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Sasi Rekha V, Sankar K, Rajaram S, Karuppiah P, Dawoud TMS, Syed A, Elgorban AM. Unveiling the impact of additives on structural integrity, thermal and color stability of C-phycocyanin - Agar hydrocolloid. Food Chem 2024; 448:139000. [PMID: 38547706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin and sugar (C-PC/S) blended agar hydrocolloid was prepared and its rheological, thermo-functional and morphological properties were examined based on the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix profile. Sucrose (40%, w/v) determined as a superior preservative, maintaining the native conformation of C-PC effectively. C-PC/S exhibited enhanced structural integrity with high storage modulus (G') and 86.4% swelling index. FT-IR demonstrated strong intramolecular bonding. TGA revealed that the presence of sucrose prolonged the devolatilization peak up to 325 °C, with a degradation rate of -2.273 mg/min, it the thermal stability. C-PC/S fortified hydrocolloid in ice cream (5.0% w/w), reduced melting rate up to five times. In conclusion, sucrose as a promising enhancer of color stability and structural integrity for C-PC, and this combination effectively improves the functional and rheological properties. Further, the findings exposed the agar hydrocolloid as a potential enhancer of color retention and improved performance for various food and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sasi Rekha
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K.Vellakulam, 625701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikumar Sankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K.Vellakulam, 625701, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shyamkumar Rajaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K.Vellakulam, 625701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponmurugan Karuppiah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box - 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turkey M S Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box - 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box - 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Zamora R, Hidalgo FJ. Formation of phenazines, phenoxazines, and benzoxazoles in the browning reactions of o-quinones. Food Chem 2024; 445:138710. [PMID: 38364493 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Quinone-induced browning is widely produced in foods and is mostly considered a consequence of quinone/nucleophile reactions. However, even in the absence of amino acids or proteins, o-quinones develop browning. In an attempt to better understand the reaction pathways involved in this browning development, this study describes the reactions of 4-methyl-1,2-benzoquinone with alcohols, ammonia, and short chain aldehydes. These reaction mixtures developed browning at 37 °C and the main produced compounds were isolated by semipreparative HPLC and characterized by NMR and MS as phenazines, phenoxazines, and benzoxazoles. A reaction pathway that explains the formation of all these compounds is proposed. The formation of phenazines is responsible, at least partially, for the produced browning, and the formation of benzoxazoles inhibits such browning. Browning development seems to be a consequence of a competition among the reactions of formation of phenazines, phenoxazines, and benzoxazoles, which appear to be produced from a single intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Zamora
- Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Campus Universitario - Edificio 46, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Hidalgo
- Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Campus Universitario - Edificio 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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3
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Zhou J, Qi Z, Yi L, Zhang Y, Yan Z, Zhang J, Ge F, Li Y, Liu J. Enzymatic synthesis of Vaccinium blue using vaccinoside as a bifunctional precursor. Food Chem 2024; 439:138049. [PMID: 38134568 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Since Tang dynasty in China, the fresh leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum (VBL) have been applied as natural pigment to produce black rice. However, detailed information on its biosynthetic mechanism still remained unclear. Following rice dyeing capacity assay, vaccinoside, one of iridoid glycosides, was identified as the key active compound. Increased methodical research demonstrated vaccinoside as a distinct bifunctional precursor, which could be catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase or β-glucosidase independently, followed by reaction with 15 amino acids to give blue pigments (VBPs; λmax 581-590 nm) of different hues. Two synthetic pathways of VBPs were proposed, using multiple techniques such as HPLC, HPSEC, UV-Vis spectrum and colorimeter as analysis tools. Black rice was interpreted to be prepared by cooking, using vaccinoside, intrinsic enzymes from fresh VBL and rice protein in combination. These findings promote the understanding of VBP formation mechanisms and provide an efficient method of producing novel Vaccinium blue pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Zhou
- Suzhou Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyan Qi
- Suzhou Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hai-an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Hai-an 226000, China
| | - Ling Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Nantong 215123, China
| | - Zhaowei Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hai-an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Hai-an 226000, China.
| | - Yali Li
- Department of VIP Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - Jiangyun Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Nantong 215123, China.
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4
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Wang W, Yang P, Gao F, Wang Y, Xu Z, Liao X. Metal-free production of natural blue colorants through anthocyanin-protein interactions. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00080-8. [PMID: 38402948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The scarcity of naturally available sources for blue colorants has driven reliance on synthetic alternatives. Nevertheless, growing health concerns have prompted the development of naturally derived blue colorants, which remains challenging with limited success thus far. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are known for providing blue colors in plants, and metal complexation with acylated ACNs remains the primary strategy to generate stable blue hues. However, this approach can be costly and raise concerns regarding potential metal consumption risks. OBJECTIVES Our study aims to introduce a metal-free approach to achieve blue coloration in commonly distributed non-acylated 3-glucoside ACNs by exploring their interactions with proteins and unveiling the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Using human serum albumin (HSA) as a model protein, we investigated the structural influences of ACNs on their blue color generation using visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, and molecular simulations. Additionally, we examined the bluing effects of six proteins derived from milk and egg and identified the remarkable roles of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYS). RESULTS Our findings highlighted the importance of two or more hydroxyl or methoxyl substituents in the B-ring of ACNs for generating blue colors. Cyanidin-, delphinidin- and petunidin-3-glucoside, featuring two neighboring hydroxyl groups in the B-ring, exhibited blue coloration when interacting with HSA or LYS, driven primarily by favorable enthalpy changes. In contrast, malvidin-3-glucoside, with two methoxyl substituents, achieved blue coloration through interactions with HSA or BSA, where entropy change played significant roles. CONCLUSION Our work, for the first time, demonstrates the remarkable capability of widely distributed 3-glucoside ACNs to generate diverse blue shades through interactions with certain proteins. This offers a promising and straightforward strategy for the production of ACN-based blue colorants, stimulating further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peiqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuqing Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing, China.
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5
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Li Q, Zhang L, Liao W, Liu J, Gao Y. Effects of chitosan molecular weight and mass ratio with natural blue phycocyanin on physiochemical and structural stability of protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128508. [PMID: 38040145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (PC), an algae-extracted colorant, has extensive applications for its water-solubility and fresh blue shade. When PC is added to acidified media, dispersions are prone to aggregate and decolorize into cloudy systems. For palliating this matter, chitosan with high, medium, and low molecular weights (HMC, MMC, and LMC) were adopted in PC dispersions, and their protective effects were compared based on physiochemical stabilities. The optimal mass ratio between chitosan and PC was identified as 1:5 based on preliminary evaluations and was supported by the higher ζ-potential (31.0-32.1 mV), lower turbidity (39.6-43.6 NTU), and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results. Through interfacial and antioxidant capacity analyses, LMC was found to display a higher affinity to PC, which was also confirmed by SEM images and the maximum increase in transition temperature of their complex (155.70 °C) in DSC measurements. The mechanism of electrostatic interaction reinforced by hydrophobic effects and hydrogen bonding was elucidated by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Further comprehensive stability evaluations revealed that, without light exposure, LMC kept PC from internal secondary structure to external blueness luster to the maximum extent. While with light exposure, LMC was not so flexible as HMC, to protect chromophores from attack of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qike Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wenyan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jinfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Yanxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Maruoka K, Suzuki R, Kamishima T, Koseki Y, Ngoc Dao AT, Murafuji T, Kasai H. Total Synthesis of Azulene Derivative, a Blue Pigment Isolated from Lactarius indigo, and Colorant Application of Its Aqueous Dispersion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37437259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Safety concerns in the food industry have increased the demand for natural food colorants. However, the application ranges of natural blue colorants are insufficient because they are scarce in nature, and the currently available natural blue dyes are limited to water-soluble products. In this study, we investigated a fat-soluble azulene derivative isolated from the mushroom Lactarius indigo as a potential candidate for a natural blue colorant. We developed its first total synthesis, where the azulene skeleton was constructed from a pyridine derivative and an ethynyl group was converted into an isopropenyl group using zirconium complexes. Moreover, nanoparticles of the azulene derivative were prepared via reprecipitation method, and their colorant ability was investigated in aqueous solutions. The new candidate food colorant exhibited a deep-blue color in an organic solvent and aqueous dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Maruoka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuju Suzuki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kamishima
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Koseki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Anh Thi Ngoc Dao
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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7
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Zhuxin L, Biao Y, Badamkhand D, Yifan C, Honghong S, Xiao X, Mingqian T, Zhixiang W, Chongjiang C. Carboxylated chitosan improved the stability of phycocyanin under acidified conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123474. [PMID: 36720327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanin, a natural blue colorant, derived from Spirulina platensis, is now widely used in the food industry. However, its main drawbacks are loss of color and denature of structure in an acidic environment. In this study, carboxylated chitosan (0.1 %-1 % w/v) was chosen as an additive in acid-denatured phycocyanin for preserving phycocyanin's blue color and natural structure. Zeta-potential and particle size revealed that the carboxylated chitosan with high negative charge adsorbed on phycocyanin and provided stronger electrostatic repulsion to overcome the protein aggregation. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the carboxylated chitosan recovered the microenvironment of tetrapyrrole chromophores and β-subunits, which led the secondary structure changed and the trimers depolymerized into the monomers changed by the acidic environment. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed highly negatively charged carboxylated chitosan with the groups (NH2, COOH and OH) could restored the microenvironment of tetrapyrrole chromophores and β-subunits of phycocyanin, and interact with phycocyanin through hydrogen bonding, NH bonding, ionic bonding and van der Waals, which led to a change in secondary structure and depolymerization of trimers into monomers. Our study demonstrated the carboxylated chitosan played a beneficial role in recovering the structure of acid-denatured phycocyanin and its blue color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuxin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yuan Biao
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China.
| | - Dashnyam Badamkhand
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Cao Yifan
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Shan Honghong
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xu Xiao
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Tan Mingqian
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Wang Zhixiang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Cao Chongjiang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China.
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8
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Maronpot R, Ramot Y, Nyska A, Sproul C, Moore R, Koyanagi M, Chiba S, Nishino M, Hayashi SM. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study of dietary gardenia blue in Sprague Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113734. [PMID: 36935076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
In this combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of gardenia blue as a natural food color additive, Sprague Dawley rats were administered 0.5%, 2.5%, or 5.0% gardenia blue via the feed or carrier diet (0.0% gardenia blue) for 12 (chronic toxicity cohort) or 24 (carcinogenicity cohort) months. No abnormal clinical, ophthalmological, neurotoxicity or clinical pathology changes were attributed to treatment, and there was no increase in mortality due to gardenia blue exposure. The only treatment-related change was grossly observed blue discoloration of the stomach, intestines, and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as reversible dark discoloration of the kidneys all without associated histopathology. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for gardenia blue exposure via the diet for one or two years was determined to be 5.0% (2175.3 mg/kg body weight/day in male rats and 3075.4 mg/kg body weight/day in female rats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting, LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv and Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Christopher Sproul
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Rebecca Moore
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shuichi Chiba
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-8588, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishino
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sun S, Ye H, Liu H, Guo Y, Gao Z, Pan L, Li J, Bi X. Efficient Synthesis of 3-Mercaptoindoles via HI-Promoted Sulfenylation of Indoles with Sodium Sulfinates. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300002. [PMID: 36971064 PMCID: PMC10041381 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new direct sulfenylation method of indoles by sodium sulfinates and hydroiodic acid was developed giving variety of 3-sulfenylindoles in high yields under mild conditions without using any catalysts or other additives. In situ-generated RS-I species are supposed to be mainly responsible for the key electrophilic alkyl- or aryl-thiolation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Hexia Ye
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Junchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
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10
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Spence C. On the manipulation, and meaning(s), of color in food: A historical perspective. J Food Sci 2023; 88:5-20. [PMID: 36579463 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While there has long been public concern over the use of artificial/synthetic food colors, it should be remembered that food and drink products (e.g., red wine) have been purposefully colored for millennia. This narrative historical review highlights a number of reasons that food and drink have been colored, including to capture the shopper's visual attention through to signaling the likely taste/flavor. Over the course of the last century, there has, on occasion, also been interest in the playful, or sometimes even deliberately discombobulating, use of food coloring by modernist chefs and others. The coloring (or absence of color) of food and drink can, though, sometimes also take on more of a symbolic meaning, and, in a few cases, specific food colors may acquire a signature, or branded (i.e., semantic) association. That said, with food color being associated with so many different potential "meanings," it is an open question as to which meaning the consumer will associate with any given instance of color in food, and what role context may play in their decision. Laboratory-based sensory science research may not necessarily successfully capture the full range of meanings that may be associated with food color in the mind of the consumer. Nevertheless, it seems likely that food color will continue to play an important role in dictating consumer behavior in the years to come, even though the visual appearance of food is increasingly being mediated via technological means, including virtual and augmented reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Shkolnikov Lozober H, Okun Z, Parvari G, Shpigelman A. The Effect of Storage and Pasteurization (Thermal and High-Pressure) Conditions on the Stability of Phycocyanobilin and Phycobiliproteins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030568. [PMID: 36978816 PMCID: PMC10045346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of natural blue pigments in foods is difficult as they are usually unstable during processing and the commonly applied pH. The current study focuses on natural blue pigment, possessing antioxidant properties, found in Arthrospira platensis (spirulina), and phycobiliproteins (PBP). These pigments are a complex of conjugated protein and non-protein components, known as phycocyanobilin. PBP has low stability during pasteurization (high-pressure or heat treatments), resulting in protein denaturation and color deterioration that limits the application. The phycocyanobilin pigment might also be liable to oxidation during pasteurization and storage, resulting in color deterioration. Yet, the instability of the pigment phycocyanobilin during the pasteurization process and storage conditions was never studied before, limiting the comprehensive understanding of the reasons for PBP instability. In this study, the stability of phycocyanobilin under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions was compared to the stability of phycobiliproteins. We revealed that phycobiliproteins have a higher color deterioration rate at 70–80 °C than at high-pressure (300–600 MPa) whereas phycocyanobilin remained stable during high-pressure and heat processing. During storage at pH 7, phycocyanobilin was oxidized, and the oxidation rate increased with increasing pH, while at lower pH phycocyanobilin had low solubility and resulted in aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Shkolnikov Lozober
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zoya Okun
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Galit Parvari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Avi Shpigelman
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zebiri I, Jacquette B, Francezon N, Herbaut M, Latigui A, Bricaud S, Tremblay R, Pasetto P, Mouget JL, Dittmer J. The Polysaccharidic Nature of the Skeleton of Marennine as Determined by NMR Spectroscopy. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21010042. [PMID: 36662215 PMCID: PMC9865362 DOI: 10.3390/md21010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble blue-green pigment marennine, produced and partly excreted by the diatom Haslea ostrearia, and known for a long time for its role in the greening of oysters, was isolated from the culture medium, purified, and analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in order to gain insight into its chemical structure. The spectra show mainly carbohydrates of a complex composition, apparently highly branched, and with a mass in the order of 10 kDa. There are, in addition, some signals of aliphatic and, much weaker, aromatic groups that present aglycons. The latter might be responsible for the color. These carbohydrates are always associated with the blue-green color and cannot be separated from it by most treatments; they are interpreted as constituting the frame of the pigment. NMR after hydrolysis identifies the most abundant monosaccharides in marennine as galactose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose, and fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Zebiri
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement (BiOSSE), Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Boris Jacquette
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Nellie Francezon
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement (BiOSSE), Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Mickaël Herbaut
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement (BiOSSE), Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Amina Latigui
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Sullivan Bricaud
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Pamela Pasetto
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Jean-Luc Mouget
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement (BiOSSE), Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Jens Dittmer
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
- Correspondence: (J.D.)
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13
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A review of recent strategies to improve the physical stability of phycocyanin. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2329-2337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Natural Substrates and Culture Conditions to Produce Pigments from Potential Microbes in Submerged Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pigments from bacteria, fungi, yeast, cyanobacteria, and microalgae have been gaining more demand in the food, leather, and textile industries due to their natural origin and effective bioactive functions. Mass production of microbial pigments using inexpensive and ecofriendly agro-industrial residues is gaining more demand in the current research due to their low cost, natural origin, waste utilization, and high pigment stimulating characteristics. A wide range of natural substrates has been employed in submerged fermentation as carbon and nitrogen sources to enhance the pigment production from these microorganisms to obtain the required quantity of pigments. Submerged fermentation is proven to yield more pigment when added with agro-waste residues. Hence, in this review, aspects of potential pigmented microbes such as diversity, natural substrates that stimulate more pigment production from bacteria, fungi, yeast, and a few microalgae under submerged culture conditions, pigment identification, and ecological functions are detailed for the benefit of industrial personnel, researchers, and other entrepreneurs to explore pigmented microbes for multifaceted applications. In addition, some important aspects of microbial pigments are covered herein to disseminate the knowledge.
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15
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Ghosh S, Sarkar T, Chakraborty R, Shariati MA, Simal-Gandara J. Nature's palette: An emerging frontier for coloring dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1508-1552. [PMID: 36066466 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2117785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Consumers all across the world are looking for the most delectable and appealing foods, while also demanding products that are safer, more nutritious, and healthier. Substitution of synthetic colorants with natural colorants has piqued consumer and market interest in recent years. Due to increasing demand, extensive research has been conducted to find natural and safe food additives, such as natural pigments, that may have health benefits. Natural colorants are made up of a variety of pigments, many of which have significant biological potential. Because of the promising health advantages, natural colorants are gaining immense interest in the dairy industry. This review goes over the use of various natural colorants in dairy products which can provide desirable color as well as positive health impacts. The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth look into the field of food (natural or synthetic) colorants applied in dairy products as well as their potential health benefits, safety, general trends, and future prospects in food science and technology. In this paper, we listed a plethora of applications of natural colorants in various milk-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Ghosh
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Research Department, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, E32004, Spain
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16
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Li Z, Zhang J, Yin S, Xi G. Toxicity effect of the edible pigment carmoisine on Polyrhachis vicina Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1009-1022. [PMID: 35792963 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carmoisine belongs to a water-soluble synthetic dye and is often used as a food additive. Previous research has shown that carmoisine is toxic to rats and zebrafish, but there have been few reports on the effect of carmoisine on soil-dwelling social insects. The present study evaluated carmoisine toxicity in Polyrhachis vicina Roger. We found that the effects of different concentrations of carmoisine on the mortality of workers were dose-dependent. The 10% lethal dose (LD10), 50% lethal dose (LD50) and 90% lethal dose (LD90) of carmoisine to workers at 96 h was calculated to be 0.504, 5.491 and 10.478 g/L, respectivily. LD10 of workers were selected to treat the fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults for 10 days. The results showed that the survival rate of all ants, except for females, was significantly reduced, especially larvae and workers. The body weight of larvae, pupae and males decreased significantly, while weight gain was observed in the females and workers. The appearance of larvae, pupae and workers changed after carmoisine treatment, such as body darkening and epidermis shrinking of larvae and pupae, as well as body segment expansion of workers. Furthermore, carmoisine altered the expression of the estrogen-related receptor, tailless and homothorax of P. vicina (Pv-ERR, Pv-tll and Pv-hth) to varying degrees in larvae and adults. We believe that variations in body weight can lead to a decrease in survival rate and appearance changes in the ants, which may be related to abnormal gene expressions caused by carmoisine treatment. Therefore, we confirm that carmoisine has negative effects on the growth and development of P. vicina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shaoting Yin
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gengsi Xi
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China.
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17
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Faieta M, Toong C, Corradini MG, Ludescher RD, Pittia P. Degradation kinetics of C-Phycocyanin under isothermal and dynamic thermal treatments. Food Chem 2022; 382:132266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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18
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Miyata R, Sano H, Hoshino S, Kumazawa S. Thermostability and catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitory activity of acylated anthocyanins from purple yam. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:916-921. [PMID: 35467722 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The thermostability of purple yam was investigated to be used as natural colorants. In addition, the inhibitory properties of purple yam and its isolated anthocyanins toward human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's disease and depression, were also investigated. The thermostability of purple yam was higher than that of the reference samples (purple sweet potato and purple potato). Quantitative HPLC analysis revealed that alatanin A (2) contributed to the thermostability of purple yam. Methanol extracts of purple yam exhibited the highest COMT inhibitory activity of the tested samples. Alatanin D (1) showed the highest inhibitory activity of the anthocyanins in purple yam (IC50 19 µM). This study revealed the thermostability and COMT inhibitory activity of purple yam and may lead to its use not only as a thermostable natural source of colorants, but also for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyata
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sara Hoshino
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kumazawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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19
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Insight into the Progress on Natural Dyes: Sources, Structural Features, Health Effects, Challenges, and Potential. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103291. [PMID: 35630767 PMCID: PMC9144664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Dyes play an important role in food, medicine, textile, and other industries, which make human life more colorful. With the increasing demand for food safety, the development of natural dyes becomes more and more attractive. (2) Methods: The literature was searched using the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SciFinder and this scoping review was carried out following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). (3) Results: 248 articles were included in this review. This review summarizes the research progress on natural dyes in the last ten years. According to structural features, natural dyes mainly include carotenoids, polyphenols, porphyrins, and alkaloids, and some of the newest dyes are summarized. Some pharmacological activities of carotenoids, anthocyanin, curcumin, and betalains in the last 10 years are summarized, and the biological effects of dyes regarding illumination conditions. The disadvantages of natural dyes, including sources, cost, stability, and poor bioavailability, limit their application. Here, some feasible strategies (potential resources, biotechnology, new extraction and separation strategies, strategies for improving stability) are described, which will contribute to the development and utilization of natural dyes. (4) Conclusion: Natural dyes show health benefits and potential in food additives. However, it is necessary for natural dyes to pass toxicity tests and quality tests and receive many regulatory approvals before their final entry into the market as food colorants or as drugs.
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20
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Benucci I, Lombardelli C, Mazzocchi C, Esti M. Natural colorants from vegetable food waste: Recovery, regulatory aspects, and stability—A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2715-2737. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Benucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Claudio Lombardelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Caterina Mazzocchi
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Marco Esti
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
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21
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Novais C, Molina AK, Abreu RMV, Santo-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Pereira C, Barros L. Natural Food Colorants and Preservatives: A Review, a Demand, and a Challenge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2789-2805. [PMID: 35201759 PMCID: PMC9776543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The looming urgency of feeding the growing world population along with the increasing consumers' awareness and expectations have driven the evolution of food production systems and the processes and products applied in the food industry. Although substantial progress has been made on food additives, the controversy in which some of them are still shrouded has encouraged research on safer and healthier next generations. These additives can come from natural sources and confer numerous benefits for health, beyond serving the purpose of coloring or preserving, among others. As limiting factors, these additives are often related to stability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness issues, which justify the need for innovative solutions. In this context, and with the advances witnessed in computers and computational methodologies for in silico experimental aid, the development of new safer and more efficient natural additives with dual functionality (colorant and preservative), for instance by the copigmentation phenomena, may be achieved more efficiently, circumventing the current difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Novais
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adriana K. Molina
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui M. V. Abreu
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celestino Santo-Buelga
- Grupo
de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia,
Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad
de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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22
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Hu D, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Li W, Guo Y, Zhang R, Yang X, Peng H. Load phycocyanin to achieve in vivo imaging of casein-porous starch microgels induced by ultra-high-pressure homogenization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:127-136. [PMID: 34699889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional bioactive substances are often limited in practical application due to their poor stability and low solubility. Therefore, it is imperative to develop biocompatible high loading microgel carriers. In this study, a novel type of casein-porous starch microgel was prepared under ultra-high-pressure homogenization, by using porous starch with the honeycomb three-dimensional network porous structure. Molecular interaction force analysis and thermodynamic analysis showed that electrostatic interaction played a major role in the formation of microgels. Circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that homogenization and pH were the main factors, which affected the formation and structural stability of microgels. Compared with casein-glutinous rice starch microgels, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of phycocyanin in casein-porous starch microgels were increased by 77.27% and 135.10%, respectively. Thus, casein-porous starch microgels could not only achieve a sustained release effect, but also effectively transport phycocyanin to the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish, while achieving good fluorescence imaging in vivo. Ultimately, the prepared casein-porous starch microgels could enrich the nanocarriers material, and contribute to the research of safe and effective fluorescent imaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China.
| | - Li Yuan
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Wenjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Yurong Guo
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Runguang Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Hailong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China.
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23
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Fu X, Wu Q, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhu Z. Spectral Characteristic, Storage Stability and Antioxidant Properties of Anthocyanin Extracts from Flowers of Butterfly Pea ( Clitoria ternatea L.). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227000. [PMID: 34834097 PMCID: PMC8622631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins from flowers of the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) are promising edible blue food colorants. Food processing often faces extreme pHs and temperatures, which greatly affects the color and nutritional values of anthocyanins. This study explored the color, spectra, storage stability, and antioxidant properties of C. ternatea anthocyanin extract (CTAE) at different pHs. The color and absorption spectra of CTAEs at a pH of 0.5–13 were shown, with their underlying structures analyzed. Then, the storage stability of CTAEs were explored under a combination of pHs and temperatures. The stability of CTAE declines with the increase in temperature, and it can be stored stably for months at 4 °C. CTAEs also bear much resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions but exhibit higher thermal stability at pH 7 (blue) than at pH 0.5 (magenta) or pH 10 (blue-green), which is a great advantage in food making. Antioxidant abilities for flower extracts from the butterfly pea were high at pH 4–7, as assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assays, and decreased sharply when the pH value exceeded 7. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the application of butterfly pea flowers and imply their great prospect in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Fu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.F.); (Q.W.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.F.); (Q.W.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Yanli Chen
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.F.); (Q.W.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.F.); (Q.W.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.F.); (Q.W.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Toure MW, Reader SM. Colour biases in learned foraging preferences in Trinidadian guppies. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wyatt Toure
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
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25
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Ren S, Jiménez-Flores R, Giusti MM. The interactions between anthocyanin and whey protein: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5992-6011. [PMID: 34622535 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACN) are natural pigments that produce bright red, blue, and purple colors in plants and can be used to color food products. However, ACN sensitivity to different factors limits their applications in the food industry. Whey protein (WP), a functional nutritional additive, has been shown to interact with ACN and improve the color, stability, antioxidant capacity, bioavailability, and other functional properties of the ACN-WP complex. The WP's secondary structure is expected to unfold due to heat treatment, which may increase its binding affinity with ACN. Different ACN structures will also have different binding affinity with WP and their interaction mechanism may also be different. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy show that the WP secondary structure changes after binding with ACN. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows that the WP maximum fluorescence emission wavelength shifts, and the fluorescence intensity decreases after interaction with ACN. Moreover, thermodynamic analysis suggests that the ACN-WP binding forces are mainly hydrophobic interactions, although there is also evidence of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between ACN and WP. In this review, we summarize the information available on ACN-WP interactions under different conditions and discuss the impact of different ACN chemical structures and of WP conformation changes on the affinity between ACN and WP. This summary helps improve our understanding of WP protection of ACN against color degradation, thus providing new tools to improve ACN color stability and expanding the applications of ACN and WP in the food and pharmacy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ren
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Monica Giusti
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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26
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Khan IS, Ali S, Dar KB, Murtaza M, Ali MN, Ganie SA, Dar SA. Toxicological analysis of synthetic dye orange red on expression of NFκB-mediated inflammatory markers in Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2626-2636. [PMID: 34555984 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1979579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Orange red is a food and cosmetic coloring agent made by the amalgamation of two azo dyes carmoisine and sunset yellow.The current study demonstrates the effect of different concentrations of orange red on antioxidant status, inflammatory biomarkers (TNFα, IFNγ, IL1β, IL6, COX-2, iNOS, and NFκB/p65), biochemical enzymes, and liver histology. In totality, 25 male Wistar rats were procured and arbitrarily alienated into 5 different groups each with 5 animals. Group I was taken as the control. Groups II-V were designated as treatment groups. Groups II and III were administered with (5 and 25 mg/kg b.wt.) and groups IV and V with (150 and 300 mg/kg b.wt.) of orange red via oral gavage for 30 days. It was observed that both low and high concentrations of orange red (25, 150, and 300 mg/kg) remarkably augmented the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL1β, and IL6) and the protein and gene expression of COX-2, iNOS, and NFκB/p65. A significant decrease in glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxidase dismutase, and catalase activity was observed with increasing concentration of orange red. Furthermore, an increase in the level of several vital biochemical parameters and damage severity to hepatic tissue was also found dose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Shafi Khan
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Shafat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Mohd Murtaza
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Md Niamat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
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27
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Li W, Li J, Xu Y, Huang Y, Xu S, Ou Z, Long X, Li X, Liu X, Xiao Z, Huang J, Chen W. Expression of heat-resistant β-glucosidase in Escherichia coli and its application in the production of gardenia blue. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:216-223. [PMID: 34504963 PMCID: PMC8390534 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardenia blue is a natural blue pigment that is environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and stable. The hydrolysis of geniposide, catalyzed by β-glucosidase, is a critical step in the production process of gardenia blue. However, β-glucosidase is not resistant to high temperatures, limiting the production of gardenia blue. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a heat-resistant glucosidase obtained from Thermotoga maritima in the production of gardenia blue. The enzyme exhibited a maximum activity of 10.60 U/mL at 90 °C. Single-factor and orthogonal analyses showed that exogenously expressed heat-resistant glucosidase reacted with 470.3 μg/mL geniposide and 13.5 μg/mL glycine at 94.2 °C, producing a maximum yield of 26.2857 μg/mL of gardenia blue after 156.6 min. When applied to the dyeing of denim, gardenia blue produced by this method yielded excellent results; the best color-fastness was achieved when an iron ion mordant was used. This study revealed the feasibility and application potential of microbial production of gardenia blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jielin Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shuqi Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zirui Ou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoli Long
- Health Science Center School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zening Xiao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weizhao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Microbial Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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28
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Yang R, Ma T, Shi L, Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang F, Wang Z, Zhou Z. The formation of phycocyanin-EGCG complex for improving the color protection stability exposing to light. Food Chem 2021; 370:130985. [PMID: 34537426 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (PC) is a natural pigment-protein complex in food dye applications. In this study, a phycocyanin-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) complex (PE) was prepared and the effects of EGCG on the structure and color stability of PC were evaluated. The fluorescence results showed that the binding number n was 62.1 ± 3.41 (EGCG/PC) and the binding constant K was 4.39 (±0.2) × 105 M-1, indicating a weak-binding interaction. Fourier transform-infrared analysis showed that EGCG caused structural changes in PC by partially uncoiling α-helix and increasing β-sheet content. The EGCG induced a PC association at a reaction molar ratio above 40:1 (EGCG/PC). Moreover, EGCG protected phycocyanobilin against color fading, making PE more stable relative to PC under 8-days storage in light. This study provides a novel scheme to stabilize PC by forming a complex with polyphenols, which will facilitate the PC application as a natural blue pigment in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Tianhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lina Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiaoe Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fenglu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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29
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Natural blue food colorants: Consumer acceptance, current alternatives, trends, challenges, and future strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Lin J, Wang Z, Meng H, Guo X. Genipin crosslinked gum arabic: Synthesis, characterization, and emulsification properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Natural blue food colorants: Consumer acceptance, current alternatives, trends, challenges, and future strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.023%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Kamo T, Eki T, Hirose Y. Pressurized Liquid Extraction of a Phycocyanobilin Chromophore and Its Reconstitution with a Cyanobacteriochrome Photosensor for Efficient Isotopic Labeling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:334-347. [PMID: 33386854 PMCID: PMC8112840 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linear tetrapyrrole compounds (bilins) are chromophores of the phytochrome and cyanobacteriochrome classes of photosensors and light-harvesting phycobiliproteins. Various spectroscopic techniques, such as resonance Raman, Fourier transform-infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, have been used to elucidate the structures underlying their remarkable spectral diversity, in which the signals are experimentally assigned to specific structures using isotopically labeled bilin. However, current methods for isotopic labeling of bilins require specialized expertise, time-consuming procedures and/or expensive reagents. To address these shortcomings, we established a method for pressurized liquid extraction of phycocyanobilin (PCB) from the phycobiliprotein powder Lina Blue and also the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis). PCB was efficiently cleaved in ethanol with three extractions (5 min each) under nitrogen at 125�C and 100 bars. A prewash at 75�C was effective for removing cellular pigments of Synechocystis without PCB cleavage. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry suggested that PCB was cleaved in the C3-E (majority) and C3-Z (partial) configurations. 15N- and 13C/15N-labeled PCBs were prepared from Synechocystis cells grown with NaH13CO3 and/or Na15NO3, the concentrations of which were optimized based on cell growth and pigmentation. Extracted PCB was reconstituted with a recombinant apoprotein of the cyanobacteriochrome-class photosensor RcaE. Yield of the photoactive holoprotein was improved by optimization of the expression conditions and cell disruption in the presence of Tween 20. Our method can be applied for the isotopic labeling of other PCB-binding proteins and for the commercial production of non-labeled PCB for food, cosmetic and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Kamo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Eki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
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33
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Francezon N, Herbaut M, Bardeau JF, Cougnon C, Bélanger W, Tremblay R, Jacquette B, Dittmer J, Pouvreau JB, Mouget JL, Pasetto P. Electrochromic Properties and Electrochemical Behavior of Marennine, a Bioactive Blue-Green Pigment Produced by the Marine Diatom Haslea ostrearia. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040231. [PMID: 33921595 PMCID: PMC8073169 DOI: 10.3390/md19040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marennine has long been known as the unique peculiar pigment responsible for the natural greening of oysters. It is specifically produced by the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia and it is a natural blue molecule indeed promising for food industry because of the rarity of such non-toxic, blue-colored pigments. In the search for its still not defined molecular structure, investigation of the color changes with the redox state has been carried out combining different approaches. Reducing and oxidizing chemicals have been added to purified marennine solutions and a stable blue-green color has been confirmed for the oxidized state, while a yellow color corresponded to the reduced unstable state. Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor changes in the Raman spectra corresponding to the different colored states, and cyclic voltammetry has allowed the detection of a redox system in which protons and electrons are exchanged. These findings show that marennine is a suitable stable blue pigment for use in food applications and help in the elucidation of the chromophore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie Francezon
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Mickaël Herbaut
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Jean-François Bardeau
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Charles Cougnon
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200 Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, Bâtiment K, Boulevard Lavoisier, CEDEX, 49045 Angers, France
| | - William Bélanger
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Boris Jacquette
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Jens Dittmer
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- EA 1157, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales (LBPV), Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Luc Mouget
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Pamela Pasetto
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
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34
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Denish PR, Fenger JA, Powers R, Sigurdson GT, Grisanti L, Guggenheim KG, Laporte S, Li J, Kondo T, Magistrato A, Moloney MP, Riley M, Rusishvili M, Ahmadiani N, Baroni S, Dangles O, Giusti M, Collins TM, Didzbalis J, Yoshida K, Siegel JB, Robbins RJ. Discovery of a natural cyan blue: A unique food-sourced anthocyanin could replace synthetic brilliant blue. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/15/eabe7871. [PMID: 33827818 PMCID: PMC8026139 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The color of food is critical to the food and beverage industries, as it influences many properties beyond eye-pleasing visuals including flavor, safety, and nutritional value. Blue is one of the rarest colors in nature's food palette-especially a cyan blue-giving scientists few sources for natural blue food colorants. Finding a natural cyan blue dye equivalent to FD&C Blue No. 1 remains an industry-wide challenge and the subject of several research programs worldwide. Computational simulations and large-array spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the 3D chemical structure, color expression, and stability of this previously uncharacterized cyan blue anthocyanin-based colorant. Synthetic biology and computational protein design tools were leveraged to develop an enzymatic transformation of red cabbage anthocyanins into the desired anthocyanin. More broadly, this research demonstrates the power of a multidisciplinary strategy to solve a long-standing challenge in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R Denish
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory T Sigurdson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Luca Grisanti
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sara Laporte
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Julia Li
- Mars Wrigley, Hackettstown, NJ 07840, USA
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Mary Riley
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mariami Rusishvili
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neda Ahmadiani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Centre d'Innovació, Recerca I Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments, CERTA-UAB Tecnio Grup, XIA-UAB, Animal and Food Science Department, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Stefano Baroni
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Monica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - John Didzbalis
- Mars Advanced Research Institute, Mars, Incorporated, Hackettstown, NJ 07840, USA
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Justin B Siegel
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA
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35
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Spence C. What's the Story With Blue Steak? On the Unexpected Popularity of Blue Foods. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638703. [PMID: 33737898 PMCID: PMC7960775 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Is blue food desirable or disgusting? The answer, it would seem, is both, but it really depends on the food in which the color happens to be present. It turns out that the oft-cited aversive response to blue meat may not even have been scientifically validated, despite the fact that blue food coloring is often added to discombobulate diners. In the case of drinks, however, there has been a recent growth of successful new blue product launches in everything from beer to tea, and from wine to gin, arguing that coloring food products blue is more than simply a contemporary fad. In fact, the current interest in blue food coloring builds on the color's earlier appearance in everything from blue curacao to blue-raspberry candyfloss (cotton candy), and thereafter a number of soft drinks. Over the years, the combination of blue coloring with raspberry flavoring has also appeared in everything from bubble-gum to patriotic pop rocks (popping candy in The United States). Ultimately, it is the rarity of naturally-blue foods that is likely what makes this color so special. As such, blue food coloring can both work effectively to attract the visual attention of the shopper while, at the same time, being linked to a range of different flavors (since this is one of the few color-flavor mappings that are essentially arbitrary) depending on the food format in which it happens to appear. Note also that the basic descriptor "blue" covers a wide range of hues having a range of different associations, hence eliciting different reactions (be they positive or negative). While blue was once associated with artificiality, a growing number of natural blue food colorings have come onto the market in recent years thus perhaps changing the dominant associations that many consumers may have with this most unusual of food colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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36
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Ethanol addition elevates cell respiratory activity and causes overproduction of natural yellow pigments in submerged fermentation of Monascus purpureus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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37
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A techno-economic evaluation for the genipin recovery from Genipa americana L. employing non-thermal and thermal high-intensity ultrasound treatments. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Improvement of the storage stability of C-phycocyanin in beverages by high-pressure processing. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Santos MCD, Bicas JL. Natural blue pigments and bikaverin. Microbiol Res 2020; 244:126653. [PMID: 33302226 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In last years, the main studied microbial sources of natural blue pigments have been the eukaryotic algae, Rhodophytes and Cryptophytes, and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, responsible for the production of phycocyanin, one of the most important blue compounds approved for food and cosmetic use. Recent research also includes the indigoidine pigment from the bacteria Erwinia, Streptomyces and Photorhabdus. Despite these advances, there are still few options of microbial blue pigments reported so far, but the interest in these products is high due to the lack of stable natural blue pigments in nature. Filamentous fungi are particularly attractive for their ability to produce pigments with a wide range of colors. Bikaverin is a red metabolite present mainly in species of the genus Fusarium. Although originally red, the biomass containing bikaverin changes its color to blue after heat treatment, through a mechanism still unknown. In addition to the special behavior of color change by thermal treatment, bikaverin has beneficial biological properties, such as antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities, which can expand its use for the pharmaceutical and medical sectors. The present review addresses the production natural blue pigments and focuses on the properties of bikaverin, which can be an important source of blue pigment with potential applications in the food industry and in other industrial sectors.
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40
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Campos Assumpção de Amarante M, Cavalcante Braga AR, Sala L, Juliano Kalil S. Colour stability and antioxidant activity of C-phycocyanin-added ice creams after in vitro digestion. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Ghosh T, Mondal A, Vyas A, Mishra S. A ‘one–tube’ synthesis of a selective fluorescence ‘turn off/on’ DNA probe based on a C-phycocyanin-graphene oxide (CPC-GO) bio composite. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:977-984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Marques F, Luzhetskyy A, Mendes MV. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum with a comprehensive genomic library and phage-based vectors. Metab Eng 2020; 62:221-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Jurić S, Jurić M, Król-Kilińska Ż, Vlahoviček-Kahlina K, Vinceković M, Dragović-Uzelac V, Donsì F. Sources, stability, encapsulation and application of natural pigments in foods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1837862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Jurić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Jurić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Żaneta Król-Kilińska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marko Vinceković
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Verica Dragović-Uzelac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Francesco Donsì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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44
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Banerjee D, Eng T, Lau AK, Sasaki Y, Wang B, Chen Y, Prahl JP, Singan VR, Herbert RA, Liu Y, Tanjore D, Petzold CJ, Keasling JD, Mukhopadhyay A. Genome-scale metabolic rewiring improves titers rates and yields of the non-native product indigoidine at scale. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5385. [PMID: 33097726 PMCID: PMC7584609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High titer, rate, yield (TRY), and scalability are challenging metrics to achieve due to trade-offs between carbon use for growth and production. To achieve these metrics, we take the minimal cut set (MCS) approach that predicts metabolic reactions for elimination to couple metabolite production strongly with growth. We compute MCS solution-sets for a non-native product indigoidine, a sustainable pigment, in Pseudomonas putida KT2440, an emerging industrial microbe. From the 63 solution-sets, our omics guided process identifies one experimentally feasible solution requiring 14 simultaneous reaction interventions. We implement a total of 14 genes knockdowns using multiplex-CRISPRi. MCS-based solution shifts production from stationary to exponential phase. We achieve 25.6 g/L, 0.22 g/l/h, and ~50% maximum theoretical yield (0.33 g indigoidine/g glucose). These phenotypes are maintained from batch to fed-batch mode, and across scales (100-ml shake flasks, 250-ml ambr®, and 2-L bioreactors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Banerjee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas Eng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew K Lau
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jan-Philip Prahl
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Biofuel and Bioproduct Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robin A Herbert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuzhong Liu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deepti Tanjore
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Biofuel and Bioproduct Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- QB3 Institute, University of California-Berkeley, 5885 Hollis Street, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, 2970, Horsholm, Denmark
- Synthetic Biochemistry Center, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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45
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Abbaspourrad A. Improvement of the colloidal stability of phycocyanin in acidified conditions using whey protein-phycocyanin interactions. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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Prado JM, Veggi PC, Náthia-Neves G, Meireles MAA. Extraction Methods for Obtaining Natural Blue Colorants. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181115125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Blue is a color not often present in food. Even so, it is especially attractive
to children. Today, most blue coloring agents used by the food industry are synthetic. With increasing
health issues concern by the scientific community and the general population, there is a trend to look
for natural alternatives to most synthetic products. There only exist few natural blue colorants, which
are presented in a literature survey, along with the methods currently used for their recovery from
natural sources. The best extraction methods and process parameters for the extraction of blue anthocyanins,
iridoids and phycocyanin are discussed.
Methods:
A literature survey was conducted to detect the main sources of blue colorants found in nature.
The focus was on the extraction methods used to recover such molecules, with the objective of
finding efficient and environmentally safe techniques for application at industrial level, and, thus, allowing
the production of natural blue colorants at scale high enough for food industry consumption.
Results:
The main natural blue colorants found in literature are anthocyanins, phycocyanin, and genipin.
While anthocyanins can be recovered from a variety of plants, the source of phycocyanin are
algae, and genipin can be obtained specifically from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana
L. Several extraction techniques have been applied to recover blue colorants from such sources,
from classical methods using organic solvents, to more sophisticated technologies as ultrasoundassisted
extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure extraction,
and enzyme-assisted extraction.
Conclusion:
There is great potential for anthocyanins, phycocyanin and genipin use as natural food
additives with health benefits, besides imparting color. However, the technologies for the colorants
recovery and application are not mature enough. Therefore, this area is still developing, and it is necessary
to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed extraction processes, along with the safety
and acceptance of colored food using these additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Prado
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C. Veggi
- Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), School of Chemical Engineering, 210 Sao Nicolau Street, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Náthia-Neves
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Angela A. Meireles
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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47
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Freitas-Dörr BC, Machado CO, Pinheiro AC, Fernandes AB, Dörr FA, Pinto E, Lopes-Ferreira M, Abdellah M, Sá J, Russo LC, Forti FL, Gonçalves LCP, Bastos EL. A metal-free blue chromophore derived from plant pigments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0421. [PMID: 32284978 PMCID: PMC7124932 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Blue natural pigments are rare, especially among plants. However, flowering species that evolved to attract Hymenoptera pollinators are colored by blue anthocyanin-metal complexes. Plants lacking anthocyanins are pigmented by betalains but are unable to produce blue hues. By extending the π-system of betalains, we designed a photostable and metal-free blue dye named BeetBlue that did not show toxicity to human hepatic and retinal pigment epithelial cells and does not affect zebrafish embryonal development. This chiral dye can be conveniently synthesized from betalamic acid obtained from hydrolyzed red beetroot juice or by enzymatic oxidation of l-dopa. BeetBlue is blue in the solid form and in solution of acidified polar molecular solvents, including water. Its capacity to dye natural matrices makes BeetBlue the prototype of a new class of low-cost bioinspired chromophores suitable for a myriad of applications requiring a blue hue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Freitas-Dörr
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C. O. Machado
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. C. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. B. Fernandes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F. A. Dörr
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E. Pinto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (Center for Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling/CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Abdellah
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - J. Sá
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - L. C. Russo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F. L. Forti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L. C. P. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E. L. Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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48
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de Mejia EG, Zhang Q, Penta K, Eroglu A, Lila MA. The Colors of Health: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Market Demand for Colorful Foods and Natural Food Sources of Colorants. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:145-182. [PMID: 32126181 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing consumer demand for natural colors in foods. However, there is a limited number of available natural food sources for use by the food industry because of technical and regulatory limitations. Natural colors are less stable and have less vibrant hues compared to their synthetic color counterparts. Natural pigments also have known health benefits that are seldom leveraged by the food industry. Betalains, carotenoids, phycocyanins, and anthocyanins are major food colorants used in the food industry that have documented biological effects, particularly in the prevention and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The color industry needs new sources of stable, functional, and safe natural food colorants. New opportunities include sourcing new colors from microbial sources and via the use of genetic biotechnology. In all cases, there is an imperative need for toxicological evaluation to pave the way for their regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kayla Penta
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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García-López DA, Olguín EJ, González-Portela RE, Sánchez-Galván G, De Philippis R, Lovitt RW, Llewellyn CA, Fuentes-Grünewald C, Parra Saldívar R. A novel two-phase bioprocess for the production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima LJGR1 at pilot plant scale during different seasons and for phycocyanin induction under controlled conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122548. [PMID: 31837580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A two-phase outdoor cultivation bioprocess for Arthrospira maxima LJGR1 combined with phycocyanin induction in concentrated cultures under controlled conditions was evaluated using a modified low-cost Zarrouk medium. Growth was monitored during 4 cycles in 2018 and 4 cycles in 2019. Biomass was harvested and concentrated using membrane technology at the end of each cycle for further phycocyanin induction using blue LED light (controlled conditions, 24 h). The highest biomass productivity was observed during spring and summer cycles (13.63-18.97 gDWm-2 d-1); during mid-fall and mid-end fall, a decrease was observed (9.93-7.76 gDWm-2 d-1). Under favorable growth conditions, phycocyanin induction was successful. However, during cycles with unfavorable growth condition, phycocyanin induction was not observed. Reactive-grade phycocyanin (3.72 ± 0.14) was recovered and purified using microfiltration and ultrafiltration technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A García-López
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Institute of Ecology (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - E J Olguín
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Institute of Ecology (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - R E González-Portela
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Institute of Ecology (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - G Sánchez-Galván
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Institute of Ecology (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - R De Philippis
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, Florence 50144, Italy
| | - R W Lovitt
- Membranology Ltd., Swansea Enterprise Park, Rainbow Business Centre, Llansamlet, Swansea, Wales SA79PF, United Kingdom
| | - C A Llewellyn
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA28PP, United Kingdom
| | - C Fuentes-Grünewald
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA28PP, United Kingdom
| | - R Parra Saldívar
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
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50
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Paciulli M, Abbaspourrad A. Extraction of phycocyanin-A natural blue colorant from dried spirulina biomass: Influence of processing parameters and extraction techniques. J Food Sci 2020; 85:727-735. [PMID: 31999367 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanin, a natural blue colorant, is typically extracted from liquid biomass of Arthrospira platensis, a blue-green algae called spirulina. In this study, we developed a scalable process to extract phycocyanin from dried spirulina biomass. First, we established the optimal ionic strength and pH for the extraction buffer. The results showed that a minimum ionic strength (>5 g/L NaCl) must be maintained to minimize the co-extraction of the green chlorophyll. The optimal pH of the phosphate buffer (100 mM) for phycocyanin extraction is 7.5; however, the pH should be immediately adjusted to 6.0 to 6.5 after the extraction to keep phycocyanin stable. Second, we also investigated three processing techniques, that is, high-pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric field (PEF), and ultrasonication, to break the cell walls of spirulina and facilitate the release of phycocyanins into extraction buffers. HPP and PEF do not lead to the release of phycocyanin into the extraction buffer. However, ultrasonication breaks down the spirulina into fine particles and releases most of the phycocyanin, along with other impurities, immediately after the treatment. Last, it has been revealed that most of the phycocyanin can be extracted from biomass within 3 hr by phosphate buffer only (pH 7.5, 100 mM) at room temperature. It is concluded that there is no need to treat the rehydrated biomass solution by HPP, PEF, or ultrasonication due to the minimal benefits they brought for the extraction. Based on these results, we proposed an extraction process for the plant production of phycocyanin starting from dried spirulina biomass. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Limited information can be found on the extraction of phycocyanin from dried spirulina biomass, especially how to better preserve the natural blue color of phycocyanin during extraction. We have investigated the method and presented a different view from previous processes. Pulsed electric field, high-pressure processing, and ultrasonication were employed to accelerate the extraction of phycocyanin from dried biomass. However, it was found that, unlike the extraction from live wet biomass, these techniques do not help with the extraction from dried biomass. Based on investigations, we have proposed a process that can be easily scaled up for the commercial production of phycocyanin from dried spirulina biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Dept. of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Maria Paciulli
- Dept. of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A.,Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Dept. of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
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