing with health risk assessment of ZEN alone or in combination with its modified forms, uncertainties and data gaps are highlighted. Issues essential for evaluation and prioritization of modified mycotoxins in health risk assessment are identified and discussed, including opportunities to improve exposure assessment using biomonitoring data. Further issues such as future consideration of combinatory effects of the parent toxin with its modified forms and also other compounds co-occurring in food and feed are addressed. With a particular focus on ZEN, the most pressing challenges associated with health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins are identified and recommendations for further research to fill data gaps and reduce uncertainties are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lorenz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lutz Edler
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Eva Lassek
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Luitpoldstr. 1, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced mainly by mounds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium on various grains and agricultural commodities at different stages in the field, before harvest, post-harvest, during processing, packaging, distribution, and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on several environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. This chapter gives an overview about the major mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium toxins), masked mycotoxins, and emerging mycotoxins. The toxicity of these mycotoxins and their negative economic impact was also discussed together with the effect of climate change on their production. A section on mycotoxins regulations by international agencies and organisms (WHO, FAO, EU, etc.) was discussed. Finally, the different strategies to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feeds by using chemical, physical, and biological/biotechnological methods or innovative approaches were explained.
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Impact of unit operations during processing of cereal-based products on the levels of deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem 2018; 268:611-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Freire L, Guerreiro TM, Pia AKR, Lima EO, Oliveira DN, Melo CFOR, Catharino RR, Sant'Ana AS. A quantitative study on growth variability and production of ochratoxin A and its derivatives by A. carbonarius and A. niger in grape-based medium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14573. [PMID: 30275502 PMCID: PMC6167359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger are the main responsible fungi for the accumulation of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine grapes. Some strains are able to convert the parent mycotoxin into other compounds by means of hydrolysis and/or conjugation reactions through their defense mechanisms and enzymatic activity, leading to the formation of a modified mycotoxin. Thus, the variability of growth and metabolite production are inherent to the strain, occurring distinctively even when submitted to similar conditions. In this sense, this contribution aimed at determining the variability in multiplication and production of OTA by strains of A. carbonarius and A. niger isolated from grapes, as well as investigating the formation of modified mycotoxins. Strains were incubated in grape-based medium, and the diameter of the colonies measured daily. The determination of OTA was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the identification of modified mycotoxins was carried out using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Variabilities in terms of growth and OTA production were assessed across five different strains. Peak production of OTA was detected on day 15, and a decline on day 21 was observed, indicating that the observed reduction may be associated with the degradation or modification of the OTA over time by the fungus. Ethylamide ochratoxin A, a modified mycotoxin identified in this study, provides evidence that there may be underreporting of total mycotoxin levels in food, increasing uncertainty concerning health risks to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M Guerreiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur K R Pia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Estela O Lima
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo N Oliveira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos F O R Melo
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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43
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Freire L, Guerreiro TM, Caramês ETS, Lopes LS, Orlando EA, Pereira GE, Lima Pallone JA, Catharino RR, Sant'Ana AS. Influence of Maturation Stages in Different Varieties of Wine Grapes ( Vitis vinifera) on the Production of Ochratoxin A and Its Modified Forms by Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8824-8831. [PMID: 30048130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is the main contaminant mycotoxin of grapes produced mainly by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius. Besides, it is possible that the formation of modified mycotoxin occurs through the plant defense mechanism or also by fungus actions itself. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of grape variety and maturation stage on the formation of OTA and modified mycotoxin. The determination of OTA was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and a high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the detection of modified ochratoxin. A positive correlation was observed between the following grapes physicochemical parameters: pH, total soluble solids, total glycosides in glucose, total anthocyanin, and OTA levels produced by A. niger and A. carbonarius. Therefore, the higher the concentrations of these parameters, the greater the production of mycotoxin in grapes. Among the elected targets, we identified the 14-decarboxy-ochratoxin A in Muscat Italia variety at veraison and 15 days after the beginning of veraison stages; and ethylamide-ochratoxin A as a biomarker in the Syrah variety at the ripeness stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Tatiane M Guerreiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Elem T S Caramês
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Letícia S Lopes
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Orlando
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Giuliano E Pereira
- § Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Semiárido) , Petrolina , PE , Brazil
| | - Juliana A Lima Pallone
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
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Righetti L, Dellafiora L, Cavanna D, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Bruni R, Suman M, Dall’Asta C. Identification of acetylated derivatives of zearalenone as novel plant metabolites by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5583-5592. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Modified Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals and Their Products-Metabolism, Occurrence, and Toxicity: An Updated Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E963. [PMID: 29677133 PMCID: PMC6017960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to humans, animals and plants. Under the influence of various factors, mycotoxins may undergo modifications of their chemical structure. One of the methods of mycotoxin modification is a transformation occurring in plant cells or under the influence of fungal enzymes. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the natural occurrence of the most important trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals/cereal products, their metabolism, and the potential toxicity of the metabolites. Only very limited data are available for the majority of the identified mycotoxins. Most studies concern biologically modified trichothecenes, mainly deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, which is less toxic than its parent compound (deoxynivalenol). It is resistant to the digestion processes within the gastrointestinal tract and is not absorbed by the intestinal epithelium; however, it may be hydrolysed to free deoxynivalenol or deepoxy-deoxynivalenol by the intestinal microflora. Only one zearalenone derivative, zearalenone-14-glucoside, has been extensively studied. It appears to be more reactive than deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. It may be readily hydrolysed to free zearalenone, and the carbonyl group in its molecule may be easily reduced to α/β-zearalenol and/or other unspecified metabolites. Other derivatives of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are poorly characterised. Moreover, other derivatives such as glycosides of T-2 and HT-2 toxins have only recently been investigated; thus, the data related to their toxicological profile and occurrence are sporadic. The topics described in this study are crucial to ensure food and feed safety, which will be assisted by the provision of widespread access to such studies and obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
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Borzekowski A, Drewitz T, Keller J, Pfeifer D, Kunte HJ, Koch M, Rohn S, Maul R. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zearalenone-14-Sulfate, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside and Zearalenone-16-Glucoside Using Common Fungal Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030104. [PMID: 29494480 PMCID: PMC5869392 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its phase II sulfate and glucoside metabolites have been detected in food and feed commodities. After consumption, the conjugates can be hydrolyzed by the human intestinal microbiota leading to liberation of ZEN that implies an underestimation of the true ZEN exposure. To include ZEN conjugates in routine analysis, reliable standards are needed, which are currently not available. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a facilitated biosynthesis of ZEN-14-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside and ZEN-16-glucoside. A metabolite screening was conducted by adding ZEN to liquid fungi cultures of known ZEN conjugating Aspergillus and Rhizopus strains. Cultivation conditions and ZEN incubation time were varied. All media samples were analyzed for metabolite formation by HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, a consecutive biosynthesis was developed by using Fusarium graminearum for ZEN biosynthesis with subsequent conjugation of the toxin by utilizing Aspergillus and Rhizopus species. ZEN-14-sulfate (yield: 49%) is exclusively formed by Aspergillus oryzae. ZEN-14-glucoside (yield: 67%) and ZEN-16-glucoside (yield: 39%) are formed by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopusoligosporus, respectively. Purities of ≥73% ZEN-14-sulfate, ≥82% ZEN-14-glucoside and ≥50% ZEN-16-glucoside were obtained by ¹H-NMR. In total, under optimized cultivation conditions, fungi can be easily utilized for a targeted and regioselective synthesis of ZEN conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Borzekowski
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Drewitz
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julia Keller
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jörg Kunte
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ronald Maul
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Rolli E, Righetti L, Galaverna G, Suman M, Dall'Asta C, Bruni R. Zearalenone Uptake and Biotransformation in Micropropagated Triticum durum Desf. Plants: A Xenobolomic Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1523-1532. [PMID: 29368509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A model was set up to elucidate the uptake, translocation, and metabolic fate of zearalenone (ZEN) in durum wheat. After treatment with ZEN, roots and shoots were profiled with LC-HRMS. A comprehensive description of in planta ZEN biotransformation and a biotechnological evaluation of the model were obtained. Up to 200 μg ZEN were removed by each plantlet after 14 days. Most ZEN and its masked forms were retained in roots, while minimal amounts were detected in leaves. Sixty-two chromatographic peaks were obtained, resulting in 7 putative phase I and 18 putative phase II metabolites. ZEN16Glc and ZEN14Glc were most abundant in roots, sulfo-conjugates and zearalenol derivatives were unable to gain systemic distribution, while distinct isomers of malonyl conjugates were found in leaves and roots. This study underlines the potential ZEN occurrence in plants without an ongoing Fusarium infection. Micropropagation may represent a tool to investigate the interplay between mycotoxins and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Rolli
- Deparment of Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma , Via G.P. Usberti 11/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Suman
- Advanced Laboratory Research, Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA , via Mantova 166, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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Tian Y, Tan Y, Yan Z, Liao Y, Chen J, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Wu A. Antagonistic and Detoxification Potentials of Trichoderma Isolates for Control of Zearalenone (ZEN) Producing Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2710. [PMID: 29403455 PMCID: PMC5778118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi belonging to Fusarium genus can infect crops in the field and cause subsequent mycotoxin contamination, which leads to yield and quality losses of agricultural commodities. The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) produced by several Fusarium species (such as F. graminearum and F. culmorum) is a commonly-detected contaminant in foodstuffs, posing a tremendous risk to food safety. Thus, different strategies have been studied to manage toxigenic pathogens and mycotoxin contamination. In recent years, biological control of toxigenic fungi is emerging as an environment-friendly strategy, while Trichoderma is a fungal genus with great antagonistic potentials for controlling mycotoxin producing pathogens. The primary objective of this study was to explore the potentials of selected Trichoderma isolates on ZEN-producing F. graminearum, and the second aim was to investigate the metabolic activity of different Trichoderma isolates on ZEN. Three tested Trichoderma isolates were proved to be potential candidates for control of ZEN producers. In addition, we reported the capacity of Trichoderma to convert ZEN into its reduced and sulfated forms for the first time, and provided evidences that the tested Trichoderma could not detoxify ZEN via glycosylation. This provides more insight in the interaction between ZEN-producing fungi and Trichoderma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanglan Tan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Resources and Environment Sciences, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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49
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Modified mycotoxins: An updated review on their formation, detection, occurrence, and toxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:189-205. [PMID: 29158197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Modified mycotoxins are metabolites that normally remain undetected during the testing for parent mycotoxin. These modified forms of mycotoxins can be produced by fungi or generated as part of the defense mechanism of the infected plant. In some cases, they are formed during food processing. The various processing steps greatly affect mycotoxin levels present in the final product (free and modified), although the results are still controversial regarding the increase or reduction of these levels, being strongly related to the type of process and the composition of the food in question. Evidence exists that some modified mycotoxins can be converted into the parent mycotoxin during digestion in humans and animals, potentially leading to adverse health effects. Some of these formed compounds can be even more toxic, in case they have higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability than the parent mycotoxin. The modified mycotoxins can occur simultaneously with the free mycotoxin, and, in some cases, the concentration of modified mycotoxins may exceed the level of free mycotoxin in processed foods. Even though toxicological data are scarce, the possibility of modified mycotoxin conversion to its free form may result in a potential risk to human and animal health. This review aims to update information on the formation, detection, occurrence, and toxic effects caused by modified mycotoxin.
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50
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Righetti L, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Suman M, Bruni R, Dall’Asta C. Plant organ cultures as masked mycotoxin biofactories: Deciphering the fate of zearalenone in micropropagated durum wheat roots and leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187247. [PMID: 29145415 PMCID: PMC5690627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
"Masked mycotoxins" senso strictu are conjugates of mycotoxins resulting from metabolic pathways activated by the interplay between pathogenic fungi and infected plants. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp, was the first masked mycotoxin ever described in the literature, but its biotransformation has been studied to a lesser extent if compared to other compounds such as deoxynivalenol. We presented herein the first application of organ and tissue culture techniques to study the metabolic fate of zearalenone in durum wheat, using an untargeted HR-LCMS approach. A complete, quick absorption of zearalenone by uninfected plant organs was noticed, and its biotransformation into a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites has been depicted. Therefore, wheat organ tissue cultures can be effectively used as a biocatalytic tool for the production of masked mycotoxins, as well as a replicable model for the investigation of the interplay between mycotoxins and wheat physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Deparment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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